Proclamation of the Hongwu Emperor Zhongwen
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Ming China As a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2018 Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Duan, Weicong, "Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1719. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1719 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Dissertation Examination Committee: Steven B. Miles, Chair Christine Johnson Peter Kastor Zhao Ma Hayrettin Yücesoy Ming China as a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 by Weicong Duan A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018, -
Apollo and Ming Fleets
Hegemony, Social Fields, and Symbolic Capital: The Apollo Project and the Ming Treasure Fleets Paul Musgrave University of Massachusetts, Amherst and Daniel H. Nexon Georgetown University Wow. So draft. Much rough. Such comments, yes. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy committed the United States to a goal of “before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth.”1 Between 1969 and 1972, the Apollo project landed six manned spacecraft on the lunar surface, but in 1972 President Richard Nixon terminated the program and significantly rolled back the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) budget. In 1405, the Yongle emperor of the Ming Dynasty, authorized the first of several massive naval expeditions from China to the Indian Ocean. After a final voyage under the Xuande emperor in 1433, the expeditions ended forever. These two projects remain linked in the popular imagination. For advocates of space exploration, the Zheng He treasure fleets stand as a cautionary tale of what happens to a great power when it stops exploration of the frontier.2 The fate of the Chinese treasure fleets also figures as a trope for anti-isolationists: for them, the end of the expeditions serves as a marker for the Ming Dynasty’s inward turn, which they see as resulting in China’s eventual ‘century of humiliation’ at the hands of more adventuresome western powers.3 But beyond these rhetorical invocations, what implications does the comparison between the two projects entail for the study of international relations? We argue that they shed light on the politics of international hierarchy. -
By Cao Cunxin
Introduction On a cold December night in Quedlinburg, Germany, in 1589, thirty-two women were burnt at the stake, accused of possessing mysterious powers that enabled them to perform evil deeds. Thousands of people were similarly persecuted between the fifteenth and the seventeenth centuries.1 However, this event was not unique, as fifty years earlier on a rainy night in August, 1549, ninety-seven maritime merchants were beheaded on the coast of Zhejiang 浙江 province for violation of the Ming maritime prohibition. In addition, 117,000 coastal people were immediately ban- ished from their homes to prevent them from going to sea. Thousands of Chinese and foreign merchants lost their lives in the subsequent military campaigns in support of the maritime interdiction. 2 If historians were asked to list the early modern phenomena that have most „disturbed‟ their academic rationale, the two centuries-long witch-hunt in early modern Europe (1500–1700) and the 200 year term of the maritime prohibition, or “hajin 海禁” (1372–1568), during the Ming dynasty (1368––1644) would probably be near the top of the list. For the past few centuries, scholars have debated vigorously the two phenomena and tried to iden- tify the factors that led to their formation, maintenance and eventual change. While the study of the witch-hunt has generated a degree of consensus, there are still many questions surrounding the Ming maritime prohibition. The maritime prohibition policy, introduced in 1371 by the newly enthroned Ming founder, the Hongwu Emperor 洪武 (r. 1368–1398), was institutionalised to maintain systematic control over foreign contact and foreign trade relations. -
Maritime Governance: How State Capacity Impacts Piracy and Sea Lane Security
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2018 Maritime Governance: How State Capacity Impacts Piracy and Sea Lane Security Yuito Ishikawa Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Asian History Commons, Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, European History Commons, International Relations Commons, Military History Commons, and the Transportation Commons Recommended Citation Ishikawa, Yuito, "Maritime Governance: How State Capacity Impacts Piracy and Sea Lane Security" (2018). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 1161. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1161 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ishikawa ii Abstract Maritime piracy varies from place to place and from age to age. This thesis aims to explain the variation of piracy across time and space by exploring the capability of establishing maritime governance against piracy. The spatial variation in the number of piratical attacks is explained by calculating the state capacity for governing the surrounding seas called Sea Power Index. The thesis argues that pirates particularly target waters near a state with “medium” levels of sea power because such states are not capable of enforcing strict regulations on piracy but can provide enough infrastructure and economy for pirates to have a profitable “business.” The variation in the frequency of piratical attacks across time is determined by the capability of the hegemonic powers in that time period. -
Week 21: Social Policy and the Founding of Ming Section 1: a Comparison Between the Ming and the 20Th Century China 1. a Histori
Week 21: Social Policy and the Founding of Ming Section 1: A Comparison between the Ming and the 20th Century China 1. A Historical and Political Assessment of Ming Founding In Chinese history there have only been two unifications of the empire that began with conquests coming out of the South. One was in the 1350's and '60s lead by Zhu Yuanzhang. It resulted in the founding of the Ming Dynasty, formally declared 1368 and lasting till 1644. The second was in 1927 when the Guomin Dang under Chiang Kai-shek, or Jiang Jieshi, lead the northern expedition and brought the northern warlords into line. And there have been only two dynastic foundings in Chinese history where I think it's safe to say social policy was at the heart of the founding. One of those was in 1949 with Mao Zedong and the founding of the People's Republic of China. And the other was in 1368 the Zhu Yuanzhang and the founding of the Ming Dynasty. Now a number of scholars and Mao Zedong himself, in fact, have noted that there was a good deal in common between Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming founder, the Hongwu Emperor, known sometimes as Ming Taizu, the grand progenitor of the Ming, and Mao Zedong. Not necessarily always in a positive light. Both rose to power via military conquest. Both came from agricultural families, from farming families. Both had Utopian visions of how society ought to be. Both tended to believe that they alone knew how things should be done and organized. -
Before the Arrival of Tea in Europe. the Chinese Beverage in Western
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università degli Studi di Venezia Ca' Foscari 1 or tea drinking in Il Milione. 1. The departure of Marco Polo, LIVIO ZANINI Some scholars believe that these Livre des merveilles, circa 1412, Before the Arrival of Tea in Europe. omissions prove that Polo never reached ms. Français 2810, f. 4r (Paris, The Chinese beverage in western Cathay. Others point out that Il Milione is Bibliothèque nationale de France, sources prior to the 17th century actually the work of his Pisan editor who Département des Manuscrits). intended to write a chivalric romance based on Polo’s notes, which were The Chronica imaginis mundi written by mainly concerned with trade and other the Dominican friar Jacopo d’Acqui matters potentially of interest to the narrates that as Marco Polo lay dying, his Mongol ruler in whose service he was.2 friends gathered around his death bed to Moreover, at the time of Polo’s journey, beg him to renounce the exaggerations the Great Wall had been in ruins for and lies that he had told about his centuries and served no purpose to the journeys in Asia and that he refused new conquerers, footbinding had only their advice, claiming that he had not been recently introduced to Chinese mentioned even half of the wonderful society, and Chinese characters were things that he had seen.1 just one of the many incomprehensible Today we have no way of knowing writing systems encountered by the whether this episode described by Venetian traveller crossing the territories Jacopo d’Acqui really did take place or of the vast Mongol empire, explaining 1. -
Sageliness Within, Kingliness Without 175
Sageliness Within, Kingliness Without 175 Chapter 4 Sageliness Within, Kingliness Without The challenges Wang Yangming confronted in Jiangxi were hardly to end with his rapid suppression of the prince’s rebellion, and by some accounts what he had just overcome paled in comparison with what he would face over the course of the next year. During this time, the emperor and his circle of favorites traveled to the region for the purpose of reenacting and stealing the credit for a rebellion now dead in the water. Censor Li Long’s judgments capture well the predicament he faced: What was difficult about suppressing the prince’s rebellion wasn’t suc- ceeding at it but rather rallying the righteous. This is because the traitor- ous prince’s rebellion had indeed found collaboration from within [the Ming court], and people wished only to look on from the sidelines. And yet at this time those officials who came to the aid of the emperor were all willing to risk their lives and destruction of their families in order to save their country. Thereafter, the jealous tried to bring them down by spreading rumors and wished to steal the credit for their achievement. On what basis will people in their hearts remain loyally obedient? Should in the future there be some unforeseen turn of events, who will be willing to rise to the occasion?1 The jealous to whom Li refers were at first two of the emperor’s closest com- panions—Eunuch Director Zhang Zhong 張忠 and the Earl of Anbian Xu Tai 許泰. -
Ming Fever: the Past in the Present in the People's Republic of China at 60
Ming Fever: The Past in the Present in the People’s Republic of China at 60 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Szonyi, Michael. 2011. Ming fever: The past in the present in the People’s Republic of China at 60. In The People’s Republic of China at 60: An international assessment, ed. William Kirby, 375-387. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33907949 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Ming Fever: The Past in the Present in the People’s Republic of China at Sixty Michael Szonyi1 In summer 2007, while gathering materials in rural south China, I was struck by how often history came up in conversation with the villagers I was interviewing. Evening interviews had to be scheduled around the nightly television broadcast of a miniseries about the founding emperor of the Ming, the Hongwu emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. Next morning, everybody was talking about the previous night’s episode. Browsing the main Xinhua bookstore in Beijing on my way home, I was also struck that the biggest bestseller, the book with the most prominent display, was not a guide to succeeding in business or preparing for the TOEFL, but a work of history. -
Historical Background of Wang Yang-Ming's Philosophy of Mind
Ping Dong Historical Background of Wang Yang-ming’s Philosophy of Mind From the Perspective of his Life Story Historical Background of Wang Yang-ming’s Philosophy of Mind Ping Dong Historical Background of Wang Yang-ming’s Philosophy of Mind From the Perspective of his Life Story Ping Dong Zhejiang University Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Translated by Xiaolu Wang Liang Cai School of International Studies School of Foreign Language Studies Zhejiang University Ningbo Institute of Technology Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Zhejiang University Ningbo, Zhejiang, China ISBN 978-981-15-3035-7 ISBN 978-981-15-3036-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3036-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- nd/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this license to share adapted material derived from this book or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. -
Yongle Encyclopaedia (Yongle Dadian 永樂大典): a Bibliographical and Historical Note Duncan Campbell
East Asian History NUMBER 42 • MARCH 2018 www.eastasianhistory.org CONTENTS i Preface Lindy Allen 1–13 The Huntington Library’s Volume of the Yongle Encyclopaedia (Yongle Dadian 永樂大典): A Bibliographical and Historical Note Duncan Campbell 15–31 The Death of Hŏ Hamjang: Constructing A Dilemma for Officialdom in Eighteenth-Century Chosŏn Matthew Lauer 33–45 Conflict and the Aboriginal-Boundary Policy of the Qing Empire: The Purple Aboriginal-Boundary Map of 1784 Lin Yu-ju Papers by Igor de Rachewiltz 47–56 Sino-Mongolica Remota 57–66 More About the Story of Cinggis-Qan and the Peace-Loving Rhinoceros 67–71 On a Recently Discovered MS. of Činggis-Qγan’s Precepts to His Younger Brothers and Sons Editor Benjamin Penny, The Australian National University Associate Editor Lindy Allen Editorial Board Geremie R. Barmé (Founding Editor) Katarzyna Cwiertka (Leiden) Roald Maliangkay (ANU) Ivo Smits (Leiden) Tessa Morris-Suzuki (ANU) Design and production Lindy Allen and Katie Hayne Print PDFs based on an original design by Maureen MacKenzie-Taylor This is the forty-second issue of East Asian History, the fifth published in electronic form, March 2018. It continues the series previously entitled Papers on Far Eastern History. Contributions to www.eastasianhistory.org/contribute Back issues www.eastasianhistory.org/archive To cite this journal, use page numbers from PDF versions ISSN (electronic) 1839-9010 Copyright notice Copyright for the intellectual content of each paper is retained by its author. Reasonable effort has been made to identify the rightful copyright owners of images and audiovisual elements appearing in this publication. The editors welcome correspondence seeking to correct the record. -
Late Imperial China
Late Imperial China 1. Mongol Empire 2. Ming Dynasty 3. Trade and Tribute 4. Foundations of the Qing Dynasty 5. Europeans in China Song dynasty 宋 Middle Imperial Period 960 - 1279 ca. 600-1400 Yuan dynasty 元 1279 - 1368 Ming dynasty 明 Late Imperial Period 1368 - 1644 ca. 1400-1900 Qing dynasty 清 1644 - 1911 Republic of China 中華民國 1911-1949 Post-Dynastic Period People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國 1911-present 1949 - present "Northern Zone" Manchuria Xinjiang Mongolia (E. Turkestan) Ordos Tibetan Plateau China Proper Northern Steppe Mongolia Junggar Basin Xinjiang Autonomous Region Kazakhstan steppe Eurasian Steppe Pastoral Nomadism Inner Mongolia Mongol Empire at its height Temüjin Chinggis (Genghis, Jenghis) Khan ca. 1162-1227 Lake Baikal Manchuria Xinjiang Mongolia (E. Turkestan) Ordos Tibetan Plateau China Proper Mongol Empire Mongol script "Han people" hanren 漢人 "southerners" nanren 南人 Khan Emperor tanistry primogeniture Divisions of Mongol Empire mid 13th century Empire of the Great Khan Khubilai Khan 1215-94 Yuan Dynasty 1279 - 1368 Taizu Capitals of the Yuan Dynasty Karakorum Shangdu Dadu (Beijing) Khubilai Khan on horseback Red Turban Rebellion mid. 14th century White Louts Society millenarianism Maitreya cult Population of China, 2 -1500 CE 1. Mongol Empire 2. Ming Dynasty 3. Trade and Tribute 4. Foundations of the Qing Dynasty 5. Europeans in China Zhu Yuanzhang 1328-1398 Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 明 Beijing Nanjing The Hongwu Emperor Ming Taizu r. 1368-1398 Ming Empire Great Wall of China 1. Mongol Empire 2. Ming Dynasty 3. Trade and Tribute 4. Foundations of the Qing Dynasty 5. Europeans in China Yongle Emperor Zhu Di r. -
Ming Dynasty Part2
Hongxi Emperor “vastly bright” r. 1424 - 1425 Temple Name Renzong Zhu Gaochi b.1378 - d.1425 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 Empress Chengxialzhao 1424 – 1425 Zhang b.1379 - d.1442 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 Empress Chengxialzhao 1424 – 1425 Empress Dowager 1425 - 1435 Zhang b.1379 - d.1442 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 Xuande Emperor “proclamation of virtue” r. 1425 - 1435 Temple Name Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji b.1399 - d.1435 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 800 bce 500 bce 1300s 1400s SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 6 Zhengtong Emperor “right governance” r. 1435 - 1449 Temple Name Yingzong Zhu Qizhen b.1427 - d.1464 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 Empress Chengxialzhao 1424 – 1425 Empress Dowager 1425 - 1435 Grand Empress Dowager 1435 - 1442 Zhang b.1379 - d.1442 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 6 Zhengtong Emperor “right governance” r. 1435 - 1449 Temple Name Yingzong Zhu Qizhen b.1427 - d.1464 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 Emperor Emeritus Temple Name Yingzong Zhu Qizhen b.1427 - d.1464 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 7 Jingtai Emperor “exalted view” r. 1449 - 1457 Temple Name Daizong Zhu Qiyu b.1428 - d.1457 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 7 Jingtai Emperor “exalted view” r. 1449 - 1457 Temple Name Daizong Zhu Qiyu b.1428 - d.1457 SaturdayAugust 10, 2019 8 Tianshun Emperor “obedience to heaven” r.