LESSON 2 DEVELOPMENT of the PHARYNGEAL ARCHES & POUCHES Objectives by the End of This Lesson You Should Be Able To: 1
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Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Induction and Specification of Cranial Placodes ⁎ Gerhard Schlosser
Developmental Biology 294 (2006) 303–351 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio Review Induction and specification of cranial placodes ⁎ Gerhard Schlosser Brain Research Institute, AG Roth, University of Bremen, FB2, PO Box 330440, 28334 Bremen, Germany Received for publication 6 October 2005; revised 22 December 2005; accepted 23 December 2005 Available online 3 May 2006 Abstract Cranial placodes are specialized regions of the ectoderm, which give rise to various sensory ganglia and contribute to the pituitary gland and sensory organs of the vertebrate head. They include the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, trigeminal, and profundal placodes, a series of epibranchial placodes, an otic placode, and a series of lateral line placodes. After a long period of neglect, recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in placode induction and specification. There is increasing evidence that all placodes despite their different developmental fates originate from a common panplacodal primordium around the neural plate. This common primordium is defined by the expression of transcription factors of the Six1/2, Six4/5, and Eya families, which later continue to be expressed in all placodes and appear to promote generic placodal properties such as proliferation, the capacity for morphogenetic movements, and neuronal differentiation. A large number of other transcription factors are expressed in subdomains of the panplacodal primordium and appear to contribute to the specification of particular subsets of placodes. This review first provides a brief overview of different cranial placodes and then synthesizes evidence for the common origin of all placodes from a panplacodal primordium. The role of various transcription factors for the development of the different placodes is addressed next, and it is discussed how individual placodes may be specified and compartmentalized within the panplacodal primordium. -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
Embryology of Branchial Region
TRANSCRIPTIONS OF NARRATIONS FOR EMBRYOLOGY OF THE BRANCHIAL REGION Branchial Arch Development, slide 2 This is a very familiar picture - a median sagittal section of a four week embryo. I have actually done one thing correctly, I have eliminated the oropharyngeal membrane, which does disappear sometime during the fourth week of development. The cloacal membrane, as you know, doesn't disappear until the seventh week, and therefore it is still intact here, but unlabeled. But, I've labeled a couple of things not mentioned before. First of all, the most cranial part of the foregut, that is, the part that is cranial to the chest region, is called the pharynx. The part of the foregut in the chest region is called the esophagus; you probably knew that. And then, leading to the pharynx from the outside, is an ectodermal inpocketing, which is called the stomodeum. That originally led to the oropharyngeal membrane, but now that the oropharyngeal membrane is ruptured, the stomodeum is a pathway between the amniotic cavity and the lumen of the foregut. The stomodeum is going to become your oral cavity. Branchial Arch Development, slide 3 This is an actual picture of a four-week embryo. It's about 5mm crown-rump length. The stomodeum is labeled - that is the future oral cavity that leads to the pharynx through the ruptured oropharyngeal membrane. And I've also indicated these ridges separated by grooves that lie caudal to the stomodeum and cranial to the heart, which are called branchial arches. Now, if this is a four- week old embryo, clearly these things have developed during the fourth week, and I've never mentioned them before. -
Loss-Of-Function Mutation in the Prokineticin 2 Gene Causes
Loss-of-function mutation in the prokineticin 2 gene SEE COMMENTARY causes Kallmann syndrome and normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Nelly Pitteloud*†, Chengkang Zhang‡, Duarte Pignatelli§, Jia-Da Li‡, Taneli Raivio*, Lindsay W. Cole*, Lacey Plummer*, Elka E. Jacobson-Dickman*, Pamela L. Mellon¶, Qun-Yong Zhou‡, and William F. Crowley, Jr.* *Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Science Centers, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; §Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, San Joa˜o Hospital, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; and ¶Departments of Reproductive Medicine and Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Communicated by Patricia K. Donahoe, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, August 14, 2007 (received for review May 8, 2007) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency in the human associated with KS, although no functional data on the mutant presents either as normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypo- proteins were provided (17). Herein, we demonstrate that homozy- gonadism (nIHH) or with anosmia [Kallmann syndrome (KS)]. To gous loss-of-function mutations in the PROK2 gene cause IHH in date, several loci have been identified to cause these disorders, but mice and humans. only 30% of cases exhibit mutations in known genes. Recently, murine studies have demonstrated a critical role of the prokineticin Results pathway in olfactory bulb morphogenesis and GnRH secretion. Molecular Analysis of PROK2 Gene. A homozygous single base pair Therefore, we hypothesize that mutations in prokineticin 2 deletion in exon 2 of the PROK2 gene (c.[163delA]ϩ [163delA]) (PROK2) underlie some cases of KS in humans and that animals was identified in the proband, in his brother with KS, and in his deficient in Prok2 would be hypogonadotropic. -
A Combined Approach of Teaching Head Development Using Embryology and Comparative Anatomy
Edorium J Anat Embryo 2016;3:17–27. Danowitz et al. 17 www.edoriumjournals.com/ej/ae REVIEW ARTICLE PEER REVIEWED | OPEN ACCESS A combined approach of teaching head development using embryology and comparative anatomy Melinda Danowitz, Hong Zheng, Adriana Guigova, Nikos Solounias ABSTRACT the evolutionary changes of many structures allows for a greater understanding of the Many aspects of human head embryology reflect human embryology, and removes the need for its evolutionary development. The pharyngeal memorization of seemingly complex processes. arches, a major component of head development, A link to comparative evolutionary anatomy originally functioned in filter feeding and provides context to the purpose and morphology vascular exchange, which is why each arch of primitive structures, and clarifies several has associated vasculature and muscles. The issues in human head development. primitive tongue had few-associated muscles and was responsible for simple movements; the Keywords: Anatomy education, Embryology, Head human tongue evolved post-otic somites that and neck, Pharyngeal arches migrate to the tongue and develop the majority of the tongue musculature. These somites originate How to cite this article outside the tongue, and the motor innervation therefore differs from the general and special Danowitz M, Zheng H, Guigova A, Solounias N. A sensory innervation. In the primitive condition, combined approach of teaching head development the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid belonged using embryology and comparative anatomy. to a single muscle group that were involved in Edorium J Anat Embryo 2016;3:17–27. gill movements; they separate into two muscles with the reduction of certain skeletal elements, but retain the same innervation. -
Syndromes of the First and Second Branchial Arches, Part 1: Embryology and Characteristic REVIEW ARTICLE Defects
Syndromes of the First and Second Branchial Arches, Part 1: Embryology and Characteristic REVIEW ARTICLE Defects J.M. Johnson SUMMARY: A variety of congenital syndromes affecting the face occur due to defects involving the G. Moonis first and second BAs. Radiographic evaluation of craniofacial deformities is necessary to define aberrant anatomy, plan surgical procedures, and evaluate the effects of craniofacial growth and G.E. Green surgical reconstructions. High-resolution CT has proved vital in determining the nature and extent of R. Carmody these syndromes. The radiologic evaluation of syndromes of the first and second BAs should begin H.N. Burbank first by studying a series of isolated defects: CL with or without CP, micrognathia, and EAC atresia, which compose the major features of these syndromes and allow more specific diagnosis. After discussion of these defects and the associated embryology, we proceed to discuss the VCFS, PRS, ACS, TCS, Stickler syndrome, and HFM. ABBREVIATIONS: ACS ϭ auriculocondylar syndrome; BA ϭ branchial arch; CL ϭ cleft lip; CL/P ϭ cleft lip/palate; CP ϭ cleft palate; EAC ϭ external auditory canal; HFM ϭ hemifacial microsomia; MDCT ϭ multidetector CT; PRS ϭ Pierre Robin sequence; TCS ϭ Treacher Collins syndrome; VCFS ϭ velocardiofacial syndrome adiographic evaluation of craniofacial deformities is nec- major features of the syndromes of the first and second BAs. Ressary to define aberrant anatomy, plan surgical proce- Part 2 of this review discusses the syndromes and their radio- dures, and evaluate the effects of craniofacial growth and sur- graphic features: PRS, HFM, ACS, TCS, Stickler syndrome, gical reconstructions.1 The recent rapid proliferation of and VCFS. -
Characterization of Epithelial Domains in The
Development 106, 493-509 (1989) 493 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1989 Characterization of epithelial domains in the nasal passages of chick embryos: spatial and temporal mapping of a range of extracellular matrix and cell surface molecules during development of the nasal placode S. J. CROUCHER and C. TICKLE Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College & Middlesex School of Medicine, Windeyer Building, Cleveland Street, London W1P6DB, UK Summary The formation of the nasal passages involves complex development to gain insights into the origin of the morphogenesis and their lining develops a spatially epithelial lining of the nasal passages. All reagents bind ordered pattern of differentiation, with distinct domains at early stages to the thickened nasal placode and of olfactory and respiratory epithelium. Using anti- surrounding head ectoderm and then become progress- bodies to the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), ively restricted to the olfactory domain. The expression keratan sulphate and heparan sulphate proteoglycan of these characteristics appears to be modulated during (HSPG) and a panel of lectins (agglutinins of Canavalia development rather than being cell autonomous. ensiformis (ConA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), peanut The distribution of keratan sulphate was compared (PNA), Ricinis communis (RCA1), soybean (SBA), Ulex with collagen type II in relation to the specification of the europaeus (UEA1), and wheatgerm (WGA)), we have chondrocranium. Keratan sulphate and collagen type II documented cell surface characteristics of each epithelial are only colocalized at the epithelial-mesenchymal inter- domain. Binding of antibodies to N-CAM and to keratan face during early nasal development. At later stages, sulphate, and the lectins ConA, PNA, RCA1, SBA and only collagen type II is expressed at the interface WGA marks the olfactory epithelial domain only. -
The Pharyngeal Arches [PDF]
24.3.2015 The Pharyngeal Arches Dr. Archana Rani Associate Professor Department of Anatomy KGMU UP, Lucknow What is Pharyngeal Arch? • Rod-like thickenings of mesoderm present in the wall of the foregut. • They appear in 4th-5th weeks of development. • Contribute to the characteristic external appearance of the embryo. • As its development resembles with gills (branchia: Greek word) in fishes & amphibians, therefore also called as branchial arch. Formation of Pharyngeal Arches Lens N Pharyngeal Apparatus Pharyngeal apparatus consists of: • Pharyngeal arches • Pharyngeal pouches • Pharyngeal grooves/clefts • Pharyngeal membrane Pharyngeal Arches • Pharyngeal arches begin to develop early in the fourth week as neural crest cells migrate into the head and neck region. • The first pair of pharyngeal arches (primordium of jaws) appears as a surface elevations lateral to the developing pharynx. • Soon other arches appear as obliquely disposed, rounded ridges on each side of the future head and neck regions. Le N Pharyngeal Arches • By the end of the fourth week, four pairs of pharyngeal arches are visible externally. • The fifth and sixth arches are rudimentary and are not visible on the surface of the embryo. • The pharyngeal arches are separated from each other by fissures called pharyngeal grooves/clefts. • They are numbered in craniocaudal sequence. Pharyngeal Arch Components • Each pharyngeal arch consists of a core of mesenchyme. • Is covered externally by ectoderm and internally by endoderm. • In the third week, the original mesenchyme is derived from mesoderm. • During the fourth week, most of the mesenchyme is derived from neural crest cells that migrate into the pharyngeal arches. Structures in a Pharyngeal Arch Arrangement of nerves supplying the pharyngeal arch (in lower animals) Fate of Pharyngeal Arches A typical pharyngeal arch contains: • An aortic arch, an artery that arises from the truncus arteriosus of the primordial heart. -
Congenital Anomalies of the Nose
133 Congenital Anomalies of the Nose Jamie L. Funamura, MD1 Travis T. Tollefson, MD, MPH, FACS2 1 Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Address for correspondence Travis T. Tollefson, MD, MPH, FACS, Facial Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology- 2 Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Davis, 2521 Stockton Sacramento, California Blvd., Suite 7200, Sacramento, CA 95817 (e-mail: [email protected]). Facial Plast Surg 2016;32:133–141. Abstract Congenital anomalies of the nose range from complete aplasia of the nose to duplications and nasal masses. Nasal development is the result of a complex embryo- logic patterning and fusion of multiple primordial structures. Loss of signaling proteins or failure of migration or proliferation can result in structural anomalies with significant Keywords cosmetic and functional consequences. Congenital anomalies of the nose can be ► nasal deformities categorized into four broad categories: (1) aplastic or hypoplastic, (2) hyperplastic or ► nasal dermoid duplications, (3) clefts, and (4) nasal masses. Our knowledge of the embryologic origin ► Tessier cleft of these anomalies helps dictate subsequent work-up for associated conditions, and the ► nasal cleft appropriate treatment or surgical approach to manage newborns and children with ► nasal hemangioma these anomalies. – Congenital anomalies of the nose are thought to be relatively side1 4 (►Fig. 1A, B). The medial processes will ultimately fuse, rare, affecting approximately 1 in every 20,000 to 40,000 live contributing to the nasal septum and the medial crura of the births.1 The exact incidence is difficult to quantify, as minor lower lateral cartilages. -
Resecting Branchial Cysts, Fistulae and Sinuses
OPEN ACCESS ATLAS OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD & NECK OPERATIVE SURGERY RESECTING BRANCHIAL FISTULAE, SINUSES AND CYSTS Johan Fagan Failure of a branchial cleft to involute may thymus and parathyroid (Figures 3, 4). The manifest as an epithelial-lined cyst, sinus 1st branchial cleft evolves into the external or fistula. Sinuses open either onto the auditory meatus (Figure 3). skin, or into the oro- or hypopharynx. Branchial anomalies may be diagnosed at any age but present most commonly in infancy and childhood as a cutaneous sinus, a cyst or an abscess. The differential diagnosis of a cystic lateral neck mass in- cludes thymic, parathyroid and thyroid cysts, cystic metastases (papillary thyroid carcinoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, skin cancer), tuberculous cold abscess, lymphatic malformation, plunging ranula, and laryngocoele. The existence of branchiogenic carcinoma is controversial. Cystic metastases to cervical lymph nodes originating from oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma occur far more commonly and should be suspected particularly in adult patients presenting with cystic masses in Levels 2 or 3 of the neck. Surgical excision is the standard of care. An understanding of the embryology of the Figure 1: Branchial arches 1 - 4 with branchial apparatus is required to diagnose intervening branchial clefts http://php.med. and operate on such patients. unsw edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2010 _Lecture_11 Embryology The branchial apparatus develops during the 2nd - 6th weeks of life. At this stage the neck of the foetus is shaped like a hollow tube with circumferential ridges called branchial arches which are separated inter- nally by branchial pouches and externally by clefts (Figure 1). -
Cervical Cysts and Fistulae
University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC MD Theses Special Collections 5-1-1938 Cervical cysts and fistulae Frederick Dee Koehne University of Nebraska Medical Center This manuscript is historical in nature and may not reflect current medical research and practice. Search PubMed for current research. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses Part of the Medical Education Commons Recommended Citation Koehne, Frederick Dee, "Cervical cysts and fistulae" (1938). MD Theses. 673. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses/673 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in MD Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ,;/'"- CERVICAL CYSTS AND F'ISTULAE FREDERICK DEE KOEHNE Senior Thesis Presented to the University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, 1938. / -- / OUTLINE I. Introduction. A. In~oductory statement B. Definition c. Classification 1. Lateral cysts and fistulae 2. Mid-line cysts and fistulae D. Purpose II. Hlsto191' III. Lateral or BM.. nchial Cysts and Fistulae. A. Embryology 1. Normal embryology of the branchial ap parat_us. 2. Cervical Sinus theory--Second branchial cleft. 3. Thymic duct theorr• 4. Any cleft and cervical sinus. B. Pathology C. · S}'Dlptoma , , diagnosis and di ff eren tial diagnosis. D. Treatment~ IV. Mid-line or Thyroglossal duct cysts and fistulae. A. Embryology 1. Normal 2. Theory -~s to origin. B. Pathology 480951 c. Symptoms, di"agnosis and differential diagnosis. D. Treatment. v • sUlllil18.17' • r 1. PAR'r I. Introduction. The subject of Cervical cysts and fistuae has, for the past century, been one for considerable speculation and controversy.