Examining Effects of Lubricant Composition in Engine Component Systems in Pursuit of Enhanced Efficiency Under Environmental Constraints
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Oil Analysis Handbook Third Edition Copyright © 2017 Spectro Scientific
Predictive Equipment Maintenance Oil Analysis Handbook Third Edition Copyright © 2017 Spectro Scientific. All rights reserved. FluidScan® and LaserNet Fines® are registered trademarks of Spectro Scientific Inc. While every effort is made to assure the information in this document ois accurate, Spectro Scientific does not accept liability for any errors or mistakes that may arise. Specifications are subject to change without notice. | 3 Preface Welcome to the third edition of the In-service Oil Analysis Handbook. It has been a few years since the publication of the first edition of Spectro Scientific’s In-Service Oil Analysis Handbook. Our original goal was to compile a comprehensive reference book of common in-service oil analysis techniques to help readers understand and choose the right technique and instrumentation for their needs. We had to limit the scope in the first two editions because of the amount of effort needed to cover all the topics. In-service oil analysis for condition based maintenance covers a wide array of topics. I am pleased to say that in this third edition, we are much closer to our goal. We reorganized the structure of the content for better clarity and we added articles to cover more topics and instruments associated with oil analysis. Also, we rewrote several articles including the latest developments on the market. As we learned more from our customers about their successes using on site oil analysis, we developed case studies that you can find in this edition. This work is not possible without the time and effort from the contributing authors: Patrick Henning, Daniel Walsh, Robert Yurko, Ken Caldwell, Thomas Barraclough, Maria Bartus, Randi Price, John Morgan, Aifeng Shi and Yuegang Zhao from Spectro Scientific and Ray Garvey from Emerson Process Management. -
Synthetic Lubricant Base Stocks Formulations Guide Table of Contents
Synthetic lubricant base stocks formulations guide Table of contents 1.0 Introduction — Using this guide ����������������������������������������������������������������� 1 7�3 Turbine oils ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������62 2.0 Lubricant formulators FAQs ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3 7�4 Industrial gear oils ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������67 7�5 Paper machine oils �������������������������������������������������������������������������������72 3.0 Synthetic base stock grade slate summary ���������������������������������������������� 7 7�6 Lubricants for use with food machinery 4.0 Industry trends ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 (incidental food contact) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������74 4�1 Energy outlook ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 7�7 Miscellaneous lubricants ���������������������������������������������������������������������79 4�2 Lubricant industry trends ��������������������������������������������������������������������10 7�7�1 Heat transfer oils �����������������������������������������������������������������������79 4�3 Automotive trends �������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 7�7�2 Chain lubricants �������������������������������������������������������������������������81 -
Polymerization of Safflower Oil in a Diesel Lubrication System by John Walter Olson a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of
Polymerization of safflower oil in a diesel lubrication system by John Walter Olson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering Montana State University © Copyright by John Walter Olson (1988) Abstract: Oxidative addition polymerization of lubrication oil contaminated with safflower oil diesel fuel was investigated in laboratory apparatus simulating conditions prevailing in a diesel engine crankcase. Primary research objectives were the identification and testing of key additives which might suppress problems of excessive viscosity rise and alkalinity decline of lubrication/safflower oil mixtures. Both commercial and base stock medium-speed locomotive lubrication oils were investigated with 5.0 weight percent safflower oil contamination. Oil mixtures were exposed to elevated temperature and were contacted by percolation with either oxygen or nitrogen to provide an oxidizing atmosphere and agitation or simply agitation. Copper, a known diesel engine wear metal, was introduced as a polymerization catalyst. Lubrication oils were evaluated with and without safflower oil and additives. Both commercial and base stock oils with no safflower oil were found to polymerize at a moderate baseline level. Amines were found to show little alkalinity maintenance efficacy while performance by an overbased calcium phenate was relatively good. Numerous antioxidants were tested for ability to disrupt the mechanisms leading to polymerization. Two widely-used antioxidants, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate and zinc diamyl-dithiocarbamate, were found to promote polymerization of oil mixtures in this research. This unexpected result is almost certainly a result of promotion catalysis by zinc. A metal deactivator N-N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine retarded viscosity rise, apparently by chelating wear metal catalysts. -
Mabanol Engine Oil Additive Motor Oil Additive
Mabanol Engine Oil Additive Motor Oil Additive Application Properties Mabanol Engine Oil Additive is filled into the Mabanol Engine Oil Additive is a nano tech- engine along with the motor oil. It is miscible nology-based oil additive designed to reduce with all types of motor oil. friction on mechanical parts, optimize engine It can be used in all petrol and diesel engines, performance and protect it in a durable way. including those equipped with catalytic con- Mabanol Engine Oil Additive produces a ro- verters, turbochargers and/or particulate filters bust lubricating film on the friction surfaces in both in passenger cars as well as in trucks. the engine which reduces friction losses and Not suitable for use in ATFs and motorcycles wear. This extends the life of the engine, im- with wet clutch. proves smoothness and optimizes efficiency. Mabanol Engine Oil Additive is also recom- mended for improving the performance of oil EAN Code in pumps, gearboxes and compressors. 300 ml can: 4260214890989 A can of 300 ml can be used for up to 4.5 liters of engine oil. The maximum dosage in the engine oil/additive blend is 20 volume percent. Please ensure that the correct oil level is maintained. Please shake well before use. Data Test method Unit Value Density at 20°C DIN 51 757 g/cm³ 0,874 Kin. Viscosity at 40°C DIN EN ISO 3104 mm²/s 316 Flash point ISO 3679 °C > 100 Lower explosion limit – Vol-% 0,6 Upper explosion limit – Vol-% 6,5 Updated in March 2019 The above values may vary within the commercial limits. -
Improving Sexual Health: Vaginal Lubricants, Moisturizers, Dilators & Counseling
Improving Sexual Health: Vaginal Lubricants, Moisturizers, Dilators & Counseling Lubricants and moisturizers are effective in relieving pain during intercourse for many midlife women. If you have more severe vaginal dryness and related pain, or if lubricants and moisturizers don’t work well for you, see your health care provider as other options are available. How do vaginal lubricants work? Vaginal lubricants work by reducing the friction associated with thin, dry genital tissue. They come in liquid or gel form and are applied to the vagina and vulva right before intercourse (it can be helpful to apply them to the penis or any body part/instrument inserted into the vagina as well). Lubricants are absorbed into the skin, are immediate-acting, and provide temporary relief from vaginal dryness and related pain during intercourse. Lubricants are available either as water-based, silicone-based, or oil-based products. Water-based lubricants have the advantage of being non-staining and they wash off fairly easily. If you are concerned about staining your sheets, put down a large bath or beach towel on top of your sheets. Do not use oil-based lubricants (such as petroleum jelly and baby oil) because they can cause vaginal irritation. Additionally, oil-based lubricants may make condoms less effective. Some lubricants have glycerin and others are glycerin free. We recommend that you avoid glycerin, flavored lubricants, and warming/”tingling” lubricants. Silicone lubricants are often good options. For a list of lubricants that are available in drug and grocery stores, and online, see pages 4-5 of this handout. What are vaginal moisturizers? Vaginal moisturizers are products that are intended to ease vaginal dryness. -
The Role of Nanoparticles in Lubricants; Performing Lubricated and Dry Friction Tests
FELLOWSHIP RESEARCH The Role of Nanoparticles in Lubricants; Performing Lubricated and Dry Friction Tests Hamed Ghaednia* and Dr. Robert L. Jackson (Advisor) Auburn University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn, Ala. *Ford Motor Co., Powertrain Research and Advanced Engineering Group, Dearborn, Mich. Editor’s Note: This month TLT profiles the 2014 recipient of The E. Elmer Klaus Fellowship, Hamed Ghaednia (Auburn University). The Klaus Fellowship, along with The E. Richard Booser Scholarship, are awarded annually to graduate and undergraduate students, respectively, who have an interest in pursuing a career in tribology. As a requirement for receiving an STLE scholarship, students are given the opportunity to participate in a tribology research project and to submit a report summarizing their research. Hamed Ghaednia graduated with a bachelor’s of science degree in mechanical and chemical INTRODUCTION engineering and a master’s of science degree Nanoparticles when suspended in in mechanical engineering from the Tehran a lubricant can infiltrate small gaps Polytechnic. He recently received his between rough surfaces in contact doctorate in mechanical engineering, with and alter the contact’s tribological an emphasis in tribology, from Auburn performance. Hence, nanoparticles University’s Samuel Ginn College of offer an alternative approach to Engineering’s tribology and lubrication lubrication by introducing third body science minor program. He is currently entities directly into the contact. The working as a tribology research engineer ability of nano-sized particles to pass at the Ford Motor Co. in the Powertrain through conventional filters, penetrate Research and Advanced Engineering Group. into contacts that larger particles You can reach him at [email protected]. -
Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil Via Recycling As Biofuel for Diesel Engines
recycling Article Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil via Recycling as Biofuel for Diesel Engines Hoi Nguyen Xa 1, Thanh Nguyen Viet 2, Khanh Nguyen Duc 2 and Vinh Nguyen Duy 3,* 1 University of Fire Fighting and Prevention, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; [email protected] 2 School of Transportation and Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; [email protected] (T.N.V.); [email protected] (K.N.D.) 3 Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 March 2020; Accepted: 2 June 2020; Published: 8 June 2020 Abstract: In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was used to successfully manufacture catalyst cracking biodiesel in the laboratory. This study aims to evaluate and compare the influence of waste cooking oil synthetic diesel (WCOSD) with that of commercial diesel (CD) fuel on an engine’s operating characteristics. The second goal of this study is to compare the engine performance and temperature characteristics of cooling water and lubricant oil under various engine operating conditions of a test engine fueled by waste cooking oil and CD. The results indicated that the engine torque of the engine running with WCOSD dropped from 1.9 Nm to 5.4 Nm at all speeds, and its brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) dropped at almost every speed. Thus, the thermal brake efficiency (BTE) of the engine fueled by WCOSD was higher at all engine speeds. Also, the engine torque of the WCOSD-fueled engine was lower than the engine torque of the CD-fueled engine at all engine speeds. -
Lubricants in Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms
Lubricants 2014, 2, 21-43; doi:10.3390/lubricants2010021 OPEN ACCESS lubricants ISSN 2075-4442 www.mdpi.com/journal/lubricants Review Lubricants in Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms Jinjiang Li * and Yongmei Wu Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Corporation, 1 Squibb Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-732-227-6584; Fax: +1-732-227-3784. Received: 18 December 2013; in revised form: 21 January 2014 / Accepted: 24 January 2014 / Published: 25 February 2014 Abstract: Lubrication plays a key role in successful manufacturing of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms; lubricants are essential ingredients in robust formulations to achieve this. Although many failures in pharmaceutical manufacturing operations are caused by issues related to lubrication, in general, lubricants do not gain adequate attention in the development of pharmaceutical formulations. In this paper, the fundamental background on lubrication is introduced, in which the relationships between lubrication and friction/adhesion forces are discussed. Then, the application of lubrication in the development of pharmaceutical products and manufacturing processes is discussed with an emphasis on magnesium stearate. In particular, the effect of its hydration state (anhydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, and trihydrate) and its powder characteristics on lubrication efficiency, as well as product and process performance is summarized. In addition, the impact of lubrication on the dynamics of compaction/compression processes and on the mechanical properties of compacts/tablets is presented. Furthermore, the online monitoring of magnesium stearate in a blending process is briefly mentioned. Finally, the chemical compatibility of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with magnesium stearate and its reactive impurities is reviewed with examples from the literature illustrating the various reaction mechanisms involved. -
Lubricating Oil Composition and Additive Therefor Having Improved Wear Properties
(19) TZZ ¥_T (11) EP 2 949 738 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 02.12.2015 Bulletin 2015/49 C10M 141/10 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 15170007.7 (22) Date of filing: 31.05.2015 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB • Lagona, Jason A. GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO Richmond, VA 23225 (US) PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR • Loper, John T. Designated Extension States: Richmond, VA 23233 (US) BA ME Designated Validation States: (74) Representative: Dunleavy, Kevin James MA Mendelsohn, Drucker & Dunleavy, P.C. p/o De Vries & Metman (30) Priority: 30.05.2014 US 201462005135 P Overschiestraat 180 01.05.2015 US 201514701899 1062 XK Amsterdam (NL) (71) Applicant: Afton Chemical Corporation Richmond, Virginia 23219 (US) (54) LUBRICATING OIL COMPOSITION AND ADDITIVE THEREFOR HAVING IMPROVED WEAR PROPERTIES (57) A compression-ignited engine lubricant and a compound or anhydride thereof, and optionally, (iv) a method for reducing engine wear. The lubricant includ- nonaromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride, wherein the ing, (a) a base oil; (b) oleamide; (c) zinc dihydrocarbyl hydrocarbyl group of the hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid dithiophosphate; and (d) a functionalized dispersant. The or anhydride has a number average molecular weight of functionalized dispersant is made by reacting together greater than 1800 Daltons as determined by gel perme- (i) a hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid or anhydride, (ii) a ation chromatography. polyamine, (iii) a dicarboxylcontaining fused aromatic EP 2 949 738 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) EP 2 949 738 A1 Description RELATED APPLICATION 5 [0001] This application claims priority to provisional application Serial No. -
Vegetable Oils As Lube Basestocks: a Review
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(9), pp. 880-891, 27 February, 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB12.2823 ISSN 1684–5315 ©2013 Academic Journals Review Vegetable oils as lube basestocks: A review Anjana Srivastava1* and Preeti Sahai2 1Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, UP, India. 2Department of Science and Technology, Technological Development Board, India. Accepted 15 February, 2013 The depletion of the world’s crude oil reserve, increasing crude oil prices, and issues related to conservation have brought about renewed interest in the use of bio-based materials. Emphasis on the development of renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly lubricants has resulted in the widespread use of natural oils and fats. Vegetable oils are promising candidates as base fluid for eco- friendly lubricants because of their excellent lubricity, biodegradability, viscosity-temperature characteristics and low volatility. In view of agriculture based Indian economy, there is a great potential of producing vegetable oil based lubricants, which has ecological compatibility in addition to technical performance. However, suitability of the vegetable oils for a specific application either needs chemical modification or may be used as it is with additive blending route in order to get basestocks as per specifications for a particular end use application. Key words: Biolubricants, vegetable oils, biodegradable, renewable. INTRODUCTION In recent years, deliberate and accidental lubricant losses products because of their environment-friendly and to the environment by means including evaporation, nontoxic nature. Synthetic lubricant base oils are also leakages, and spills have lead to major concerns available and offer improved stability and performance regarding pollution and environmental health. -
Vegetable Oils As Lubricant Base
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 7, July-2014 ISSN 2229-5518 708 9HJHWDEOHRLOVDVOXEULFDQWEDVHRLO$5HYLHZ RANI.S, 7$581060/-2<.35$%+$.$5$11$,5 'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ 1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\&DOLFXW&DOLFXW Abstract— The demand for industrial lubricants is increasing were based on vegetable oils. In the US around 8,250,000 day by day. Due to the industrial revolution most of the Asian tons/year were consumed in 2002 among which 25,000 countries becomes the manufacturing centers for the world. Lot tons/year were based on vegetables [6]. of used lubricants is thrown to the environment which may damage the environment. In this scenario industry started searching for environmental friendly, renewable and less toxic lubricants . The biolubricant formulation is one of the upcoming research areas in tribology. In this paper the lubricant properties of vegetable oils have been discussed with the available literature. Keywords— environmental friendly; renewable; Biolubricant formulation I. INTRODUCTION Mineral oil and synthetic oil from petrochemical are mainly used as base oil in present lubricant industry. The Fig. 1. Worldwide lubrication consumption in 2004 [4] petroleum resources are diminishing rapidly and the rate of production from older domestic oil fields and decrease in the rate of finding new reservesIJSER are one of the main problems of The renewable and biodegradable vegetable oils have been the 21st century. Petroleum products are poorly degradable [1] used various industrial applications like Chain saw bar and cause severe environmental hazards when released [2] lubricants [7], engine lubricants [8,9], drilling lubricants [10], .The spilling of mineral oil causes negative changes in the metal cutting fluid [11,12], hydraulic fluids [13,14] and sand which affects the agricultural growth a lot [3]. -
OIL and Your Engine
OIL and your engine Foreword Bearing failure, piston ring sticking, and excessive oil consumption are classic symptoms of oil-related engine failure. How do you avoid them? There are numerous ways, three of the most important being Scheduled Oil Sampling (S·O·S SM), regular maintenance of the lubrication system, and the use of correct lubricants. Following these recommendations can mean the difference between experiencing repeated oil related engine failure and benefiting from a productive and satisfactory engine life. This booklet attempts to tell the story of oil: what it is composed of and what its functions are, how to identify its contamination and degradation, typical consequences, and some preventive measures to help you protect your engine against the devastating effects of oil related engine failure. Understanding Oil Function Engine oil performs several basic functions in order to provide adequate lubrication. It works to keep the engine clean and free from rust and corrosion. It acts as a coolant and sealant; and it provides an oil film cushion that keeps metal-to- metal contact to a minimum, thereby reducing friction and wear. But these are only the basic functions of oil. It is the particular demands of a given application and the special conditions under which an oil is used that largely determine the numerous additional functions oil must perform. These additional functions make choosing the correct oil for the job vital. The selection of a suitable lubricating oil should be based on the engine performance requirements as specified by the manufacturer, as well as the application and the quality of the available fuel.