Synthetic Lubricant Base Stocks Formulations Guide Table of Contents
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Oil Analysis Handbook Third Edition Copyright © 2017 Spectro Scientific
Predictive Equipment Maintenance Oil Analysis Handbook Third Edition Copyright © 2017 Spectro Scientific. All rights reserved. FluidScan® and LaserNet Fines® are registered trademarks of Spectro Scientific Inc. While every effort is made to assure the information in this document ois accurate, Spectro Scientific does not accept liability for any errors or mistakes that may arise. Specifications are subject to change without notice. | 3 Preface Welcome to the third edition of the In-service Oil Analysis Handbook. It has been a few years since the publication of the first edition of Spectro Scientific’s In-Service Oil Analysis Handbook. Our original goal was to compile a comprehensive reference book of common in-service oil analysis techniques to help readers understand and choose the right technique and instrumentation for their needs. We had to limit the scope in the first two editions because of the amount of effort needed to cover all the topics. In-service oil analysis for condition based maintenance covers a wide array of topics. I am pleased to say that in this third edition, we are much closer to our goal. We reorganized the structure of the content for better clarity and we added articles to cover more topics and instruments associated with oil analysis. Also, we rewrote several articles including the latest developments on the market. As we learned more from our customers about their successes using on site oil analysis, we developed case studies that you can find in this edition. This work is not possible without the time and effort from the contributing authors: Patrick Henning, Daniel Walsh, Robert Yurko, Ken Caldwell, Thomas Barraclough, Maria Bartus, Randi Price, John Morgan, Aifeng Shi and Yuegang Zhao from Spectro Scientific and Ray Garvey from Emerson Process Management. -
OWNER's OPERATION and MAINTENANCE MANUAL
OWNER’S OPERATION and MAINTENANCE MANUAL A Division of This Page Was Intentionally Left Blank Thank you for your selection of Pleasurecraft (PCM) Marine Power for your boating needs. We welcome you to Team PCM, which puts you in the company of tens of thousands of boaters who have relied on Pleasurecraft inboards as their power of choice for over 30 years. When you chose PCM, you selected the utmost in premium power for your boating application. Pleasurecraft is the world’s largest manufacturer of gasoline marine inboards, and the clear-cut leader in cutting edge technology. Over the years, we have introduced many breakthrough innovations that quickly became industry standards. The pyramidal exhaust system, light-weight transmission, computerized engine control and the Fuel Control Cell (FCC) are all PCM innovations. No matter which PCM model you purchased, you can be sure it is equipped with the latest in modern technology for added performance and durability. READ THIS MANUAL THOROUGHLY Before starting your engine(s), READ THIS MANUAL CAREFULLY AND COMPLETELY. If you do not understand any portion of the manual, contact your Dealer for clarification or assistance. Ask your Dealer for a demonstration of actual starting and operating procedures. The descriptions and specifications contained in this manual were in effect at the time of printing. PCM Engines’ policy of continued improvement reserves the right to change specifications or design without notice and without obligation. This manual will cover the following year of manufacture PCM engines: Year Model 2013 EX343 MPI *2013 Catanium™ CES HO303 *2013 Catanium™ CES EX343 *2013 Catanium™ CES 6.0L ZR409 *2013 Catanium™ CES 6.0L ZR450 2013 6.2L XS550 MPI 2013 6.2L XR550 MPI * PCM’s Catanium™ Clean Emission System is available to reduce emissions without diminishing performance. -
Mabanol Engine Oil Additive Motor Oil Additive
Mabanol Engine Oil Additive Motor Oil Additive Application Properties Mabanol Engine Oil Additive is filled into the Mabanol Engine Oil Additive is a nano tech- engine along with the motor oil. It is miscible nology-based oil additive designed to reduce with all types of motor oil. friction on mechanical parts, optimize engine It can be used in all petrol and diesel engines, performance and protect it in a durable way. including those equipped with catalytic con- Mabanol Engine Oil Additive produces a ro- verters, turbochargers and/or particulate filters bust lubricating film on the friction surfaces in both in passenger cars as well as in trucks. the engine which reduces friction losses and Not suitable for use in ATFs and motorcycles wear. This extends the life of the engine, im- with wet clutch. proves smoothness and optimizes efficiency. Mabanol Engine Oil Additive is also recom- mended for improving the performance of oil EAN Code in pumps, gearboxes and compressors. 300 ml can: 4260214890989 A can of 300 ml can be used for up to 4.5 liters of engine oil. The maximum dosage in the engine oil/additive blend is 20 volume percent. Please ensure that the correct oil level is maintained. Please shake well before use. Data Test method Unit Value Density at 20°C DIN 51 757 g/cm³ 0,874 Kin. Viscosity at 40°C DIN EN ISO 3104 mm²/s 316 Flash point ISO 3679 °C > 100 Lower explosion limit – Vol-% 0,6 Upper explosion limit – Vol-% 6,5 Updated in March 2019 The above values may vary within the commercial limits. -
The Truth About Synthetic
File No. RSA-003 revision. 0 -2/26/03 TheThe TruthTruth AboutAbout SyntheticSynthetic OilOil Auto and Oil Industries Best Kept Secret - Finally Revealed (What every Filipino Car Owner Should Know !) Maintenance Excellence Rolly Angeles Table of Contents : Open Letter …………………………………………………………………………… 2 I. What you need to know about petroleum oil ……………………………………. 3 II. Synthetic Lubricant Market In Asia ……………………………………………… 3 III. What is Synthetic Oil ?......………………………………………………………... 4 IV. History Of Synthetic Oil …..………………………………………………………... 4 V. Advantages Of Synthetic Oil Over Petroleum Oil ………………………………… 5 VI. Procedures On How To Switch To Synthetic Oil ………………………………… 6 VII. When Not To Use Synthetic Oil …………………………………………………… 6 VIII. Frequently Asked Questions on Synthetic Oil …………………………………… 7 Maintenance Excellence Rolly Angeles 1 Dear Friend, With the unending increase in petroleum products and fuel in our country today, it is not uncommon for an average Filipino worker who owns a vehicle not to bring their car everyday to work to save money on gas. In view of this I would like to share some knowledge onhow we can save cost in maintaining our vehicle, and I believe that this relevant information must be known by every Filipino specially those who own a vehicle. One of the regular maintenance we perform on our vehicle is changing oil, and many of us are unaware of synthetic lubricants. In fact it is estimated that only a handful of Filipinos knows the value of synthetic oil in their vehicle since most of us use the conventional petroleum or mineral oil that is available in our local gasoline stations . It is my intention that every Filipino must be educated on the benefits and advantages of using synthetic oil in their vehicle. -
Si-18-1997 R5
AIRCRAFT ENGINES SERVICE INSTRUCTION SELECTION OF MOTOR OIL AND GENERAL OPERATING TIPS FOR ROTAX® ENGINES TYPE 912 AND 914 (SERIES) SI-18-1997 R5 Repeating symbols: Please, pay attention to the following symbols throughout this document emphasizing particular information. ▲ WARNING: Identifies an instruction, which if not followed, may cause serious injury or even death. ■ CAUTION: Denotes an instruction which if not followed, may severely damage the engine or could lead to suspension of warranty. ◆ NOTE: Information useful for better handling. 1) Planning information 1.1) Engines affected All versions of the engine type: - 912 (Series) - 914 (Series) 1.2) Concurrent ASB/SB/SI and SL none 1.3) Reason - Due to field experience the recommended engine oil list (section 3.2 and section 3.3) was updated. - Field experience has shown that additional information about the choice of suitable motor oils and oil change and maintenance intervals for the ROTAX engines Type 912 and 914 is necessary. Regardless of which brand of fuel is used, foreign particles are suspended in the motor oil. Heavy accumulation of particles on high temperature zones such as on piston rings, exhaust valve guides, may result in stuck piston rings and valves due to burning and coking of the oil. On turbocharged engine, failing to ensure an adequate cool-down period prior to shut-off may lead to particle deposits on the turbocharger wheels. This could result in an unbalance of the turbo wheel and consequently to a complete destruction of the turbocharger. Particle deposits or cooking may become loose in the engine and may block the lubrication system causing damage to the engine due to lack of oil. -
The Role of Nanoparticles in Lubricants; Performing Lubricated and Dry Friction Tests
FELLOWSHIP RESEARCH The Role of Nanoparticles in Lubricants; Performing Lubricated and Dry Friction Tests Hamed Ghaednia* and Dr. Robert L. Jackson (Advisor) Auburn University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn, Ala. *Ford Motor Co., Powertrain Research and Advanced Engineering Group, Dearborn, Mich. Editor’s Note: This month TLT profiles the 2014 recipient of The E. Elmer Klaus Fellowship, Hamed Ghaednia (Auburn University). The Klaus Fellowship, along with The E. Richard Booser Scholarship, are awarded annually to graduate and undergraduate students, respectively, who have an interest in pursuing a career in tribology. As a requirement for receiving an STLE scholarship, students are given the opportunity to participate in a tribology research project and to submit a report summarizing their research. Hamed Ghaednia graduated with a bachelor’s of science degree in mechanical and chemical INTRODUCTION engineering and a master’s of science degree Nanoparticles when suspended in in mechanical engineering from the Tehran a lubricant can infiltrate small gaps Polytechnic. He recently received his between rough surfaces in contact doctorate in mechanical engineering, with and alter the contact’s tribological an emphasis in tribology, from Auburn performance. Hence, nanoparticles University’s Samuel Ginn College of offer an alternative approach to Engineering’s tribology and lubrication lubrication by introducing third body science minor program. He is currently entities directly into the contact. The working as a tribology research engineer ability of nano-sized particles to pass at the Ford Motor Co. in the Powertrain through conventional filters, penetrate Research and Advanced Engineering Group. into contacts that larger particles You can reach him at [email protected]. -
Owners Manual
Owners Manual S&S® KN, P, and SH-Series Engines DISCLAIMER: • Consult an appropriate service manual for your motorcycle for correct S&S parts are designed for high performance, closed course, racing applications disassembly and reassembly procedures for any parts that need to be removed and are intended for the very experienced rider only. The installation of S&S parts to facilitate installation. may void or adversely effect your factory warranty. In addition such installation and • Use good judgment when performing installation and operating motorcycle. use may violate certain federal, state, and local laws, rules and ordinances as well Good judgment begins with a clear head. Don’t let alcohol, drugs or fatigue as other laws when used on motor vehicles used on public highways, especially in impair your judgment. Start installation when you are fresh. states where pollution laws may apply. Always check federal, state, and local laws before modifying your motorcycle. It is the sole and exclusive responsibility of the • Be sure all federal, state and local laws are obeyed with the installation. user to determine the suitability of the product for his or her use, and the user shall • For optimum performance and safety and to minimize potential damage to assume all legal, personal injury risk and liability and all other obligations, duties, carb or other components, use all mounting hardware that is provided and and risks associated therewith. follow all installation instructions. The words Harley®, Harley-Davidson®, H-D®, Sportster®, Evolution®, and all H-D Motorcycle exhaust fumes are toxic and poisonous and must not be breathed. -
Lubricating Oil Composition and Additive Therefor Having Improved Wear Properties
(19) TZZ ¥_T (11) EP 2 949 738 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 02.12.2015 Bulletin 2015/49 C10M 141/10 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 15170007.7 (22) Date of filing: 31.05.2015 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB • Lagona, Jason A. GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO Richmond, VA 23225 (US) PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR • Loper, John T. Designated Extension States: Richmond, VA 23233 (US) BA ME Designated Validation States: (74) Representative: Dunleavy, Kevin James MA Mendelsohn, Drucker & Dunleavy, P.C. p/o De Vries & Metman (30) Priority: 30.05.2014 US 201462005135 P Overschiestraat 180 01.05.2015 US 201514701899 1062 XK Amsterdam (NL) (71) Applicant: Afton Chemical Corporation Richmond, Virginia 23219 (US) (54) LUBRICATING OIL COMPOSITION AND ADDITIVE THEREFOR HAVING IMPROVED WEAR PROPERTIES (57) A compression-ignited engine lubricant and a compound or anhydride thereof, and optionally, (iv) a method for reducing engine wear. The lubricant includ- nonaromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride, wherein the ing, (a) a base oil; (b) oleamide; (c) zinc dihydrocarbyl hydrocarbyl group of the hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid dithiophosphate; and (d) a functionalized dispersant. The or anhydride has a number average molecular weight of functionalized dispersant is made by reacting together greater than 1800 Daltons as determined by gel perme- (i) a hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid or anhydride, (ii) a ation chromatography. polyamine, (iii) a dicarboxylcontaining fused aromatic EP 2 949 738 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) EP 2 949 738 A1 Description RELATED APPLICATION 5 [0001] This application claims priority to provisional application Serial No. -
OIL and Your Engine
OIL and your engine Foreword Bearing failure, piston ring sticking, and excessive oil consumption are classic symptoms of oil-related engine failure. How do you avoid them? There are numerous ways, three of the most important being Scheduled Oil Sampling (S·O·S SM), regular maintenance of the lubrication system, and the use of correct lubricants. Following these recommendations can mean the difference between experiencing repeated oil related engine failure and benefiting from a productive and satisfactory engine life. This booklet attempts to tell the story of oil: what it is composed of and what its functions are, how to identify its contamination and degradation, typical consequences, and some preventive measures to help you protect your engine against the devastating effects of oil related engine failure. Understanding Oil Function Engine oil performs several basic functions in order to provide adequate lubrication. It works to keep the engine clean and free from rust and corrosion. It acts as a coolant and sealant; and it provides an oil film cushion that keeps metal-to- metal contact to a minimum, thereby reducing friction and wear. But these are only the basic functions of oil. It is the particular demands of a given application and the special conditions under which an oil is used that largely determine the numerous additional functions oil must perform. These additional functions make choosing the correct oil for the job vital. The selection of a suitable lubricating oil should be based on the engine performance requirements as specified by the manufacturer, as well as the application and the quality of the available fuel. -
Types, Examples and Working Mechanism of Rheo-Improvers Lubricating Oil Additives
Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal ISSN: 2578-4846 Types, Examples and Working Mechanism of Rheo-Improvers Lubricating Oil Additives Rasha S Kamal* Mini Review Department of Petroleum Applications, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Volume 2 Issue 5 P.O. Box 11727, Cairo, Egypt Received Date: June 10, 2018 Published Date: June 22, 2018 *Corresponding author: Rasha S Kamal, Department of Petroleum Applications, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, P.O. Box 11727, Cairo, Egypt, Tel: +2 02 22745902 (2155); Email: [email protected] Abstract Lube oil additives play an important role to facilitate our daily life. And the most important one is Rheo-Improve lubricating oil additive, because it is performance enhancing additive it consists of two type viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants. This mini review highlights of Rheo-Improvers importance. Viscosity modifier (preparation of some examples, general properties, working mechanism and factors that limit their action). Pour point depressants (examples, general properties, working mechanism). Keywords: Rheo- improvers; Viscosity index improvers; Pour point depressant Introduction According to new classification of lubricating oil additives which depending on the working function the The major role in the science is how to make life so additives classify into 3 major category: easy and eco-friendly. Lubrication is a feature of how to live an easy life. Lubrication in simply form is the use of 1. Rheo- improvers material to improve one surfaces over another by using 2. Maintainers lubricant. Lube oil additives are chemical components or 3. Tribo-improvers blend used at a specific treat rate, generally from 1 to 35 % of the oil volume, depending on the machine to provide Rheo-Improvers (Rheological Properties one or more functions in the fluid. -
Commentary on Motor Oils Frequently Asked Questions
COMMENTARY ON MOTOR OILS LIBRARY FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS TECHNICAL BY CHARLES NAVARRO TECHNICAL LIBRARY Commentary on Motor Oils and Frequently Asked Questions 7 The purpose of proper lubrication is to provide a physical barrier (oil film) that separates Oil companies have been cutting back on the use of Zn and P as anti-wear additives. moving parts reducing wear and friction. Oil also supplies cooling to critical engine This reduction of phosphorus content is a mandate issued by API, American Petro- components, such as bearings. Detergent oils contain dispersants, friction modifiers, 8 leum Institute, who is in charge of developing standing standards for motor oils. Zn anti-foam, anti-corrosion, and anti-wear additives. These detergents carry away and P have been found to be bad for catalytic converters. In 1996, API introduced the contaminants such as wear particulates and neutralize acids that are formed by combus- API SJ classification to reduce these levels to a maximum of 0.10% for viscosities of tion byproducts and the natural breakdown of oil. Likewise, the viscosity of the motor oil 9 10w30 and lighter. The 15w40 and 20w50 viscosities commonly used in Porsche throughout the operating range of the engine is very important to the “hydro-dynamic engines did not have a maximum phosphorus limit. The API SL standard maintained bearing” layer (oil film that forms on and between moving engine parts). Boundary this higher limit but with reduced limits for high temperature deposits. With the API Lubrication occurs when insufficient film to prevent surface contact and where the SM, phosphorus content less than 0.08% was mandated to reduce sulfur, carbon primary anti-wear additive ZDDP plays its role in protecting your engine. -
Jojoba Polymers As Lubricating Oil Additives
Petroleum & Coal ISSN 1337-7027 Available online at www.vurup.sk/petroleum-coal Petroleum & Coal 57(2) 120-129 2015 JOJOBA POLYMERS AS LUBRICATING OIL ADDITIVES Amal M. Nassar, Nehal S. Ahmed, Rabab M. Nasser* Department of Petroleum Applications, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Correspondence to: Rabab M. Nasser (E-mail: [email protected]) Received January 12, 2015, Accepted March 30, 2015 Abstract Jojoba homopolymer was prepared, elucidated, and evaluated as lube oil additive, then novel six co- polymers were prepared via reaction of jojoba oil as a monomer with different alkylacrylate, (dodecyl- acrylate, tetradecyacrylate, and hexadecyacrylate), and with different α – olefins (1-dodecene, 1-tetra- decene, and 1-hexadecene), separately with (1:2) molar ratio. The prepared polymers were elucidated using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), for determination of weight average molecular weight (Mw), and the thermal stability of the prepared poly- mers was determined. The prepared polymers were evaluated as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants for lubricating oil. It was found that the viscosity index increases with increasing the alkyl chain length of both α- olefins, and acrylate monomers, while the pour point improved for additives based on alkyl acrylate. Keywords: Lubricating oil additives; viscosity modifiers; pour point depressants; jojoba – acrylate copolymers; jojoba- α olefins copolymers; TGA and DSC analysis. 1. Introduction Lubricants and lubrication were inherent in a machine ever since man invented machines. It was water and natural esters like vegetable oils and animal fats that were used during the early era of machines. During the late 1800s, the development of the petrochemical industry put aside the application of natural lubricants for reasons including its stability and economics [1].