DOCSLIB.ORG

Experiences of Female Ex-Combatants in the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Endless Battles and Resistance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Experiences of Female Ex-Combatants in the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Endless Battles and Resistance Experiences of Female Ex-Combatants in the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Endless Battles and Resistance by Keshab Giri Submitted to the Department of Government and International Relations In Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The University of Sydney 2020 Statement of Originality This is to certify that, to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. -Keshab Giri i ABSTRACT Recent literature on women and war has put to rest the persisting question of whether women’s participation as combatants is just an aberration. However, the question also arises if all female combatants experience the war in the same way. We can go further in this direction by exploring their diverse and complex experiences before, during, and after the war. Therefore, I try to answer the question- What are the varied experience of female combatants during the Maoist insurgency in Nepal and after, and how do these experiences compare to their varied expectations upon joining the group? I found the intersectional theoretical framework combining ‘matrix of domination’ within black feminism (Collins, 2009) and decolonial thinking (Shilliam, 2015) along with a poststructural narrative approach informed by the feminist methodology best-suited to answer the question. I used the case of female combatants in the Maoist insurgency in Nepal (1996-2006). I extend the messiness and complexity of the Maoist insurgency in Nepal in three major ways- First, female ex-combatants experienced, understood, and perceived the war and its aftermath heterogeneously often conditioned by their rank, caste, class, social location, educational status, and geographical location in intricate ways. Secondly, the pre-during-post compartmentalisation of the war is incompatible with the diverse and complex experiences of female ex-combatants. The experiences and stories of female ex-combatants show that they were fighting the war even before the insurgency had started in terms of exploitation, oppression, exclusion, and discrimination again shaped by their various identities and systems of oppression. While fighting with the enemies during the war, they simultaneously fought the patriarchy and hegemonic narratives psychologically within the group. Even at the time of ‘peace’, the battle within continued coupled with the fight against the re-marginalisation, neglect, alienation, and ostracisation. This brings to the final finding which shows that in having to fight endless battles- within and outside, and before, during, and after the war- also uniquely positions female ex-combatants to see the war deeply and differently. Their experiences are the deep seabed which contains the alternative ways of seeing, knowing, learning, and understanding the war to resist the hegemonic narratives and discourses. ii ABBREVIATIONS ANWA (R): All Nepalese Women’s Association (Revolutionary) CDR: Community Developed Reconstruction CEDAW: Convention on the Elimination of the All Forms of Discriminations Against Women CHHE: Caste Hill Hindu Elite CHHEM: Caste Hill Hindu Elite Males CPNM: Communist Party of Nepal Maoists CPN-M: Communist Party of Nepal- Maoists CPN-UML: Communist Party of Nepal- Unified Marxist Leninist DD&R: Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo EPLF: Eritrean People’s Liberation Front FAO: Food and Agricultural Organisation FARC: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia) FMLN: Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front FPTP: First-Past-the-Post FSLN: Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Sandinista National Liberation Front) FWLD: Forum for Women and Legal Development FWLD: Forum for Women and Legal Development GDP: Gross Domestic Product HDI: Human Development Index ICG: International Crisis Group ICTJ: International Centre for Transnational Justice INGO: International Non-Governmental Organisation ISIL: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levante JAS: Jamaat Ahl as-Sunnah Lliddawah wal-Jihad LRA: Lord’s Resistance Army LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam NCCR: Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research NESAC: Nepal South Asia Centre NGO: Non-Governmental Organisation OSCE: Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe iii PCF: Participant Consent Form PFLP: Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine PIS: Participant Information Statement PLA: People’s Liberation Army PR: proportional representation SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SLC: School Leaving Certificate SLR: Self-Loading Rifle UN: United Nations UNDP: United Nations Development Programme UNICEF: The United Nations Children Fund (Originally known as the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund) UNIFEM: United Nations Development Fund for Women UNMIN: United Nation’s Mission in Nepal UPF: United People’s Front WGSG: Women and Geography Study Group WID: Women in Development YCL: Young Communist League iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to dedicate this thesis to all the Maoists female ex-combatants who entrusted me to share their extraordinary stories with me during my fieldwork in Nepal. I also feel highly privileged to get access to interview Maoist leaders (Dr. Baburam Bhattarai, Hisila Yami, Pampha Bhusal, Onsary Gharti, Aruna Rayamajhi, Saraswati Pokharel, Lila Sharma, and Janardan Sharma) and experts on the topic (Deepak Thapa, Dr. Bishnu Raj Upreti, Subina Shrestha, and Dr. Umesh Bhattarai. Thank you all for giving your time and sharing your insights and experiences. I feel blessed to have such an exceptional team of supervisors for my Ph.D. I especially want to express my gratitude toward my supervisor Prof Megan Mackenzie for your incessant encouragement, inspiration, patience, dedication, support, and through engagement with my work. I feel lucky to get such wonderful support from you not only in my academic research project but also in my personal life. You have pushed me and challenged me at just the right times and in just the right ways. Without you, I could never have completed my research. I am also thankful for the excellent example you have provided for me as an inspiring academic and a practicing feminist. I would like to thank Prof Laura Shepherd and Associate Professor Ryan Griffiths for your continuous guidance and wisdom over the past three years. They have been extremely important to me. Several travel grants and funds that facilitated the research and writing of this dissertation. The Doctoral Research Travel Grant Scheme 2017/18 offered by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences that I received for my fieldwork in Nepal. Similarly, the Postgraduate Research Support Scheme 2018 by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences for the IPSA 2018, University of Queensland Theory Forum 2018 bursary enabled me to present my work in the conferences and workshops and get constructive feedback on my thesis on progress at just right time. I also like to thank Moinak Choudhury who proofread this thesis in very short-time by which I could increase the clarity of my arguments. Finally, I want to thank my incredible wife Kamala and my lovely son Kabir. To Kamala: your unceasing and unconditional support has been my sustenance throughout this journey. Your love and encouragement have given me the courage and confidence to complete this Thesis. I would not have managed to complete it without your love, care, and encouragement. v CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................................ 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................... 12 2.1. Chapter Introduction .............................................................................................................. 12 2.2. Overview of Literature on Women in Armed Conflict ........................................................ 15 The Invisibility of Female Combatants: Default Victims in Armed Conflict .............................. 15 Essentialization of Women’s Experiences in War .................................................................... 17 Masculinity and Combat Exclusion of Women Combatants .................................................... 21 Transgression of Masculine Hurdle ......................................................................................... 22 Female Combatants ................................................................................................................. 23 Women as Spies and Suicide Bombers ................................................................................... 26 Women in Support Role in Armed Conflict .............................................................................. 27 Women as Perpetrators ........................................................................................................... 29 Eroding the Victim/Perpetrator Dichotomy ............................................................................... 29 2.3. Female Combatants and Impact on Civil War ..................................................................... 32 A. Human Resource and Retention
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Civil Society in Uncivil Places: Soft State and Regime Change in Nepal
    48 About this Issue Recent Series Publications: Policy Studies 48 Policy Studies Policy This monograph analyzes the role of civil Policy Studies 47 society in the massive political mobilization Supporting Peace in Aceh: Development and upheavals of 2006 in Nepal that swept Agencies and International Involvement away King Gyanendra’s direct rule and dra- Patrick Barron, World Bank Indonesia matically altered the structure and character Adam Burke, London University of the Nepali state and politics. Although the opposition had become successful due to a Policy Studies 46 strategic alliance between the seven parlia- Peace Accords in Northeast India: mentary parties and the Maoist rebels, civil Journey over Milestones Places in Uncivil Society Civil society was catapulted into prominence dur- Swarna Rajagopalan, Political Analyst, ing the historic protests as a result of nation- Chennai, India al and international activities in opposition to the king’s government. This process offers Policy Studies 45 new insights into the role of civil society in The Karen Revolution in Burma: Civil Society in the developing world. Diverse Voices, Uncertain Ends By focusing on the momentous events of Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung, University of the nineteen-day general strike from April Massachusetts, Lowell 6–24, 2006, that brought down the 400- Uncivil Places: year-old Nepali royal dynasty, the study high- Policy Studies 44 lights the implications of civil society action Economy of the Conflict Region within the larger political arena involving con- in Sri Lanka: From Embargo to Repression ventional actors such as political parties, trade Soft State and Regime Muttukrishna Sarvananthan, Point Pedro unions, armed rebels, and foreign actors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Madhesi Movement in Nepal: a Study on Social, Cultural and Political Aspects, 1990- 2015
    THE MADHESI MOVEMENT IN NEPAL: A STUDY ON SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS, 1990- 2015 A Dissertation Submitted To Sikkim University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Philosophy By Anne Mary Gurung DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES February, 2017 DECLARATION I, Anne Mary Gurung, do hereby declare that the subject matter of this dissertation is the record of the work done by me, that the contents of this dissertation did not form the basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that the dissertation has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other university/ institute. The dissertation has been checked by using URKUND and has been found within limits as per plagiarism policy and instructions issued from time to time. This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences, Sikkim University. Name: Anne Mary Gurung Registration Number: 15/M.Phil/PSC/01 We recommend that this dissertation be placed before the examiners for evaluation. Durga Prasad Chhetri Swastika Pradhan Head of the Department Supervisor CERTIFICATE This to certify that the dissertation entitled, “The Madhesi Movement in Nepal: A Study on Social, Cultural and Political Aspects, 1990-2015” submitted to Sikkim University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Political Science is the result of bonafide research work carried out by Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Civilian Victimization and Ethnic Civil War∗
    Civilian Victimization and Ethnic Civil War∗ Lars-Erik Cedermany Simon Hugz Livia I. Schubiger§ Francisco Villamil{ March 30, 2018 Abstract While many studies provide insights into the causes of wartime civilian victim- ization, we know little about how the targeting of particular segments of the civilian population affects the onset and escalation of armed conflict. Previous research on conflict onset has been largely limited to structural variables, both theoretically and empirically. Moving beyond these static approaches, this paper assesses how state-led civilian victimization targeting members of specific ethnic groups affects the likelihood of ethnic conflict onset, and the evolution of conflicts once they break out. Relying on a new dataset with global coverage that captures the ethnic identity of civilian victims of targeted violence, we find evidence that the state-led civilian victimization of particular ethnic groups increases the likelihood that the latter be- come involved in ethnic civil war. We also find tentative, yet more nuanced, evidence that ethnic targeting by state forces affects the escalation of ongoing conflicts. ∗Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, April 5-8, 2018, San Francisco. Previous versions of this paper were presented at the American Political Science Association (APSA), San Francisco, August 31–September 3, 2017, the Annual Conference of the European Political Science Association (EPSA), Milan, June 22–24, 2017 and the Annual Meeting of the Conflict Research Society, September 18-19, 2017, Oxford University. We thank Inken von Borzyskowski and the other participants for their helpful comments. Financial support by the Swiss Network for International Studies is greatly appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Horizontal Inequality and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Murshed, S. Mansoob; Gates, Scott Working Paper Spatial horizontal inequality and the Maoist insurgency in Nepal WIDER Research Paper, No. 2004/43 Provided in Cooperation with: United Nations University (UNU), World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Suggested Citation: Murshed, S. Mansoob; Gates, Scott (2004) : Spatial horizontal inequality and the Maoist insurgency in Nepal, WIDER Research Paper, No. 2004/43, ISBN 9291906328, The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU- WIDER), Helsinki This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/63435 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Research Paper No. 2004/43 Spatial Horizontal Inequality and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal S.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 Vol. 5, No. 1
    PRISM VOL. 5, NO. 1 2014 A JOURNAL OF THE CENTER FOR COMPLEX OPERATIONS PRISM About VOL. 5, NO. 1 2014 PRISM is published by the Center for Complex Operations. PRISM is a security studies journal chartered to inform members of U.S. Federal agencies, allies, and other partners on complex EDITOR and integrated national security operations; reconstruction and state-building; relevant policy Michael Miklaucic and strategy; lessons learned; and developments in training and education to transform America’s security and development EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Ross Clark Ben Graves Caliegh Hernandez Communications Daniel Moore Constructive comments and contributions are important to us. Direct communications to: COPY EDITORS Dale Erickson Editor, PRISM Rebecca Harper 260 Fifth Avenue (Building 64, Room 3605) Christoff Luehrs Fort Lesley J. McNair Sara Thannhauser Washington, DC 20319 Nathan White Telephone: (202) 685-3442 DESIGN DIRecTOR FAX: Carib Mendez (202) 685-3581 Email: [email protected] ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Gordon Adams Dr. Pauline H. Baker Ambassador Rick Barton Contributions Professor Alain Bauer PRISM welcomes submission of scholarly, independent research from security policymakers Dr. Joseph J. Collins (ex officio) and shapers, security analysts, academic specialists, and civilians from the United States and Ambassador James F. Dobbins abroad. Submit articles for consideration to the address above or by email to [email protected] Ambassador John E. Herbst (ex officio) with “Attention Submissions Editor” in the subject line. Dr. David Kilcullen Ambassador Jacques Paul Klein Dr. Roger B. Myerson This is the authoritative, official U.S. Department of Defense edition of PRISM. Dr. Moisés Naím Any copyrighted portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted MG William L.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University
    Kennesaw State University DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects 7-2015 Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/etd Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Pokhrel, Sunil Kumar, "Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal" (2015). Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects. Paper 673. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND THE ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA IN THE PAHADI COMMUNITY OF CONTEMPORARY NEPAL by SUNIL KUMAR POKHREL A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Conflict Management in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia March 2015 IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA © 2015 Sunil Kumar Pokhrel ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Recommended Citation Pokhrel, S. K. (2015). Identity-based conflict and the role of print media in the Pahadi community of contemporary Nepal. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America. IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA DEDICATION My mother and father, who encouraged me toward higher study, My wife, who always supported me in all difficult circumstances, and My sons, who trusted me during my PhD studies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction September 2018 Contents
    POMEPS STUDIES 30 The Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction September 2018 Contents Introduction . .. 3 Seeing Like a State-builder: Replication of Donor Reconstruction Dilemmas in Syria . 8 Frances Z. Brown, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace & University of Oxford Reconstructing Authoritarianism: The Politics and Political Economy of Postconflict Reconstruction in Syria . 14 Steven Heydemann, Smith College & The Brookings Institution Legal Pluralism and Justice in Iraq after ISIL . 22 Jacqueline Parry, Institute for Regional and International Studies, American University of Iraqi Sulaimani Physical and Societal (Re)construction in Nineveh post Islamic State . 28 Dylan O’Driscoll, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI), University of Manchester Postwar Reconciliation and Fragile Peace in Algeria . 34 Caroline Abadeer, Minerva/Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar at the United States Institute of Peace Yuree Noh, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s Middle East Initiative, Belfer Center Algeria’s Peace Process: Spoilers, Failures and Successes . 38 Dalia Ghanem-Yazbeck, Resident Scholar, Carnegie Middle East Center Lebanon and the fog of reconstruction . 44 Deen Sharp, Earth and Environment Sciences, City University of New York Libya’s Policing Sector: The Dilemmas of Hybridity and Security Pluralism . 51 Frederic Wehrey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Marshalling Order in Yemen: How Reconstruction Will Make or Break the Post-War Order . 56 Peter Salisbury, Chatham House Thinking about Legality:
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial-Horizontal Inequality and Maoist Insurgency in Nepal
    SPATIAL-HORIZONTAL INEQUALITY AND THE MAOIST INSURGENCY IN NEPAL S. Mansoob Murshed and Scott Gates ____________________________________ Paper prepared for the UNU/WIDER Project Conference on Spatial Inequality in Asia United Nations University Centre, Tokyo, 28-29 March 2003 1 SPATIAL-HORIZONTAL INEQUALITY AND THE MAOIST INSURGENCY IN NEPAL S. Mansoob Murshed* Institute of Social studies (ISS) PO Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague Netherlands [email protected] & Scott Gates Michigan State University and International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) [email protected] ABSTRACT The Maoist insurgency in Nepal is one of the highest intensity internal conflicts in the world at present. Investigation into the causes of the conflict would suggest that grievance rather than greed is the main motivating force. The concept of horizontal or inter-group inequality is highly relevant in explaining the Nepalese civil war. This has both an ethnic and caste dimension. Additionally, there is also a spatial aspect to the conflict, which is most intense in the mid and far western regions of Nepal, which are economically the most disadvantaged in terms of human development indicators and asset (land) holdings. This conclusion is based upon district wide data on human development indicators for the year 1996, which is the date when the armed Maoist insurgency, or people’s war commenced, as well as data on landlessness and conflict intensity. Using the intensity of conflict (measured by a count of the number of deaths) as the dependent variable and HDI indicators and landlessness as explanatory variables, we find with Poisson regression analysis that the intensity of conflict across the districts of Nepal is most significantly explained by the degree of inequalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing Natural Resource Conflicts Working Towards More Effective Resolution of National and Sub-National Resource Disputes Contents
    Research Paper Oli Brown and Michael Keating Energy, Environment and Resources | June 2015 Addressing Natural Resource Conflicts Working Towards More Effective Resolution of National and Sub-National Resource Disputes Contents Summary 2 Introduction 4 Understanding Resource Disputes 7 Addressing Resource Disputes 18 Conclusions 26 Acronyms and Abbreviations 30 About the Authors 31 Acknowledgments 32 1 | Chatham House Addressing Natural Resource Conflicts: Working Towards More Effective Resolution of National and Sub-National Resource Disputes Summary Disputes over natural resources – such as land, fresh water, minerals or fishing rights – are ubiquitous. When resolved peacefully, as is most often the case, such disagreements are an essential part of progress and development. However, resource disputes can also trigger violence and destruction, particularly in states with weak governance, high levels of corruption, and existing ethnic and political divisions. Bitter disagreements over the distribution of Iraq’s oil wealth among Sunni, Shia and Kurdish regions, for example, have contributed to the fragmentation of that country. In the Darfur region of Sudan, disputes between pastoralist herders and farmers over livestock migration routes and watering holes have become a violent flashpoint for wider cultural, ethnic and religious differences. Population growth, urbanization, rising consumption, climate change, environmental degradation, and new technologies for the extraction and processing of resources are changing the patterns of resource supply and demand. This has profound implications for the political economy of resource use – both globally and locally. By the middle of this century, for example, it is predicted that the world’s population will have exceeded 9 billion, global energy use will have doubled, and global water demand will have increased by 55 per cent over 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH The Intersection between Armed Conflict and the Health Service System in the Rolpa District of Nepal: An Ethnographic Description Sachin Ghimire "Terror warfare attacks not just the body, not even formation campaigns discouraged people from just the body politic, it attacks core definitions of traveling and accessing health care. Other negative humanity." (Nordstrom, 1998) effects of the war included disruption of the supply of medicines, vaccination programs, family Abstract planning services and DOT programs. Our research demonstrated many instances in which Background: In the Nepalese district of Rolpa, international humanitarian principles and basic local political battles, national level power human rights were violated by both sides. conflicts, and bureaucratic crises led to a chronic Finally, the ongoing crisis of primary health care state of social exclusion and a continuous has led many people to seek health care outside of disregard for the people’s health. These historical their local communities, traveling as far away as problems were aggravated by the Nepal Civil India. War. Conclusions: The health service system is an Research Question: This paper examines the way integral part of the political system and should be in which the Nepal Civil War affected the people's supported by the political structure. This was not health, the health service system and the social the case in Rolpa either before, during, or after the well-being of the population both during and after civil war . the conflict. Keywords: exclusion, conflict, health service Metodology: Ethnographic survey (85 subjects) system, cross fire, health and illness, post conflict and direct observations. situation, Nepal.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Control Codes of Conduct Within Insurgent Armed Groups
    31 Internal Control Codes of Conduct within Insurgent Armed Groups By Olivier Bangerter An Occasional Paper of the Small Arms Survey Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2012 First published in November 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permit- ted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Copy-edited by Tania Inowlocki Proofread by Donald Strachan Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Richard Jones ([email protected]), Exile: Design & Editorial Services Printed by coprint in Geneva ISBN 978-2-9700816-8-5 ISSN 1661-4445 ii Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 31 Bangerter Internal Control iii The Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. Established in 1999, the project is supported by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and current contributions from the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Survey is grateful for past support received from the Governments of France, New Zealand, and Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the International Support to the Peace Process in Nepal 2006
    Annex L Annotated bibliography of all references consulted Note: this list does not include the majority of the programme documents consulted, but concentrates mainly on external documents. Editor's Note. (1996). American Journal of Evaluation, 17 (2), 169-171. Last viewed on 2 December 2011. URL: http://aje.sagepub.com/content/17/2/169.abstract Notes: This note looks at the origins of Theory Based Evaluation and introduces both an excerpt for Weiss’s 1972 book and Fitz-Gibbons and Morris’s 1975 paper that were reprinted in the same issue. Abdela, L., Frogh, W., & Okumu-Alya, F. (2010). From Resolution to Reality: Lessons learned from Afghanistan, Nepal and Uganda on women’s participation in peacebuilding and post-conflict governance (pp. 48). London: CARE UK. Last viewed on 18 February 2012. URL: http://www.care.org/newsroom/specialreports/UNSCR-1325/CARE-1325-Report-Women- Peace-Participation.pdf Notes: Report analyses women's role in peacebuilding. UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (in 2000) was hailed a victory for women’s rights activists around the world. The adoption of the resolution represented a significant step forward in recognising the strategic contribution that women can make to peace and security policy, as well as acknowledging the increasing use of violence against women as a tactic of war. Yet a decade later, women are still largely absent from peace negotiations. How can the policy be turned into practice, which impacts on the lives of women most affected by conflict? ACE Electoral Project. Parliamentary Size. ACE Encyclopaedia Version 1.0 Retrieved 7 April, 2013, from http://aceproject.org/main/english/es/esc03.htm Notes: How large should a country's representative assembly be? The question is not trivial.
    [Show full text]