Spatial Horizontal Inequality and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal
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Civilian Victimization and Ethnic Civil War∗
Civilian Victimization and Ethnic Civil War∗ Lars-Erik Cedermany Simon Hugz Livia I. Schubiger§ Francisco Villamil{ March 30, 2018 Abstract While many studies provide insights into the causes of wartime civilian victim- ization, we know little about how the targeting of particular segments of the civilian population affects the onset and escalation of armed conflict. Previous research on conflict onset has been largely limited to structural variables, both theoretically and empirically. Moving beyond these static approaches, this paper assesses how state-led civilian victimization targeting members of specific ethnic groups affects the likelihood of ethnic conflict onset, and the evolution of conflicts once they break out. Relying on a new dataset with global coverage that captures the ethnic identity of civilian victims of targeted violence, we find evidence that the state-led civilian victimization of particular ethnic groups increases the likelihood that the latter be- come involved in ethnic civil war. We also find tentative, yet more nuanced, evidence that ethnic targeting by state forces affects the escalation of ongoing conflicts. ∗Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, April 5-8, 2018, San Francisco. Previous versions of this paper were presented at the American Political Science Association (APSA), San Francisco, August 31–September 3, 2017, the Annual Conference of the European Political Science Association (EPSA), Milan, June 22–24, 2017 and the Annual Meeting of the Conflict Research Society, September 18-19, 2017, Oxford University. We thank Inken von Borzyskowski and the other participants for their helpful comments. Financial support by the Swiss Network for International Studies is greatly appreciated. -
2014 Vol. 5, No. 1
PRISM VOL. 5, NO. 1 2014 A JOURNAL OF THE CENTER FOR COMPLEX OPERATIONS PRISM About VOL. 5, NO. 1 2014 PRISM is published by the Center for Complex Operations. PRISM is a security studies journal chartered to inform members of U.S. Federal agencies, allies, and other partners on complex EDITOR and integrated national security operations; reconstruction and state-building; relevant policy Michael Miklaucic and strategy; lessons learned; and developments in training and education to transform America’s security and development EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Ross Clark Ben Graves Caliegh Hernandez Communications Daniel Moore Constructive comments and contributions are important to us. Direct communications to: COPY EDITORS Dale Erickson Editor, PRISM Rebecca Harper 260 Fifth Avenue (Building 64, Room 3605) Christoff Luehrs Fort Lesley J. McNair Sara Thannhauser Washington, DC 20319 Nathan White Telephone: (202) 685-3442 DESIGN DIRecTOR FAX: Carib Mendez (202) 685-3581 Email: [email protected] ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Gordon Adams Dr. Pauline H. Baker Ambassador Rick Barton Contributions Professor Alain Bauer PRISM welcomes submission of scholarly, independent research from security policymakers Dr. Joseph J. Collins (ex officio) and shapers, security analysts, academic specialists, and civilians from the United States and Ambassador James F. Dobbins abroad. Submit articles for consideration to the address above or by email to [email protected] Ambassador John E. Herbst (ex officio) with “Attention Submissions Editor” in the subject line. Dr. David Kilcullen Ambassador Jacques Paul Klein Dr. Roger B. Myerson This is the authoritative, official U.S. Department of Defense edition of PRISM. Dr. Moisés Naím Any copyrighted portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted MG William L. -
The Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction September 2018 Contents
POMEPS STUDIES 30 The Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction September 2018 Contents Introduction . .. 3 Seeing Like a State-builder: Replication of Donor Reconstruction Dilemmas in Syria . 8 Frances Z. Brown, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace & University of Oxford Reconstructing Authoritarianism: The Politics and Political Economy of Postconflict Reconstruction in Syria . 14 Steven Heydemann, Smith College & The Brookings Institution Legal Pluralism and Justice in Iraq after ISIL . 22 Jacqueline Parry, Institute for Regional and International Studies, American University of Iraqi Sulaimani Physical and Societal (Re)construction in Nineveh post Islamic State . 28 Dylan O’Driscoll, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI), University of Manchester Postwar Reconciliation and Fragile Peace in Algeria . 34 Caroline Abadeer, Minerva/Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar at the United States Institute of Peace Yuree Noh, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s Middle East Initiative, Belfer Center Algeria’s Peace Process: Spoilers, Failures and Successes . 38 Dalia Ghanem-Yazbeck, Resident Scholar, Carnegie Middle East Center Lebanon and the fog of reconstruction . 44 Deen Sharp, Earth and Environment Sciences, City University of New York Libya’s Policing Sector: The Dilemmas of Hybridity and Security Pluralism . 51 Frederic Wehrey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Marshalling Order in Yemen: How Reconstruction Will Make or Break the Post-War Order . 56 Peter Salisbury, Chatham House Thinking about Legality: -
Spatial-Horizontal Inequality and Maoist Insurgency in Nepal
SPATIAL-HORIZONTAL INEQUALITY AND THE MAOIST INSURGENCY IN NEPAL S. Mansoob Murshed and Scott Gates ____________________________________ Paper prepared for the UNU/WIDER Project Conference on Spatial Inequality in Asia United Nations University Centre, Tokyo, 28-29 March 2003 1 SPATIAL-HORIZONTAL INEQUALITY AND THE MAOIST INSURGENCY IN NEPAL S. Mansoob Murshed* Institute of Social studies (ISS) PO Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague Netherlands [email protected] & Scott Gates Michigan State University and International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) [email protected] ABSTRACT The Maoist insurgency in Nepal is one of the highest intensity internal conflicts in the world at present. Investigation into the causes of the conflict would suggest that grievance rather than greed is the main motivating force. The concept of horizontal or inter-group inequality is highly relevant in explaining the Nepalese civil war. This has both an ethnic and caste dimension. Additionally, there is also a spatial aspect to the conflict, which is most intense in the mid and far western regions of Nepal, which are economically the most disadvantaged in terms of human development indicators and asset (land) holdings. This conclusion is based upon district wide data on human development indicators for the year 1996, which is the date when the armed Maoist insurgency, or people’s war commenced, as well as data on landlessness and conflict intensity. Using the intensity of conflict (measured by a count of the number of deaths) as the dependent variable and HDI indicators and landlessness as explanatory variables, we find with Poisson regression analysis that the intensity of conflict across the districts of Nepal is most significantly explained by the degree of inequalities. -
Addressing Natural Resource Conflicts Working Towards More Effective Resolution of National and Sub-National Resource Disputes Contents
Research Paper Oli Brown and Michael Keating Energy, Environment and Resources | June 2015 Addressing Natural Resource Conflicts Working Towards More Effective Resolution of National and Sub-National Resource Disputes Contents Summary 2 Introduction 4 Understanding Resource Disputes 7 Addressing Resource Disputes 18 Conclusions 26 Acronyms and Abbreviations 30 About the Authors 31 Acknowledgments 32 1 | Chatham House Addressing Natural Resource Conflicts: Working Towards More Effective Resolution of National and Sub-National Resource Disputes Summary Disputes over natural resources – such as land, fresh water, minerals or fishing rights – are ubiquitous. When resolved peacefully, as is most often the case, such disagreements are an essential part of progress and development. However, resource disputes can also trigger violence and destruction, particularly in states with weak governance, high levels of corruption, and existing ethnic and political divisions. Bitter disagreements over the distribution of Iraq’s oil wealth among Sunni, Shia and Kurdish regions, for example, have contributed to the fragmentation of that country. In the Darfur region of Sudan, disputes between pastoralist herders and farmers over livestock migration routes and watering holes have become a violent flashpoint for wider cultural, ethnic and religious differences. Population growth, urbanization, rising consumption, climate change, environmental degradation, and new technologies for the extraction and processing of resources are changing the patterns of resource supply and demand. This has profound implications for the political economy of resource use – both globally and locally. By the middle of this century, for example, it is predicted that the world’s population will have exceeded 9 billion, global energy use will have doubled, and global water demand will have increased by 55 per cent over 2012. -
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH The Intersection between Armed Conflict and the Health Service System in the Rolpa District of Nepal: An Ethnographic Description Sachin Ghimire "Terror warfare attacks not just the body, not even formation campaigns discouraged people from just the body politic, it attacks core definitions of traveling and accessing health care. Other negative humanity." (Nordstrom, 1998) effects of the war included disruption of the supply of medicines, vaccination programs, family Abstract planning services and DOT programs. Our research demonstrated many instances in which Background: In the Nepalese district of Rolpa, international humanitarian principles and basic local political battles, national level power human rights were violated by both sides. conflicts, and bureaucratic crises led to a chronic Finally, the ongoing crisis of primary health care state of social exclusion and a continuous has led many people to seek health care outside of disregard for the people’s health. These historical their local communities, traveling as far away as problems were aggravated by the Nepal Civil India. War. Conclusions: The health service system is an Research Question: This paper examines the way integral part of the political system and should be in which the Nepal Civil War affected the people's supported by the political structure. This was not health, the health service system and the social the case in Rolpa either before, during, or after the well-being of the population both during and after civil war . the conflict. Keywords: exclusion, conflict, health service Metodology: Ethnographic survey (85 subjects) system, cross fire, health and illness, post conflict and direct observations. situation, Nepal. -
Experiences of Female Ex-Combatants in the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Endless Battles and Resistance
Experiences of Female Ex-Combatants in the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Endless Battles and Resistance by Keshab Giri Submitted to the Department of Government and International Relations In Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The University of Sydney 2020 Statement of Originality This is to certify that, to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. -Keshab Giri i ABSTRACT Recent literature on women and war has put to rest the persisting question of whether women’s participation as combatants is just an aberration. However, the question also arises if all female combatants experience the war in the same way. We can go further in this direction by exploring their diverse and complex experiences before, during, and after the war. Therefore, I try to answer the question- What are the varied experience of female combatants during the Maoist insurgency in Nepal and after, and how do these experiences compare to their varied expectations upon joining the group? I found the intersectional theoretical framework combining ‘matrix of domination’ within black feminism (Collins, 2009) and decolonial thinking (Shilliam, 2015) along with a poststructural narrative approach informed by the feminist methodology best-suited to answer the question. I used the case of female combatants in the Maoist insurgency in Nepal (1996-2006). -
Internal Control Codes of Conduct Within Insurgent Armed Groups
31 Internal Control Codes of Conduct within Insurgent Armed Groups By Olivier Bangerter An Occasional Paper of the Small Arms Survey Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2012 First published in November 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permit- ted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Copy-edited by Tania Inowlocki Proofread by Donald Strachan Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Richard Jones ([email protected]), Exile: Design & Editorial Services Printed by coprint in Geneva ISBN 978-2-9700816-8-5 ISSN 1661-4445 ii Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 31 Bangerter Internal Control iii The Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. Established in 1999, the project is supported by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and current contributions from the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Survey is grateful for past support received from the Governments of France, New Zealand, and Spain. -
9. Cascades to Peripheries of South Asia
9 Cascades to peripheries of South Asia This chapter considers countries at the periphery of South Asia—first Bhutan, then Afghanistan, Nepal and Myanmar. Events in these countries have cascaded violence from South Asia into Central Asia and the Middle East on one side, and South-East Asia on the other. Afghanistan, according to the analysis in this chapter, is a strong fit to the 10 propositions of our starting theory. Myanmar is a weaker fit, Nepal is a much weaker fit still and Bhutan barely fits the theory at all. Myanmar is more clearly part of South-East Asia than South Asia, though Myanmar has applied to be a full member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Afghanistan has significant historical, cultural and social ties with both Central and South Asia. Both regions’ political and strategic interests overlap in Afghanistan, contributing to its security dilemmas. We will see that cascades of violence that have shifted boundaries across the centuries are among the reasons for a degree of fluidity about what South Asia means. Bhutan Bhutan is the least geopolitically significant country of South Asia apart from the much smaller string of atolls of the mid-Indian Ocean that make up the Maldives. Bhutan has a tiny population of 744,000 and a weak economy. Its people are extremely poor. Bhutan has little in the way of natural resources. Timber is its most valuable resource, but 393 CASCAdeS of VioLenCe impenetrable mountains make such limited resources difficult to access profitably. So, potential invaders from the powerful states around it never saw Bhutan as a plum waiting to be plucked. -
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_wars Modern (1800–1945)[edit] ● Argentine Civil Wars, 1814–1880 ● Zulu Civil War, 1817–1819 ● Greek Civil War, 1824–1825 ● Liberal Wars (Portugal), 1828–1834. ● Chilean Civil War, 1829–1830 ● Ragamuffin War (Brazil), 1835–1845 ● Carlist Wars (Spain), 1833–1839, 1846–1849, and 1872–1876 ● Uruguayan Civil War, 1839–1851 ● Māori War (New Zealand), 1845–1872 ● Sonderbund war (Switzerland), November 1847 ● Revolutions of 1848; numerous European countries, 1848–1849 ● Revolution of 1851 (Chile) ● Taiping Rebellion (China), 1851–1864 ● Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1858 ● Indian rebellion, 1857 ● War of Reform (Mexico), 1857–1861 ● American Civil War (United States), 1861–1865 ● Klang War (Malaysia); also known as Selangor Civil War, 1867–1874 ● Boshin War (Japan), 1868–1869 ● Satsuma Rebellion (Japan), 1877 ● Jementah Civil War (Malaysia), 1878 ● The North-West Rebellion (Canada), 1885 ● Chilean Civil War, 1891 ● War of Canudos (Brazil), 1896–1897 ● Banana Wars (Central America), 1898–1934 ● Boxer Rebellion (China), 1899–1901 ● Thousand Days War (Colombia), 1899–1902 ● Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920 ● Warlord Era; period of civil wars between regional, provincial, and private armies in China, 1912–1928 ● Russian Civil War, 1917–1921 ● Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, 1918–2003 ● Finnish Civil War, 1918 ● German Revolution, 1918–1919 ● Irish Civil War, 1922–1923 ● Paraguayan Civil War, 1922–1923 ● Nicaraguan -
Revolution and International Tension by Alireza Nouri a Thesis in The
Revolution and International Tension By Alireza Nouri A Thesis in The Department of Political Science Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Political Science) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada October 2019 © Alireza Nouri, 2019 Concordia University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Alireza Nouri Entitled: Revolution and International Tension And submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Political Science) Complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: ____________________________ Chair Dr. James Kelly ____________________________ Examiner Dr. Tina Hilgers ____________________________ Supervisor Dr. Julian Schofield Approved by _________________________________________ Dr. James Kelly, Graduate Program Director October 29, 2019 ________________________________________________ Dr. André Roy, Dean of Faculty of Arts and Science ii Abstract Revolution and International Tension Alireza Nouri Revolutions have a tremendous impact on international relations, yet the relationship between the two has not been studied sufficiently. This thesis attempts to shed light on this issue. It explores the weaknesses in the pre-existing literature and recommends a new approach and mechanism on how revolutions cause international tension. Through the study, a revamped definition and categorization of revolution is offered for a better understanding of the revolution. The proposition is that revolutions that affect the balance of threat significantly or have social revolution characteristics, and inflict considerable misery to a country are likely to generate significant tension with other countries and, ultimately, war. Sixty revolutions are examined both quantitatively (by an OLS regression) and qualitatively to test the hypothesis. -
The Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction (Pdf)
POMEPS STUDIES 30 Te Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction September 2018 Contents Introduction ...................................................................................3 Seeing Like a State-builder: Replication of Donor Reconstruction Dilemmas in Syria .................8 Frances Z. Brown, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace & University of Oxford Reconstructing Authoritarianism: Te Politics and Political Economy of Postconflict Reconstruction in Syria ...........................14 Steven Heydemann, Smith College & Te Brookings Institution Legal Pluralism and Justice in Iraq after ISIL ......................................................22 Jacqueline Parry, Institute for Regional and International Studies, American University of Iraqi Sulaimani Physical and Societal (Re)construction in Nineveh post Islamic State ................................28 Dylan O’Driscoll, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI), University of Manchester Postwar Reconciliation and Fragile Peace in Algeria ...............................................34 Caroline Abadeer, Minerva/Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar at the United States Institute of Peace Yuree Noh, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s Middle East Initiative, Belfer Center Algeria’s Peace Process: Spoilers, Failures and Successes ............................................38 Dalia Ghanem-Yazbeck, Resident Scholar, Carnegie Middle East Center Lebanon and the fog of reconstruction ..........................................................44 Deen Sharp,