World Bank Document

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

World Bank Document Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: 33029-KZ PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED LOAN IN THE AMOUNT OF US$30.0 MILLION Public Disclosure Authorized AND A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY GRANT IN THE AMOUNT OF US$5.0 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN FOR A Public Disclosure Authorized FOREST PROTECTION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT October 24,2005 Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Unit Central Asia Country Unit Europe and Central Asia Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipient only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective September 23, 2005) Currency Unit = Tenge (KZT) KZT 134 = US$1 FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 3 1 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ARPF Access Restriction Process Framework MTR Mid term Review ADB Asia Development Bank NCB National Competitive Bidding BP Bank Procedure NAP National Action Plan CAS Country Assistance Strategy NEAP National Environmental Action Plan CBD Convention on Biological Diversity NGO Non governmental Organization CIS Commonwealth of Independent States NRM Natural Resource Management (former Soviet Union) OMS Operational Manual Statement CPS Country Partnership Strategy OP Operational Policy COP Conference of Parties Orman Kazakh for "forest"; a state-administered CQ Selection Based on Consultant's forest area Qualifications Ormandar Plural of orman DAS Dry Aral Seabed PAC Project Advisory Committee EA Environmental Assessment PAD Project Appraisal Document ECA Europe and Central Asia PCD Project Concept Document EMP Environmental Management Plan PCU Project Coordination Unit EU- European Union Technical Assistance PHRD Policy and Human Resources Development TACIS Cooperation (Japanese) FA0 Food and Agriculture Organization PIC Project Information Center FEF Front end fee PID Project Information Document FHC Forest and Hunting Committee PIP Project Implementation Plan FM Financial Management QCBS Quality and Cost Based Selection FMIS Forest Management Information System ROK Republic of Kazakhstan FMR Financial Monitoring Report RPO Regional Project Office GEF Global Environment Facility SA Special Account GIs Geographic Information Systems SBD Standard Bidding Documents GP Good Practice SFE State Forest Entity GP General Policies SOE Statement of Expenditure GTZ German Technical Cooperation TBD To be determined Ha Hectare TOR Terms of Reference UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Desertification Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme ICB International Competitive Bidding UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on ICR Implementation Completion Report Climate Change ISA International Standards on Accounting us United States ISDS Integrated Safeguard Data Sheet USAID United States Agency for International M Million Development Vice President: Shigeo Katsu Country Manager: Dennis de Tray Sector Director: Laura Tuck Task Team Leader: Jessica Mott FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY KAZAKHSTAN Forest Protection and Reforestation Project CONTENTS Page A . STRATEGIC CONTEXT AND RATIONALE ................................................................. 1 1. Country and sector issues .................................................................................................... 1 2 . Rationale for Bank involvement ......................................................................................... 2 3 . Higher level objectives to which the project contributes .................................................... 3 B. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................. 4 1. Lending instrument ........................................................................................................... 4 2 . Program objective and Phases .......................................................................................... 4 3 . Project development objective and key indicators............................................................. 4 4 . Project components ............................................................................................................ 5 5 . Lessons learned and reflected in the project design ............................................................ 6 6 . Alternatives considered and reasons for rejection ............................................................. 7 .... ....... C. IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................ ....................................... 7 1. Partnership arrangements (if applicable) .......................................................................... 7 2 . Institutional and implementation arrangements.................................................................. 8 3. Monitoring and evaluation of outcomes/results.................................................................. 9 4 . Sustainability....................................................................................................................... 9 5 . Critical risks and possible controversial aspects .......................................................... 9 6 . Loadcredit conditions and covenants.......................................................................... 10 D. APPRAISAL SUMMARY ...............................................................................................11 1. Economic and financial analyses ......................................................................................11 2 . Technical .......................................................................................................................... 13 3 . Fiduciary ......................................................................................................................... 13 4 . Social .... :............................................................................................................................ 14 . 5. Environment ..................................................................................................................15 6 . Safeguard policies ............................................................................................................16 7 . Policy Exceptions and Readiness ......................................................................................17 Annex 1: Country and Sector or Program Background ........................................................18 Annex 2: Major Related Projects Financed by the Bank and/or other Agencies ................. 22 l~hisdocument has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not be othekwise disclosed without World Bank authorization . Annex 3: Results Framework and Monitoring ........................................................................ 23 Annex 4: Detailed Project Description ...................................................................................... 29 Annex 5: Project Costs .............................................................................................................. 41 Annex 6: Implementation Arrangements ...............................................................................42 Annex 7: Financial Management and Disbursement Arrangements ..................................... 47 Annex 8: Procurement................................................................................................................ 53 Annex 9: Economic and Financial Analysis ............................................................................. 58 Annex 10: Safeguard Policy Issues ......................................................................63 Annex 11: Project Preparation and Supervision .....................................................................69 Annex 12: Documents in the Project File ................................................................................. 70 Annex 13: Statement of Loans and Credits .............................................................................. 72 Annex 14: Country at a Glance ................................................................................................. 73 Annex 15: Incremental Cost Analysis ....................................................................................... 75 Annex 16: STAP Roster Review ................................................................................................ 85 MAPS IBRD 34185 IBRD 34186 IBRD 34187 KAZAKHSTAN FOREST PROTECTION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT PROJECT DOCUMENT EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA ECSSD Date: October 24,2005 Team Leader: Jessica Mott Country Director: Dennis N. de Tray Sectors: Forestry (80%); General public Sector Manager: Juergen Voegele administration sector (15%); Animal Project ID: PO78301 production (5%) Lending Instrument: Specific Investment Loan Themes: Other rural development (P); Other environment and natural resources management (P); Environmental policies and institutions (S); Participation and civic engagement (S); Environmental screening category: Partial Assessment Safeguard screening category: Limited impact Global Supplemental ID: PO87485 Team Leader: Jessica Mott Lending Instrument: Specific Investment Loan Sectors: Forestry (80%); General public Focal Area: L-Land degradation administration sector (15%); Animal Supplement Fully Blended?: Yes production (5%)
Recommended publications
  • Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov
    SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia the Caucasus
    CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS English Edition VolumeISSN 1404-609121 Issue 4 ( Print2020) ISSN 2002-3839 (Online) CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS English Edition Journal of Social and Political Studies Volume 21 Issue 4 2020 CA&C Press AB SWEDEN 1 Volume 21 Issue 4 2020 CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS English Edition FOUNDED AND PUBLISHED BY INSTITUTE FOR CENTRAL ASIAN AND CAUCASIAN STUDIES Registration number: 620720-0459 State Administration for Patents and Registration of Sweden CA&C PRESS AB Publishing House Registration number: 556699-5964 Companies registration Office of Sweden Journal registration number: 23 614 State Administration for Patents and Registration of Sweden E d i t o r s Murad ESENOV Editor-in-Chief Tel./fax: (46) 70 232 16 55; E-mail: [email protected] Kalamkas represents the journal in Kazakhstan (Nur-Sultan) YESSIMOVA Tel./fax: (7 - 701) 7408600; E-mail: [email protected] Ainura represents the journal in Kyrgyzstan (Bishkek) ELEBAEVA Tel./fax: (996 - 312) 61 30 36; E-mail: [email protected] Saodat OLIMOVA represents the journal in Tajikistan (Dushanbe) Tel.: (992 372) 21 89 95; E-mail: [email protected] Farkhad represents the journal in Uzbekistan (Tashkent) TOLIPOV Tel.: (9987 - 1) 225 43 22; E-mail: [email protected] Kenan represents the journal in Azerbaijan (Baku) ALLAHVERDIEV Tel.: (+994 - 50) 325 10 50; E-mail: [email protected] David represents the journal in Armenia (Erevan) PETROSYAN Tel.: (374 - 10) 56 88 10; E-mail: [email protected] Vakhtang represents the journal in Georgia (Tbilisi)
    [Show full text]
  • Congress of Religious Leaders Discusses Role of Religion in Building Peace Youth Are Key to Enhancing National Competitiveness
    +8° / -2°C WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 No 20 (158) www.astanatimes.com Kazakh President urges dialogue at ASEM Kazakhstan retains Summit to resolve global conflicts position in WEF ranking the new methodology, the ranking By Saltanat Boteu was reviewed to 59th last year and remained the same this year,” said ASTANA – Kazakhstan ranked Khudaibergenov. 59th, maintaining last year’s po- The rating is composed of 98 indi- sition, on the recently-published cators. Kazakhstan improved in 50, World Economic Forum (WEF) weakened in 34 and remained the 2018 Global Competitiveness In- same in 14. The country’s advantag- dex (GCI). The Centre for Strate- es are the labour market (30th place) gic Initiatives (CSI) held a press and dynamic business (37th), while conference Oct. 17 to elabo- it is weaker in its financial system rate on the report, with director (100th), healthcare system (97th) Bakhytzhan Sarkeyev and senior and innovation potential (87th). partner Olzhas Khudaibergenov A significant improvement is answering questions. noted in institutions, which rose by Kazakhstan has participated in 12 positions to 61st place, and the the rating since 2006. From 2007- goods market, which rose by ten 2011, its rating remained between positions to 57th place. The largest 60-70 and improved to 42nd from decline is noted in education and 2012-2015. skills, falling five positions to 57th “Kazakhstan took 57nd place place, and the healthcare system, last year according to the former which fell three positions to 97th methodology. The ranking im- place. proved from 53rd to 57th place. By Continued on Page A4 Astana Hub seeks to become regional innovation centre One of the hub’s main achieve- By Aidana Yergaliyeva ments together with the state is the While in Brussels, President Nursultan Nazarbayev met with (clockwise from top left) King of the Belgians Philippe, President Emmanuel Macron of France, law on venture financing, which President Moon Jae-in of South Korea, and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan, among other leaders.
    [Show full text]
  • Meso- and Cenozoic Tectonics of the Central Asian Mountain Belt: Effects of Lithospheric Plate Interaction and Mantle Plumes
    ltuenuuional GeokJgy Review, Vol. 38, 1996, p. 430-466. Copyright III 1996 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved. Meso- and Cenozoic Tectonics of the Central Asian Mountain Belt: Effects of Lithospheric Plate Interaction and Mantle Plumes N. L. DOBRETSOV, M. M. BUSLOV, United Institute of Geology, Geophysics, and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk-90, 630090, Russia D. DELVAUX, Royal Museum for Central Africa, B-3080 Teruuren, Belgium N. A. BERZIN, AND V. D. ERMIKOV United Institute of Geology, Geophysics, and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy ofSciences, Novosibirsk-90, 630090, Russia Abstract This paper reviews and integrates new results on: (I) the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic evolution of Central Asia; (2) Cenozoic mountain building and intramontane basin formation in the Altay-Sayan area; (3) comparison of the tectonic evolutionary paths of the Altay, Baikal, and Tien Shan regions; (4) Cenozoic tectonics and mantle-plume magmatic activity; and (5) the geodynamics and tectonic evolution of Central Asia as a function of the India-Himalaya collision. It provides a new and more complete scenario for the formation of the Central Asian intracontinental mountain belt, compared with the generally accepted model of the "indenta­ tion" of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plate. The new model is based on the hypothesis of a complex interaction of lithospheric plates and mantle-plume magmatism. Compilation and comparison of new and published structural, geomorphological, paleomagnetic, isotopic, fission-track, and plume magmatism data from the Baikal area, the Altay, Mongolia, Tien Shan, Pamir, and Tibet show that the main stages of their orogenic evolution and basin sedimentation are closely related in time and space.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Conflict and Cooperation in Central Asia
    Human Development Report 2006 Human Development Report Office OCCASIONAL PAPER Water Conflict and Cooperation in Central Asia Erika Weinthal 2006/32 2 Water Conflict and Cooperation in Central Asia Prepared as Background Paper for the UN Human Development Report 2006 By Erika Weinthal Associate Professor of Environmental Policy Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University ([email protected]) The numerous rivers that meander through Central Asia’s rugged terrain of mountains, steppe and desert have for centuries shaped its socio-political and economic landscape. As different rulers have sought to demarcate political borders and establish varied systems of governance, water continues to link the diverse populations that now inhabit the newly independent Central Asian states of the former Soviet Union -- Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.1 Water also physically connects the Soviet successor states with their neighbors to the South, East and North. The Amu Darya or what once was referred to as the Oxus provides a vivid illustration. After originating in the mountains of northern Afghanistan and Tajikistan, the Amu Darya traverses the territory of Tajikistan before flowing downstream through Khorazm province in Uzbekistan and Dashhowuz province in Turkmenistan on its long journey toward the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan before ultimately emptying into the Aral Sea. Historically, the intersection of rivers in Central Asia, such as the point where the Surkhan Darya
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Performance Reviews Kazakhstan
    ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Committee on Environmental Policy ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS KAZAKHSTAN UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2000 Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 8 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city of area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.01.II.E.3 ISBN 92-1-116770-1 ISSN 1020-4563 iii Preface The EPR project in Kazakhstan had originally started in September 1997, but had to be interrupted for organizational reasons. A second preparatory mission therefore had to be organized and took place in October 2000. It resulted in a new structure for the report, which was adapted to the many changes in the country that had occurred in the meantime. The review team for the project was constituted following these decisions and included national experts from Finland, France, Denmark, Germany, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Uzbekistan, together with the ECE secretariat, UNEP and the Bilthoven Division of the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health. The costs of the participation of experts from countries in transition, as well as the travel expenses of the ECE secretariat, were covered by extrabudgetary funds that had been made available from Finland, Germany and Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: ICR0000874 IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT (IBRD-46090 TF-56801) ON A Public Disclosure Authorized LOAN IN THE AMOUNT OF US$ 64.50 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN FOR A SYR DARYA CONTROL AND NORTHERN ARAL SEA PHASE-1 PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized June 21, 2011 Sustainable Development Department Central Asia Country Unit Europe Central Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective June 21, 2011) Currency Unit = Kazakhstan Tenge (KZT) KZT 1.00 = US$0.0070 US$1.00 = KZT 145.57 FISCAL YEAR ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ASBP Aral Sea Basin Program M&E Monitoring and Evaluation BCG Basin Consultative Group MOA Ministry of Agriculture BVO Basin Water Authority MNREP Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection CAS Country Assistance Strategy MTR Mid Term Review CPAR Country Procurement Assessment Report NAS Northern Aral Sea CWR Committee for Water Resources of MOA NGO Non Governmental Organization EA Environmental Assessment O&M Operations and Maintenance EC-IFAS Executive Committee of the Interstate PAD Project Appraisal Report Fund on the Aral Sea EMP Environmental Management Plan PDO Project Development Objective FM Financial Management PHRD Japan Policy and Human Resources Development GIS Geographic Information Systems PIU Project Implementation Unit GOK Government of Kazakhstan PMU Project Management Unit ICC Inter-ministerial Coordinating Committee PPF Project Preparation Facility ICR Implementation
    [Show full text]
  • Environment and Development Nexus in Kazakhstan
    ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT NEXUS IN KAZAKHSTAN Environment and Development Nexus in Kazakhstan A series of UNDP publication in Kazakhstan, #UNDPKAZ 06 Almaty, 2004 1 ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT NEXUS IN KAZAKHSTAN Report materials could be reproduced in other publications, without prior permission of UNDP, provided proper reference is made to this publication. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP. Printed in “LEM Printhouse” 78a Baitursynov Street Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Phone/Fax: 7(3272) 922-651 2 ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT NEXUS IN KAZAKHSTAN Foreword by the Minister of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan Dear Ladies and Gentlemen! In his speech at the World Summit for Sustainable Development, the President of Kazakhstan reminded the world community of the global scale of the processes that are underway, and called for prevention of irreversible harm to the environment in order to preserve the necessary life resources for our descendants. Environmental safety and sustainable development issues are of vital importance for Kazakhstan. Water resource deficit and significant land degradation, the Aral Sea disaster, the aftermath of the nuclear tests, accumulation of industrial waste, oil spills – all these problems are no longer fall under the category of environmental ones. Many of these problems are regional and even global. Coordinated interaction between the mankind and the environment and ensuring a safe environment are one of the priorities of the long-term Kazakhstan-2030 Strategy. It has clear-cut provisions: “...increase efforts in making our citizens healthy during their life time, and enjoying a healthy environment”.
    [Show full text]
  • 50387-001: Irrigation Rehabilitation Project
    Initial Environmental Examination August 2019 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Project Kyzylorda Province Subprojects Project No. 50387-001 Prepared by the Republican State Enterprise “KazvodKhoz”, Republic of Kazakhstan, for the Asian Development Bank. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation or, or reference to a particular territory or geographic are in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................. viii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... viii 2. Description of the Project ................................................................................. viii 3. Key findings ...................................................................................................... ix 4. Public Consultation Process ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Top-Down Nationalism in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan
    Portland State University PDXScholar Geography Masters Research Papers Geography 2013 Top-Down Nationalism in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan Annie M. Scriven Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/geog_masterpapers Part of the Human Geography Commons, Nature and Society Relations Commons, and the Social Policy Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Scriven, Annie M., "Top-Down Nationalism in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan" (2013). Geography Masters Research Papers. 15. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/geog_masterpapers/15 10.15760/geogmaster.15 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geography Masters Research Papers by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Top-Down Nationalism in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan Annie M. Scriven Submitted for partial fulfillment of Master of Science degree in Geography Portland State University Approved by: _______________________________________________________ Martha Works _______________________________________________________ Heejun Chang, Department Chair Date: December 12, 2013 Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables i List of Acronyms ii Abstract iii 1. Top Down Nationalism in Post- Soviet Kazakhstan 1 2. Nationalism 2 - Modernism 3 - Ethno-Symbolism 5 - Post-Modernism 8 - Territoriality 8 3. Kazakhstan in Context 11 - Land Use and Population 14 - Natural Resources 18 - Environmental Degradation 20 - Aral Sea 20 - Semipalatinsk Test Site 21 4. Historical Background to Multi-Ethnicity 23 - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1920-1991 25 5. The Role of Language and Linguistic Policy in Shaping National Identity 28 - Language Laws 1987-2000 29 - The Effects of Language Policy 32 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Deposits of the Hydrocarbon Raw Materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Where It Is Possible to Introduce a Microbiological Method for Stimulating the Formation
    E3S Web of Conferences 280, 01002 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128001002 ICSF 2021 Deposits of the hydrocarbon raw materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan, where it is possible to introduce a microbiological method for stimulating the formation Olga Kuderinova1,*, Makhambet Shmanov1, and Mykhailo Filatiev2 1Karaganda Technical University, Development of Mineral Deposits Department, 56 N. Nazarbayev Str., 100027, Karaganda, Republic of Kazakhstan 2Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University, 59a Central Ave., Severodonetsk, 93406, Ukraine Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis and systematization of data on hydrocarbon deposits in the Republic of Kazakhstan, highlighting those aspects that will allow the use of this method. The microbiological method of exposure refers to the chemical methods of the tertiary stage of development of oil reservoirs. It has already proven its effectiveness in highly depleted, waterflooded formations with irregular, diffuse oil saturation. Its main advantages are its relative cheapness, it does not require additional equipment during injecting of the microorganisms into the reservoir, and for their nutrition, as a rule, food industry waste is used, and its implementation cannot cause harmful effects on the environment. Also, a fairly extensive database was compiled, according to which various classifications of the republic's deposits were created. 1 Introduction removed, plus gases that can be extremely hazardous to health will be released. And chemical solutions can The purpose of the study was to identify the parameters permanently poison underground waters, which will needed for the introduction of the method of entail the death of all flora on the surface. microbiological influence on oil reservoirs, justification of the need for its use, as well as collection, analysis and systematization of data on all known this type deposits of 2 About the method of the the republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Publication
    ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Geneva WATER SERIES No. 4 TRANSBOUNDARY WATER COOPERATION TRENDS IN THE NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2006 NOTE The designations used and material presented in this publication do not constitute an expression by the United Nations Secretariat of any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, town or region, or concerning their authorities or the delimitation of their frontiers. ECE/MP.WAT/16 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.06.II.E.8 ISBN 978-92-1-116942-3 ISSN 1020-0886 iii FOREWORD Cooperation on transboundary waters is a cornerstone of UNECE environmental activities. This is manifested in the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (UNECE Water Convention) and its Protocols on Water and Health (1999) and Civil Liability (2003). With the emergence of new countries in the 1990s, new frontiers cut through Europe. As a result, the Danube river basin, Europe’s largest, is now shared by 18 countries. The rivers Daugava-Zapadnaya Dvina, Dnieper, Kura, Syr Darya and Amu Darya as well as Lake Peipsi-Chudskoye Ozero also became transboundary waters after the break-up of the Soviet Union. The process of change in Europe poses new and compelling challenges to regional cooperation in general and to cooperation on environment and security in particular. The newly independent States 1 require special attention. Managing their transboundary waters, including allocating water among users in sovereign States, now requires in many cases a new and jointly negotiated legal and regulatory framework. The present publication is the outcome of the UNECE Water Convention’s project on “Transboundary water cooperation in the newly independent States”, which aimed to establish bilateral and multilateral cooperation and secure the adoption of measures for strengthening it.
    [Show full text]