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The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Non The Ministry of education and science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Non-Profit Joint Stock Company Almaty University of Power Engineering Telecommunications Department of «Vital Functions Safety and environment protection» F. R. Zhandauletova, Z.S. Duissenbek THE PROTECTION AND RATIONAL USE OF WATER AND SOIL Tutorial Almaty AUPET 2018 УДК 502/504(075.8) Z 62 REFEREES: doctor of technical Sciences, Professor of "MCM" KazNTU. K. I. Satpayev Каssenov К.М. candidate of technical Sciences, docent of the Department "Brim" KazNAU, I.S. Seytasanov, doctor of technical Sciences, Professor of the Department "Bits" AUPET, Dyisebaev M.K. Recommended for publication by the academic Council of Almaty University of power engineering and communications (the Protocol № 10 from 19.05.2018). Reprinted in thematic plan of issuance of departmental literature AUPET for 2018, position 16. Zhandauletova F. R., Duissenbek Z.S. Z 62 Protection and rational use of water resources and soils: Tutorial (for students of higher educational institutions of the specialty "Life safety and environmental protection")/F. R. Zhandauletova. Duissenbek Z.S. – Almaty: AUPET, 2018. – 104 p.: - 19 references. ISBN This tutorial covers the issues of rational use and protection of water resources, the nature and classification of water use; patterns of water consumption and drainage in industries and methods of valuation of water and wastewater. The fundamentals of calculating water use for the needs of circulating and repeated water supply, to a large extent determine the level of water, sanitation and protection from contamination of surface water, rational use and reproduction of natural resources. The textbook is designed for students majoring on 5b073100 - life Safety and environmental protection УДК 502/504(075.8) ISBN © АУЭС, 2018 F. R. Zhandauletova. Duissenbek Z.S., 2018 The contents 2 Preface............................................................................... 1 The Influence on human activities on water quality........ 1.1 The Main sources of water pollution.......................................... 1.2 Methods of assessing the quality of natural waters and sewage......................... 1.3 measures to prevent depletion and pollution of natural waters and improve their quality..................... 2 Water use and water consumption............................................. 2.1 Main indicators of water use........................................ 2.2 Norms of water consumption and source of water supply....................... 2.3 properties of water and the requirements to its quality............... 2.4 improving the quality of natural waters............................................ 3 Use of wastewater......................................................... 3.1 Conditions of descent of sewage into water bodies........................................ 3.2 Methods of wastewater treatment..................................................... 3.3 Facilities for mechanical wastewater treatment............................ 3.4 Construction of physical-chemical wastewater treatment..................... 3.5 Biological purification of sewage........................... 4. Protection of water bodies and the fight against harmful effects of water............ 4.1 Pressures on water resources....................................................... 4.2 Protection of water bodies........................................................... 4.3 Water resource management and their influence on the environment 5 Economic justification of water protection measures. Assessment of water protection measures........................................................... 6 Rational use and protection of water resources as an integral part of a comprehensive program of use of natural resources and environmental conservation....................................................... 7 River basins of the Republic of Kazakhstan......................................... 7.1 Problems of the river basins of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Caspian sea basin........................................................................ 7.2 Hydrological forecasting and its role in the water sector...... 8 Major water problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan............ 9 The Influence of economic activity on land resources................ Bibliography...................................................................... 3 Preface The current deficit in Kazakhstan in water resources (about 60% of water received from other countries), requires an economic use in agriculture of both surface and groundwater. This water typically needs to be pre-processed to meet the requirements of their quality. By the water supply Kazakhstan takes the last place among CIS countries. The runoff of most large rivers are formed outside the Republic, which leads to significant dependence of its economy from neighboring countries. Water scarcity, exacerbated by their unsustainable use and pollution, causes of environmental degradation, the drying up of lake and river ecosystems, growth of the disease population [9]. Among the urgent problems the important place occupied by rational use of water resources and improvement of water supply systems. At present in Kazakhstan operate hundreds of different systems of water supply, water provided by a large number of consumers spread over a large area, i.e., group water pipelines. Such group water pipes, as Bulaevskii, Presnovsky, Ishimskiy, by their parameters are unmatched in the CIS. But despite the great work done by water management organizations of the Republic, providing consumers with water is still not resolved before the end of the problem and does not meet the growing needs. Centralized water supply covers 30% of settlements of the Republic, mainly the Northern regions of Kazakhstan, where 20% of the population. Install water requirements depend on the role of its use, including drinking purpose and industrial water supply. The most fundamental requirement is that the drinking water taken by the person inside, do not violate the normal functioning of the body, i.e. it should be safe in physiological terms, as well as harmless to human health in Toxicological terms. The quality of water in natural sources is determined by the presence in it of substances of inorganic and organic origin, and microorganisms, and is characterized by physical, chemical, bacteriological and biological indicators. However, it should be noted that in the present pollution of water sources, poor sanitary conditions and increased wear of networks and constructions of water supply to have a 100% drinking water, appropriate regulatory requirements, without carrying out recovery work for the end user in most settlements is unrealistic The absence or inadequacy of measures taken to eliminate the lowering of water quality can lead to the following undesirable phenomena: - deterioration in the health of the population of individual regions of the Republic; - increase the cost of purification of drinking water; - possible irregular migration the population of several regions in connection with the deterioration of sanitary-ecological environment; - drinking to the loss of value of deposits of underground waters and open reservoirs. 4 Permissible concentration in drinking water of substances that affect the properties shall not exceed the following standards (mg/l): dry residue, 1000-1500, chlorides – 350, sulfate – 500, iron – 0.3-10, manganese-0.1, copper – 1.0, zinc – 5, the residual aluminium – 0.5. Permissible concentrations of toxic substances, mainly found in natural waters and add to the water during its treatment should not exceed (mg/l) beryllium is 0.0002, molybdenum – 0.5, iron – 1, nitrates – 10. When using water in industry she except these requirements should be harmless for staff health, should not degrade product quality, cause corrosion of equipment and reduce technical and economic indicators of the production process. An integral part of the General problem of environmental protection is rational use and protection of water resources. The main problem in the protection of the hydrosphere is associated with the deterioration of water quality due to discharge into natural waters both industrial and domestic wastewater. Along with this, a huge amount of clean water from the reservoirs is consumed for the dilution of wastewater to the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). Industrial enterprises can have a significant impact on the environment in the area of their arrangement, as on the General state of the biosphere and its component such as hydrosphere. The development of the industry is the need to prevent negative impact of production wastewater on the water bodies. In connection with the extraordinary variety of composition, properties and costs of wastewater of industrial enterprises requires the use of specific methods and structures according to their local, provisional and full cleaning. As part of the engineering communications of every industrial enterprise there is a complex sewer networks and constructions, by means of which the retraction of the factory waste water, and facilities for pretreatment of wastewater and recovery of valuable substances and impurities. 5 1 The Influense on human activities on water quality The water quality due to both natural and anthropogenic factors. The greatest influence on the quality of water has human activities, manifested in the intensive development of industry, energy, agriculture, transport and public utilities. The main sources
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