50387-001: Irrigation Rehabilitation Project

Initial Environmental Examination

August 2019

KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Project

Kyzylorda Province Subprojects

Project No. 50387-001

Prepared by the Republican State Enterprise “KazvodKhoz”, Republic of Kazakhstan, for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation or, or reference to a particular territory or geographic are in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... viii 1. Introduction ...... viii 2. Description of the Project ...... viii 3. Key findings ...... ix 4. Public Consultation Process ...... ix 5. Recommended actions ...... x A. Introduction ...... 10 A.1. Purpose of the report ...... 11 A.2. Category of Project ...... 12 A.3. Project proponent ...... 12 A.4. Nature, size, and location of the subprojects ...... 12 A.5. IEE Boundaries ...... 13 A.6. Methodology applied ...... 13 A.7. Constraints and limitations ...... 14 A.8. Structure of the report ...... 14 B. Legal, policy and administrative framework ...... 16 B.1. General ...... 16 B.2. Country policies and administrative framework ...... 16 B.2.1. Overall legal framework ...... 16 B.2.2. Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 16 B.2.3. Administrative Framework ...... 17 B.3. Air, Water, Land and Noise Legislation ...... 18 B.3.1. Air Quality Legislation ...... 18 B.3.2. Water Quality Legislation ...... 19 B.3.3. Health and Safety...... 21 B.3.4. Physical Cultural Heritage ...... 21 B.3.5. Waste ...... 22 B.3.6. International Conventions and Treaties ...... 24 B.4. Environmental Quality Standards ...... 25 B.4.1. Air Quality Standards ...... 26 B.4.2. Water Quality Standards ...... 26 B.4.3. Noise Standards ...... 29 B.5. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 ...... 30 C. Project Description ...... 34 C.1. Irrigation Rehabilitation Project ...... 34 C.2. Need for the Project ...... 35 C.3. Location and scope ...... 36 C.3.1. Subprojects location in Kyzylorda Province ...... 36 C.3.2 Scope of works ...... 38 C.4. Description of Typical Works ...... 44 C.4.1. Mechanical Cleaning ...... 44 C.4.2. Concrete Lining ...... 46 C.5. Alternatives...... 48 C.5.1 Lined vs. unlined canals alternatives ...... 48 C.5.2 “No project” alternative ...... 49 D. Description of the Environment ...... 50 D.1. Physical Resources ...... 50 D.1.1 Topography, geology and soils ...... 50 D.1.2 Climate ...... 53 D.1.3 Air quality ...... 54 D.1.4 Hydrological resources and surface water quality ...... 55 D.1.5. Natural Hazards ...... 59 D.1.6. Flora and fauna ...... 60 D.1.7 Protected areas ...... 62 D.1.8. Radiation ...... 64 ii

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

D.2. Socio-Economic Development ...... 64 D.2.1. Industries and Agriculture ...... 64 D.2.2. Current Status of Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure ...... 64 D.2.3. Current Cropping Pattern...... 71 D.2.4. Current Crop Yields ...... 71 D.2.5. Noncrop Agricultural Production ...... 73 D.3. Infrastructure and Transportation facilities ...... 73 D.4. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 75 D.4.1 Population and communities ...... 75 D.4.2 Health & Education facilities ...... 76 D.4.3. Ethnic Groups ...... 77 D.4.4. Languages ...... 77 D.4.5. Religion ...... 77 D.5. Industry and Agriculture ...... 77 E. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 80 E.1. Impacts ...... 80 E.1.1. Types of Project Impacts ...... 80 E 1.2. Positive Project’s Impacts ...... 81 E.2. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 82 E.2.1. Design / Pre-construction Phase ...... 82 E.2.2. Construction phase ...... 82 E 2.3. Operation Phase ...... 90 F. Environmental Management Plan ...... 104 F.1. EMP implementation responsibilities...... 104 F.2. EMP Costs ...... 119 G. Public Consultation, Information Disclosure & Grievance Mechanism .... 121 G.1. Public Consultations and Information Disclosure...... 121 G.2. Grievance Redress Mechanism...... 121 G.2.1. Three levels of grievance resolution ...... 122 H. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 124 H.1. Conclusions ...... 124 H.2. Recommendations ...... 124 APPENDICES ...... 125 Appendix A: Location Maps ...... 125 Appendix B: Photographs ...... 133 Appendix C: Typical Cros-Sections and Schemes of the Canals ...... 135 Appendix D: Public Consultations ...... 140 Appendix E: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...... 149

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TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

List of Tables Table 1: Summary of Final Project Area ...... ix Table 2: List of subprojects in Kyzylorda Province...... 12 Table 3: Air quality legislation ...... 18 Table 4: Water quality legislation ...... 20 Table 5: International Conventions and Treaties ...... 24 Table 6: Air quality standards in Kazakhstan ...... 26 Table 7: List of Pollutants and Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) Polluting the Surface Waters of the Republic of Kazakhstan ...... 26 Table 8: Recommended Maximum Concentrations of Trace Elements in Irrigation Water ...... 27 Table 9: Soil quality standards in Kazakhstan ...... 29 Table 10: IFC Noise Level Guidelines ...... 30 Table 11: IFC Work Environment Noise limits ...... 30 Table 12: Project scope ...... 35 Table 13: Sub-projects in Kyzylorda Province...... 35 Table 14: Water river systems of Kyzylorda Province Project Area ...... 37 Table 15: Kyzylorda province activities for Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Improvement ...... 39 Table 16: Quantities of proposed works for Kyzylorda subprojects ...... 40 Table 17: Technological process of weeds removal from canal side slopes and banks in the earthen channel ...... 45 Table 18: Surface water quality of Syrdarya River by hydrochemical parameters in 2018 ...... 56 Table 19: Indicators of Water Body Pollution ...... 57 Table 20: List of reservoirs in Kyzylorda Province ...... 58 Table 21: List of Main and Interfarm Canals of Zhalagash District ...... 65 Table 22: List of Onfarm Canals of Zhalagash District to be Rehabilitated ...... 65 Table 23: List of Main and Interfarm Canals of Syrdarya District ...... 66 Table 24: List of Onfarm Canals and Collectors of Syrdarya District to be Rehabilitated ...... 66 Table 25: List of Main and Interfarm Canals of Karmakshy District ...... 68 Table 26: List of Onfarm Canals and Collectors of Karmakshy District to be Rehabilitated ...... 68 Table 27: List of Main and Interfarm Canals of Kyzylorda city ...... 69 Table 28: List of Onfarm Canals and Collectors in Kyzylorda city to be Rehabilitated ...... 69 Table 29: Crop Yields in Kyzylorda Province ...... 71 Table 30: Crops Grown on Irrigated Area in 2018 (Zhalagash district) ...... 72 Table 31: Crops Grown on Irrigated Area in 2018 (Syrdarya district) ...... 72 Table 32: Crops Grown on Irrigated Area in 2018 (Karmakshy district) ...... 72 Table 33: Education and health statistics in selected sub-project areas ...... 76 Table 34: Environmental Aspects ...... 80 Table 35: Summary of probable residual impacts ...... 81 Table 36: Typical hazard scenarios and recommended measures ...... 93 Table 37: Environmental Impacts and proposed mitigation measures for Kyzylorda Province ...... 96 Table 38: Environmental Management Plan ...... 105 Table 39: EMP Mitigation Costs ...... 119 Table 40: GRM levels and composition of the GRCs ...... 123

List of Figures Figure 1: Project districts in Kyzylorda Province (blue stars) ...... 37 Figure 2: Cleaning of earthen channel...... 44 Figure 3: Tower Concrete Mixing Plants ...... 47 Figure 4: Topography of Kazakhstan and Kyzylorda Province ...... 51 Figure 5: Main River Basins of Kazakhstan ...... 55 Figure 6: Seismic Hazard Map ...... 60 Figure 7: Forests in Kazakhstan ...... 61 Figure 8: Protected areas of Kazakhstan ...... 64 Figure 9: Crop production breakdown in Kyzylorda Province ...... 78 Figure 10: Livestock production breakdown in Kyzylorda Province...... 78 Figure 11: Structure of Manufacturing in Kyzylorda Province ...... 79

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

Akimat Town Mayor Office

CAREC Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program

CFW Committee for Forestry and Wildlife

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

CWR Committee for Water Resources

dBA decibel

DOE Department of Environment (Province level)

EA Executing Agency

EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework

EC Environmental Code

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EO Environment Officer

ERP Emergency Response Plan

ES Executive Summary

FS Feasibility Study

GoK Government of Kazakhstan

GOST Technical Standard

GRC Grievance Redress Committees

GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism

Ha Hectare

HSP Health and Safety Plan

IBA Important Bird Area

IFI International Financing Institution

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature

km Kilometer

km2 Square kilometer

KVK KazVodKhoz

LARP Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan

M Meter

M2 Square meter

M3 Cubic Meter

MAC Maximum Allowable Concentrations

MPE Maximum Permissible Emission

MoA Ministry of Agriculture

MoE Ministry of Energy

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NOx Nitrogen oxides

Province Province

OM Operational Manual (of ADB)

OVOS EIA according to the Kazakhstan’s legislation

PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Pb Lead

PC Public Consultation

PCR Physical and Cultural Resources

PEIA Preliminary Environmental Assessment

PM Particulate matter

PMU Project Management Unit

PPE Personal Protective Clothing

PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (Concept Paper)

Rayon District

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

SanPiN Sanitary Regulations and Standards

SES Sanitary and Epidemiological Services of MoHSD

SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

TEPO Territorial Environmental Protection Offices

ToR Terms of Reference

TSP Total Suspended Particulates

USD United States Dollar

VER Valued Environmental Receptor

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organization

WMP Waste Management Plan

°C Degrees Celsius

Currency Exchange Rates as of 10 June 2019: 1 US$ = 383.34 T (Kazakhstan Tenge) ($ refers in this report to US-Dollars)

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TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province Executive Summary

1. Introduction

1. The present Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the subprojects in Kyzylorda Province is prepared under the proposed Irrigation Rehabilitation Project to meet requirements of ADB’s Guidelines and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009), as well as to comply with environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2. The IEE was prepared to: • identify potential direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced environmental impacts and risks that may emerge due to implementation of Kyzylorda subprojects; • analyze subprojects’ alternatives of location, design and technical solutions, including “no project” option; • develop general Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that will include proposed mitigation, monitoring and reporting measures, institutional and organizational arrangements, and capacity development and training provisions, to be included into subproject design package and further implemented by contractor; • describe undertaken consultations with stakeholders, information disclosure and propose grievance redress procedures for Kyzylorda subprojects.

2. Description of the Project

3. The proposed Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project (hereinafter – project) is being prepared as part of Kazakhstan Government’s “State Program on Development of Agricultural Industry for 2017-2021”1 in an effort to further diversify economy, lessen dependence on export of mineral resources, provide employment opportunities in rural areas, decrease poverty, and strengthen food security. The proposed project to be financed under ADB loan stipulates rehabilitation and modernization of agricultural irrigation infrastructure in order to return into operation currently unused 171,100 ha of previously irrigated agricultural lands in East-Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda, Karaghandy, and Zhambyl Provinces. Most of the irrigation infrastructure in Kazakhstan, which was built in the past century (1960-80s), has deteriorated over time after collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Disassembly of the past soviet system of agricultural collective farms (kolkhoz) led to lack of proper management of water resources, abandonment of irrigation infrastructure, and its subsequent deterioration due to absence of capital investments. 4. In order to bring irrigation infrastructure into efficient systemic management at national level, asset ownership and operational responsibility for republican bulk water storage, transportation, irrigation and drainage systems are currently being transferred from various national and local agencies to Republican State Enterprise “KazVodKhoz” (KVK), a government owned utility that was established in 2011 by merging several state enterprises. Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture is the Implementing Agency and the administrator of KVK from the government side. KVK is the Executing Agency for the proposed project. 5. Technical Assistance TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project was provided by ADB in May 2017. TRTA team was created to develop project’s Feasibility Study and to undertake project management requirements, including financial management, procurement and safeguard due diligence. As of November 2018, national design entity “Ulmad” LLP that was recruited under the TRTA has finalized Feasibility Study of the project

1 Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 423 dated July 12, 2018. http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000423 viii

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province and submitted it for the State Expertise – a mandatory approval process for project development and implementation in Kazakhstan. 6. Following subprojects in four Provinces to be designed and implemented under the project are presented below. Table 1: Summary of Final Project Area Province Number of schemes Area, ha Total Irrigation Area to be System Area Rehabilitated East Kazakhstan 22 104,717 79,256 Karaghandy 10 68,786 27,900 Kyzylorda 11 228,394 28,974 Zhambyl 202 63,191 34,977 PROJECT TOTAL 245 465,088 171,107 Source: KVK Regional Offices estimates. 7. This IEE is prepared for 3 subprojects, which are located in Kyzylorda city and 7 districts of Kyzylorda Province.

3. Key findings

8. As a result of this IEE, it can be concluded that Kyzylorda subprojects corresponds to Environmental Category B project as defined in ADB SPS (2009). 9. The IEE established that there were no significant environmental issues that could not be either prevented or adequately mitigated to levels acceptable to Kazakhstan and international standards. A complete Environmental Management Plan has been prepared, with tables listing mitigation measures and monitoring actions to be undertaken during the preconstruction, detailed design, construction and operating period of the project. 10. Although most of the proposed works are fairly small scale, they could generate adverse environmental impacts: (i) water and air pollution; (ii) noise; (iii) soil erosion; (iv) dumping of excavated sediments and other materials from irrigation; and (v) drainage channels, structures; occupational hazards, etc. 11. At the same time, the project will bring several positive environmental and social impacts, and in particular, reduction in: (i) water logging, (ii) salinization and water losses; (iii) improved irrigation distribution; (iv) reduction in seepage losses from main canal; (v) loss of lands; (vi) erosion of soil and (vii) over-supply of irrigation, with a beneficial effect for the area - a lower water table, a lower risk of salinity, and less stagnant water pools in the village causing health problems. 12. Direct positive impacts will be also generated by increased production, more employment and increased income, increased climate resiliency and adaptation capacity. 13. There are 3 protected areas in Kyzylorda province, none of them are located are located close to the irrigation systems proposed to be rehabilitated under the Project.

4. Public Consultation Process

14. Stakeholder consultations were undertaken in November 2018 in Kyzylorda city to cover all districts of Kyzylorda Province. During the meetings the project has been introduced, the IEE process explained and potential impacts discussed as well as recommendations, comments and concerns/complaints have been collected. The consultations with villagers, local officials and government representatives identified that all possible adverse

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province environmental impacts could mitigated by measures proposed herewith. The consultations with the Kyzylorda Province Department for Natural Resources, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, and Aral-Syrdarya river Basin Inspection did not reveal any specific environmental issues that would result from Project works. 15. The communities support the proposed project activities. They welcomed the project activities and outcomes and expressed their desire that the project will be carried in accordance with the requirements of the national and international legislation in the social and environmental sphere. 16. On the basis of the consultations and the site visit to the project areas it appears that the project will have no insurmountable environmental impacts, but more potential positive social and environmental impacts. The overall process and results are described in the main text of this report.

5. Recommended actions

17. Implementation of the EMPs is required and the environmental impacts associated mainly with the construction of the subprojects need to be properly mitigated. 18. When the detailed designs are completed the impacts and mitigation measures will need to be further reviewed to take account of how the contracts are set up and in the light of any fine tuning of the project proposal, thus the revised and adapted IEEs/EMMP must be an integral part of the construction contracts. Relevant SSEMPs to be prepared by Contractors. 19. During the preparation for the project construction phase the future contractors must be notified and prepared to co-operate with the executing agency, project management, supervising consultants and local population in the mitigation of impacts. 20. To ensure that all of the above mitigation actions are completed according to the requirements of the EMP, monitoring shall be undertaken of Project works by the responsible Engineer and by independent monitoring specialists. Specifically, both observational monitoring and instrumental monitoring shall be undertaken. 21. Special care needs to be taken to prevent grievances, especially during construction. Proper communication and participation before and during the rehabilitation works for the pilot objects will identify possible potential disturbances and thus the EMP and construction plan can be adjusted accordingly. Grievance Redress Mechanism was developed and responsible officers were officially assigned at district, Province and Central levels governing authorities, Project Management and Supervision, as well as KVK. Complaints and grievances due to planning, construction and operation will be addressed at the districts and community administration level by Contractor, Supervision Consultant, and KVK branch. If unsuccessful, grievances will be forwarded to Province and Central levels within set timeframes.

A. Introduction 1. Republic of Kazakhstan has a large territory with a significant distance between large industrial cities. In Soviet times with central planning, industrial cities were supplied with agricultural products from the southern provinces of Kazakhstan and boundary provinces of Uzbekistan and Russia, while there were no borders between the republics, there were no customs fees or other taxes. Nowadays foodstuffs and other agricultural products imported from abroad are very expensive for residents of Kazakhstan due to transportation costs and all kinds of taxes and fees. 2. President of the Republic of Kazakhstan has set a task: to rehabilitate irrigated agriculture in the provinces of Kazakhstan to a level that will ensure food independence of the

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province country with maximum use of land, water and other natural resources both through domestic resources and investments of international financial institutions. 3. As a part of the Kazakhstan Government’s “State Program on Development of Agricultural Industry for 2017-2021”, under the indicator of rehabilitation of unused in-demand areas of regular irrigation RSE Kazvodhoz is taking measures to rehabilitate currently unused irrigated areas in the Republic of Kazakhstan with total area over 617.0 thsd ha. 4. Over the post-Soviet period due to inadequate attention to the problems of water management in the republic, an existing irrigation network, especially the on-farm part, has been almost completely destroyed. Due to insufficient funding, communally and privately owned main and interfarm irrigation networks also require capital repairs and reconstruction. As a result, a part of land fund remains unused, since there is no connection with an irrigation source. 5. Irrigated agriculture is the most water-intensive sectors of economy of the republic. At present, a significant part of water resources is wasted on process losses (filtration, evaporation) at canals. At the same time, irrigated areas located in the tail of inter-farm and on-farm canals, as a rule, are under-irrigated, in other words they lack water, proving a low technical level of irrigation systems. 6. There is a need for an integrated modernization of irrigation systems, particularly rehabilitation and modernization of pump stations, pipelines and open canals, and rehabilitation of irrigated areas in 4 provinces of the Republic of Kazakhstan with a total irrigated area of 171,100 ha. 7. To increase the production of agricultural products, it will be necessary to expand the irrigated areas, which, in turn, can be achieved by increasing irrigation water supply up to 15.34 bln m3 by restoring and modernizing water management, irrigation and drainage infrastructure. 8. In this regard, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan has applied to the Asian Development Bank (ADB or Bank) for a loan equivalent to USD 249.8 million to finance a project aimed at the rehabilitation of water management, irrigation and drainage systems in East Kazakhstan, Karaghandy, Kyzylorda and Zhambyl provinces (Project). 9. The scope of project will mainly focus on rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems to the standard levels for in-demand areas of regular irrigation.

A.1. Purpose of the report

10. The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the subprojects in Kyzylorda Province is conducted as part of preparation of the proposed Irrigation Rehabilitation Project (hereinafter – the Project) to meet requirements of ADB’s Guidelines and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009), as well as to comply with environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The IEE covers all proposed physical activities under the project, including all canals, hydraulic structures, pumping stations, and pipelines. Due to vast spreading of the subprojects throughout the country and for practical convenience, the IEE was split into 4 reports based on geographical divisions, with each IEE covering one of four Provinces under the project: East-Kazakhstan, Karaghandy, Kyzylorda, and Zhambyl. 11. The present IEE report covers 3 subprojects in Kyzylorda Province with the aim to: • describe the existing socio-environmental conditions within the Project area; • identify potential direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced environmental impacts and risks that may emerge due to subprojects implementation; • analyze subprojects’ alternatives of location, design and technical solutions, including “no project” option;

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

• develop Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that will include proposed mitigation measures, monitoring program and reporting requirements, institutional and organizational arrangements, capacity development and training provisions; • describe grievance redress procedures under the Project.

A.2. Category of Project

12. Rapid Environmental Assessment checklists (see in Appendix E), review of National Feasibility Study report, together with several site visits to most of the 3434.96 km of project canals and pipelines, as well as review of their location vicinities through Google Earth and other GIS services were used to assign the category of the Project. Based on the existing ADB Environmental Safeguards Policy (2009), this Project falls under ADB’s project Category B. According to ADB SPS 2009 proposed project can be classified as Category B due to the following reasons: • adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects; • these impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and • in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. 13. An initial environmental examination is required for category B projects. A category is assigned to a project by its most sensitive component, therefore, all of the outputs and activities to be undertaken under the Project fall under Category B as well.

A.3. Project proponent

14. The Project proponent is the Government of Kazakhstan (GoK) acting through its Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). The Implementing Agency (IA) is the Committee for Water Resources (CWR) of MoA and the Executing Agency (EA) is Republican State Enterprise “KazVodKhoz” (KVK). KVK is a government owned company that was established in 2011 by merging several state branch enterprises under the Committee for Water Resources. related to water resources management. In order to bring irrigation infrastructure into efficient systemic management at national level, asset ownership of and operational responsibility for republican bulk water storage, transportation, irrigation and drainage systems are currently being transferred from various national and local agencies to KVK. 15. Nowadays "KazVodKhoz" is the major state supplier of drinking and irrigation water in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The company is responsible for the proper operation of 77 reservoirs of various capacities, 81 water catchment systems, more than 10,000 km of pipeline canals and their distributors and more than 2,000 km of irrigation network. Every year RSE "KazVodKhoz" concludes canal water supply contracts with water users, such as cooperatives, limited liability partnerships, peasant and farm enterprises, industrial enterprises, municipal water companies, state institutions and other legal entities. Canal water supply services provided by RSE "KazVodKhoz" fall under natural monopoly.

A.4. Nature, size, and location of the subprojects

16. ADB funds will be used to finance activities on rehabilitation of 1,117.24 km of 287 unlined canals, 357.73 km of 72 collectors, and 27 vertical drainage wells under 11 irrigation schemes located in 7 districts of Kyzylorda Province (Table 2), as well as 1,165 water outlets.

Table 2: List of subprojects in Kyzylorda Province Number of Province / Subproject District schemes

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Kyzylorda Province 11 1 Zhanakorgan-Shieli Subproject Zhanakorgan and Shieli districts 2 Syrdariya, Zhalagash, Kamakshy districts, 2 Kyzylorda Subproject and Kyzylorda City 7 3 Kazalinsk-Aral Subproject Kazalinsk and Aral district 2

A.5. IEE Boundaries

17. For the purpose of the IEE, physical area considered as potentially being affected by the subprojects in 7 districts of Kyzylorda province, covering I&D facilities serving to 28,974 ha, which include: • areas of direct impacts due to construction activities and their vicinity, including: o 287 canals and 72 collectors to be reconstructed with total length of 1,474.97 km; o construction sites for reconstruction of hydraulic structures; o access roads along canals and construction sites; o dumpsite for construction and household wastes; o borrow pits and quarries used as material sources; o any other sites to be used by contractor, such as sites for labor camp, concrete batching plant, temporary material stockpiling and storage areas, etc.; • areas of indirect impacts, including: o water sources and receivers, such as rivers, streams, creeks, water reservoirs, and their aquatic habitats; o vicinity of affected water bodies, such as riparian habitats in river valleys, water reservoir shorelines, tree belts along creeks; o 28,974 ha of lands to be recovered for irrigation; o all adjacent lands potentially subject to pollution with dust generated by construction activities; o all adjacent lands potentially subject to waterlogging and salinization, especially in downstream, suppressed, and lower parts of irrigated cluster; o downstream water users. 18. During detail project design and further project implementation, other actively used remote sites can be included into consideration of subproject’s environmental impact assessment and scope of mitigation measures in contractor’s EMP, such as material borrow pits and quarries, waste dumps, concrete production facilities, labor camps, etc.

A.6. Methodology applied

19. The methodology is based on the ADB SPS (2009). It included following tasks: • to collect baseline data, • to conduct public consultation, • to assess impacts, • to analyze alternatives, • to conduct baseline analysis. 20. Environmental assessment was made through desk studies and field visits, quantitative data were preferred where possible. Background data and information was obtained from published and unpublished sources, (e.g., on climate, topography, hydrology, geology and soils, natural resources, flora and fauna, agriculture, and socio-economic data).

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

21. Several site inspections were conducted jointly by Regional Environmental Specialist and National Counterparts during November 2018 - February 2019. The areas of irrigation schemes and areas of potential environmental significance assessed carefully. 22. Meetings were held with authorities responsible for environmental management, forestry and wildlife, and water basin inspection at local and Province level to gather maps and data related to the subproject area, and to get their perspective on the subproject’s impacts. The main information was acquired from the Projects’ Feasibility Study and its annexes, including minutes of meetings and letters related to projects’ decision-making process. 23. Different data was gathered throughout internet resources, including websites of environmental authorities, legislative databases, websites of legally protected areas, monitoring data from national hydro-meteorological service of Kazakhstan - “Kazhydromet”, as well as other published scientific literature, news, and reports from similar projects. Canals’ and facilities locations were put as overlay into Google Earth to account for surroundings of environmental, social and resettlement significance. 24. Data and expert input was also obtained from other PPTA specialists. Public consultations were held in Kyzylorda city in period from November 2018 to February 2019 to present initial findings on impacts and proposed mitigation measures, receive feedback from local community and future users of the irrigation water on accepted environmental measures.

A.7. Constraints and limitations

25. The present stage of the project is Feasibility Study and detail design with final technical decisions on canal types (unlined / lined), excavation and filling of soils, sources of materials, borrow pits, quarries, labor accommodation may differ from currently accepted scope of works, thus, leading to potential changes in impacts and mitigation measures. In case of unexpected changes in impacts, additional environmental assessment process and development of mitigation measures should be conducted for any new impacts. However, such changes, if any, most likely will be insignificant in the context of general impact of the Project. 26. The IEE and EMP will be updated during Detailed Design stage based on final technical decisions, such as on list of included canals, their length, type of lining, and sensitive receptors in their vicinity.

A.8. Structure of the report

27. The report is organized to comply with ADB Safeguard Policies (2009) as follows: • Section A: Introduction – The section in hand provides the introductory information for the Project. • Section B: Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework - This section presents an overview of the policy/legislative framework as well as the environmental assessment guidelines of Kazakhstan that apply to the proposed project. The section also identifies relevant Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policies that will apply. • Section C: Description of the Project – Section C describes the Project and the need for the Project. A detailed scope of works is also provided indicating the type of engineering works required. The final portion of this section discusses Project alternatives. • Section D: Description of the Environment – This section of the report discusses the regional and local environmental baseline conditions.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

• Section E: Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Section E outlines the potential environmental impacts and proposes mitigation measures to manage the impacts. • Section F: Environmental Management Plan & Institutional Requirements – This section provides the EMP for the design, construction and operational phases of the Project. • Section G: Public Consultation, Information Disclosure & Grievance Mechanism – Section G provides a summary of all of the stakeholder consultation activities undertaken. A grievance mechanism for project affected persons is also provided along with information regarding the disclosure process. • Section H: Conclusions and Recommendations – The final section of the report provides the report conclusions and any necessary recommendations.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province B. Legal, policy and administrative framework

B.1. General

28. This section presents an overview of legal, policy and administrative framework of the subproject, including national requirements for environmental assessment and water resources management, as well as ADB’s requirements that will be applicable to the subproject. The subproject will be required to comply with all applicable international agreements, national legislation, and ADB’s requirements.

B.2. Country policies and administrative framework

B.2.1. Overall legal framework 29. The overarching legislative framework that establishes the legal framework for environmental protection in Kazakhstan is the Environmental Code, adopted on January 9, 2007 with latest amendments and additions on October 10, 20182. Three main laws (the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Ecological Expertise and the Law on Air Protection) were abrogated subsequent to their integration into the Environmental Code. Moreover, some 80 normative legal acts were abrogated after the adoption of the Environmental Code. 30. Detail standards, such as requirements to air, water, soil quality, calculation of emissions from different sources, classification of environmental and sanitary hazards of different production facilities, environmental monitoring, sanitary-epidemiological standards, hygienic norms for indoors and outdoors, health and safety at workplace, etc. are established by different regulations, instructions, rules, procedures, norms, methodologies and other types of documents enacted through orders, laws, and decrees of Presidential, Governmental, Ministerial or regional levels. 31. The Water Code establishes requirements to sustainable management of all water resources in the Republic of Kazakhstan for public, industrial and environmental needs; requirements to protection of water resources from pollution, contamination, and depletion; provisions for prevention and recovery from adverse impacts of water bodies (such as floods); and ensures enforcement and compliance to water legislation in water relations3. 32. The Forest Code regulates public relations in ownership, use, and management of all forests in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as establishes legal grounds for protection, preservation, regeneration, and sustainable management of forest reserves. Its ultimate goal is to preserve available forested areas and constantly increase them at national level4. Any cutting of trees under the Project shall be performed only based on a pre-issued “tree felling permit”. 33. The Land Code regulates legal grounds for ownership of lands and land relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan; establishes types of land use; provides protection of soil fertility; provides equal development of all types of industries; ensures land rights, and enforcement of compliance to land legislation5.

B.2.2. Environmental Impact Assessment 34. According to Article 36 of the Environmental Code, development of EIA (OVOS) is mandatory for all types of activities and projects that can have direct or indirect impact on environment or human health. All projects should pass through a process of State Expertise

2 Latest version in Russian: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K070000212_ 3 Latest version in Russian: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K030000481_ 4 Latest version in Russian: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K030000477_ 5 Latest version in Russian: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K030000442_ 21

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province in order to get clearance for implementation. Project design package that is submitted for clearance should include section on “Environment Protection”. 35. The Decree No.204-p of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of GoK (June 28, 2007 with latest amendments and additions on 17 June 2016) on “Approval of the instruction on conducting environmental impact assessment” establishes requirements for EIA process. 36. The EIA process consists of three stages: (i) Preliminary environmental assessment (PEIA or predOVOS): essentially a scoping-level desk study prepared in parallel with an engineering feasibility study; (ii) Environment Impact Assessment (EIA or OVOS): a comprehensive assessment of positive and negative environmental impacts with detailed mitigation & monitoring plan prepared during design stage; and (iii) Section “Environment Protection” is developed if there are changes in final detail design or project is prepared in one single stage, and included in the final set of a project design documentation, which is then submitted for approval by the mandatory State Expertise. 37. A “Notification of environmental consequences” is prepared by the project proponent as an annex to each stage of EIA documentation and is submitted for the State Expertise along with other project documentation.

B.2.3. Administrative Framework 38. The central executive body for environmental protection in the Kazakhstan is the Ministry of Energy (MoE) and its Committee for Environmental Regulation and Control (CERC). MoE's responsibilities include enforcement of compliance with the Environmental Code, development and implementation of national environmental programs, state supervision and licensing of environmental activities, and state environmental expertise of Category I projects. MoE oversees the country’s compliance with ratified international environmental conventions and interstate environmental agreements. It also controls emissions and discharges of pollutants, climate change related programs and regulations, distributes and manages trade of carbon credits under National Plan on GHG emissions for 2016-2020, issues emission permits for Category I projects, and determines maximum limits of pollutants to be emitted into environment. 39. At the local level, CERC has 17 (14 Province, and 3 major cities) territorial Departments of Ecology, whose responsibility includes inspection of local sites, consultations and recommendations to businesses and other authorities on environmental matters, and state environmental expertise of Category I projects of local importance (based on approved list of projects of local importance6 or decision of CERC). Akimats (the executive branch of local government) and Maslikhats (representative local authorities) are entitled to perform state supervision and can approve certain provisions and tariffs for use of natural resources. They also determine, within certain limits, the pollution charges paid by enterprises; allocate natural resources, including mountain and woodland pastures and grasslands; establish and administer local legally protected natural areas, as well as enact regulations for use of natural resources within their competencies. 40. Other state bodies within administrative framework with relevant environmental responsibilities are: • The Committee for Water Resources (CWR) under the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) administers implementation of the Water Code and maintenance of national system for protection and efficient use of all water resources. CWR’s responsibility

6 Source: Order of the Ministry of Environment Protection No. 143-o dated July 23, 2009 http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V090005741_ 21

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

includes managing water intake from natural watercourses and groundwater; fresh water consumption; water use for production; water use for agriculture; conservation and reuse of fresh water; sewage discharges into natural water bodies and into ground water. Water resources are managed through eight river basin inspections created and named according to hydrographic or river basin principles: Ertis (East-Kazakhstan Province), Nura-Sarysu (Karaghandy), Aral- Syrdarya (Kyzylorda), Shu-Talas (Taraz), Balkhash-Alakol (Almaty), Esil (Astana), Zhayik-Kaspi (Atyrau), and Tobol-Torgay (Kostanay). First four of the basin inspections oversee project water sources in the Project’s four Provinces and have been consulted on relevant topics.

• The Committee for Forestry and Wildlife (CFW) within MoA ensures implementation of the Forest Code, and manages all woodlands and legally protected natural areas. There are total of 10 national natural reserves and 13 national natural parks in the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the local level, territorial offices of CFW manage forestry and biodiversity, and their Forest Conservation Branches (accountable to CFW) are responsible for specifically allotted areas of forest protection and conservation. Their relevant branches in the four Provinces have been consulted on the protected areas and forest reserves in project vicinity.

• The Emergency Management Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is responsible for environmental disaster management and prevention (such as fires, floods, mudslides, industrial accidents).

B.3. Air, Water, Land and Noise Legislation

B.3.1. Air Quality Legislation 41. The Environmental Code defines the basic terms and principles for State control of air and soil conditions. In addition, Sanitary Regulations and Standards (referred to as "SanPiN") establish requirements to protection of human health. 42. Quality of ambient air for urban and rural localities is established by the Order No. 11036 of the Minister of National Economy dated May 13, 2015 called “On approval of hygienic standards for atmospheric air in urban and rural settlements". 43. The emission of hazardous substances (pollutants) in the atmospheric air by the stationary source is allowed only on the basis of a special permit issued by the authorized state body in charge of atmospheric air protection or its territorial subdivisions. The fee is based on the total annual emissions of the polluter without disaggregating data by emission sources. The issuing of air pollution permits for stationary sources of emissions (ground and air transport) is stipulated in the Environmental and Tax Codes of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 44. All motor vehicles of any type (including buses and trucks) are required to pass an annual test, which includes emission testing that must be in accordance with the regulations referred to below. Table 3: Air quality legislation On approval of hygienic standards for The Order No. 11036 of the Minister of National atmospheric air in urban and rural settlements Economy dated May 13, 2015 On approval of certain methodological The Order No. 221-o of the Minister of documents in the field of environmental Environmental Protection and Water Resources protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 12, 2014 On approval of the Rules for conducting The Order of the Minister of Energy of the automated monitoring of emissions under Republic of Kazakhstan dated September 7, industrial environmental monitoring and reporting 2018 No. 356

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province requirements for the results of industrial environmental monitoring On approval of the Rules for monitoring and The Order No. 221 of the Minister of Energy of control of greenhouse gases the Republic of Kazakhstan dated March 19, 2015. On Approval of the Methodology for Calculation The Order No.110-ө of the Minister of of Emission Limits Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 16, 2012.

B.3.2. Water Quality Legislation 45. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan has adopted “State Program on Development of Agro-Industrial Complex for 2017-2021” via Decree No.423 on July 12, 2018, which among other objectives is aimed at protection and efficiency of use of water resources. 46. The main document in the field of water resources protection and its use is the Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 481 dated July 09, 2003. According to the definition provided in the Water Code, “Water Bodies Protection” is an activity aimed at conservation, rehabilitation and reproduction of water bodies, as well as prevention of adverse impacts of water. 47. According to Article 112, water bodies shall be protected from: 1) natural and industrial pollution by hazardous chemical and toxic substances and its compounds, as well as thermal, bacterial, radiation and other types of pollution; 2) pollution by solid, non-soluble objects, industrial, household and other wastes; 3) exhaustion. 48. Water bodies shall be protected to prevent: 1) disturbance of the environmental stability of natural systems; 2) causing harm to the lives and health of population; 3) reduction of fishery resources and other water fauna; 4) deterioration of the water supply conditions; 5) weakening of the natural self-reproduction and cleansing functions of the water bodies; 6) worsening of hydrological and hydrogeological regimes of water bodies; 7) other unfavorable conditions that negatively affect physical, chemical and biological qualities of water bodies. 49. Protection of water bodies is carried out through: 1) establishing of general requirements to protection of water bodies to all water users, who carry out any type of water use; 2) establishing of special requirements for certain types of economic activity; 3) improving and applying water protective measures with the help of new equipment and environmentally and epidemiologically safe technologies; 4) establishment of water conservation zones, water bodies protection zones, sanitary protection zones for drinking water supply sources; 5) execution of public and other forms of control over the use and protection of the water bodies; 6) applying sanctions for non-observance of the water protection requirements. 50. Central and local execution authorities of Provinces (cities of republican significance, capital), in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, take measures that are in compliance with the principles of sustainable development towards water resources conversation, prevention of their pollution, littering, and exhaustion, as well as liquidation of such events.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

51. Individuals and legal entities, activities of which affect conditions of water bodies, are obliged to comply with environmental requirements set out by the environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and conduct organizational, technological, forestry and land reclamation, agro technical, hydro-technical, sanitary-epidemiological and other activities, which ensure protection of water bodies from pollution, littering, and exhaustion. 52. Article 116 of the Water Code regulates issues related to the water protection zones: to maintain water bodies and water facilities in the condition required by the hygiene-sanitary and environmental norms; to prevent pollution, littering and exhaustion of the surface water; as well as water protection zones and belts are required to preserve flora and fauna. 53. While developing any project, which may have any impact on the water system/resources, the project design should be agreed with the local executive bodies responsible for water resources protection. 54. In developing the Water Code, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan has adopted normative acts for procedures on permits of water reservoirs use for special needs, procedures for permits issuance for special water use, procedures for water use for fire- fighting needs, classifying water ways as navigable routes, and for using water reservoirs for air traffic needs. The Government has developed a list of water bodies (underground waters) that have health-improving significance in the country, as well as water bodies that have special state significance or special value, which restricts or completely prohibits its use. 55. The maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of pollutants have been developed for the water standards, just as for the atmosphere air standards. As a rule, the MPC for fishing water reservoirs are stricter than MPC for drinking water reservoirs. It is necessary to emphasize that this refers primarily to the fish industry, and the human needs protection was taken here into account, probably, through water ecosystems protection principles. 56. Same as in case of atmosphere air, various indices, which enable the consideration of the presence of several pollutants, are used for comparative assessment of the water pollution. The most widely used index is Water Pollution Index (WPI). The basic document regulating the condition of the surface waters and content of the pollutants is the “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for water sources, water intake sites for household and drinking purposes, household water supply and places of cultural and community water use and safety of water bodies” approved upon the Order of the Minister of National Economy of the RK No.209 dated 16.03.2015. 57. The legislative and regulatory and procedural documents in the field of the water environment protection are listed below:

Table 4: Water quality legislation The Calculation Procedure for Standards of Approved upon the Order of the Minister of Discharged Waters with Pollutants (MPD) into Environmental Protection No. 100-pdated April the Water Bodies, Disposal Fields and Relief of 18, 2008 Land On approval of the Methodology for the The Joint Order of the Deputy Prime Minister of development of target indicators of water quality the Republic of Kazakhstan, Minister of in surface water bodies and measures to Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated achieve them October 6, 2016 No. 422 and Minister of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated November 27, 2016 No. 505. Procedural Definitions of Norms and Standards Approved upon the Order of the Minister of of Water Resources Use in Various Natural Ecology and Bio Resources of the RK dated Climatic Zones of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1997 during Ecological Zoning.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

On Approval of the Methodology for Calculation The Order No.110-ө of the Minister of of Emission Limits Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 16, 2012.

B.3.3. Health and Safety 58. During the construction phase it is necessary to meet the requirements of CSaR 3.06.04-91 “Construction Safety”. 59. Personal protective equipment shall comply with the applicable GOST (special aprons under the GOST 12.4.029, rubber gloves under the GOST 20010, respirator "The Petal” under the GOST 12.4.028, gloves under the GOST 12.4.010, goggles under the GOST 12.4.013 and breathing mask of В type or В with filter, helmets). The site should be kept in safe, clean and good sanitary conditions. The Contractor shall bear the responsibility for clean-up of the site from garbage, construction waste and household rubbish and their removal to the municipal solid waste landfill (MSW). In this regard the Contractor shall be guided by the CSaR No3.01.016.97 60. In addition, the World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines will be used as a reference for health and safety during construction and operation throughout the whole project. In case, there is a conflict between the national legislation and the World Bank Guidelines the more stringent standard shall be implemented.

B.3.4. Physical Cultural Heritage 61. The main legislative documents on cultural heritage are as follows: • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "About Culture”, dated 15.12.2006 No.207- III • The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Protection and Use of the Historical Cultural Heritage", dated 2.07.1992 No.1488-XII • The Land Code of the RK, dated 20.06.2003 No.442-II. 62. For the purpose of recording and protection the historical and cultural monuments they are divided into the following categories: • Historical and cultural monuments of international status representing the historical, scientific, architectural, artistic and memorial objects included in the UNESCO World Heritage List; • Historical and cultural monuments of national status representing the historical, scientific, architectural, artistic and memorial objects, having the special significance for the history and culture of the whole country; • Historical and cultural monuments of local significance representing the historical, scientific, architectural, artistic and memorial objects, having the special significance for the history and culture of the province (city of republican status, capital), districts (centres of provinces). 63. According to Art. 127 of the Land code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 20, 2003 No.442-II construction works without carrying out of archaeological examination are connected with risks for the project. 64. According to Art.39 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "About protection and use of objects of historical and cultural heritage". That is, after full archaeological studying of the monuments, located in a zone of road construction and their removal from the State account: • The survey on identification of objects of historical and cultural heritage have to be carried out prior to land acquisition.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

• In case of detection of the objects having historical, scientific, art and other value, private and juridical persons are obliged to suspend further works conducting and to report about it to authorized body. • Work conducting, which can create threat to existence of objects of historical and cultural heritage is forbidden. • Any works, which can expose to danger the existing monuments, are forbidden. The enterprises, organizations, institutes, public associations and citizens in case of identification of archaeological or other sites of historical, scientific and cultural value, are obliged to inform authorized bodies on preservation and use of historical and cultural heritage, and to stop the current works.

B.3.5. Waste 65. The following summarizes the Environmental Code requirements for waste management including the requirements for hazardous waste management. 66. Article 286. Industrial and Consumption Waste. Types of Industrial and Consumption Waste - In terms of hazard they may pose, industrial and consumption waste may be hazardous, non-hazardous, and inert. Hazardous waste is the waste that contains one or several of the following substances: 1. explosives; 2. highly inflammable liquids; 3. highly inflammable solid substances; 4. self-inflammable substances and waste; 5. acidifying substances; 6. organic peroxides; 7. poisonous substances; 8. toxic substances causing long-lasting and chronic disease; 9. infectious substances; 10. corrosive substances; 11. eco-toxic substances; 12. substances or waste giving off flammable gases when put in contact with water; 13. substances or waste which may give off toxic gases when put in contact with the air or water; and 14. substances and materials that may form other materials with one of the above mentioned properties. 67. Article 288. General Environmental Requirements Applicable upon Treatment of Industrial and Consumption Waste 1. Individuals and legal entities, whose undertakings generate waste, must implement measures of safe treatment of the waste, comply with environmental and sanitary and epidemiological requirements, and carry out recycling, neutralization and safe disposal of the same. 3. The places of placement of waste are designated for safe storage of waste for up to three years if the waste is to be recovered or processed, or for up to one year if the waste is to be buried. 5. Waste owners must ensure a gradual reduction of the volumes of waste throughout the entire production cycle, including through the improvement of production processes, waste recycling, and giving the waste out to individuals and legal entities who are interested in using it. 6. When choosing methods and places for neutralization and placement of waste and selecting individuals and legal entities to carry out the processing, disposal or placement of waste, the owners of the waste must ensure that the movement of the waste from their source of origin is kept to a minimum. 21

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

68. Article 290. Environmental Requirements Applicable upon Planning of Activities Related to Waste Treatment 1. In the design of facilities the operation of which generates waste, there shall be mandatory to: 1) prepare a waste management program as an integral part of the project documentation; 2. In the design of residential buildings, industrial enterprises, buildings, premises, facilities and other objects the operation of which generates waste there shall be necessary to provide spaces (sites) for the accumulation of waste in compliance with the rules, regulations and requirements established by the environment protection authority and the government agency for sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population. 69. Article 296. Waste Accounting 1. The owners of waste must keep waste accounting (type, quantities and origin of the waste) and collect and keep information on waste’s properties that endanger the environment and/or human health. 3. The owners of waste must keep waste accounting records for a period of five years. 4. The owners of waste must on an annual basis submit to the environment protection authority reports on their activities in respect of waste management, in order for this information to be entered into the State Registry of Wastes. 70. Article 289. Hazardous Waste Profile Sheet 1. A hazardous waste profile sheet must be prepared and approved by individuals and legal entities if their undertakings generate hazardous waste. 5. The hazardous waste profile sheet must be registered with the environment protection authority within three months after the waste has been generated. 7. Copies of the registered hazardous waste profile sheets must be issued to the individual or legal entity carrying out transportation of a lot of hazardous waste or part thereof, as well as to each consignee of such lot (or part thereof). 12. A hazardous waste profile sheet must contain the information on precautionary measures to be taken in order to prevent and mitigate the consequences of emergencies that may be caused by the hazardous waste, including those arising in the course of transportation and loading/unloading operations. 71. Article 293. Environmental Requirements Applicable upon Handling Hazardous Waste 1. Individuals and legal entities whose undertakings and activities generate waste must carry measures aimed at the prevention or reduction of the formation of waste and/or reduction of the level of hazard posed by waste. 3. The owner of hazardous waste must ensure labeling of packages containing hazardous waste wherein their hazardous properties would be denoted. When transferring such hazardous waste to other persons for a certain period of time, the owner of the waste must inform them in writing of the waste’s hazardous properties and of handling precautions that need be taken. 4. There shall be prohibited to mix hazardous waste with non-hazardous or/and inert waste, as well as intermix different types of hazardous waste in the course of production, transportation and placement. 5. The placement of hazardous waste must be performed at specifically equipped places pursuant to the requirements set out in environmental permits. Carrying out any 21

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

other activities at the waste placement site that are not directly related to waste treatment shall be prohibited. 6. Enterprises whose business is to collect, recycle, transport and dispose hazardous waste must develop emergency and accident action plans. 72. Article 294. Environmental Requirements Applicable upon Transportation of Hazardous Waste 1. Formation of hazardous waste and their transportation must be kept to a minimum. 2. Transportation of hazardous waste shall be permitted subject to the following conditions: 1) hazardous waste is packaged and labeled as appropriate for purposes of transportation; 2) hazardous waste is transported in properly equipped transportation means having special signs; 3) a hazardous waste profile sheet is present along with documentation for transportation and transfer of hazardous waste, with information on the volumes of hazardous waste being transported, purpose of transportation, and place of destination; and 4) safety requirements for transportation of hazardous waste and loading/unloading operations are met.

B.3.6. International Conventions and Treaties 73. Kazakhstan is a signatory of the following international conventions an treaties relevant to environmental issues. Table 5: International Conventions and Treaties # Convention Name Description/Convention Objectives

1. The Convention on Aims to prevent a danger of extinction of migratory migratory Conservation of species; implementation of scientific research related to migratory Migratory Species and species and their protection. Wild Animals

2. Convention on Its aim is to ensure that international trade of wild animals and plants International Trade of does not threaten the survival of the species; the agreement Endangered Species of provides for varying degrees of protection to more than 35,000 Wild Flora and Fauna species of animals and plants. (CITES)

3. Convention on Access The convention promotes protection of the right of each person of to Information, Public present and future generations to live in the environment favorable Participation in for his health and welfare. Each Party that signed the present Decision-making and Convention grants the rights regarding access to ecological Access to Justice in information, participation of the public in decision-making process Environmental Matters, for access to justice on the environmental issues according to the Aarhus, 1998, June provisions of the present Convention. 25th.

4. Convention on the The Convention sets the rules for the international trade in International Trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna. The trade of these Endangered Species of species must be supervised to ensure that international trade of wild Wild Flora and Fauna animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in (Washington, March, 3, the wild and can be permitted only under exceptional 1973): circumstances.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

# Convention Name Description/Convention Objectives

5. UN Convention to The Convention aims to combat desertification and mitigate the Combat Desertification effects of drought through the integrated approach aimed at achievement of sustainable development in affected areas including the increase of lands efficiency, rehabilitation, preservation, stable and rational use of land and water resources to improve living standards, especially communities.

6. Convention on The goals of the Convention are the conservation of biological Biological Diversity (Rio diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable de Janeiro, June, 5, sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources including access 1992) to genetic resources and transfer of relevant technology with the account of all rights for such resources and technology as well as through proper financing.

7. Convention on The Convention: Protection of the World • adopts a general policy which aims to give special functions to the Cultural and Natural cultural and natural heritage in public life and to integrate Heritage (Paris, protection of that heritage into the comprehensive planning November, 16 1972): programmes. • sets up within its territories, where such services do not still exist, one or more services for protection, conservation and promotion of the cultural and natural heritage… • develops scientific and technical studies and research, methods of work, allowing the state to counter dangers that threaten its cultural or natural heritage

8. Kyoto Protocol to the UN • At present the Amendment to Kyoto-2 is not ratified in the Framework Convention Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan does not enter the list of on Climate Change the countries of the Appendix B of the Kyoto Protocol. The (Kyoto, December, 11, National plan of distribution of quotas for the amount of green 1997). house gas emissions for 2014-2015 has been adopted in Kazakhstan. (The resolution of the Government of the Republic

of Kazakhstan dated December 31, 2013 No. 1536). The Kyoto Protocol regulates: • Obligations for restriction and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. • Implementation of policy and measures for increase of the efficiency of use of energy, stable forms of agriculture, protection and improvement of quality of absorbers and stores of greenhouse gases. 9. UN Framework The objective of the Convention is to "stabilize greenhouse gas Convention on Climate concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent Change, May, 9, 1992 dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system", in the terms sufficient for natural adaptation of ecosystems to climate

change allowing not to pose risks to food production and providing further economic development on a stable basis.

B.4. Environmental Quality Standards

74. The project will be implemented following both national and international standards. ADB’s Safeguard Policy requires applying pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practice, as reflected in internationally recognized

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province standards such as the World Bank Group's Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines7 (IFC Standard). These standards contain performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable and applicable to projects. When Kazakhstan standards differ from those levels and measures, KVK will achieve whichever is more stringent. In case if no national standard for a certain environmental aspect exists, an international standard will be applied.

B.4.1. Air Quality Standards 75. The air quality standards establish permissible concentrations of harmful substances both at work place and in residential areas. The main terms and definitions related to air pollution, monitoring programs, behavior of pollutants in the ambient air are determined by the GOST 17.2.1.03-84; Environmental Protection, Atmospheric Air Terms and Definitions for Contamination Control. Table 6: Air quality standards in Kazakhstan Substance Maximum Allowable Concentration, mg/m3 Hazard Class One Time Maximum Daily Average Inorganic dust 0.3 0.1 3 Nitrogen Dioxide 0.2 0.04 2 Sulphur Dioxide 0.5 0.05 3 Carbon Monoxide 5.0 3 4 Source: The Order No. 11036 of the Minister of National Economy “On approval of hygienic standards for atmospheric air in urban and rural settlements ", May 13, 2015.

B.4.2. Water Quality Standards 76. Water quality standards in Kazakhstan are set for fishery waters and for water bodies used for household drinking and utility water as shown in Table 7. The table also shows the 2017 WHO standards for drinking water. Table 7: List of Pollutants and Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) Polluting the Surface Waters of the Republic of Kazakhstan8 Pollutant MPC for Fishery MPC for the water WHO Standard for water bodies bodies used for Drinking Water (mg/dm3) household and (2017)9 drinking and recreational water (mg/dm3) Chrome (3+) - - - Chrome (6+) 0.02 0.05 - Ferrum (total) 0.1 0.3 - Ferrum (2+) 0.005 - - Ferrum (3+) - - - Zinc (2+) 0.01 5.0 - Mercury (2+) 0.00001 0.0005 0.006 Cadmium 0.005 0.001 0.003 Arsenic 0.05 0.05 0.01 Copper (2+) 0.001 1.0 2.0 BOD5 - - - Phenols 0.001 0.25 - Oil Products 0.05 0.1 - Flourides 0.05 1.5 1.5

7 http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at-ifc/policies- standards/ehs-guidelines 8 Water Quality Standards and Norms in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Regional Environmental Center for Central Asia. 2009 9 Source: Information Bulletin of Status of Environment of Republic of Kazakhstan. 2018. and WHO’s Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 4-th edition 2017. 21

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Pollutant MPC for Fishery MPC for the water WHO Standard for water bodies bodies used for Drinking Water (mg/dm3) household and (2017)9 drinking and recreational water (mg/dm3) Nitrites 0.08 - 3 Nitrates 40.0 45.0 (for NO3) 50 Salt Ammonia 0.5 - - Sulfates 100.0 500 200 Magnesium 40.0 - - Manganese 0.01 0.1 (0.5) 0.05 Nickel 0.01 0.1 0.07 Dissolved oxygen <4 pH 6-9 6.5-8.5 B.4.2.1. Water Quality for Agriculture 77. Kazakhstan's water quality standard is determined by the Order No. ? 151 of the Chairman of the Committee of water resources of the Ministry of Agriculture RoK dated 09.11.2016 "On approval of unified classification system of water quality in water bodies". According to the Order quality of surface water is identified based on the hydromorphological and physico-chemical parameters (42 indicators) and classified into 5 classes. Waters of classes 1 up to 4 can be used for irrigation purposes. 78. There are also recommendations of FAO on trace elements in irrigation water as shown in Table 8: Recommended Maximum Concentrations of Trace Elements in Irrigation Water. 79. Water quality standard of Kazakhstan for irrigation purposes is more stringent than recommendations of FAO in terms of allowed concentrations of aluminum, lead, mercury, iron, but less stringent in terms of allowed concentrations of copper, cadmium and chromium. Table 8: Recommended Maximum Concentrations of Trace Elements in Irrigation Water Recommended Maximum Element Remarks Concentration (mg/l)

Al (aluminum) 5.0 Can cause non-productivity in acid soils (pH < 5.5), but more alkaline soils at pH > 7.0 will precipitate the ion and eliminate any toxicity.

As (arsenic) 0.10 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 12 mg/l for Sudan grass to less than 0.05 mg/l for rice.

Be (beryllium) 0.10 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 5 mg/l for kale to 0.5 mg/l for bush beans.

Cd (cadmium) 0.01 Toxic to beans, beets and turnips at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/l in nutrient solutions. Conservative limits recommended due to its potential for accumulation in plants and soils to concentrations that may be harmful to humans.

Co (cobalt) 0.05 Toxic to tomato plants at 0.1 mg/l in nutrient solution. Tends to be inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils.

Cr (chromium) 0.10 Not generally recognized as an essential growth element. Con- servative limits recommended due to lack of knowledge on its toxicity to plants.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Cu (copper) 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/l in nutrient solutions.

F (fluoride) 1.0 Inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils.

Fe (iron) 5.0 Not toxic to plants in aerated soils, but can contribute to soil acidification and loss of availability of essential phosphorus and molybdenum. Overhead sprinkling may result in unsightly deposits on plants, equipment and buildings.

Li (lithium) 2.5 Tolerated by most crops up to 5 mg/l; mobile in soil. Toxic to citrus at low concentrations (<0.075 mg/l). Acts similarly to boron.

Mn (manganese) 0.20 Toxic to a number of crops at a few-tenths to a few mg/l, but usually only in acid soils.

Mo (molybdenum) 0.01 Not toxic to plants at normal concentrations in soil and water. Can be toxic to livestock if forage is grown in soils with high concentrations of available molybdenum.

Ni (nickel) 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.5 mg/l to 1.0 mg/l; reduced toxicity at neutral or alkaline pH.

Pd (lead) 5.0 Can inhibit plant cell growth at very high concentrations.

Se (selenium) 0.02 Toxic to plants at concentrations as low as 0.025 mg/l and toxic to livestock if forage is grown in soils with relatively high levels of added selenium. An essential element to animals but in very low concentrations.

Sn (tin)

Ti (titanium) ---- Effectively excluded by plants; specific tolerance unknown.

W (tungsten)

V (vanadium) 0.10 Toxic to many plants at relatively low concentrations.

Zn (zinc) 2.0 Toxic to many plants at widely varying concentrations; reduced toxicity at pH > 6.0 and in fine textured or organic soils. Source: R.S. Ayers and D.W. Westcot. Water Quality for Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization. 1985.

B.4.3. Land Quality Legislation and Standards 80. New sanitary rules were introduced in Kazakhstan following long-term scientific studies. As such, SanPiN (Sanitary Rules and Norms) 2.1.7.1287-03 Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Quality of Soil and Subsoil establishes standards for soils quality in inhabited localities and agricultural lands, and control the observance of the sanitary- hygienic standards during engineering, construction, renewal (technical upgrading and operation of facilities for different purposes that may cause the adverse impact on soil). 81. The main terms related to the chemical contamination of soils are defined by the GOST 27593-88. The basic regulatory documents for control of the soil pollution content is “Standards of the Maximum Allowable Concentrations of the Hazardous Substances, Harmful Microorganisms and Other Biological Materials Being the Soil Pollutants” approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the GoK #99, 30.01.2004 and the Order of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the GoK №21П, 27.01.2004.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

82. The maximum allowable concentration (MAC) or allowable permissible concentration (APC) of chemical substances in soil refer to principal criteria for the sanitary assessment of soil contamination by chemical agents. 83. This requirement applies to all land uses and does not differentiate between various land uses. The verification of the MAC of the chemical substances in the soil is based on 4 main nuisance values identified. The Maximum Allowable Concentration for the soil valid in Kazakhstan are shown in the Table 9 below. Table 9: Soil quality standards in Kazakhstan Substance Maximum Allowable Limiting Rate Concentration, mg/kg Manganese (gross form)* 1500 According to the General Sanitary Norms Cupric (flexible form)* 3.0 According to the General Sanitary Norms Lead (gross form) 32.0 Translocational Zink (gross form)* 23.0 Translocational Arsenic (gross form) 2.0 According to the General Sanitary Norms * Due to the absence of these substances in new SanPiN data was taken from the previous document «Standards of the Maximum Allowable Concentrations of the Hazardous Substances, Harmful Microorganisms and Other Biological Materials Being the Soil Pollutants» approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the GoK №99, 30.01.2004 and Order of the Ministry for Environmental Protection of the GoK №21П, 27.01.2004. Source: “Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Atmospheric Air in Urban and Rural Areas, Soils and Their Protection, Maintenance of the Territories of Urban and Rural Settlements, Working Conditions with Sources of Physical Impacts Affecting People", dated January 25, 2012.

B.4.3. Noise Standards 84. The sanitary rule regulating noise level in the workplace and within settling areas is Hygienic standards for physical factors affecting a person approved with the Order of MNE № 169 from 28.02.2015, and noise standards are set depending on the frequency and type of the occupation. In residential area noise levels are generally regulated with respect to sound levels at specific places referred to as "sensitive receptors" such as schools, hospitals or, in the absence of such facilities, at residential buildings or a given distance from the source of the noise. 85. Equivalent level of noise for workplaces of drivers and service personnel of self- propelled chassis tractors, trailed and mounted agricultural machines, road construction and other similar machines - 80 dBA 86. The equivalent level of noise is assumed for areas neighboring on the residential houses, rest areas of the micro-districts and residential groupings, school areas, playgrounds of the preschool after adjustment as follows: • For living rooms depending on the time of the day from 7 hour till 23 hour - 40 dBA, from 23 hours till 7 am – 30 dBA. • For hospitals and sanatoriums daylight time from 7 am till 23 hour - 35 dBA, from 23 hours till 7 am – 25 dBA. • For schools – 40 dBA. 87. The IFC also publish noise limits for residential areas which are similar to the Kazakh standards with the exception of the timings, with daytime noise being classified as 0700 to 2200, see Table 10 below.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Table 10: IFC Noise Level Guidelines

Receptor One hour Laeq (dBA)

Daytime: 07.00-22.00 Night-time: 22.00 – 07.00

Residential; institutional; educational 55 45

Industrial; commercial 70 70

88. For workplace noise the following IFC standards are applicable.

Table 11: IFC Work Environment Noise limits Type of Work, workplace IFC General EHS Guidelines Heavy Industry (no demand for oral communication) 85 dBA Equivalent level Laeq,8h

Light industry (decreasing demand for oral 50-65dBA Equivalent level Laeq,8h communication)

89. Measures of protection is determined according to the construction norms SN RK 2.04- 02-2011 «Noise Protection».

B.5. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009

90. The ADB has three safeguard policies that seek to avoid, minimize or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and social costs to third parties, or vulnerable groups as a result of development projects.10 91. Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment. 92. The objectives are to ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects, and to support the integration of environmental considerations into the project decision-making process. Environmental safeguards are triggered if a project is likely to have potential environmental risks and impacts. Eleven ‘Policy Principles’ have been adopted as part of the SPS, including: 1. Use a screening process for each proposed project, as early as possible, to determine the appropriate extent and type of environmental assessment so that appropriate studies are undertaken commensurate with the significance of potential impacts and risks. (The Project was initially screened by the ADB and classified as a Category B project) 2. Conduct an environmental assessment for each proposed project to identify potential direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts and risks to physical, biological, socioeconomic (including impacts on livelihood through environmental media, health and safety, vulnerable groups, and gender issues), and physical cultural resources in the context of the project’s area of influence. Assess potential transboundary and global impacts, including climate change. Use strategic environmental assessment where appropriate. (The IEE herewith provides the environmental assessment for the Project, including an assessment of climate change. Transboundary impacts are not applicable)

10 ADB. 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement, Manila.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

3. Examine alternatives to the project’s location, design, technology, and components and their potential environmental and social impacts and document the rationale for selecting the particular alternative proposed. Also consider the no project alternative. (Alternatives have been considered, including the ‘no project’ alternative in Section C.7 – Alternatives) 4. Avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, minimize, mitigate, and/or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts by means of environmental planning and management. Prepare an environmental management plan (EMP) that includes the proposed mitigation measures, environmental monitoring and reporting requirements, related institutional or organizational arrangements, capacity development and training measures, implementation schedule, cost estimates, and performance indicators. Key considerations for EMP preparation include mitigation of potential adverse impacts to the level of no significant harm to third parties, and the polluter pays principle. (An EMP has been prepared for the Project and is outlined in detail in Section F - Environmental Management Plans and Institutional Requirements) 5. Carry out meaningful consultation with affected people and facilitate their informed participation. Ensure women’s participation in consultation. Involve stakeholders, including affected people and concerned nongovernment organizations, early in the project preparation process and ensure that their views and concerns are made known to and understood by decision makers and taken into account. Continue consultations with stakeholders throughout project implementation as necessary to address issues related to environmental assessment. Establish a grievance redress mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of the affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding the project’s environmental performance. (Consultations were held in Akimats in Aktobe and Atyrau to discuss environmental issues, the findings of the consultations (and a description of the Project grievance redress mechanism) are presented in Section G - Public Consultation, Information Disclosure & Grievance Mechanism) 6. Disclose a draft environmental assessment (including the EMP) in a timely manner, before project appraisal, in an accessible place and in a form and language(s) understandable to affected people and other stakeholders. Disclose the final environmental assessment, and its updates if any, to affected people and other stakeholders. (This IEE and its EMP have been disclosed on the ADB web-site) 7. Implement the EMP and monitor its effectiveness. Document monitoring results, including the development and implementation of corrective actions, and disclose monitoring reports. (The IEE and its EMP outline a plan to monitor the implementation of the EMP and the institutional responsibilities for monitoring and reporting throughout the Project lifecycle: Section F.2 - EMP Institutional Responsibilities) 8. Do not implement project activities in areas of critical habitats, unless (i) there are no measurable adverse impacts on the critical habitat that could impair its ability to function, (ii) there is no reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically endangered species, and (iii) any lesser impacts are mitigated. If a project is located within a legally protected area, implement additional programs to promote and enhance the conservation aims of the protected area. In an area of natural habitats, there must be no significant conversion or degradation, unless (i) alternatives are not available, (ii) the over all benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, and (iii) any conversion or degradation is appropriately mitigated. Use a precautionary approach to the use, development, and management of renewable natural resources. (No critical habitats have been identified that would be significantly impacted by the Project)

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

9. Apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. Adopt cleaner production processes and good energy efficiency practices. Avoid pollution, or, when avoidance is not possible, minimize or control the intensity or load of pollutant emissions and discharges, including direct and indirect greenhouse gases emissions, waste generation, and release of hazardous materials from their production, transportation, handling, and storage. Avoid the use of hazardous materials subject to international bans or phase-outs. Purchase, use, and manage pesticides based on integrated pest management approaches and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. (The IEE and its EMP outline specific mitigation and management measures to prevent and control pollution: Section F - Environmental Management Plans and Institutional Requirements. No pesticides will be used during the lifecycle of the Project) 10. Provide workers with safe and healthy working conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and disease. Establish preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures to avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety of local communities. (The IEE and its EMP outline the requirement for specific health and safety plans and emergency response plans : Section F - Environmental Management Plans and Institutional Requirements.) 11. Conserve physical cultural resources and avoid destroying or damaging them by using field-based surveys that employ qualified and experienced experts during environmental assessment. Provide for the use of “chance find” procedures that include a pre-approved management and conservation approach for materials that may be discovered during project implementation. (With the exception of one cemetery, no physical and cultural resources have been identified that would be significantly impacted by the Project. A chance find procedure is provided in Section E.9.4 – Physical and Cultural Resources) 93. Safeguard Requirements 2: Involuntary Resettlement. 94. The objectives are to avoid involuntary resettlement wherever possible; to minimize involuntary resettlement by exploring project and design alternatives; to enhance, or at least restore, the livelihoods of all displaced persons in real terms relative to pre-project levels; and to improve the standards of living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups. The safeguard requirements underscores the requirements for undertaking the social impact assessment and resettlement planning process, preparing social impact assessment reports and resettlement planning documents, exploring negotiated land acquisition, disclosing information and engaging in consultations, establishing a grievance mechanism, and resettlement monitoring and reporting. 95. The involuntary resettlement requirements apply to full or partial, permanent or temporary physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land, or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods) resulting from (i) involuntary acquisition of land, or (ii) involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas. Resettlement is considered involuntary when displaced individuals or communities do not have the right to refuse land acquisition that results in displacement. A land acquisition and resettlement plan (LARP) has been prepared for the Project to ensure compliance with the safeguard on Involuntary Resettlement. 96. Safeguard Requirements 3: Indigenous Peoples 97. The objective is to design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for Indigenous Peoples’ identity, dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, and cultural

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province uniqueness as defined by the Indigenous Peoples themselves so that they (i) receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits, (ii) do not suffer adverse impacts as a result of projects, and (iii) can participate actively in projects that affect them. 98. For operational purposes, the term Indigenous Peoples is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: • self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; • collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories; • customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and • a distinct language, often different from the official language of the country or province. 99. In considering these characteristics, national legislation, customary law, and any international conventions to which the country is a party will be taken into account. 100. Guidelines provide a rational approach for determining environmental category of the Project, the need for public consultation and disclosure, environmental management planning, and resolving involuntary resettlement, indigenous people and gender issues. 101. Activities carried out under the project needs to conform to current laws in Kazakhstan and sound social and environmental principles. In general, the project activities will not trigger serious impacts on physical and human environment.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province C. Project Description

C.1. Irrigation Rehabilitation Project

102. The proposed Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project is part of Kazakhstan Government’s “State Program on Development of Agricultural Industry for 2017-2021”. The proposed project to be financed under ADB loan stipulates rehabilitation and modernization of agricultural irrigation infrastructure in order to return into operation currently unused 174,098 ha of previously irrigated agricultural lands in East-Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda, Karaghandy, and Zhambyl Provinces (Table 12). Most of the irrigation infrastructure in Kazakhstan, which was built in the past century (1960-80s), has deteriorated over time after collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Disassembly of the former soviet system of agricultural collective farms “kolkhoz” led to lack of proper management of water resources, abandonment of irrigation infrastructure, and its subsequent deterioration due to absence of capital investments. 103. In order to bring irrigation infrastructure into efficient systematic management at national level, asset ownership and operational responsibility for republican bulk water storage, transportation, irrigation and drainage systems are currently being transferred from various national and local agencies to Republican State Enterprise “KazVodKhoz” (KVK), a government owned utility that was established in 2011 by merging several state enterprises for water management. Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture is the Implementing Agency and serves as the administrator of KVK from the government side. KVK is the Executing Agency for the proposed project. 104. The Project Feasibility Study identifies the following three components proposed to be financed under ADB loan: (i) Output 1: Irrigation infrastructure rehabilitated and/or improved. The output will support the rehabilitation and/or improvement of about 245 irrigation schemes in the four provinces. For canals, the works would involve desilting and removal of vegetation in the lined and unlined canals, re-sectioning of the unlined canals, and repair of damaged sections of the lined canals. The total length of new concrete lined canals will be about 1,064 km while the improved earth canals will be about 1,976 km. A total of about 4,185 hydraulic structures including water measuring devices will be constructed or rehabilitated. About 358 km drainage collectors will be rehabilitated and/or improved. A drip irrigation system to cover 9,300 ha will be established in Zhambyl province. In addition, about 24 sets of the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system will be installed in the main canals of the four provinces.

(ii) Output 2: Water management improved and beneficiary capacity enhanced. The project will support (i) pilot-testing a system to monitor water and agricultural productivity using remote sensing technology in selected irrigation schemes; (ii) assisting in organizing the beneficiaries into the agricultural cooperatives established on hydrological boundaries, and develop the capacity of the cooperatives with respect to their functioning as well as with physical inputs like office furniture and equipment; (iii) training farmers on using improved irrigation management and climate change-related aspects; and (iv) providing consulting services for capacity development. This output will help KVK to extend its advice services to farmers on on-farm water management and crop choices.

(iii) Output 3: KVK’s capacity strengthened. The project will strengthen KVK’s governance and support its internal reforms by providing consulting services for (i) capacity development and training of KVK staff on financial, procurement, and water management aspects; the (ii) formulation and implementation of an asset management plan. The project will also support (i) provision of machinery,

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

equipment, and vehicles for the four KVK branch offices to carry out their O&M function and improve system performance; (ii) rehabilitation and/or construction of repair workshops; (iii) construction of the KVK headquarters building; (iv) construction of an office building for KVK’s East Kazakhstan branch; (v) organization of a study tour for KVK staff and project beneficiaries to learn from advanced irrigation practices; and (vi) the operations of the project management office and project implementation units to ensure smooth implementation.

105. Technical Assistance TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project was approved by ADB in May 2017. TRTA team was created to develop project’s Feasibility Study and to undertake project management requirements, including financial management, procurement and safeguard due diligence. 106. The final total number of schemes for the project is 245. On scrutiny, the team realized that many of the individual schemes presented by KVK were too small and generally represented small segments of bigger systems. Many schemes in a district lie in one or few hydrologic zones and hence schemes in one zone could be integrated and renamed as a subproject. 107. Thus, various schemes have been grouped into fewer subprojects with due consideration to hydrologic boundaries, geographical closeness, and administrative boundaries. As a result, the proposed 245 schemes have been grouped into 16 subprojects under the Project in 4 provinces of Kazakhstan. List of selected provinces and areas which will be rehabilitated there as result of project implementation are presented in Table 12 below. Table 12: Project scope No. Location Area to be rehabilitated, ha 1 East-Kazakhstan Province 79,256 2 Karaghandy Province 27,900 3 Zhambyl Province 34,977 4 Kyzylorda Province 28,974 Total for the Project 171,107 108. This IEE is developed for sub-projects in Kyzylorda Province. There are 3 subprojects in 7 districts and Kyzylorda city, which are presented below in Table 13: Table 13: Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province Area Province/Subproject District(s)/ Number Total Irrigation Area to be Cities of System Area rehabilitated schemes Zhanakorgan-Shieli Zhanakorgan and Shieli 2 56,882 2,213 Sub-project Kyzylorda Sub-project Syrdaria, Zhalagash, 7 152,000 19,396 Kyzylorda City and Karmaksy Kazalin-Aral Sub- Kazalin and Aral 2 19,512 7,365 project Kyzylorda 11 228,394 28,974

C.2. Need for the Project

109. The Project is being developed as part of “State Program on Development of Agricultural Industry for 2017-2021” of GoK, which is aimed to further diversify national

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province economy, reduce dependence on export of mineral resources (oil and gas), provide employment opportunities in rural areas, decrease poverty, and strengthen national food security. While in 2015, the agriculture sector's share of gross domestic product was only 4.9% of GDP, the sector accounted for 17.1% of total employment. Moreover, half the country's population is located in rural areas with living standards depending heavily on income generated from agricultural production. 110. Due to unreliable and insufficient supply of irrigation water, local people lost interest in irrigated agriculture. This coupled with other socio-economic issues and little sources of reliable income in rural areas has contributed to mass migration of people, especially youth of active working age, to large cities, and decline of local population. According to some estimates, 1000 ha of irrigated lands create 60-200 employment opportunities depending on type of cultivated crops11. 111. A total of 28,974 ha are planned for rehabilitation under the Project in Kyzylorda Province. As a result, new opportunities will open for raising irrigated crops, generating income for families, and reviving agricultural activities in the province, which in turn will help creating new employment opportunities for local people, engaged not only in direct agricultural activities, but also following product handling, storage, transportation chains, generating additional income for local budget, and developing professional skills of different kinds of specialists.

C.3. Location and scope

112. The province is located to the east of the Aral Sea in the lower reaches of Syr Darya River, mainly within the Turan lowland (height 50-200 m). In the north-west it borders with Shalkar district of Aktobe Province, in the north with Irgiz district of Aktobe Province, in the east with Otyrar, Sozak districts of the Turkestan Province, in the west with the Republic of Karakalpakstan of Uzbekistan, in the northeast with Ulytau district of Karaghandy Province, in the south with Navoi Province of Uzbekistan. 113. As described above 3 subprojects will be implemented in 7 districts (Zhalagash, Zhanakorgan, Kazaly, Shiely, Syrdarya, Karmakshy, Aral) and Kyzylorda city of Kyzylorda Province.

C.3.1. Subprojects location in Kyzylorda Province 114. Project districts where 11 subprojects were selected are indicated in the map of the Kyzylorda province below.

11 Source article: http://agroinfo.kz/v-minselxoze-rk-rasskazali-o-sostoyanii-i-perspektivax-razvitiya-vodnyx- resursov/ 21

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Figure 1: Project districts in Kyzylorda Province (blue stars) 115. The more detailed information on river water systems and Core Irrigation Systems to be covered by subprojects in Kyzylorda province, data on total irrigation area and area to rehabilitated are presented in Table 14: Table 14: Water river systems of Kyzylorda Province Project Area No. Subprojects/ Schemes Area, ha Total Irrigation Area to be System Area Rehabilitated A. Zhanakorgan-Shieli Subproject 56,882 2,213 1 Sunakata interfarm canal 36,292 749 (Zhanakorgan, Shieli districts) 2 Novoshieli interfarm canal (Shieli 20,590 1,464 district) B Kyzylorda Subproject 152,000 19,396 1 Zheticol-Zharma (Syrdariya district) 5,333 632 2 Zhanadariya interfarm canal 27,078 1,210 (Syrdariya, Zhalagash districts) 3 Zhana-aryk interfarm canal 3,200 1,312 (Kyzlorda city, Syrdariya district) 4 Kyzylorda water power development 10,148 2,835 interfarm canal, Right-bank main canal (Kyzylorda city) 5 Kyzylorda water power development 90,274 10,579 interfarm canal, Left-bank main canal (Syrdariya, Zhalagash, Karmakchi districts) 21

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

No. Subprojects/ Schemes Area, ha Total Irrigation Area to be System Area Rehabilitated 6 Karauzyak river arm (Zhalagash 288 288 district) 7 Aytek interfarm canal (Sayrdariya, 15,679 2,540 Zhalagash districts) C Kazalinsk-Aral Subproject 19,512 7,365 1 Kazalin water power development 14,528 2,773 interfarm canal, Left-bank main canal (Kazalin district) 2 Kazalin water power development 4,984 4,592 interfarm canal, Right-bank main canal (Kazalin, Aral districts) KYZYLORDA PROVINCE TOTAL 228,394 28,974

C.3.2 Scope of works 116. The Project is being undertaken in several phases as follows: 1. Feasibility / Design phase – Under TA-9317 provided by ADB, a team of individual international consultants and national consultants were engaged, as well as national design entity “Ulmad” LLP. Feasibility Study of the Project has been finalized and submitted for the State Expertise in November 2018. Four IEEs, including this report, are being prepared for each Province under the Project. Detail design of all irrigation schemes and subsequent construction are planned for second half of 2019. The EMP developed in the IEEs will be provided to the detail design team and will be included into design package and bidding documents. 2. Construction Phase – the following activities will be undertaken: • Construction activities – Currently main construction activities under the 16 subprojects in selected provinces include o Fixing of existing canals, including main, inter-farm and on-farm ones; o Mechanical cleaning of canals from sediments, rubbish and vegetation, stripping of rush; o dismantling of destroyed parts of canals; o concrete and/or reinforced concrete works on canals, rehabilitation of longitudinal and cross sections, lining of working sections; o geomembrane; o repair or construction of gauging stations, installation of water level staff; o construction of gauging footbridges; o construction/repair of water outlets; o dismantling and installation of gates at canal structures; o repair and construction of head structures; o rehabilitation of small reservoirs for water accumulation; o rehabilitation of wells; o grading of inspection roads along canals; o SCADA for canals of 10 m3/s and higher; automated outlet gate management system and up-to-date facilities for remote control; o rehabilitation of reinforced pipeline networks, valves, plungers, discharges; o rehabilitation of pump stations; o design of high-voltage networks. • The scope and types of works shall be confirmed at development stage. It is should be noted that some changes in list and number of schemes, scope and type of works can be made during implementation. Consultant shall first review design solutions as per the FSs and other documents provided by the Client, visit project

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

sites, conduct detailed inspections and engineer surveys. If required, Consultant can propose alternate design solutions with detailed justification of their advantages as opposed to the design solutions from the FSs. D&E shall include design solutions approved by the Client. Relevantly IEE should be updated. • Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) – SSEMPs will be developed by contractor for approval by supervision engineer as a prerequisite for overtaking construction sites. No access to the site will be allowed until the SSEMP is reviewed by Supervision Engineer and approved by Environment Protection Officer of Project Management Office. 3. Operational phase – Commences from the date of taking over of the works by the employer. 117. Main works and structures to be rehabilitated which were proposed under the Project in Kyzylorda province in total and in selected districts are presented in Table 15: Kyzylorda province activities for Infrastructure Rehabilitation and ImprovementTable 15 and 118. Table 16 below. Table 15: Kyzylorda province activities for Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Improvement Item Cost (KZT million) Earth canals 1,829.173 Hydraulic structures, etc 5,650.574 Collectors 324.059 Vertical drainage wells 669.758 SCADA systems 533.131 Other costs 88.655 Total Cost 9,095.350

Table 16: Quantities of proposed works for Kyzylorda subprojects Zhalagash Zhanakorgan Kazaly Shiely Syrdarya Karmakshy Aral Total Kyzlorda No. Works Unit Kyzlorda city District District District District District District District Province 1 Area to be rehabilitated ha 4,222 441 4,720 1,772 7,406 4,712 2,645 3,056 28,974 2 Unlined canals km 60.18 7.50 440.65 187.39 193.42 122.44 27.28 78.38 1,117.24 3 Collectors km 0.00 0.00 0.00 59.70 150.01 79.93 0.00 68.09 357.73 Canals 1 Stripping m3 39,811.00 1,500.00 137,322.00 120,612.00 139,813.00 24,488.00 32,964.00 24,256.00 520,766.00 2 Earth excavation m3 117,752.00 5,250.00 443,317.00 368,335.00 409,766.00 85,708.00 97,642.00 79,826.00 1,607,596.00 3 Compacted fill m3 98,083.50 4,125.00 357,344.50 296,324.50 343,103.50 67,342.00 78,943.00 62,999.00 1,308,265.00 Dismantling of destroyed lining 4 54.26 6.76 397.31 222.82 309.72 182.48 24.60 132.06 1,330.00 and old structures m3 Collectors 1 Mechanical cleaning m3 - - - 155,562.00 414,054.00 172,971.00 0 192,041.00 934,628.00 Head Regulators 1 Earth excavation m3 1,790.00 480.00 9,540.00 9,735.00 5,880.00 2,905.00 1,040.00 4,260.00 35,630.00 2 Embankment m3 1,615.00 440.00 8,760.00 8,855.00 5,330.00 2,655.00 955.00 3,895.00 32,505.00 3 Concrete В7.5 (bedding) m3 66.40 15.60 373.40 428.30 239.40 94.50 57.60 146.50 1,421.70 4 Concrete В 22.5 (bed) m3 79.80 19.20 416.40 463.50 271.20 117.30 55.20 176.40 1,599.00 5 Concrete В 22.5 (walls) m3 103.60 24.20 534.90 607.85 353.90 148.35 73.60 224.35 2,070.75 6 Concrete В 22.5 (side slopes) m3 21.00 6.00 108.60 102.90 65.40 36.30 9.00 51.90 401.10 7 Reinforcement А-III kg 8,253.00 1,953.00 42,808.50 48,210.75 28,129.50 11,954.25 5,796.00 18,033.75 165,138.75 8 Reinforcement А-I kg 1,834.00 434.00 9,513.00 10,713.50 6,251.00 2,656.50 1,288.00 4,007.50 36,697.50 9 Pipes Т 140.50 pcs 12.00 0.00 40.00 94.00 48.00 2.00 16.00 8.00 220.00 10 Pipes Т 120.50 pcs 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11 Pipes Т 100.50 pcs 16.00 8.00 116.00 58.00 44.00 46.00 0.00 62.00 350.00 12 Rip-rap m3 80.10 22.60 436.10 426.75 260.50 136.05 43.70 197.85 1,603.65 13 Sandy gravel m3 132.50 40.00 706.00 636.50 409.00 240.50 52.50 341.50 2,558.50 14 Gate GS 150-200 kg 2,298.00 0.00 7,660.00 18,001.00 9,192.00 383.00 3,064.00 1,532.00 42,130.00 15 Gate GS 120-200 kg 2,112.00 1,056.00 15,312.00 7,656.00 5,808.00 6,072.00 0.00 8,184.00 46,200.00 Outlets 1 Earth excavation m3 - - - - - 7.00 - - 7.00 2 Embankment m3 - - - - - 700.00 - - 700.00 3 Concrete В7.5 (bedding) m3 - - - - - 630.00 - - 630.00 4 Concrete В 22.5 (bed) m3 - - - - - 11.20 - - 11.20 5 Concrete В 22.5 (walls) m3 - - - - - 16.80 - - 16.80 6 Concrete В 22.5 (side slopes) m3 - - - - - 25.20 - - 25.20 7 Reinforcement А-III kg - - - - - 12.11 - - 12.11 8 Reinforcement А-I kg - - - - - 1,911.00 - - 1,911.00 9 Pipes Т 80.50 pcs - - - - - 420.00 - - 420.00 10 Rip-rap m3 - - - - - 14.00 - - 14.00 TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Zhalagash Zhanakorgan Kazaly Shiely Syrdarya Karmakshy Aral Total Kyzlorda No. Works Unit Kyzlorda city District District District District District District District Province 11 Sandy gravel m3 - - - - - 20.65 - - 20.65 12 Gate GS 80-150 kg - - - - - 61.60 - - 61.60 Pipe Crossings on Canals 1 Earth excavation m3 - - - - 2.00 1.00 - - 3.00 2 Embankment m3 - - - - 260.00 130.00 - - 390.00 3 Concrete В7.5 (bedding) m3 - - - - 240.00 120.00 - - 360.00 4 Concrete В 22.5 (bed) m3 - - - - 8.40 4.20 - - 12.60 5 Concrete В 22.5 (walls) m3 - - - - 11.84 5.92 - - 17.76 6 Concrete В 22.5 (side slopes) m3 - - - - 14.84 7.42 - - 22.26 7 Reinforcement А-III kg - - - - 3.20 1.60 - - 4.80 8 Reinforcement А-I kg - - - - 1,200.60 600.30 - - 1,800.90 9 Pipes Т 120.50 pcs - - - - 266.80 133.40 - - 400.20 10 Sandy gravel m3 - - - - 4.00 2.00 - - 6.00 Pipe Crossings on Collectors 1 Excavation m3 21,315 33,060 - - - 4,350 - - 58,725.00 2 Backfill m3 14,063 21,812 - - - 2,870 - - 38,745.00 3 Pipe ТС140.50 pcs 196 304 - - - 40 - - 540.00 4 Concrete bedding B7.5,F50,W4 m3 466 722 - - - 95 - - 1,282.50 Gravel and sand bedding t=20 5 m3 323 502 - - - 66 - - 891.00 cm 6 Gravelling of road m3 412 638 - - - 84 - - 1,134.00 7 Rip-rap m3 1,407 2,183 - - - 287 - - 3,877.20 Vertical Drainage Wells Drilling of well d=1,000 mm in 6 3 18 27.00 rocks of: 1 II category m 120 60 - - 360 - - - 540.00 2 III category m 30 15 - - 90 - - - 135.00 3 VI category m 210 105 - - 630 - - - 945.00 Casing pipes D=426 mm, t=10 4 m 180 90 - - 540 - - - 810.00 mm Slotted filter of casing pipes 5 m 180 90 - - 540 - - - 810.00 D=426 mm, porosity 20% Water lift and water diversion 6 m 480 240 - - 1,440 - - - 2,160.00 pipe D=180 mm, t=6.5 mm 7 Valve 30h-brigade D=150 mm pcs 6 3 - - 18 - - - 27.00 Supporting metal frame, channel 8 m 72 36 - - 216 - - - 324.00 No.14 9 Pump ECV 12-210-55 pcs 6 3 - - 18 - - - 27.00 10 Panel small house pcs 6 3 - - 18 - - - 27.00

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Zhalagash Zhanakorgan Kazaly Shiely Syrdarya Karmakshy Aral Total Kyzlorda No. Works Unit Kyzlorda city District District District District District District District Province 11 Electrical equipment panel pcs 6 3 - - 18 - - - 27.00 12 Transformer 60 kVA pcs 6 3 - - 18 - - - 27.00 Concrete of draining network and 13 m3 18 9 - - 54 - - - 81.00 well 14 Gravel-sand filter m3 222 111 - - 666 - - - 999.00 Crushed stone for ground 15х15 15 m3 204 102 - - 612 - - - 918.00 m, t=15 cm Annular piezometer D=50 mm, 16 m 90 45 - - 270 - - - 405.00 t=4 mm 17 Wire mesh fencing of ground m 360 180 - - 1,080 - - - 1,620.00 Bridges 1 Excavation and stripping m3 4,400 ------4,400.00 Bridge slabs of make P18-А14- 2 pcs 800 ------800.00 К7. В 35, F300 Slabs of make P 400. 98. 150, В 3 pcs 154 ------154.00 35, F300 Slabs of make P 400. 98. 1. В 4 pcs 44 ------44.00 35, F300 5 Piles С14-35Т5 В 30, F 250 pcs 132 ------132.00 6 Reinforcement of piles A-III, Ø 25 kg 55,440 ------55,440.00 7 Reinforcement of piles A-I Ø 6 kg 3,854 ------3,854.00 Foundation grill (cap) В 35, F 8 m3 145 ------145.00 300 Reinforcement of foundation grill 9 kg 2,782 ------2,782.00 A-II,I Ø12 Reinforcement of foundation grill 10 kg 12,910 ------12,910.00 A-III Ø18 Reinforcement of foundation grill 11 kg 1,180 ------1,180.00 A-I, Ø10 Supporting plate of transition 12 m3 16 ------16.00 slabs, B 30, F 250 Reinforcement mesh of 13 supporting cast-in-situ slab A-I, Ø kg 568 ------568.00 8, spacing15х15 cm Clear cover and canting of 14 m3 246 ------246.00 bridge, В 22.5, F150 Reinforcement mesh of bridge Ø 15 kg 13,669 ------13,669.00 8, А-I, spacing 15х15 cm Concrete of collector bed, В 22.5 16 m3 132 ------132.00 F 150 W 6, t = 12 cm

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Zhalagash Zhanakorgan Kazaly Shiely Syrdarya Karmakshy Aral Total Kyzlorda No. Works Unit Kyzlorda city District District District District District District District Province Reinforcement mesh of bed Ø8, 17 kg 4,345 ------4,345.00 А-I, spacing 20х20 cm Concrete of collector side slopes 18 m3 412 ------412.00 В 22.5 F 150 W 6, t =12 cm Reinforcement mesh of side 19 slopes Ø 8, А-I, spacing 20х20 kg 13,530 ------13,530.00 cm 20 Rip-rap d = 16-25 cm m3 500 ------500.00 Gravel-sand filter under 21 m3 422 ------422.00 reinforced concrete t = 15 cm Gravel and sand mixture for road 22 m3 242 ------242.00 t = 20 cm 23 Asphalt cover t = 7 cm m3 130 ------130.00 24 Filter PVC pipes, D = 50 mm m 92 ------92.00 Elastomeric unconfined pad 25 pcs 220 ------220.00 bearing of bridge slab ROChSP Dukers 1 Excavation m3 - 4,750.00 ------4,750.00 2 Backfill m3 - 4,500.00 ------4,500.00 3 Pipes Т 120. 50 pcs - 30 ------30.00 Reinforced concrete of headwalls 4 m3 - 34.80 ------34.80 В 22.5 bed Reinforced concrete of headwalls 5 m3 - 57.85 ------57.85 В 22.5 walls 6 Reinforcement kg - 5,612.40 ------5,612.40 7 Concrete of swing mount В22.5 m3 - 63.25 ------63.25 8 Concrete of side slopes В22.5 m3 - 50.50 ------50.50 Concrete of bed of feeding and 9 m3 - 7.50 ------7.50 draining part of canal В 22.5 Reinforcement of lining (bed and 10 kg - 2,291.00 ------2,291.00 side slopes) А-I, D=8 mm 11 Concrete bedding m3 - 62.50 ------62.50

119. Maps with location of rrigation schemes in target districts where the sub-projects will be implemented are attached in Annex A of this report. 120. Typical cross-sections of canals, design of hydraulic structures, head gates, fish protection, and outlets are presented in Annex C.

C.4. Description of Typical Works

C.4.1. Mechanical Cleaning 121. Flow scheme of sediment removal operations on canals in the earthen channel with depth up to three meters depend on a type of used unit and are presented in figure. While cleaning the canals, the sediments are removed by operating device of excavator or by ditch cleaner as they move along the canal. Alternate of working movements of the basic machines are chosen depending on the sedimentation layer thickness, canal width and depth, canal situation and parameters of operating devices. With a single-pass working movement of the basic machine the canal is cleaned from one position and the operating device is able to influence the sedimentation layer throughout its entire cross-section. When it works from one position, it is cleaned in two or more passages of basic machine.

Figure 2: Cleaning of earthen channel Where: a – ditch cleaner with double-rotor operating device; в – backhoe excavator with tilting ladle; г – excavator with equipment of side dragline; д – ditch cleaner with auger operating device; е – in-the TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province canal ditch cleaner based on narrow tractor with cleanup dumps and rotary operating device; ж, и – excavator or ditch cleaner with multi-bucket or scraping operating device; к –excavator with dragline equipment 122. Weed removal process from side slopes and canal banks in the earthen channel includes the work operations presented in the table. Ditch cleaning process in the earthen channel from weeds depends on local conditions and equipment used. Under specific conditions, some technological operations listed in the table may be excluded from the technological process. For example: • at regular mowing of herbaceous vegetation on canal banks and side slopes (two to four times during the growing season), the need for specialized cutting of trees and shrubs, removing it from the channel and utilization is dropped out, as trees and shrubs do not succeed to develop up to sizes inaccessible for mowing by ameliorative mowing machines; • in case of massive overgrowing of banks and slopes with tree and shrubs and its subsequent removal the herbaceous vegetation does not remain and it’s mowing doesn’t carried out.

Table 17: Technological process of weeds removal from canal side slopes and banks in the earthen channel Working operation Ways and means of performance Removal of foreign objects (stones, scrap Tractor manipulators, excavators, bulldozers, metal etc.) from canal banks loaders-buckets and manually Revelation and marking with a range rod the Manually nearly invisible structures and invincible obstacles on canal side slopes and banks Cut of trees and shrubs on canal banks Brush-cutting machines, bulldozers, manually Gathering of cut shrub on bank and small Bulldozers, root extractors-gatherers, tractor forest in a pile rakes, loaders- buckets Removal of foreign objects (stones, scrap Tractor manipulators, excavators, loaders metal etc.) from canal beds dozers, loader-buckets and manually Cut of trees and shrubs on canal side slopes Brush cutters, manually Extraction of cut vegetation from canal bed Loader-buckets, tractor rakes, bulldozers, with its subsequent movement into the formed root extractors-gatherers, gathering- piles transportation vehicles

Stump pulling on canal bank and bed Root extractors-gatherers, single-bucket excavators with special buckets Hilling and shaking up piled wood and soil Root extractors-gatherers, loaders-buckets mass Processing of trees and shrubs (stocking up Manually, chippers firewood, chopping into chips and others) Loading the convertible tree and shrubs and Loaders, loader-buckets wood residues into vehicles Removal the convertible tree and shrubs and Tractor trailers, motor transport wood residues to consumers or to storage sites

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Working operation Ways and means of performance Leveling of soil heaps, leveling of banks Bulldozers and graders Mowing of banks Front mowing machines, and where there is a road any ameliorative or agricultural mowing machines Mowing of side slopes Ameliorative mowing-machines and ditch cleaners with mowing operating devices Mowing of inaccessible places for mowing - Manually machines

C.4.2. Concrete Lining 123. The complex technological process of concreting structures, according to the general scheme, includes preparing concrete and transporting it to a construction site, supplying, distributing, laying and compacting in the structure, curing of concrete during hardening. 124. The concrete mix is prepared in accordance with the brand of concrete specified in the project and with the water permeability requirements, frost resistance, and preservation of mechanical properties in aggressive media. In addition, it must have certain technical properties that provide transportation and operational comfort with it. In this regard, the mixture should not segregate and have a certain consistency, which, depending on the placement conditions of mixture can vary from liquid to thick and hard. 125. Concrete mix is prepared in concrete mixers, which, depending on the method of loading the components and delivery of ready mix, are divided into continuous concrete mixers (loading and delivery of the mixture occurs continuously) and cyclical. In the last ones, the work takes place on the cycle of "loading - mixing - unloading". 126. Equipment arrangement for concrete mixing plants is carried out according to two schemes: (i) a tower when the components of the concrete mix is risen once to the upper point of technological process and then moved downwards under the action of their own gravity, and (ii) two stages when the rise occurs twice. The most compact and economical are tower- type plants, but because of considerable height (up to 35 m), their installation is difficult. Figure 3 shows typical concrete mixing plants with two gravitational concrete mixers (750 l volume). 127. Permanent fixed concrete plants produce ready-mixed concrete for consumers in nearby areas. Large plants in a complex with a fleet of concrete vehicles supply concrete mixes to construction sites within a radius of up to 100 km. 128. The on-site plants usually operated for two or three years provide with dismountable or separate blocks. Dismountable inventory installations are advisable when objects are located outside the range of concrete plants and a slight need for concrete (50-70 m3/day); such plants consist of concrete mixers, weighing batchers and aggregate warehouses. 129. The process of laying concrete mix includes the following operations: preparing the bedding, supply the concrete mix into the concrete structure, leveling it and compacting it. Before laying the mixture, the formwork should be cleared of debris and dirt, and the existing gaps should be sealed. The formwork surfaces adjacent to the concrete must be coated with grease. 130. The concrete mixture is placed on prior prepared base: layers of silty, vegetable, peaty and other soils of organic origin are removed from the subgrade and replaced with sand; natural or artificial subgrade should retain the physical and mechanical properties provided by the project; the base, which is subject to flooding by groundwater or surface water, should be provided with water-reducing devices.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

131. Prior to the laying of the concrete mix, the correctness of installation of 6 cm thick geogrid, presence of concrete pads and other supports ensuring the predetermined thickness of the concrete cover are especially carefully checked. For the passage of workers on the formwork a narrow plank boards on pillars are placed. Geogrid is fixed with 20 cm long metal pins, one pin per 1 m2 of geogrid. 132. Geomembrane is laid on designed canal sections, with its ends fixed/buried at canal dam at 20 cm depth, in 20 cm from concrete shoulder. When making construction joints, cross and longitudinal edges of geomembrane are melted with each other. Geogrid is laid on geomembrane on the bed and slopes, its cells are fixed with G-type anchors/pins of reinforcement А-I Ø8 mm 20 cm long, pins shall have a bend up to 5 cm over geogrid.

Figure 3: Tower Concrete Mixing Plants where 13 ready mix truck; a layout schemes 14 cement truck; I tower (vertical) 15 skip hoist or conveyor; II two-stage (ground floor) б SB-SV-II inventory installation 1 conveyor in a warehouse of aggregates; 1, 3 conveyors; 2 aggregate supply conveyor to feed bins; 2 elephant trunk; 4 elevator;

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

3, 9, 10 respectively rotary, guide and distribution 5, 6, 12 batchers; fillers; 7, 8 consumable cement hoppers and 4 feed bin; aggregates; 5 cement pneumatic feed pipe; 9 receiving funnel; 6, 7, 8 batchers, respectively, of cement, 10 concrete mixer; aggregates, water; 11 concrete mixer; 11 distributing hoppers. 12 distributing hopper;

C.5. Alternatives

133. Feasibility Study has considered two alternatives from technical standpoint: earth bed canals vs. lined with concrete.

C.5.1 Lined vs. unlined canals alternatives 134. The Feasibility Study considered two technical alternatives for rehabilitation of existing canals: (i) unlined earth bed canals vs (ii) lined with concrete and geomembrane. During meetings and discussions with FS designer, KVK and ADB TRTA team, it was decided that all canals and collectors in Kyzylorda Province will remain unlined based on initial economic feasibility assessment, assumptions of tariff burdens on potential water users, and general project cost. 135. Earth bed canals’ advantages are: (i) low cost of works; (ii) guaranteed water supply during initial time after reconstruction due to clean and compacted earth bed with stable slopes, and new hydraulic structures; disadvantages are: (i) earth bed lining is too old technology for capital investment of such size aimed at modernization of irrigation infrastructure; (ii) operation of earth bed canals, despite maintenance works, will inevitably lead to loss of original design characteristics over time, due to gradual erosion and siltation processes, and overgrowth with weeds and bushes; (iii) gradual deterioration of canal cross-section characteristics will lead to insufficient and untimely delivery to the fields and potential yield losses, and inefficient water use per ha of irrigated land in the context of water scarcity in Kazakhstan; (iv) infiltration and percolation of irrigation water will lead to larger water losses, thus decreasing efficiency of water delivery (0.5-0.55), increase in necessary water intake from the source per ha of irrigated land, and increase in groundwater recharge, potentially leading to rising of water table, waterlogging and subsequent salinization of soils, which finally may render saline lands unusable for cultivation. 136. Concrete lined bed canals’ advantages are: (i) significant reduction of infiltration and percolation rates, avoiding problems with water losses, water table rising, waterlogging, salinization of soils, and potential groundwater pollution; (ii) smaller cross-section area of canal with higher water flow velocity; (iii) higher efficiency in water delivery of up to 0.8-0.97, thus addressing water use efficiency per ha in the long run; (iv) longer life span of up to 50 years with guaranteed water supply to the fields; disadvantages are:

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

(i) lined canals are more “sterile” to habitats compared to unlined; (ii) construction costs are around twice as compared to unlined canals.

C.5.2 “No project” alternative 137. Not implementing the subproject will have positive as well as negative consequences. Positive consequences include: (i) environmental conditions will remain the same in the subproject area and there will be no impacts due to subproject construction and operation, such as: a. disturbance and loss of topsoil for access roads and construction sites; b. temporary impacts of dust from construction activities, including vehicle movement on access roads, excavation and filling works, dust generating material handling, and other construction works; c. potential water and wind induced soil erosion; d. potential increase in rivers water pollution with pesticides and fertilizers; e. potential groundwater pollution due to infiltration and percolation processes; f. potential water table rising, waterlogging, and subsequent salinization of soils due to improper drainage of water, and; g. alteration and loss of some habitats emerged within rivers basin, including aquatic and riparian wildlife, and habitats within currently silted and overgrown canals; (ii) no newly created long-term potential risks related to irrigation and agricultural activities. However, considering that the subproject areas of rivers basin are already impacted by anthropogenic intrusion and the subproject stipulates not construction of new, but only rehabilitation of previously used irrigation infrastructure, and returning into use of currently unused lands, the above positive consequences of avoiding potential impacts do not outweigh negative consequences of “no project” scenario, whereby irrigation infrastructure will continue to deteriorate over time and socio-economic situation of sub-projects districts community will not gain benefits of subproject implementation.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province D. Description of the Environment 138. This section of the report discusses the existing environmental and social conditions within the Project area under the following headings: • Physical Resources (air quality, hydrology, topography, etc.); • Ecological Resources (flora, fauna, protected areas); • Economic Resources (infrastructure, land use, etc.); • Social and Cultural Resources (health, education, noise, cultural resources, etc.) 139. The potential impacts of the Project on its surrounding physical and biological environments include air and water quality impacts, noise generation, land transformation and changes to soil. These are expected to reduce with the increased distance from the Project facilities, affecting more the areas located closer, up to one kilometer, to the Project facilitities. For this, a study area of one kilometer around the site was delineated, to assess the baseline conditions in the areas likely to be affected by the Project due to its proximity to the Project site. This is referred to as the Project Area in this report. The Project Area selected for the IEE includes sensitive receptors 12 that are most likely to be impacted by the Project’s development activities.

D.1. Physical Resources

D.1.1 Topography, geology and soils 140. Generic Considerations (at province level). The province is located to the east of the Aral Sea in the lower reaches of Syrdarya River, mainly within the Turan lowland (height 50-200 m). On the left bank of Syrdarya, there are vast areas of hilly-ridgy sands of Kyzylkum, cut through dry channels of Zhanadarya and Kuandarya; on the right bank there are elevations (Egizkara, 288 m), sections of sand (Aryskum, etc.), shallow basins occupied by solonchaks. In the north there are massifs of hilly sands (Maly Barsuki and Priaralye Karakum). The northwestern spurs of the Karatau range (height up to 1419 m) are in the far southeast within Kyzylorda Province. 141. In the north-west it borders with Shalkar district of Aktobe Province, in the north with Irgiz district of Aktobe Province, in the east with Otyrar, Sozak districts of the Turkestan Province, in the west with the Republic of Karakalpakstan of Uzbekistan, in the northeast with Ulytau district of Karaghandy Province, in the south with Navoi Province of Uzbekistan.

12 Sensitive receptors include, but are not limited to, residential areas, schools, places of worship, wetlands, and habitats. These are areas which are more susceptible to the adverse effects of an anthropogenic activity such as noise, air emissions, traffic influx, and privacy issues

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Figure 4: Topography of Kazakhstan and Kyzylorda Province 142. The territory of Kyzylorda Province territory is a plain with sandy, clay deserts and deserted steppes. A mass of fertile grounds is in the Syrdarya valley, where the presence of water and warm climate favors cultivation of warm-loving crops (rice, maize, water melons, musk melon, tomato and so on). According to ecologic-genetic features - productivity and economic value, the soil cover of the Kyzylorda Province consists of: • Hydro-morphic soils of the alluvial (delta) plain of the meadows and marshes order • Semi-hydromorphic soil - takyr (desert clay), takyr-liked soil and salt marsh soil • Sandy soil, which result mainly from the processed alluvial, delluvial-prolluvial and lake deposits • Automorphic-zone soils of the delta - brown and brownish-gray • Soils of the drained part of the bottom of the Aral Sea 143. The total irrigated available lands of the province are concentrated in the Syrdarya delta. A change of the ecological situation in the Priaralie, connected with regulation of the Amudarya and Syrdarya flow and drying up of the Aral Sea, stimulates the processes of desertification, leading to a loss of the natural potential of the soils in the delta and decrease of their biological productivity and fertility. Formation of the soil cover of the delta was influenced by: • Hydro-geological regime of the territory • Depth of the groundwater table and a degree of their mineralization • Crater like relief of a waterproof bed and difficult conditions for drainage • Limited Syrdarya flow and intensive irrigated agriculture 144. An arid climate in combination with non-drainable territory caused soil salinity through the entire relief. The salt balance is intensified by salt being carried from the dry bottom of the Aral Sea balance to the delta and accumulated there. The virgin and irrigated hydro-morphic soils of the Syrdarya delta are characterized by high salinity. 145. Meadow and marsh soils of the Syrdarya delta constitute the lands available for irrigated agriculture. The high degree of salinity of the delta soil negatively impacted the melioration condition of the irrigation systems. This forced the farm economies to apply the

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province strategy of nomadic agriculture using new arable lands for irrigation and increasing thus the anthropogenic pressure on a natural landscape. 146. At present the salt marshes, saline marshy meadows, and marsh soils, including irrigated areas, are used for animal grazing, although they could be considered as a reserve for an irrigation land fund in the province. Worsening conditions with flooding of the hydro- morphic soils of the Syrdarya delta greatly affects the soils natural evolution. 147. Alluvial meadows and marsh meadows, by being transformed through dry and desert stages, are increasing the area of the saline marshes, desert clays (takyr-liked soils) and sandy masses. Periodic flooding of marsh soils of the existing delta decreases to an extent the salt concentration, but only in a limited area. 148. At the present time in the upper part of the delta the drying up salinity process is accompanied by an active formation of meadows, degradation of the tugay soils near the riverbed, and enlargement of the takyr-liked soil, salt marshes and sands. 149. In the nineties in the middle part of the delta (Kazalinsk district), due to improvement of the flooding conditions, the process of desertification and salinization of hydromorphic soil had slightly decreased. The alluvial meadows and meadow marsh soils were on the increase, as compared with the period of the eighties. During the eighties the ecologic situation (with an almost complete lack of floods and flows to delta) was characterized by the strictest indexes of various hydro-morphic conditions, with the desert soils prevailing. 150. In the lower part of the delta (Aral district), where flooding and the supply of water is still low, the desertification process was and is on a large scale; the ecological situation is very tense. Therefore, the process of degradation of the hydro-morphic soil continues. This can be verified by a complete transformation of river-marsh soils, prevailing meadow marshes and alluvial meadows with high salinity, an increase of takyr-liked (desert clay) soils, sand and salt marsh area. On a scale of hundred (points), the fertility of irrigated lands for the area and the associated distribution in percentages is below, with a weighted average of 33 points. • 81-100 points - 0% • 61- 81 points - 20% • 41- 60 points - 35% • 21- 40 points - 40% • 0 - 20 points - 5% 151. Site-Specific Considerations 152. Zhalagash district. The Zhalagash province is located in the vast lands of the Turan lowland, bordered in the east by the Syrdarya province, in the west by the Karmakshy province, in the north by the Karaghandy province, in the south by the Republic of Uzbekistan. The total length of the border area is 1019 kilometers. The territory of the district is 22.932 thousand km2 or 10.1% of the territory of the Kyzylorda Province. In general, the climatic conditions of the province are complex, and due to the high temperature in summer, the soil does not have a humus layer in agricultural production, irrigated agriculture prevails (rice, melons and gourds). Soils are sour, salt marsh, meadow with marshes, southern part of the district (Kyzyl Kum) are sandy. The highest point is mount Egizkar (288 m a.s.l.), located in the north of the district. 153. Zhanakorgan district.. The вшыекшсе is located in the southeast of the Kyzylorda Province. In the west, the Zhanakorgan province borders with Shiely province, in the east - with the South Kazakhstan province, and in the south - with Uzbekistan. The territory of the district is 16.6 thousand km², which is 6.8 percent of the entire territory of the province. Sols are Alluvial-meadow, meadow-marsh, sandy soils. 154. Kazaly district. The district is located in the western part of Kyzylorda Province. Area is 37.4 km2. The relief of the district is flat. The relief is flat. Soils are gray, saline and sandy (PriAral Karakum, Kyzylkum). 52

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

155. Shieli district. Shiely district is located in the middle reaches of the ancient river Syrdarya. The relief of the territory of the district is also flat. The soils of the district are sierozems (loess loam, mixed clay and sand mixtures). 156. Syrdarya district. Syrdarya district is located in the central part of the Kyzylorda province. It stretched from north to south: from the border with the Karaghandy province to the border with Uzbekistan. The Syrdarya River, which crosses the province in the middle, is the main center of life. In its valley there is a large part of the localities of the province, as there is enough water for farming in this area with a width of up to 40 kilometers. The rest of the area is sparsely populated. To the north of Syrdarya, the semi-desert and salt marshes of Aras dominate, and to the south, the sands of the Kyzylkum desert begin. Soils are sierozems (loess loam, meadow and sands). 157. Karmakshy district. The relief of the area is also flat. The territory of Karmakshy is 31.0 thousand km2. The district is located in Turan lowlands. The highest place is Targyl mountain in the north of the district (160 meters a.s.l.). The land in the north is gray, sandy gray, flat land, the central part is sandy. On the shores of the Syr Darya fertile and favorable soil. 158. Aral district. This district is located in the northwestern part of the province. In the east it borders with Kazaly district, in the west - with Aktobe province, in the north - with Karaghandy province, in the south - with Karakalpakstan. The Syrdarya River flows through the district. In the Aral province there is a large part of the Aral Sea. The area of the district is 68.4 thousand km2. Soils of these wormwood and wormwood-solyanka deserts are sandy, clayey and saline. 159. Kyzylorda city is the regional center with an area of 2.4 km. In spring, in the city of Kyzylorda, in soil samples taken in different provinces, the concentration of chromium was in the range of 0.06-1.2 mg / kg, lead 13.9-35.6 mg / kg, zinc - 7.4-15.2 mg / kg, cadmium - 0.16- 0.26 mg / kg, copper - 1.0 -2.90 mg / kg. The soil content of all detectable heavy metals was within standards. At all points, the chromium concentration was within the normal range. 160. For the autumn period in soil samples in the city of Kyzylorda, the concentration chromium was in the range of 0.76-2.52 mg / kg, lead - 6.83-86.30 mg / kg, zinc - 5.7-29.30 mg / kg, cadmium - 0.08-0.16 mg / kg, copper - 0.92-3.30 mg / kg. At the railway station, lead concentrations amounted to 2.7 MAC, copper - 1.1 MAC and zinc was 1.3 MAC. In the irrigation area, c / s Abay, the content of all determined heavy metals, in the soil samples was within the normal range. At all measured points, the chromium concentration was within the normal range.

D.1.2 Climate 161. Generic Considerations (at province level). The climate is sharply continental and extremely arid with long hot and dry summers and with comparatively warm, short and little snowy winter. Such a climate is formed under the influence of Kyzylkum, Moyinkum, Betpak- dala and Turan lowlands surrounding the province. 162. The average temperature in July in the northwest is 25,9 °C, in the southeast of 28,2 °C, in January, respectively – 9,8 °C and – 3,5 °C. The maximum temperature on the prevailing part of province is 44-48 °C. In winter the temperature difference between north and south of province is noticeable. For example, the average temperature of the coldest month January is -35-36 °C. Openness to the north allows the cold air masses penetrating easily the province territory and cause cold snap, especially in winter. The absolute minimum of air temperature reaches - 42 °C. Aridity is one of the distinctive features of the province climate. Precipitation is very small. The amount of precipitation in the north-west near the Aral Sea coast is about 100 mm (the smallest in Kazakhstan), up to 175 mm in the southeast in the foothills of Karatau. 163. For the entire territory of province, frequent and strong winds are characteristic, predominatly of the northeast direction. Their average annual velocity varies from 3,1 to 6,0 m/s. Strong winds in winter at low temperatures blow off a slight snow cover from the elevated

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province parts of topography, which causes deep freezing and cracking of top soil. There are dust storms in summer. Site-specific context. 164. Zhalagash district. In general, the climatic conditions of the province are complex, and characterize by high temperatures in summer. The climate is very continental, winter is cold, hot summer is hot. In winter there are frequent periods of thawing. The average January temperature is -9-12 ° C, in July: + 25-26 ° C. 165. Zhanakorgan district. The climate is continental. The average January temperature varies from −6 to −7 ° С, in July it is 27–28 ° С. The average annual precipitation is 150–200 mm. 166. Kazaly district. The climate is continental. The average January temperature is -9-13 ° C, July 26-28 ° C. The annual precipitation is 100–150 mm. 167. Shieli district. The climate is also continental with hot summers and little level of precipitation as in entire Province. 168. Syrdarya district. Climate is continental. Summer is hot and long. There are no sharp differences in temperatures during this period. In July the average temperature is 36-39 ° C. There is very little precipitation. The average annual level does not exceed 100-190 mm and is distributed unevenly over the seasons of the year: 60% of all precipitation occurs in the winter-spring period. Frequent and strong winds are characteristic of the entire territory of the province, mainly of the northeast direction. Their average annual velocity ranges from 3.1 to 6.0 m / s. Strong winds in winter at low temperatures blow off insignificant snow cover from elevated parts of the relief, which causes deep freezing and cracking of the upper soil layers. Dust storms are observed in the summertime. 169. Karmakshy district. The climate of the district is sharply continental, the winter is rather cold, the summer is hot and dry. The average annual air temperature in January is 9–13 ° C, in July 27–29 ° C. The average annual precipitation is 100-150 mm. 170. Aral district. The climate is sharply continental, desert, with long hot and dry summer and short little snow (but frosty) in winter. The average July temperature is around 26 ° C, and January is around −12 ° C. The amount of precipitation is 100–120 mm per year (the lowes level of precipitation in Kazakhstan). 171. Kyzylorda city. The climate here is transitional from temperate continental to subtropical continental zone.

D.1.3 Air quality 172. Climatic conditions and anthropogenic impact predetermine that the Kyzylorda province is one of the most environmentally unhealthy in Kazakhstan. Continental, extremely arid climate predetermined moisture deficit, poor quality and deficit drinking water, intensive development of desertification and land degradation. Here developed industries such as oil and gas production, production food, textile, clothing, pulp and paper industry, manufacture of building materials. The development trend of the industry area primarily due to the development of mineral resources, so the main industries are mining of non-ferrous metals - Shalkiya mine, uranium - enterprise RU-6 in the village. Shiels, hydrocarbons - at the Kumkol field, and also some types of engineering, construction industry. However, oil-producing and refining enterprises are the main sources of environmental pollutants. 173. The total amount of bursts of Province from mobile and stationary sources in 2012 made 32,548 tons. The main share of pollution of atmospheric air of Province, this is (62,6 %) the share of mobile sources, remaining generally of the power system and oil and gas production enterprises.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

174. There are 4 ecological posts in Kyzylorda Province on carrying out automated round- the-clock monitoring, they are located in following places: in Kyzylorda city, the left bank of the Syrdarya river (near Aerological station), Narimanov str. No. 6 (near Radio station), the Karmakshy province, Toretam village, G. Muratbayev str. 51 A, the aul district Akay down the street Korkyt Ata. 175. The expedition surveys during 2018 on Kyzylorda Province showed that the contents of suspended solids, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide were within the normal range.

D.1.4 Hydrological resources and surface water quality D.1.4.1. Surface Water Hydrology 176. Kazakhstan is divided into eight river basins (see Figure 5). Kyzylorda Province area belongs to Aral-Syrdarya river basin. The north-eastern half of Aral Sea is located within Kyzylorda Province. The area of current Aral Sea is 250 000 ha. 177. Many salty lakes (Zhaksykylysh, Kamyslybas, Arys, and others often dry out by summer; Kupek and Teresken lakes have medically usable mud. In the north-east, the downstream section of Sarysu River enters into territory of Kyzylorda Province. 178. The only large river is Syrdarya, which is transboundary river, flowing down through the central part of the Province from southeast to north-west for about 1 thousand km, with a highly meandering channel, numerous channels and arms and a vast water-logged delta. The flood protection embankments have been constructed; Kyzylorda dam was constructed in 1956 ton Syrdarya river; in 1958 the river water was diverted to Zhanadarya channel for irrigation of fields and watering of pastures.

Kyzylorda subprojects

Figure 5: Main River Basins of Kazakhstan 179. Before the regulation of the Syrdarya river flow, the water salinity in the river downstream varied and changes in water availability had little effect on the salinity values. The dissolved solids content was 0.6 to 0.7 g/l, and water had a hydro-carbonate calcium

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province character. Intensive irrigated agriculture in the sixties caused an increase of water salinity to 1.1 g/l during the seventies. The main cause of water quality deterioration in the Syr-Darya downstream was a discharge of return waters from the Ferghana Valley and in the river midstream. Water deterioration also affected the irrigation norms (they increased) and the process of soil salinization, leading to serious degradation of lands, loss of soil fertility, reduction of crop yields and quality of agricultural production. 180. The water quality within Syrdarya downstream does not meet requirements of drinking water supply and fisheries. The water salinity reaches 1.6 to 2.0 g/l in Kyzylorda, and finally 1.7 to 2.3 g/l in Kazalinsk. 181. According to the data of Kazhydromet for the first half of 2018 at the border with Uzbekistan the quality of Syrdarya river was following: • Syrdarya River - Kokbulak village (Aral – Syrdarya water basin): water temperature ranged from 3.6 to 26.4 ºC; the average pH value was 7.96, average concentration of oxygen dissolved in water 10.25 mg / dm3, average value of BOD5 - 1.50 mg / dm3. Exceedings of MACs were recorded for substances from the main ion groups (sulfates - 4.2 MAC, magnesium - 1.4 MAC), nutrients (nitrite nitrogen - 2.4 MAC), heavy metals (copper (2+) 1.1 MAC), and organic substances (phenols - 3.0 MAC). Water quality refers to “Moderate pollution level” degree (CWPI = 2.32). • Organochlorine substances are found in the water of the Syrdarya River: DDT - 0.0158 mg / dm3; DDE - 0.045 mg / dm3.

Table 18: Surface water quality of Syrdarya River by hydrochemical parameters in 2018 Name Complex water pollution index (CWPI) and class of Concentration of pollutants in 2018 water quality Average Exceedance, Water quality concentr times over for 2017 for 2018 parameters ation, fishery mg/dm3 standards Syrdarya 5.34 5.40 Dissolved oxygen 5.40 - (Kokbulak (regulatory (regulatory village) clean) clean)

1,2 1,21 BOD5 1,21 (regulatory (regulatory clean) clean) Main ions 2,7 2,87 Sulfates 465,2 4.6 (moderate (moderate Biogenic compounds level of level of pollution) Nitrites 0.049 2.4 pollution) Iron total 0,15 1,5 Heavy metals Copper (2+) 0.0024 2.4 Organic compounds Phenols 0.0013 1.3

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

182. Water quality is assessed by comparing pollutants’ concentrations with Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) for fisheries for each pollutant observed. MAC is measured in mg/l. In addition to that the level of water pollution is assessed by complex water pollution index (CWPI), which is used for comparison and identification of change in water quality. Table 19: Indicators of Water Body Pollution13 Indicators of water body pollution # Pollution level 3 3 by CWPI By О2, mg/dm By BOD, mg/dm 1 Regulatory clean ≤ 1,0 ≥4,0 ≤3,0 2 Moderately polluted 1,1÷3,0 3,1-3,9 3,1-7,0 3 Highly polluted 3,1÷10,0 1,1-3,0 7,1-8,0 4 Extremely highly polluted ≥10,1 ≤1,0 ≥8,1

D.1.4.2. Groundwater Resources 183. Water resources of Kyzylorda and South Kazakhstan provinces belong to the Aral- Syrdarya water basin. Long-term characteristics of the river flows of water resources are as follows: • Average total surface water resources - 17.5 km3/year of which: • Resources generated within the province – 2.14 km3/year, and • Inflows from areas outside the province - 15.3 km3/year. 184. Groundwater water resources of of the Aral-Syrdarya water basin are estimated at 4.154 km3/year, of which approved reserves are 1.146 km3/year, including mineral waters – 0.00338 km3/year. Of this volume on Kyzylorda province the forecasted reserves of groundwater are 2.035 km3, of which 0.514 km3 is approved, including mineral waters, 0.00059 km3. An average volume of annually taken water by water users in the Aral-Syrdarya water basin is 9.96 km3, of which from surface sources is 9.06 km3 and underground sources is 0.22 km3. Of this volume of taken water 5 .594 km3 is taken on average in Kyzylorda province, of which surface water is 5.54 km3, underground sources are 0 .05 km3. Within 4.0 km3 to 5.0 km3 is taken for regular irrigation. 185. Groundwater of the tertiary-cretaceous plateau, where brownish gray soils were formed, lies in a depth of 10 to 20 m; they are brackish and slightly saline (3 to10 g/l). As for chemical composition, sulphates, chloride sulphates, and natrium-magnesium salts prevail. 186. In the alluvial delta and tidal delta plains of the Syr-Darya, where soils belong to hydro- morphic series (tidal meadows, tidal marshes), groundwater table is at depths of 1 to 6 m. Near the irrigation and drainage network the groundwater is about 3m deep. Where the groundwater table is lower than 5 m, the process of desertification may start. The degree of mineralization of groundwater is from 3 to 5 g/l, classified as brackish and 10 to 50 g/l classified as saline. Sulphates, chloride sulphates, and sodium-magnesium salts prevail. 187. Peculiarities of this zone are: (i) a layered structure of the thickness of water-bearing strata with a small layer of the cover deposits; (ii) hardly any slope of land surface; and (iii) difficult natural drainage of groundwater, on top of inadequate drainage and irrigation systems. This all causes a formation of unstable ameliorative processes, characterized by a seasonal return of salinization, even during one vegetation period. The salt balance, corresponding to salt accumulation, had caused an increase in unfavorable ameliorative conditions in the lowlands and a decrease in crop yields. The progression of depth of the groundwater table and the percentages of irrigated areas can be seen as: • Less than 1 m - 0.0% • From 1 m to 1.5 m - 2.4%

13 Guidelines on integrated assessment of surface water quality through hydrochemical indicators, Astana, 2012 57

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

• From 1.5 m to 2 m - 6.1% • From 2 m to 3 m - 63.7% • More than 3 m - 27.8%

Table 20: List of reservoirs in Kyzylorda Province № Name of reservoirs Area (ha) ARAL DISTRICT Reservoirs of international value 1 Small Aral Sea sites № 9,10,12,14,15,17 - Reservoirs of local value 1 Kambash 18000 2 Zharykkol 180 3 Kayazdy-Bidaykol 250 4 Alasha kol 300 5 Domalak 154 6 Karashalan 800 KAZALY DISTRICT 1 Zhaylaukol 100 2 Karakol 650 3 Kumkol 280 4 Ashykol 100 5 Turtkulak 50 KARMAKSHY DISTRICT 1 Shulenkol 30 2 Zhetikol 35 3 Kyzylkol 20 4 Karakol 2 10 5 Karakol 1 40 6 Ketebay-Masak 15 7 Karakol 100 ZHALAGASH PROVINCE 1 Kurtshengel 15 2 Kindikkol 10 3 Makpalkol 10 4 Serkesh 25 5 Besmola 20 6 Kumshonkol 25 7 Karasu 10 8 Zhanabay 10 SYRDARYA PROVINCE 1 Karamola (Balzhansay) 20 2 Iirkol-Kumkol №3 30 3 Pattek 25 4 Makpalkol Kozhan-Kozha 40 5 Iirkol 50 6 Kumkol 20 7 Izakol 25

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

8 Kalgandarya 20 9 Konekbay 15 KYZYLORDA CITY AND TELIKOL SYSTEM OF LAKES 1 Taldykol 150 2 Iirkol PMK29 20 3 Zhamankol №2 75 SHIELY PROVINCE 1 Karaoy 20 2 Koktikol 50 3 Astaukol 40 4 Samenkol 50 5 Argyn yzasy 15 6 Akhmet kol 5 7 Kamystykak 30 8 Kyrykkumalak 50 9 Izakol 30 10 Kaskakol 10 11 Nansay 60 12 Itatkan 50 ZHANAKORGAN PROVINCE 1 Sausa 15 2 Alakol 20 3 Kalgandarya-3 70

D.1.4.3. Chemical Composition of Precipitation in Kyzylorda Province 188. Observations of the chemical composition of precipitation consisted in sampling of rainwater at 3 meteorological stations (Aral Sea, Dzhusaly, Kyzylorda). Concentrations of all detectable pollutants in precipitation did not exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC). The precipitation samples were dominated by the sulfate content of 31.22%, hydrocarbonates 26.02%, chlorine 11.42%, calcium 9.83%, sodium 8.33%. 189. The highest total mineralization was recorded on the Aral Sea MS (meteostation) - 104.55 mg / l, the smallest on MS Zhusaly - 33.76 mg / l. The conductivity of precipitation was within from 67.20 (MS Zhusaly) to 194.24 µS / cm (MS Aral Sea). 190. The acidity of the precipitations has the character of a weak alkaline environment, It ranges from 6.58 (MS Kyzylorda) to 6.9 (MS Aral Sea).

D.1.5. Natural Hazards 191. Floods of Syrdarya river often occur in the winter-spring period. 192. A map indicating the seismic hazard classification of the Project area is provided below. Subprojects in Kyzylorda province are located in very low and low seismic hazard zones.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Figure 6: Seismic Hazard Map

D.1.6. Flora and fauna 193. A significant part of the Kyzylorda Province area is occupied by sand, which is almost devoid of vegetation; there is wormwood-fescue, solyanka vegetation on fixed sands, and ephemeral vegetation in spring on brown and sierozem sandy and saline soils; Astragalus, juzguny, and wheatgrass species grow in the lows among the sands. Hilly sands are fixed by white saxaul, tamarisk, teresken, biurgun, and wormwood. 194. In the desert there are many predatory (fox-korsak, wolf, etc.) and ungulates (saiga) animals, as well as rodents, birds (pockmarked, etc.), the muskrat is acclimatized in the Syrdarya delta.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Figure 7: Forests in Kazakhstan 195. Zhanakorgan district. Saxaul, wormwood, feather grass, fescue, meadowsweet, wild rose, and others grow. Wolf, fox, Corsac, badger, wild boar, saiga live there; pheasant and other birds. 196. Karmakshy district. The soil on the shores of the Syr Darya is fertile and favorable. Here grows gray wormwood, male grass, solyanka, spring grass, stone spring grass, quinoa, shea, black saxaul, sarsazan, reed, kurak, karatal, jida, tamarisk, viburnum. Of the animals here are wolf, fox, badger, hare; of birds: goose, duck, pheasant, gray heron. Syrdarya River is rich in fish. 197. Aral district. Among the sands grow astragalus, juzgun, wheat grass and other plants. Considerable areas are occupied by saxaul forests. In the floodplain of the Syrdarya river there are meadow vegetation, as well as tugai forests (djid-willow-dingylye), reed thickets, on salt marshes - ridge thickets. 198. The fauna of the province is represented mainly by steppe and waterfowl (ducks, geese, waders), desert birds (fritters, turtle-doves, myna) and others, ungulates (saigas), predators (corsacs, wolves, etc.), various rodents, reptiles, etc.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

199. As a result of shallowing, the salinity of the Aral Sea sharply increased, which caused the extinction of many species of aquatic life, adapted to lower salinity. The sea has lost fishery value. The Aral Sea was a unique inland reservoir at the junction of the largest deserts of Central Asia - the Karakum, Kyzylkum, Ustyurt, Large and Small Badgers and the Aral Karakum. Among the lakes, the Aral at one time occupied the fourth place after the Caspian Sea, Lake Superior and Lake Victoria.

D.1.7 Protected areas 200. There are 3 protected areas in Kyzylorda Province, including 1 state natural reserve (Barsakelmes) and 2 species management areas (Torangylsay and Kargaly). 201. Barsakelmes” is a reserve in the Aral district on the eponymous island in the Aral Sea (IUCN category Ia - strict nature reserve). The desert landscapes of the island are monotonous: wormwood prevails vegetation, there are sparse thickets of saxauls and barrows on sand dunes. Flora of the island has 165 species of plants. The wildlife is rather poor in species, but has considerable density. There are 12 species of mammals (Kulan, gazelle, saiga, corsac, fox, wolf, gopher-sandstone and others), 7 species of reptiles and 202 species of birds. The reserve conducts scientific studies on the effects of the fall of the Aral Sea level on vegetation and fauna of the Aral Sea region. 202. The territory of the reserve consists of two cluster areas - Barsakelmes and Kaskakulan. The Barsakelmes site includes the former territory of the reserve (16 975 ha) and a dried sea bottom, the total area is 50 884 ha (of which the reserved core is 37 725 ha, the buffer zone is 13 159 ha). The Kaskakulan site occupies 109,942 hectares (the reserved core is 68,154 ha; the buffer zone is 41,788 ha). 203. Barsakelmes Reserve is the only reserve in Kazakhstan and CIS with extreme ecological conditions, which is in the zone of ecological disaster of global scale (a decrease in the level of the Aral Sea). This is a unique “natural laboratory” for studying processes of aridization of climate, desertification of natural complexes, restructuring of composition and structure of ecosystems, arena of speciation, formation of relief, landscapes, biodiversity. All this is important for understanding evolution and adaptation of biota to catastrophically changing environmental factors. 204. Flora of vascular plants in Reserve includes 278 species, including endemic Kazakhstani species: wormwood (Aral and Prune-shaped), Pratov's swan, Zhuzguns (curly, squat, Talibin), Borschov tulip. 205. Rare species of animals listed in the Red Book are present in Reserve as well. These are representatives of avifauna: curly pelican, white-eyed dive, marble teal, little white heron, whooper swan, little swan, hawk, snake eagle, steppe eagle, golden eagle, jacketed horse, merry sheep, gray-bellied hare, whitefish, gray grave, gray eagle, golden eagle owl. Among mammals, rare and endangered species include gazelle, Turkmen kulan, saiga, rare dwarf jerboa, eared hedgehog. Main populations of Kulan and gazelle are currently located on Kaskakulan site due to presence of drinking water sources. 206. In March 2016, Reserve was added to UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. 207. The Aral Sea was an endorheic lake (one with no outflow) lying between Kazakhstan (Aktobe and Kyzylorda Province) in the north and Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan autonomous province) in the south. The name roughly translates as "Sea of Islands", referring to over 1,100 islands that are spread over its waters. Aral Sea drainage basin encompasses Uzbekistan and parts of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and Iran. 208. Formerly the fourth largest lake in the world with an area of 68,000 km2, Aral Sea has been shrinking since 1960s after rivers that fed it were diverted by Soviet irrigation projects. By 1997, it had declined to 10% of its original size, splitting into four lakes: North Aral Sea,

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Eastern and Western basins of the once far larger South Aral Sea, and one smaller intermediate lake. By 2009, the southeastern lake had disappeared and the southwestern lake had retreated to a thin strip at the western edge of the former southern sea; in subsequent years, occasional water flows sometimes replenished to a small degree the southeastern lake. Satellite images taken by NASA in August 2014 revealed that for the first time in modern history the eastern basin of Aral Sea had completely dried up. The eastern basin is now called Aralkum Desert. 209. In an ongoing effort of Kazakhstan to save and replenish the North Aral Sea, a dam project was completed in 2005; in 2008, water level had risen by 12 m compared to 2003. Salinity has dropped, and fish was again found in sufficient numbers for some fishing to be viable. The maximum depth of the North Aral Sea is 42 m (as of 2008). 210. Shrinking of Aral Sea has been called "one of the planet's worst environmental disasters". province's once-prosperous fishing industry has been decimated, bringing unemployment and economic hardship. Water from the diverted Syrdarya river is used to irrigate about two million ha of farmland in Ferghana Valley. Aral Sea region is also heavily polluted, with consequential serious public health problems. 211. UNESCO added historical documents concerning development of Aral Sea to its Memory of the World Register as a unique resource to study this "environmental tragedy". 212. Kargaly species management area is located at the area of Zhanakorgan and Shieli districts and occupies 13,300 ha. It is established for protection of wild boar, dune cat, badger, gazelle, pheasant, asp, barbel beetle. Flora is represented by Eleagnus, comb dresser, wormwood, saxaul, turangul, camel thorn, teresken, clover, bluegrass, etc. 213. Torangylsay species management area is located in Syrdarya district and occupies 17,900 ha. It is established for protection of jayran, wild boar, badger, pheasant, commercial fish species. Flora is represented by Eleagnus, Tamarix, comb dresser, wormwood, saxaul (Haloxylon) , turangul (Scirpius), camel thorn, teresken, clover, bluegrass (Poa bulbosa) etc. 214. Figure 8 below shows location of the protected areas, including described above ones which are located in Kyzylorda Province. 215. No canals fall into the territory of natural protection areas.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Figure 8: Protected areas of Kazakhstan

D.1.8. Radiation 216. The natural radiation background of the Kyzylorda province is within standards and depends on height of terrain above sea level and access to surface of bedrock ground. Radiation gamma background due to total exposure to natural sources (uranium-238, radium- 226, thorium-232, potassium 40) in Kyzylorda and Kyzylorda Province is within acceptable limits and doesn’t pose any danger to population of the area.

D.2. Socio-Economic Development

D.2.1. Industries and Agriculture 217. Kyzylorda Province is an agrarian-industrial province. It has significant natural resources and, thus, has huge economic potential. Oil, gas, uranium, and construction industries are well developed. Currently, industrial share in GRP is 46.8%. Traditionally, the rprovince takes lead in rice growing as it produces 90% of rice in the republic.

D.2.2. Current Status of Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure 218. Irrigation systems of the province are characterized by numerous branches of irrigation canals, mainly earthen canals. Thousands ha of irrigated area is commanded by one main canal. Currently, at unused areas, irrigation network is destroyed, steel items stolen, and hydraulic structures need to be repaired. 219. Under the proposed project, 1,117.2 km long 287 canals will be rehabilitated and improved.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

220. Irrigation facilities in the province were commissioned more than 40 years ago. Total irrigated area till 1991 was 286,026 hectare (ha). Nowadays, the total irrigation area is 228,664 ha. Currently 65,869 ha of irrigation area are not used due to: • Salinization 1,382 ha • No command 6,364 ha • Flooding 638 ha • Malfunction of irrigation systems 1,058 ha • Malfunction of collector and drainage networks 106 ha • Others 56,321 ha 221. Out of the 65,869 ha area currently out of cultivation, about 28,973 ha area needs to be rehabilitated. 222. Irrigated agriculture is the main economic activity in Kyzlorda Province. Of the total Kazakhstan rice production, more than 80% is produced in Kyzlorda Province. Therefore, open collector networks are the most suitable drainage systems for Kyzlorda province. Zhalagash District 223. Irrigation Source. Main irrigation source is Syrdarya river with district-wide length of 84.5 km. It runs mainly in the center of the district from south-east to north-west. 224. Irrigated Area. Total of 4,221 ha area needs rehabilitation. Volume of water supplied in 2018 during vegetation period is 762.078 million m3. 225. Irrigation System. Main components of the irrigation system are given in Table 21 below while list of onfarm canals requiring rehabilitation are listed in Table 22.

Table 21: List of Main and Interfarm Canals of Zhalagash District No. Canals Volume of Water Supplied, milliom m3 1 LMK-17А 67.574 2 LMK-15V 35.772 3 Kosozek 43.927 4 Levaya vetka 326.189 5 Pravaya vetka 177.194 Subtotal by LMK 650.656 6 Aitek 110.055 7 Zhanadariya 1.367 8 Karaozek 0,000 Total 762,078

Table 22: List of Onfarm Canals of Zhalagash District to be Rehabilitated Area to be No. Canals Length, km Capacity, m3/s rehabilitated, ha 1 LV-5А 11.32 8.20 1,071,54 2 LV-5А-2 2.11 2.60 180.51 3 LV-5B 6.22 3.50 531.35 4 LV-5А-6 8.06 1.00 310.6 5 Sabit 2.12 1.50 357.14 6 LV-10V-1 (Zhana Shaikhy) 0.13 2.00 105.25 7 LV-10V-1 (Eski Shaikhy) 1.64 2.00 371.61 8 Sabit 4.80 1.50 9 LV-10V-1 (Zhana Shaikhy) 1.72 2.00 10 LV-10V-1 (Eski Shaikhy) 2.63 2.00 11 Belsendi 12.02 3.00 241

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Area to be No. Canals Length, km Capacity, m3/s rehabilitated, ha 12 R-1 3.65 3.00 736.07 13 B-1 3.76 2.00 315.74 Total 60.17 4,221 Syrdarya District 226. Irrigation Source. Syrdarya river runs through the district from east to west, Shirkeily, Karaozek and other streams. Arys and Telikol rivers run in the north of the district. Volume of Syrdarya runoff depends on precipitation, irrigation canals withdrawals, and level of ground water in the 100 km wide alluvial lanes. The district has little fresh water which is mostly found near lakes, rivers, and 5.0 m deep ditches. There is a lot of ground waters, including that in the confined waters. 227. Irrigated Area. About 7,406 ha area needs rehabilitation. Volume of water supplied in 2018 during vegetation period was 626.440 mln.m3. 228. Irrigation System. Cultivated lands are located along Syrdarya river, and Aitek canal. Maizharma, Aitbai-Aryk, Karakol are onfarm canals of Aitek canal and supply irrigation water to Terenozek village and Seifullin and Kundyzdy counties. These canals maintain environmental conditions in the district. There is also a 68 km long main canal in the district with 10 reservoirs, 49 water structures for economic purposes, and one water structure for emergencies. Lists of canals are given in Table 23 and 25. Table 23: List of Main and Interfarm Canals of Syrdarya District No. Canals Volume of Water Supplied, mln.m3 1 LMK 416.26 2 Aitek 149.39 3 Eltai 18.21 4 Sorkol 8.60 5 Zhetikol–Zharma 1.33 6 Zhunisbek 11.42 7 Zhanadariya 20.1 8 Baltabai 0.92 9 Aktam 0.00 10 Karaozek stream 166.00 Total 626.440

Table 24: List of Onfarm Canals and Collectors of Syrdarya District to be Rehabilitated Canals and Length, Capacity, Area to be No. Collectors km m3/s rehabilitated, ha 1 R-1 3.21 1.50 522 2 R-2 7.00 1.50 - 3 R-2-5 7.85 0.60 - 4 R-1-2 4.50 0.60 - 5 Maizharma 10.80 3.00 - 6 К-3-5 8.00 2.50 - 7 К-3-1-1 9.40 1.50 - 8 К-6-3 6.55 1.50 - 9 Aizhanketken 11.31 8.00 1,503 10 Eltai-1 7.85 3.00 - 11 R-1-1 6.97 3.00 - 12 R-1-4 3.18 3.00 - 13 К-1 2.48 2.00 - 14 К-1-3 10.58 1.50 - 15 К-11 10.51 2.00 -

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Canals and Length, Capacity, Area to be No. Collectors km m3/s rehabilitated, ha 16 Orazbai 10.29 3.00 46 17 R-1-2 4.70 1.50 - 18 К-6-1 8.81 2.00 - 19 К-6-1-1 4.80 1.50 - 20 LMK-11V-10 6.00 3.00 636 21 LMK-18-3 0.95 1.50 - 22 LMK-18V-1 2.65 1.50 - 23 LMK-11V-10-2 1.49 0.60 - 24 LMK-24А-3 1.33 1.50 - 25 LMK-18V-2 3.33 1.50 - 26 LMK-24А-2 1.04 1.50 - 27 LMK-11V-12 4.05 3.00 - 28 LMK-9-4 7.15 3.00 - 29 D-1 4.93 4.00 - 30 D-1-1 2.29 2.00 - 31 SK-11 3.91 5.00 - 32 D-1-2 1.41 2.00 - 33 D-1-3 2.87 2.00 - 34 D-2 6.71 5.00 - 35 UK-12-7-1 4.98 2.50 - 36 D-1-4-1 2.70 1.50 - 37 LMK-9-2 3.82 8.00 - 38 LMK-12-1 0.84 3.00 - 39 LMK-16-7-1 1.51 1.50 - 40 LMK-9-2В 3.25 6.20 1,510 41 LMK-11В-3-5 1.20 1.50 - 42 LMK-9-2А 2.71 1.50 - 43 SK-11-6-2-4 1.38 0.50 - 44 SK-8V 5.30 2.00 - 45 UK-12-16 4.71 8.00 - 46 LMK-8А-15-1 0.70 3.00 - 47 LMK-8А-15 3.00 1.50 701 48 LMK-8А-7 1.05 3.00 - 49 LMK-8B-1 2.63 1.50 - 50 SK-6 6.98 8.00 - 51 SK-3 24.83 6.00 - 52 R-1-1 3.61 1.50 1,090 53 R-1-2 3.94 1.50 - 54 LMK-5 3.70 10.00 - 55 Zhanaaryk 9.24 15.00 - 56 R-11 5.40 3.00 - 57 R-1-2 3.57 1.50 - 58 UK-4 3.48 6.00 - 59 UK-2-1 2.64 4.00 - 60 UK-1-1 6.74 3.00 - 61 UK-1G-1 3.02 2.50 - 62 Kosaryk 10.50 6.00 405 63 Turdali 7.61 4.00 361 64 Zhaskairat 15.58 4.00 346 65 Aktam 3.94 5.00 286 Total (45 canals and 343.47 7,406 20 collectors)

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Karmakshy District 229. Irrigation Source. Main irrigation source is Syrdarya river feeding agricultural lands and providing fresh water. 230. Irrigation Area. Total of 4,712 ha area needs rehabilitation. Northern and southern lands are in arable sandy steppes. Volume of water supplied in 2018 during vegetation period is 439.560 mln.m3. 231. Irrigation System. The irrigation system components are given in Table 25 below.

Table 25: List of Main and Interfarm Canals of Karmakshy District No. Canal Volume of Water Supplied, mln.m3 1 PV – 9 13.48 2 Karaozek 0.00 3 PK 420 426.08 Total 439.56

Table 26: List of Onfarm Canals and Collectors of Karmakshy District to be Rehabilitated Length, Capacity, Area to be No. Canal km m3/s Rehabilitated, ha 1 PV-13-3Е 13.60 2.50 60 2 PV-13-3B-1 3.60 1.50 324 3 PV-11V 1.50 2.00 610 4 PV13-1D 5.40 1.00 503 5 PV-13-1Zh 3.80 1.50 661 6 PV-13-2B 3.00 2.00 392 7 PV-13-2G 0.50 1.40 228 8 PV-15-7 11.80 1.90 684 9 PV-15-9 0.14 1.10 540 10 Zhosaly Zharma 11.40 2.00 187 11 Bala-Zharma 3.00 2.00 523 12 PV-13-3-Е-1 6.40 2.00 - 13 PV-13-3B-1-1 7.50 1.00 - 14 PV-11V-1 6.20 1.00 - 15 PV-13-1D-1 5.20 1.00 - 16 PV-13-1Zh-1 2.20 1.00 - 17 PV-13-2B-1 10.00 1.00 - 18 PV-13-2G-1 2.30 1.00 - 19 PV-15-7-1 6.30 1.00 - 20 PV-15-9-1 6.60 1.00 - 21 Zhosaly Zharma-1 2.20 1.00 - 22 KhV.Bala-Zharma-1 3.10 1.00 - 23 KhV.Bala-Zharma -3 5.30 1.00 - 24 KhV.Bala-Zharma -5 1.40 1.00 - 25 К-1-1 17.62 1.20 -

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Length, Capacity, Area to be No. Canal km m3/s Rehabilitated, ha 26 К-2-1 10.32 1.20 - 27 VКК-2А 6.63 1.50 - 28 VКК-5 10.52 3.00 - 29 VКК-4 8.21 3.00 - 30 ZК-5-4 10.97 1.50 - 31 ZК-2-2 15.66 1.50 - Total (24 canals and 7 202.37 4,712 collectors) Kyzylorda City 232. Irrigation source. Main irrigation source is Syrdarya river. City is located along 10 km of Syrdarya on sub-horizontal accumulative plain with absolute elevation of 125-135 m. Cliff height can reach 5-7 m. Water line is 123 m above sea level, river width is 150-200 m, depth is 2-5 m. River bed is unstable and movable, thus it creates new river arms and cutoff lakes which have water in spring time and dry up by the end of summer. Floods occur from September to March. 233. Irrigation area. Total of 3,056 ha area needs rehabilitation. Volume of water supplied in 2018 during vegetation period is 209.360 mln.m3. 234. Irrigation System. The components of the irrigation system are given in Table 27 below.

Table 27: List of Main and Interfarm Canals of Kyzylorda city No. Canals Volume of Water Supplied, mln.m3 1 Zhanaaryk 36.88 2 LMK 63.87 3 PMK 108.61 4 Sauranbai 0.00 Total 209.360

Table 28: List of Onfarm Canals and Collectors in Kyzylorda city to be Rehabilitated No. Canal Length, km Capacity, m3/s Area, ha 1 Karataban 9.34 2.5 221.3 2 R-2 2.94 1.5 3 R-3 1.47 1.5 4 R-4 1.93 1.5 5 R-4-1 0.91 1 6 Zhusipbek 3.40 2.50 351.8 7 R-1-1 1.87 1.50 8 R-1 7.80 8.00 605.64 9 R-2 1.05 2.00 124.6 10 Zh-1 2.60 1.50 11 Zh-2 2.11 1.50 12 Zh-3 1.30 1.50 281.8 13 7х-3 2.40 2.00 182.7 14 А-3 2.10 2.00 93.03

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

No. Canal Length, km Capacity, m3/s Area, ha 15 А-5 2.71 2.00 300 16 R-2-3 5.97 2.00 345.1 17 R-3-1-1 4.00 1.00 18 R-2-1 1.31 1.50 19 R-2-2 0.80 1.50 94.37 20 R-2-4 2.22 1.50 21 R-2-4-1 1.42 1.50 78.47 22 R-2-2 0.58 1.00 23 Zh-2-1 0.80 1.00 24 R-2-7 1.50 1.50 188 25 А-4-1 0.71 1.00 26 L-5-2 1.60 1.00 27 L-5-3 1.16 1.00 28 L-5-3-1 1.37 0.50 29 R-2-4 1.11 2.00 30 R-2-4-2 1.30 1.50 31 R-2-2-1 0.77 1.50 32 R-2-2-2 1.45 1.50 33 R-1-2 3.50 1.00 112.72 34 R-1-5 2.88 1.5 76.38 35 К-2 3.50 6.00 36 К-3 2.88 6.00 37 К-1-1 1.86 4.00 38 К-1-2 10.13 3.50 39 К-1-1 12.78 4.00 40 К-5-1 1.95 3.50 41 К-1-2 5.96 4.00 42 К-1-3 2.00 4.00 43 К-5-5-1-1 0.68 2.00 44 К-5-5-1-2 2.86 2.00 45 К-1-2-2 1.50 2.50 46 К-6-1 1.60 3.50 47 К-7 4.77 8.00 48 К-7-1 1.71 3.50 49 К-7-2 1.70 4.00 50 К-7-3 1.10 4.00 51 К-1-2-1-2 1.25 1.50 52 К-1-2-1-3 1.17 1.50 53 К-1-2-1-4 2.60 1.50 54 К-1-2-1-5 0.79 1.50 55 К-4-1-3 2.60 3.00

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

No. Canal Length, km Capacity, m3/s Area, ha 56 К-4-2-2 2.70 2.50 Total (34 canals, 22 146.45 3,056 collectors)

D.2.3. Current Cropping Pattern 235. Cropping pattern on 184,500 ha in 2018 is as follows: • winter wheat 3,636 ha • spring wheat 2,296 ha • spring barley 433 ha • corn for grain 1,027 ha • millet 618 ha • sunflower 131 ha • safflower 10,212 ha • current-year lucerne 19,170 ha • last-year lucerne 41,391 ha • corn for silage 791 ha • potatoes 4,538 ha • vegetables 5,365 ha • cucurbits 7,490 ha • rice 87,267 ha • melilot 120 ha

D.2.4. Current Crop Yields 236. Crop yields in Kyzylorda province over 2013-2017 are presented in Table 29 below. Table 29: Crop Yields in Kyzylorda Province Yields, centner/ha Crops 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Cereals (including rice) and legumes 37.3 38.2 42.3 46,6 45,9 Cereals (excluding rice) and legumes 12.3 11.9 15.7 16,7 16,2 of which: Wheat 7.1 8.8 11.0 14,9 15,1 Corn (maize) 31.9 31.0 36.7 35,5 27,9 Barley 8.5 1.8 5.4 13,3 5,2 Oat - 11.7 7.4 7,9 8,4 Millet 18.3 18.9 21.2 21,0 21,8 Raw rice 39.0 40.2 43.2 49,0 48,1 Potatoes 158.7 137.8 136.7 141,3 142,7 Oilsheeds 4.0 7.0 8.4 7,1 7,1 of which: Sunflower seeds 14.9 18.1 16.6 17,4 6,8 Safflower seeds 2.7 5.8 8.3 6,9 7,1 Open ground vegetables 172.5 158.3 154.3 165,8 165,2 Cucurbits 184.2 174.3 179.9 189,7 188,4 Grapes 32.8 34.3 58.4 60,0 54,2 Berries and fruits 67.9 40.7 17.8 65,7 91,8 Zhalagash district 237. Crops. Of the total value of agricultural production in the district, crop production contributes 68% and livestock 32%. The general cropping pattern is given in Table 30 below. Rice is the main crop, grown on about 60% area.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Table 30: Crops Grown on Irrigated Area in 2018 (Zhalagash district) Crops Area, ha Rice 21,800 Spring wheat 285 Spring barley 50 Safflower 2,200 Lucerne 9,400 Potatoes 900 Vegetables 787 Cucurbits 1,000 Total 36,422

Syrdarya district 238. Crops. The crops grown are listed in Table 31 below. Rice is again the main crop, grown on about 65% of the irrigated area. Table 31: Crops Grown on Irrigated Area in 2018 (Syrdarya district) Crops Area, ha Rice 20,874 Spring wheat 500 Safflower 325 Lucerne 9,606 Potatoes 310 Vegetables 190 Cucurbits 320 Total 32,125

Karmakshy District 239. Crops. The crops grown in the district are listed in Table 32 below. Rice is again the main crop grown on about 58% of the irrigated area. Table 32: Crops Grown on Irrigated Area in 2018 (Karmakshy district) Crops Area, ha Rice 13,850 Spring wheat 210 Spring barley 50 Safflower 1,700 Lucerne 2,011 Potatoes 570 Vegetables 450 Cucurbits 555 Total 23,957

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province D.2.5. Noncrop Agricultural Production 240. In 2017, 35,000 tons of livestock and poultry live-weight meat, 84,700 tons of milk, and 6.7 million eggs were produced. Compared to respective productions in 2016, the productions in 2017 were 2.6%, 1.3%, and 18.1% higher.

D.3. Infrastructure and Transportation facilities

241. Roads and transport. The province has significant transit potential. The province’s transport infrastructure is characterized by a high degree of concentration: the main roads, railways and waterways run parallel to each other through all districts and the regional center, forming a transport highway, along which 85% of settlements are located (93% of the province’s population). 242. Automobile transport. Roads are the main mode of transport used within the province. The transport infrastructure of the province was significantly improved during the implementation of the logistics project for the construction of the “Western Europe - Western China” highway, which is 812 km long in the province. Through this corridor, the province is connected with the provinces of the south of Kazakhstan (Turkestan, Zhambyl, Almaty Provinces), in the west (Aktyubinsk, WKO). In addition, the road network of the province is connected with the Karaghandy province through the Kyzylorda-Zhezkazgan highway. 243. The section of the international transit auto corridor "Western Europe - Western China" in the section from Kyzylorda to the border with the South Kazakhstan province with a length of 246 km falls into category 1. 2 technical category assigned to the road section 566 km long from the regional center to the border with Aktobe province. During the autobahn, 48 bridges, 14 two-level traffic intersections, 2 railway crossings, 74 cattle passes and 380 water passes were built. Currently, road maintenance areas are working along the route. 244. Considering that the highway allows it to reach speeds of up to 120 km / h, the highway is built around a detour and close proximity to the city of Kyzylorda and the regional centers. 245. On the regional section of the road, land plots are allocated for the construction of 37 service facilities such as hotels, kepmings, car service stations, gas stations, catering establishments and others. Currently, there are 16 facilities along the highway, the initiators of 16 projects at roadside service facilities have begun construction and installation work, the rest are in preparation for construction. 246. In the field of passenger transportation in the Kyzylorda province, 211 bus routes were organized, connecting 212 settlements, towns, villages (villages) with regional and regional centers, of which 71 routes are interdistrict, 109 - intra-district and intra-village, 31 - urban. Also organized 7 inter-regional long-distance routes, plying from the regional center in g. Astana, Almaty, Zhezkazgan, Saryagash, Shymkent, Turkestan and Zhibek Zholy (Chernyaevka). 247. Railway transport. One of the main types of transport movement, both passenger and civil, is rail transport. The railway connects the province in the west of Kazakhstan with the Aktyubinsk province (Saksaul station), with the south of Kazakhstan through the South Kazakhstan province with the city of Almaty and Almaty province (Arys station), with the center of Kazakhstan and with the Karaghandy province (Koskol station). A double-track railway - a transit corridor connects the province with Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and also with Russia. 248. The total length of the railway network in the province is 1055 km (taking into account the railway line section "Saksaulsk - Koskol"). 249. Aviation. The air traffic infrastructure of the province is represented by the international airport “Korkyt-Ata” in Kyzylorda, approved for operation under the 1st category of ICAO. The airport capacity is 150 passengers per hour.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

250. Currently, 33 flights are operated through the Korkyt Ata airport, including 14 flights to Astana, 14 flights to Almaty, 1 flight to Karaghandy, 2 flights to Atyrau and Aktau - 2 flights per week. 251. Water transport. In the field of water transport, 4 units of river and 1,526 small vessels, including 826 self-propelled and 696 non-self-propelled, are registered for legal and private business entities in the province. 252. In order to develop the infrastructure until 2020, as well as to ensure the safety of navigation in the field of inland waterway transport, it is planned to create a special parking lot in the province’s reservoirs (in places of mass congestion of ships) intended for the storage of detained vessels, including small vessels. 253. Energy infrastructure. The share of energy in the structure of the province's GRP accounts for 1.5%. About 1.8% of the total employed population of the province works in this industry. 254. The main producers of electricity in the province, generating capacity are the state enterprise Kyzylordateploelektrocenter (82%), SKZ-U LLP (10%), Crystal Management LLP (8.0%). The main types of fuel are natural gas, reserve fuel is fuel oil, petroleum associated gas. 255. At present, the power supply of Kyzylorda city consumers is carried out through the networks of the Kyzylorda Distribution Power Grid Company JSC (KPEK), which is the main energy transmission organization of both the city and the province as a whole. The company includes 9 electric grid subdivisions in the districts and the regional center that transmit, distribute electricity, operate and repair electrical networks and equipment. 256. The main source of power supply of the city is the state enterprise "Kyzylordateploelektroootsentr" (KTETs) with an installed capacity of 113 mW, including: KTETS-6 - 67 mW and cogeneration gas turbine power station (KOGTES) - 46 mW, and PS 220/35/10 kW "Kyzylorda ". The city has developed a power supply system of 220/35 kW. Electricity distribution in the city of Kyzylorda is carried out through a number of urban substations. 257. Heat supply. In Kyzylorda Province, the total length of heating networks is 199.6 km, of which 181.8 km in the city of Kyzylorda and 17.8 km in the district center of Kazalinsky district, Ayteke bi village. 258. The existing heat supply system of the city of Kyzylorda is represented by a centralized heat supply system based on the Kyzylordateploelektrocenter state production enterprise (KCHPP) and the Southern boiler room (former KYUTTs) boiler plants, as well as a decentralized heating system based on 17 autonomous modular boiler houses (ABMK), located in various districts of the city of Kyzylorda, in the village of Aiteke bi, Kazalinsky district, centralized with heat supply is provided by GKP Kazaly-Temirzholzhyl. The technological needs of industrial enterprises in a pair are provided from their own boiler houses. 259. Gas supply. Gasification of the province began in 2004 with the construction of the Akshabulak-Kyzylorda gas pipeline. With its laying in parallel, work was done on the gasification of the regional center. 260. The gas transmission system of the province consists of two main pipelines: • Akshabulak-Kyzylorda gas pipeline, intended for the supply of associated gas to the city of Kyzylorda from the fields of the South Turgai Depression. The total length of the pipeline is 123 km, the throughput of 420.0 million cubic meters of gas per year; • the gas pipeline “Beineu - Bozoy - Shymkent”, the length of which across the territory of the province is 846 km and crosses all seven districts of the province. This makes it possible to provide 85% of the settlements of the province with natural gas.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

261. The gas infrastructure of the province is represented by 56 gas control points (hydraulic fracturing, PGB), 285 cabinet gas distribution points (ShGRP, ShRP, WB) and 265.53 km of high-pressure gas pipelines, 141.58 km of medium pressure and 2113.92 km of low pressure. The total length of gas pipelines in the province was 2,609.4 km.

D.4. Social and Cultural Resources

D.4.1 Population and communities 262. The territory of the Kyzylorda Province on January 1, 2018 is 226.0 thousand km2. By area among the 14 provinces of Kazakhstan, it is in 4th place and occupies 8.3% of the area of the republic. The population of the province as of January 1, 2018 is 783,156 people or 4.3% of the population of the republic, including 346.2 thousand people (44.2%) live in urban areas, 436.9 thousand people (55.8%) - in rural areas. 263. According to the Statistics Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in 2018 compared with January 1, 2008, the population increased by 150.9 thousand people or by 23.8%. 264. The average population density in the province is 3.46 people per km2. 265. Kyzylorda Province constitutes 4 towns, 7 rural districts (Kyzylorda, Aral, Kazaly, Karmakshy, Zhalagash, Syrdarya, Shiely, Zhanakorgan), 265 rural settlements, and 145 counties. Administrative center is Kzylorda city. The Baikonur city, whose territory is surrounded by the territory of the Karmakshy province, is not part of the Kyzylorda Province and is a city of republican subordination. The territory of Baikonur is in long-term lease from the Russian Federation. The territory of the city is subject to Russian legislation; Russian currency is used. 266. Kyzlorda province borders with Aktobe province in the north-west, South Kazakhstan province in the east, the Republic of Karakalpakstan of Uzbekistan in the west, Karaghandy province in the north-east, Uzbekistan in the south. 267. The province is an agrarian-industrial province. It has significant natural resources and, thus, has huge economic potential. Oil, gas, uranium, and construction industries are well developed. Currently industrial share in GRP is 46.8%. Traditionally, the province takes lead in rice growing as it produces 90% of rice in the republic. 268. Kyzylorda city is the regional center with an area of 2.4 km.2 Administrative structure includes 1 city and 2 rural districts, including 7 rural settlements. As of 1 January 2018, population of the city administration was 295,800 people. 269. Aral district is located in the north-west of the province and covers an area of 55,200 km.2 Administrative structure consists of one city and 57 rural settlements in 23 rural districts. Administrative center is Aralsk town. As of 1 December 2017, population of the district was 78,201 people with an average density of 1.4 people per km.2 270. Zhalagash district is located in the center of the province, covers an area of 22,900 km.2 Administrative structure includes 18 rural settlements in 15 rural districts. Administrative center is Zhalagash village. As of 1 December 2017, population of the district was 36,019 people with an average density of 1.5 people per km.2 271. Zhanakorgan district is located in the south-east of the province and covers an area of 15,400 km. Administrative structure includes 39 rural settlements in 26 rural districts. Administrative center is Zhanakorgan village. As of 1 December 2017, population of the district was 83,998 people with an average density of 5.4 people per km.2 272. Kazaly district is located on former coastal strip of Aral Sea. It covers an area of 37,600 km.2 Administrative structure includes 45 rural settlements in 20 rural districts.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Administrative center is Aiteke- bi village. As of 1 December 2017, population of the district was 76,157 people with an average density of 2.0 people per km.2 273. Karmakshy district covers an area of 31,000 km.2 Administrative structure includes 26 rural settlements in 14 rural districts. Administrative center is Zhosaly village. As of 1 December 2017, population of the district was 54,018 people with an average density of 1.7 people per km.2 274. Syr-Darya district is located in the central part of the province, covers an area of 29,100 km.2 Administrative structure includes 17 rural settlements in 15 rural districts. Administrative center is Terenozek village. As of 1 December 2017, population of the district was 39,040 people with an average density of 1.3 people per km2. 275. Shieli district is located on the flat right bank of the Syr- Darya river, in the south-east of Kyzlorda province and covers an area of 32,400 km.2 Administrative structure includes 40 rural settlements in 23 rural districts. Administrative center is Shieli village. As of 1 December 2017, population of the district was 81,598 people with an average density of 2.5 people per km.

D.4.2 Health & Education facilities 276. Regional context. Education is universal in Kazakhstan and mandatory through to the secondary level, and the adult literacy rate is 99.5%.14 There are 235 preschool organizations and 590 mini-centres in the province. Preschool education coverage in the province made up 98,2 % that up by 0,8 % compared to the last year. 277. There are 69360 children in preschool establishments, including 35514 children with the Kazakh language of instruction. Today in the province there are 825 kindergartens and mini-centres, including 502 with the Kazakh language of instruction; an educational process in the official state language is organized in the mixed kindergartens in 237 groups for 7044 children. 278. The information on education and health issues per districts is presented in Table 33 below. 279. 6 mobile complexes are functioning in the province, for the accounting period 85,2 persons are examined in 161 distant villages. 280. 6 medical and rescue points along highways are placed and function on hazardous sections of major roads of nationwide significance in Zharma, Beskaragai and Ulan districts. 281. The air ambulance - as the most mobile system to provide the population with emergency medical care has been further developed. In 2014, there were 482 visits, including 218 by helicopter and 264 by ambulances. 282. The information on education and health issues per districts is presented in Table 33 below. Table 33: Education and health statistics in selected subproject areas Districts Health Facilities (2018) Education Facilities (2017) Doctors (persons) – 86 Schools (units) - 20 Nursing staff (persons) - 463 School students – 6636 Zhalagash Hospitals (units) and polyclinics – 23 Doctors (persons) - 81 Schools (units) - 42 Zhanakorgan Nursing staff (persons) - 292 School students – 6,332 Hospitals (units) - 1 Kazaly district Doctors (persons) - 81 Schools (units) - 29

14 http://www.collegeatlas.org/kazakhstan-colleges-universities.html 76

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Districts Health Facilities (2018) Education Facilities (2017) Nursing staff (persons) - 295 School students – 4,045 Hospitals (units) - 2 Doctors (persons) - 103 Schools (units) - 29 Karmakshy district Nursing staff (persons) - 468 School students – 7,707 Hospitals (units) - 1 Doctors (persons) - 114 Schools (units) - 50 Syrdarya district Nursing staff (persons) - 390 School students – 8,195 Hospitals (units) - 3 Doctors (persons) - 59 Schools (units) - 40 Shieli district Nursing staff (persons) - 533 School students – 12,468 Hospitals (units) - 1 Doctors (persons) - 163 Schools (units) - 50 Aral district Nursing staff (persons) - 533 School students – 16,357 Hospitals (units) - 1 Doctors (persons) - 163 Schools (units) - 54 Kyzylorda city Nursing staff (persons) - 533 School students – 12,468 Hospitals (units) - 4 Source: stat.gov.kz

D.4.3. Ethnic Groups 283. Of total population, Kazakhs represent 80%, Russians - 12.5% and other ethnic groups include Ukrainians, Tatars, Germans, Koreans, Chechens, Belorussians, Azeri, Uzbeks, and other minorities.

D.4.4. Languages 284. Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country: Kazakh language spoken natively by 64.4% of the population has the status of "state" language, whereas Russian, which is spoken by most Kazakhstanis, is declared an "official" language, and is used routinely in business, government, and inter-ethnic communication. Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include Uzbek, Ukrainian, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, and Tatar.15

D.4.5. Religion 285. According to its Constitution, Kazakhstan is a secular state. Religious freedoms are guaranteed by Article 39 of Kazakhstan's Constitution. Article 39 states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way”. According to the 2009 Census, 70% of the population is Muslim, 26% Christian, 0.1% Buddhists, 0.2% others (mostly Jews, and 3% Irreligious.16

D.5. Industry and Agriculture

286. Crop production. In 2018, the Kyzylorda Province sown crops were placed on an area of 178.9 thousand hectares, of which cereals - 16.3 thousand hectares, fodder - 56.6 thousand hectares, potatoes, vegetables, melons - 16.8 thousand. hectares, oilseeds and technical - 8.5 thousand hectares Natural landscape of the province, a lot of rivers and lakes favor rafting, fishing, hunting and research tours, antler curing and resort recreation. Cultural and cognitive tours are interesting for those loving ancient time, history and culture of their people. At their disposal there are guest houses in Katon-Karagaisky district where one can get acquainted with folk traditions, national cuisine and visit apiaries and maral-breeding farms.

15 http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711 16 Results of the national population census of 2009. Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2010. Retrieved from stat.gov.kz on July 20, 2015. 77

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Figure 9: Crop production breakdown in Kyzylorda Province 287. Livestock. At the end of 2018, there were 310 thousand cattle, 575, 3 thousand heads of sheep and goats, 118.9 thousand heads of horses, 41.9 thousand heads of camels and 111.9 thousand heads of poultry in the province.

Figure 10: Livestock production breakdown in Kyzylorda Province 288. Industry. The volume of industrial production in 2018 amounted to 503.6 billion tenge, which is 27.4% higher than the 2017 level. 289. It should be noted that 85.3% of industrial production in the province is accounted for by the mining industry, where crude oil production mainly prevails, its share in industrial production in the province was 62%. The share of the manufacturing industry was only 10.5%, power supply - 3.6% and water supply - 0.5%. 290. In the mining industry and the development of quarries produced products worth 769.7 billion tenge. Compared to the same period of 2017, the volume index amounted to 93.9%. 291. In particular, during this period, 5.6 million tons of crude oil was produced in the amount of 673.3 billion tenge, the IFO was 85.5%. 292. Manufacturing enterprises (the share in the industrial structure is 10.5%) produced products in the amount of 53 billion tenge. The volume index is 98.6%. 293. According to national legislation, State Expertise of projects requires archaeological survey and clearance of project area by licensed archaeological firms, which will be conducted during detail design stage.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Figure 11: Structure of Manufacturing in Kyzylorda Province 294. Industry of Kyzylorda Province included following: • Rich deposits of gold, silver, cadmium, germanium, oil shale, phosphate rock, raw materials for the production of building materials • First place in the Republic of Vanadium reserves • Third - in zinc, uranium and lead stocks • The province provides about 15% of all oil production in Kazakhstan • Production of iodized edible salt, polyethylene pipes and concrete products 295. Production of metallurgical products of the main noble and non-ferrous metals of the metallurgical industry grew by 32.2%. 296. In the production of food products produced in the amount of 40 billion tenge. The volume index to the corresponding period of 2017 amounted to 107.3%, including the processing of rice increased by 10.3%, liquid processed milk by 65.0%, iodized salt by 23.6%, meat products by 65.5 %. 297. In the chemical and related industries produced products in the amount of 10.4 billion tenge (IPV - 105.1%). 298. Production of other non-metallic mineral products (bricks, concrete products for construction purposes, ready-mixed concrete) increased by 6.6%.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province E. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

E.1. Impacts

299. This section of the IEE details the Projects potential impacts and proposes mitigation measures to limit any negative impacts identified. The impact assessment and mitigating measures cover the entire cycle of the project activities, from pre-construction to construction and operation and maintenance. The coverage of each of sub-project phases is defined as follows: • Feasibility / Design Phase, or the Pre-construction Phase • Construction Phase • Operation Phase 300. This section is discussed by construction package rather than by specific environmental or social characteristics, e.g. soils, hydrology, etc as this is considered easier to understand the specific issues. 301. The environmental components, which may be adversely affected by projects at their construction, operation and decommissioning stages, generally are grouped as physical, biological and socio-economic ones. Examples of the environmental components which might be of a different levels and attributes are presented in the Table 34 below. Table 34: Environmental Aspects

Socioeconomic Physical Components Biological Components Components • Physical component of • Fauna • Human health ecosystems (habitats) • Flora • Settlements • Air • Vegetation communities/ • Cultural heritages • Soil (quality, structure, fertility, forests • Employment erodibility) • Animals’ and plants’ • Demography • Land populations (number, • Income • Water resources (surface water abundance, distribution, etc.) • Poverty &, underground water: quality, • Biological component of • Gender availability, hydrological regime); forest, aquatic, meadow, • Education • Landscape/ Aesthetics, etc. steppe and other ecosystems • Migration (as a whole), etc. • Micro-organisms, etc 302. Subprojects’ potential impacts. Within the proposed sub-projects the impacts associated with the activities on rehabilitation of irrigation schemes might be positive and negative. Positive impacts attribute mainly to socio-economic environment. Negative impacts attribute to water, air and soil pollution, additional water and energy consumption, noise, odor, health risks, etc. Measures to be taken to minimize potential negative environmental impacts depend on their type, magnitude, combination and distribution.

E.1.1. Types of Project Impacts 303. Cumulative impact. The cluster of irrigation projects will have positive cumulative impact due to reduction of soil erosion at all, enhanced protection of arable lands from waterlogging, water losses, increasing of productivity of lands due to reduced risk of salinization, which will also have good social, environmental and economic effect. 304. Indirect Impacts. Indirect (or secondary) impacts are those arising from activities associated with direct activities implementing within the project implementation. These might be positive and negative social, economic, or environmental impacts of increased agricultural production due to improved irrigation, and agro-processing. In fact, in agricultural production

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province and agro-processing sectors may relate to purchase of more goods (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides for agricultural production), more transportation service, more fuel, utilities, labor, etc.). Negative indirect environmental impacts resulted from activities of the supported subprojects have to be considered during the EA process and relevant mitigation has to be suggested. 305. Residual Impacts. Residual impacts are those that remain after all mitigation has been carried out. Assuming that all mitigation as indicated in the guideline tables are implemented appropriately, the residual effects, even cumulatively on all sub-projects, should not be significant. Summary of probable residual impacts generated by the proposed activities is presented in the Table 35 below. Table 35: Summary of probable residual impacts Activity Probable Residual Impact Significance Construction/rehabilitation of Surface water pollution, soil erosion, generation Low irrigation canals of solid wastes, used toxic materials,

E 1.2. Positive Project’s Impacts 306. Most of the proposed works might generate adverse environmental impacts. These could include water and air pollution; noise pollution, soil erosion; dumping of excavated sediments and other materials from irrigation and drainage channels, structures; and occupational hazards. At the same time, the project will bring several positive environmental and social impacts, in particular a reduction in water logging, salinization and water losses; improved irrigation distribution and a reduction in seepage losses from main canal and over- supply of irrigation. The beneficial effect for the area will be a lower water table, a lower risk of salinity, and less stagnant water pools in the villages (which can cause health problems). 307. Direct positive impacts will be also generated by increased productivity, employment and income. The main benefits are summarized below: (i) Improved Agricultural Productivity. Agricultural productivity in the project area has declined in recent years, in large part because of the significant deterioration of the irrigation and drainage systems. The direct result of this deterioration has been a decreasing delivery of irrigation water, increasing water losses, decreasing fertility of soils, expanding areas of fallow agricultural land and rising groundwater levels. The infrastructure improvements planned under the project will restore and improve productivity by increasing delivery of irrigation water (reducing water losses), improving the fertility of soils and expanding the area of agricultural lands returned to production. (ii) Increased Farm Income. The project activities will provide a series of economic and social benefits resulted from expected increases in crop yields, increases in farm family incomes, improved employment opportunities and an overall reduction in rural poverty in the project area. (iii) Reduction in Water Losses. Estimates indicate that significant amounts of the water currently entering the irrigation system are lost as a result of infiltration, evaporation and inefficient, non-rational use of water. These water losses contribute to the high levels of groundwater, the salinity of the soils and the occurrence of waterlogging in low-lying areas. The irrigation and drainage improvements of the project would reduce these water losses, reduce seepage losses from irrigation canals and over-supply of irrigation, with a beneficial effect for the project area: a lower water table, a lower risk of salinity, and less stagnant water pools in the village causing health problems. (iv) Improved Water Resources Management. Drainage system improvements undertaken by the project should have positive impacts on the large areas of poorly drained agricultural land in the project area. The depth of the groundwater is critical for the incidence of secondary salinity in the soil, particularly where the groundwater itself

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

is saline and accumulated salts in the soils are not periodically leached. Regular leaching of soil has stopped in most areas. Reducing soil salinity would lead to improved yields of most salt-sensitive crops, helping to prevent significant erosion and increase agricultural productivity.

E.2. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

E.2.1. Design / Pre-construction Phase Impacts. 308. Water Protection Zones – according to the Water Code of RoK along the rivers and canals water protection zone is defined. Usually, it is in the range between 70 meters to 1000 meters depending on the river and canal. 309. Land Acquisition and Compensation – Rehabilitation of irrigation schemes will not cause need for land acquisition and will not impact crops and land within the Project area. Mitigation. 310. In the first instance, planning and design of all irrigation schemes components shall be based on international standards such as European standards and ISO or DIN norms under due consideration of local guidelines where available such as SniP and GOST. 311. Mitigation is recommended through strategic avoidance combined with construction and monitoring. Bid and contract documents are recommended to specify that a Site Specific EMP (SSEMP) shall be required. The Contractors shall ensure that the SSEMP is submitted to the Engineer for review at least 10 days before taking possession of any work site. No access to the sites will be allowed until the SSEMP is reviewed and approved by the Engineer. The SEMP will include the following Topic Specific Plans: • Waste Management Plan. • OHS Plan. • Traffic Management Plan. • Air Quality Management Plan. • Noise Management Plan. • Spill Response Plan. • Hazardous Materials Management Plan. • Chance Find Procedure.

E.2.2. Construction phase 312. The rehabilitation and construction works have the potential to cause a number of minor temporary environmental impacts arising from the location and management of work camps and haul roads and from disturbance issues relating to dust, noise and vibration, procurement of construction materials, liquid discharges, waste collection and storage. During construction stage the following direct impacts are expected: • Air emissions including dust • Noise and vibration • Soil erosion and contamination • Surface waters contamination • Potential groundwater contamination • Construction and household waste generation • Flora and fauna • Potential impacts on public cultural resources • Health and safety of workers and community

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

313. Adverse environmental impacts. Potential negative impacts of the project would include: (i) soils pollution during channels rehabilitation activities, including dumping of excavated sediments and other materials from irrigation channels and drainage collectors as well as during the rehabilitation of pumping stations; (ii) increased surface water pollution; (iii) soil erosion associated with the maintenance of existing practices of agricultural production; (iv) air pollution by dust and cement, as well as soil pollution by construction wastes due to improper activities for rehabilitation of concrete canals; (v) damage to trees or other vegetation along canals; (vi) occupational hazards during the rehabilitation of deep wells and pumping stations. 314. As mentioned above, the rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure activities will generally involve management of dredged sediment and construction debris but may also include (i) interference with access and movement; (ii) disturbance of agricultural activities resulting from access restriction, soil compaction, trenching; (iii) waste, noise, mud and dust at sites and on access roads. E. 2.2.1. Topography and Soils Impacts 315. It is anticipated that construction works will not impact the project’s topography as the project will rehabilitate already existing irrigation facilities. The landscapes in project areas are characterized as agricultural land and no sensitive landscapes will likely be affected. There is also a likelihood of soil contamination with spilled fuel, lubricants, and construction debris. 316. Potential impacts on soils include: • Erosion - Wind and water induced soil erosion due to construction activities, such as top soil removal, canal cleaning, lining, cut and fill operations can likely occur. It is also possible, that stockpiles of soil located close to surface waters could infiltrate the water courses during heavy rainfall and cause siltation of the rivers. • Contamination due to spills or hazardous materials - Potential soil contamination is a possibility resulting from poorly managed fuels, oils and other hazardous liquids used during the project works. Mitigation 317. During construction, the Engineer and the Contractor will both be responsible for ensuring that embankments are monitored continuously for signs of erosion. Any deep excavations in unstable soils will be shored by the contractor, and below grade construction brought to grade quickly, then excavations closed. Surface soils should be temporarily graded- to-drain and protected as necessary to reduce erosion and sediment runoff. 318. The Contractor, with oversight from the Engineer, will ensure that: • All fuel and chemical storage (if any) will be sited on an impervious base within a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area will be located away from any watercourse or wetlands. The base and bund walls will be impermeable and of sufficient capacity to contain 110% of the volume of tank (or one tank if more than one tank is located in the bund). • The construction camp maintenance yard will be constructed on impervious hardstanding with adequate drainage to collect spills, there will be no vehicle maintenance activities on open ground. • Filling and refueling will be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures. Drip pans will be placed under all filling and fueling areas. Waste oils will be stored and disposed of by a licensed contractor.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

• All valves and trigger guns will be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use. • The contents of any tank or drum will be clearly marked. Measures will be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any soils. • No bitumen drums or containers, full or used, will be stored on open ground. They will only be stored on impervious hardstanding. • Areas using bitumen will be constructed on impervious hardstanding to prevent seepage of oils into the soils. E. 2.2.2. Impact on Hydrologic Characteristics Impacts 319. It is expected that during construction the subprojects will not have any significant impact on water flows. Potential impacts on the quality of surface water from construction activities include pollution from construction vehicles, equipment and material stores, poor sanitation at work sites, and the release of soil where earthworks take place adjacent to water bodies that takes place in the river beds. Improper siting and design of construction camps can have negative impacts to hydrology, both surface and groundwater, through improper disposal of liquid waste and spills of hazardous liquids. Mitigation 320. No construction camp, permanent or temporary, will be located within 500 meters of any river, or reservoir. The contractor will also be responsible for the preparation of a Construction Camp Site Plan which will form part of the SEMP. The plan will indicate the system proposed and the locations of related facilities in the site, including latrines, holding areas, septic tanks, etc. The contractor will ensure the following conditions are met within the Plan: (i) Wastewater arising on the site will be collected, removed from the site via a suitable and properly designed temporary drainage system and disposed of at a location and in a way that will cause neither pollution nor nuisance. (ii) There will be no direct discharge of sanitary or wash water to surface water, including the surface water courses identified in this report. Disposal of materials such as, but not limited to, lubricating oil and onto the ground or water bodies will be prohibited. (iii) Liquid material storage containment areas will not be drained directly to surface water. (iv) Lubricating and fuel oil spills will be cleaned up immediately and spill cleanup materials will be maintained (including spill kits) across the Contractors’ construction camp. (v) Construction and work sites will be equipped with sanitary latrines that do not pollute surface waters. (vi) Discharge of sediment-laden construction water directly into surface watercourses or wetlands will be forbidden. Sediment laden construction water will be discharged into settling lagoons or tanks prior to final discharge. (vii) Spill cleanup equipment will be maintained on site. The following conditions to avoid adverse impacts due to improper fuel and chemical storage. (viii) Fueling operations will occur only within containment areas. (ix) All fuel and chemical storage (if any) will be sited on an impervious base within a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area will be located away from any watercourse. The base and bund walls will be impermeable and of sufficient capacity to contain 110% of the volume of the largest storage tank / container in the bund.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

(x) Filling and refueling will be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures and will take place within areas surrounded by bunds to contain spills / leaks of potentially contaminating liquids. (xi) All valves and trigger guns will be resistant to unauthorized interference and vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use. (xii) The contents of any tank or drum will be clearly marked. Measures will be taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any drain or watercourses. (xiii) Disposal of lubricating oil and other potentially hazardous liquids onto the ground or water bodies will be prohibited. (xiv) Should any accidental spills occur immediate clean-up will be undertaken and all clean-up materials stored in a secure area for disposal. Disposal of such was will be undertaken by a waste management company contracted by the contractor. The waste management company must have the required licenses to transport and dispose of hazardous waste before any such waste is removed from the site. The Contractor will keep copies of the company’s licenses and provide waste transfer manifests at his camp site for routine inspection by the engineer. E. 2.2.3. Air Quality Impacts 321. General considerations. Transportation of materials and equipment to subproject’s areas and removal of solid wastes such as degraded reinforced concrete structures from the construction sites may generate fugitive dust due to mostly unpaved access roads to the subproject’s sites. The number of trucks delivering materials and equipment is not anticipated to be more than twenty or so per day for each subproject. Rehabilitation of canals including excavation and cleaning of earth canals, reinforced concrete pipelining, concrete lining, etc. will result in elevated, short term and localized air quality impacts from construction machinery and equipment. 322. Exhaust gases are emitted by trucks delivering the materials and removing construction wastes, excavators, graders, bulldozers, and other machinery and equipment. They include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide. As a rule, impact of exhaust gases in rural environment is insignificant due to rapid dispersing of emissions. Nevertheless, all machinery and equipment must comply with the national vehicle regulations and international emission standards. 323. Site-specific considerations. Several subprojects will be in vicinity of villages and/or groups of houses in the rural area. Specifically, it concerns Zhalagash village of Zhalagash district, Urkendeu, Aktan Batyr, Baskara, Baigekum, and Bala Bi villages in Kazaly district, Seifullin, Terenozek, and Tokmagambetov villages in Syrdarya district, and Akzhar village in Karmakshy district. 324. Mitigation. The following air pollution control mitigation measures will be undertaken during construction phase of the project: • Construction materials (sand, gravel, and rocks) and spoil materials will be transported by trucks covered with tarpaulin; • All vehicles (e.g., trucks, equipment, and other vehicles that support construction works) will comply with the national vehicle regulations and international emission standards. Regular exhaust emissions tests need to be conducted.; • No equipment using any fuel that may produce air pollutants, including mobile generators, will be installed without consent of the engineer. Construction equipment will be maintained to a good standard and fitted with pollution control devices which will be regularly monitored by the engineer.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

• No burning of debris or other materials will occur on the construction sites • For dust generated from unpaved roads, material stock piles, etc: o The contractor will ensure that material stockpiles will be located in sheltered areas and be covered with tarpaulins or other such suitable covering to prevent material becoming airborne. o All trucks used for transporting materials to and from the sites will be covered with canvas tarpaulins, or other acceptable type cover (which will be properly secured) to prevent debris and/or materials from falling from or being blown off the vehicle(s). o Effective use of water sprays will be implemented: carrying out watering for dust control at least 3 times a day: in the morning, at noon, and in the afternoon during dry weather with temperatures of over 25°C, or in windy weather specifically in or near, Zhalagash village of Zhalagash district, Urkendeu, Aktan Batyr, Baskara, Baigekum, and Bala Bi villages in Kazaly district, Seifullin, Terenozek, and Tokmagambetov villages in Syrdarya district, and Akzhar village in Karmakshy district. Avoid overwatering as this may make the surrounding muddy). All water used for controlling dust will be free of odor and pollution. E. 2.2.4. Noise and Vibration Impact 325. General considerations. Noise and vibration are likely be generated by large construction equipment, including bulldozers, excavators, trucks, concrete mixers, and power generators, diverted traffic, etc. However, it is expected that many construction sites will be in rural areas away from sensitive receptors. In those cases, where the sites are located near settlements qualitative assessment is done and mitigation measures will be described as shown below. Project area and vehicle movement routes should be inspected for sensitive structures; pictures and precautions should be taken to avoid vibration impacts on sensitive structures near project sites and roads, prone to cracking and breaking caused by vibration from construction activities. 326. Site-specific considerations. Several subprojects will be in vicinity of villages and/or groups of houses in the rural area. Specifically, it concerns Zhalagash village of Zhalagash district, Urkendeu, Aktan Batyr, Baskara, Baigekum, and Bala Bi villages in Kazaly district, Seifullin, Terenozek, and Tokmagambetov villages in Syrdarya district, and Akzhar village in Karmakshy district. Therefore, some noise impacts are expected from heavy machinery. Mitigation 327. During the construction phase the following mitigation measures will be taken: • Time and activity constraints. In case if construction sites will be within or in proximity to villages operations will be scheduled to coincide with periods when people would least likely be affected; work hours and work days will be limited to less noise- sensitive times. Hours-of-work will be approved by the engineer having due regard for possible noise disturbance to the residents or other activities. Construction activities will be strictly prohibited between 10 PM and 7 AM in the residential areas. When operating close to sensitive areas such as medical facilities and schools, the contractor’s hours of working shall be limited to 8 AM to 6 PM; • Use temporary noise barriers while working in sensitive locations in case accidence of allowable limits is expected. Placing the barrier close to the source proves to be effective. • Give notice as early as possible to sensitive receptors for periods of noisier works such as excavation. Describe the activities and how long they are expected to take. Keep affected neighbors informed of progress. • Within normal working hours, where it is reasonable to do so:

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

o schedule noisy activities for less sensitive times. o provide periods of respite from noisier works (for example, periodic breaks from jackhammer noise). • The weekend/evening periods are important for community rest and recreation and provide respite when noisy work has been conducted throughout the week. Accordingly, work should not usually be scheduled during these times. • All mechanical plant is to be silenced by the best practical means using current technology. Mechanical plant, including noise-suppression devices, should be maintained to the manufacturer’s specifications. Internal combustion engines are to be fitted with a suitable muffler in good repair. • Fit all pneumatic tools with an effective silencer on their air exhaust port. • Install less noisy movement/reversing warning systems for equipment and vehicles that will operate for extended periods, during sensitive times or proximity to sensitive sites. Occupational health and safety requirements for use of warning systems must be followed. • Turn off equipment when not being used. • All vehicular movements to and from the site to only occur during the scheduled normal working hours, unless approval has been granted by the engineer. • Where possible, no truck associated with the work should be left standing with its engine operating in a street adjacent to a residential area. • Provision of noise protection kits such as ear plug, earmuff, for workers who are working in the area with noise level is higher than 85 dB(A). 328. The site-specific EMPs will be developed prior to the start of the construction works. They will contain procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures and monitoring requirements are implemented during the construction period. All civil works will be designed and implemented in accordance with environmentally sound engineering practices and governed by the relevant environmental standards. E. 2.2.5. Impact on Ecological Resources Impact 329. The project’s rehabilitation works of existing infrastructure will not have a significant adverse impact on the local ecological resources since they are in areas that have already been affected by human activities for a long period. Construction activities are expected to impact only a narrow band of vegetation adjacent to the existing canals. Some subprojects will include cleaning of plants and their roots from overgrown canals, including weeds, bushes, and potential cutting of trees. There will be no adverse impact on specially protected nature areas as the project is limited to mostly rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems. Mitigation 330. It is recommended that each one removed should be replaced by at least two new saplings of the same species or other at suitable locations. Other potential impacts to canal- side trees will be avoided by ensuring that canal rehabilitation activities such as concrete batching plants, construction camps and other ancillary features are properly sited. In addition, the contractor will be responsible for supplying appropriate and adequate fuel in workers’ camps to prevent fuel-wood collection. Therefore, considering the nature of the project and the types of works envisaged, there will be no significant loss of flora or habitat. E. 2.2.6. Occupational Health and Safety Impact 331. Workers’ rights including occupational health and safety need to be considered to avoid accidents and injuries, loss of man-hours, labor abuses and to ensure fair treatment, remuneration and working and living conditions.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Mitigation 332. An Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Plan shall be prepared by the Contractor to manage worker safety on-site during the construction phase of the Project. 333. Construction activities pose some potential hazards to both workers and the public. Hazards include excavation, movement of plant and equipment in confined spaces, and the use of hazardous substances. Safety to workers and the public can be enhanced by: (i) Proper briefing and training of workers on safety precautions, and their responsibilities for the safety of themselves and others. (ii) Provision to workers of protective clothing including hard hats, and protective footwear. (iii) Ensuring plant and vehicle operators are properly licensed and trained. (iv) Arranging for the provision of first aid facilities, readily available trained paramedical personnel, and emergency transport to the nearest hospital with accident and emergency facilities, and allocation of responsibility for ensuring that these arrangements are continually in place. (v) Arranging for regular safety checks of vehicles and material, and allocation of responsibility for this. (vi) Provision of hazard warning signs around construction sites. 334. All civil works will be designed and operated in accordance with environmentally sound engineering practices and governed by the relevant environmental standards. The works will require the use of heavy machinery (i.e. excavators, bulldozers) but will be small in scale and will not take place on lands already under agricultural use. 335. Movable sanitary facilities should be provided at the work site and kept clean, free of odors and usable. E. 2.2.7. Community Health and Safety Impact 336. The implementation of the project could affect the health, safety and security of the communities in the area of influence as a result of worker-community interactions, in-migration to the area, increased incomes in the local community that may be used for drugs, alcohol and prostitution, the risk of injury associated with construction and operational activities, increased pressure on health care resources and changes to the environment. 337. Workforce, Jobseekers and Social Conflict. In some instances, the local population may not be able to provide the necessary skilled workers for the project. In such cases workers from other provinces may be employed by the contractor. This could lead to social tensions and potential conflict if these workers are not aware of local customs and practices. An increase in disposable income within the project area may also result in a change in spending habits and misbehavior, which poses a threat to community health and safety. 338. During the construction phase workers will be accommodated on-site and as such there will be no pressure on local housing stock. In addition, the contractor will also have his own on-site medical facilities. Any serious injuries will be treated in nearby villages or Kyzylorda city. Mitigation 339. The public will be barred from construction areas, and excavations will be fenced and sign posted. Workers should not be allowed to enter trenches deeper than waist height unless they are properly shored. 340. Crews of workers will be used for project works and it is anticipated that they will mainly be locally contracted workers. Construction camp facilities will be required, or project specific accommodation.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

341. The Contractor will strictly follow his Traffic Management Plan (TMP) which will outline haul routes and safety measures. The TMP will also describe the method for provision of access in roads where trenches are being excavated. If any diversions are required, they should be outlined in the TMP. E. 2.2.8. Impact on Cultural Resources Impacts 342. No cultural resources have been identified in the project area. Due to the scale and nature of subprojects works located within existing RoWs, no impact on cultural resources (graveyards, etc.) is anticipated. However, chance finds during excavation works are possible. Mitigation 343. No mitigation is required except for preparation of chance find plan. E. 2.2.9. Waste Management Impacts 344. Construction activities can likely generate construction wastes, including wastes from disassembly of old concrete lining, old hydraulic structures, silt from canal beds, spoil materials, and other debris. Spoil material and other construction waste will also be produced during the concrete laying works. 345. Household wastes will be generated by contractor’s workforce throughout construction period. Mitigation 346. To ensure waste management is adequately controlled during the construction phase of the project, the contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that the waste hierarchy is followed including prevention, minimization, reuse and recycling. Specifically, the contractor will be responsible for the following measures: • Implementation of the Waste Management Plan (WMP) – The WMP shall include items relating to the safe handling and management of hazardous and non- hazardous wastes, e.g. plastic, metal, wood, liquid wastes, etc. • Recycling and Reuse – Where possible, surplus materials will be reused or recycled – this should include wood, plastic, metal and glass. A plan for the recycling of materials should be included in the WMP. • Storage of Hazardous Wastes – Oils, fuels and chemicals are substances which are hazardous to human health. They need to be stored properly in correctly labeled containers at construction areas. Oil and fuel will only be kept in small quantities on site should be stored in mobile bunds to contain spillage (the bund should be able to contain at least 110% of the volume of the largest storage tank within the bund). The contractor shall also prepare, as part of his SEMP, a spill response plan for the management of any spills over 10 liters and provide spill kits at all work sites. • Waste Disposal – Waste, both hazardous and non-hazardous, shall be collected and disposed of by a licensed waste management contractor. The contractor will keep copies of the waste management company’s licenses on file at his site office. The contractor shall also keep a record of the waste volumes and types removed from the site and the waste transfer notes provided by the waste management contractor. 347. Construction of worker camps shall be located close to settlement areas but not near sensitive water resources. In such cases, the constructor needs to provide a detailed design of each work camp including infrastructure planning (water supply, electricity supply, waste

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province management, waste water treatment and disposal). Workers need to be trained how to behave and to handle waste and waste water according environmental management requirements.

E 2.3. Operation Phase 348. Environmental impacts of Kyzylorda subprojects operation stage include: • impacts from improper water drainage management; • impacts caused by maintenance works from KVK; • rising of water pollution with pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and other chemicals; • reduced amount of water in rivers available for downstream users. 349. There is a high chance of waterlogging, rising of water table, and salinization of soils during operation stage at irrigated lands and vicinity areas due to bad water management and drainage. 350. Impact on Water Resources & Fisheries. The rehabilitation works will have no affect on the quantity or quality of available water resources in the project area. It is possible that the river water immediately adjacent to the works may become temporarily polluted, but this risk will be addressed in the Environment Management and Monitoring Plan. E.2.3.1. Pest management and mineral fertilizers issues 351. General remarks. The pest management issues which can be potentially raised by the project may relate to indirect effect of stimulating greater use of agro-chemicals associated with more intensive cultivation and/ or higher crop value. The objective of IEE in this regard is to encourage adoption of Integrated Pest Management approach and increase beneficiaries’ awareness of pesticide-related hazards and good practices for safe pesticides use and handling. 352. Principles of the Integrated Pest Management17. The primary aim of pest management is to manage pests and diseases that may negatively affect production of crops so that they remain at a level that is under an economically damaging threshold. Pesticides should be managed to reduce human exposure and health hazards, to avoid their migration into off-site land or water environments and to avoid ecological impacts such as destruction of beneficial species and the development of pesticide resistance. One important strategy is to promote and facilitate the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) through preparation and implementation of an Integrated Pest Management Plan (PMP). The IPM consists of the judicious use of both chemical and nonchemical control techniques to achieve effective and economically efficient pest management with minimal environmental contamination. IPM therefore may include the use of: a) Mechanical and Physical Control; b) Cultural Control; c) Biological Control, and d) rational Chemical Control. Although IPM emphasizes the use of nonchemical strategies, chemical control may be an option used in conjunction with other methods. Integrated pest management strategies depend on surveillance to establish the need for control and to monitor the effectiveness of management efforts. 353. Alternatives to Pesticide Application. Where feasible, the following alternatives to pesticides should be considered: • Rotate crops to reduce the presence of pests and weeds in the soil ecosystem; • Use pest-resistant crop varieties; • Use mechanical weed control and / or thermal weeding; • Support and use beneficial organisms, such as insects, birds, mites, and microbial agents, to perform biological control of pests;

17 This section is based on the World Bank Group in the Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines prepared in 2007. 90

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

• Protect natural enemies of pests by providing a favorable habitat, such as bushes for nesting sites and other original vegetation that can house pest predators and by avoiding the use of broad-spectrum pesticides; • Use animals to graze areas and manage plant coverage; • Use mechanical controls such as manual removal, traps, barriers, light, and sound to kill, relocate, or repel pests. 354. Pesticide Application. If pesticide application is warranted, users are recommended take the following actions: • Train personnel to apply pesticides and ensure that personnel have received applicable certifications or equivalent training where such certifications are not required; • Review and follow the manufacturer’s directions on maximum recommended dosage or treatment as well as published reports on using the reduced rate of pesticide application without loss of effect, and apply the minimum effective dose; • Avoid routine “calendar-based” application, and apply pesticides only when needed and useful based on criteria such as field observations, weather data (e.g. appropriate temperature, low wind, etc.), • Avoid the use of highly hazardous pesticides, particularly by uncertified, untrained or inadequately equipped users. This includes: • Pesticides that fall under the World Health Organization Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard Classes 1a and 1b should be avoided in almost all cases, to be used only when no practical alternatives are available and where the handling and use of the products will be done in accordance with national laws by certified personnel in conjunction with health and environmental exposure monitoring; • Pesticides that fall under the World Health Organization Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard Class II should be avoided if the project host country lacks restrictions on distribution and use of these chemicals, or if they are likely to be accessible to personnel without proper training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, apply, and dispose of these products properly; • Avoid the use of pesticides listed in Annexes A and B of the Stockholm Convention, except under the conditions noted in the convention and those subject to international bans or phase outs; • Use only pesticides that are manufactured under license and registered and approved by the appropriate authority and in accordance with the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO’s) International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides; • Use only pesticides that are labeled in accordance with international standards and norms, such as the FAO’s Revised Guidelines for Good Labeling Practice for Pesticides; • Select application technologies and practices designed to reduce unintentional drift or runoff only as indicated in an IPM program, and under controlled conditions; • Maintain and calibrate pesticide application equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. Use application equipment that is registered in the country of use; • Establish untreated buffer zones or strips along water sources, rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, and ditches to help protect water resources; • Avoid use of pesticides that have been linked to localized environmental problems and threats. 355. Pesticide Handling and Storage. Contamination of soils, groundwater, or surface water resources, due to accidental spills during transfer, mixing, and storage of pesticides should be

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province prevented by following the hazardous materials storage and handling recommendations. These are the following: • Store pesticides in their original packaging, in a dedicated, dry, cool, frost-free, and well aerated location that can be locked and properly identified with signs, with access limited to authorized people. No human or animal food may be stored in this location. The store room should also be designed with spill containment measures and sited in consideration of potential for contamination of soil and water resources; • Mixing and transfer of pesticides should be undertaken by trained personnel in ventilated and well lit areas, using containers designed and dedicated for this purpose. • Containers should not be used for any other purpose (e.g. drinking water). Contaminated containers should be handled as hazardous waste, and should be disposed in specially designated for hazardous wastes sites. Ideally, disposal of containers contaminated with pesticides should be done in a manner consistent with FAO guidelines and with manufacturer's directions; • Purchase and store no more pesticide than needed and rotate stock using a “first- in, first-out” principle so that pesticides do not become obsolete. Additionally, the use of obsolete pesticides should be avoided under all circumstances; A management plan that includes measures for the containment, storage and ultimate destruction of all obsolete stocks should be prepared in accordance to guidelines by FAO and consistent with country commitments under the Stockholm, Rotterdam and Basel Conventions. • Collect rinse water from equipment cleaning for reuse (such as for the dilution of identical pesticides to concentrations used for application); • Ensure that protective clothing worn during pesticide application is either cleaned or disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner • Maintain records of pesticide use and effectiveness. 356. Pest Management Plan (PMP). The content of the Pest Management Plan should apply to all the activities and individuals working. It should be emphasized also that nonchemical control efforts will be used to the maximum extent possible before pesticides are used. The Pest Management Plan should be a framework through which pest management is defined and accomplished. The Plan should identify elements of the program to include health and environmental safety, pest identification, and pest management, as well as pesticide storage, transportation, use and disposal. Management Plan is to be used as a tool to reduce reliance on pesticides, to enhance environmental protection, and to maximize the use of integrated pest management techniques. 357. The Pest Management Plan shall contain pest management requirements, outlines the resources necessary for surveillance and control, and describes the administrative, safety and environmental requirements. The Plan should provide guidance for operating and maintaining an effective pest management program/ activities. Pests considering in the Plan may be weeds and other unwanted vegetation, crawling insects and other vertebrate pests. Without control, these pests provoke plants’ deceases. Adherence to the Plan will ensure effective, economical and environmentally acceptable pest management and will maintain compliance with pertinent laws and regulations. 358. Reviewing and approving Pest Management Plan. A PMP should be prepared in all cases of direct purchasing and usage of pesticides by beneficiaries. 359. Safety issues in mineral fertilizers usage and handling. Similarly, as in the case of usage of pesticides, fertilizers usage may provide important benefits, they also pose certain risks associated with accidental expose of environment and of farmers during their inappropriate handling and usage. To avoid adverse environmental impacts while using mineral fertilizers it is necessary to comply strictly with a series of requirements, stipulated in

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province the existing legal documents as well as in the fertilizers Guidelines for their handling. The rules and procedures of production, storage, transportation and usage of the mineral fertilizers are reflected in a relatively small number of documents, and most of them were adopted at the time of the USSR. 360. Main requirements while using mineral fertilizers. The usage of different mineral fertilizers should be done depending on such factors as type and quality of the soil, type of the crop, system of crop rotation, weather and climate conditions, ways and terms of their application. 361. Provisions with regard to fertilizers storage: • Keep stocks of fertilizers, and soil amendment materials to the minimum required. • Ensure that the storage facility is appropriately secured. • Fertilizers and soil amendment materials are not to be stored in contact with ground surfaces. • Storage areas/facilities are to weather-proofed and able to exclude runoff from other areas. • Do not store in close proximity to heat sources such as open flames, steam pipes, radiators or other combustible materials such as flammable liquids. • Do not store with urea. • Do not contaminate fertilizers, and soil amendment materials with other foreign matter. • In case of fire flood the area with water. • If augers are used to move the material, ensure that any residue(s) in the immediate area is cleaned up. • Dispose of empty bags in the appropriate manner. 362. Provisions with regard to fertilizers field usage: • Keep fertilizer amounts to a minimum and covered to avoid unnecessary expose to open air. • Keep spreaders and air seeders that are left in the field overnight covered. • Cover spreader and air seeders between jobs. • Ensure that the drill, air seeder and/or fertilizer box is completely empty at the end of each day. If the drill, air seeder and/or fertilizer box cannot be fully emptied fill to capacity prior to storage for the night. • Do not store dry urea with dry ammonium nitrate. 363. Ensuring minimization of hazards associated with inappropriate handling and usage of fertilizers - Table 36 below provides information about typical hazard scenarios that that may arise in conjunction with the procurement, handling and storage of fertilizers as well as the recommended measures to control the potential risks. Table 36: Typical hazard scenarios and recommended measures Likely Hazard Recommended Control Strategy Scenario Spillage • Ensure all storage areas and/or facilities are secure and appropriate. • Ensure all fertilizer products can be contained within the storage area and/or facility selected • Provide appropriate equipment and materials to clean up a spillage

Transportation and • Cover any loads of fertilizer products whilst in transit delivery of goods • Ensure that deliveries of fertilizer products are made at appropriate times • Do not accept any containers of fertilizer products that are damaged and/or leaking. • Ensure that any spillages that occur during delivery are cleaned up appropriately.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Likely Hazard Recommended Control Strategy Scenario

Drift of dust from • Keep fertilizer products covered and/or sealed storage areas and/or • Clean up spillages promptly facilities • Keep “in use” stocks to the minimum required • Staff responsible for storage areas and/or facilities to will ensure that the drift of dust beyond the perimeter is kept to a minimum.

Storage areas - • Keep floor surfaces swept clean of fertilizer to prevent tracking by people and/or vehicles beyond the perimeter. Floors • Sweep up and dispose of spillages in a timely and appropriate manner

Cross contamination • Keep each fertilizer product will in a separate storage container and/or of product position within the facility and/or area.

Confusion of Product • Maintain an accurate storage manifest/register. • Keep products and blends are segregated at all times. • Ensure all storage bays and bins are clearly labeled. • Ensure all storage, loading and blending plant and equipment is cleaned from all residues when changing from one product to another. • Do not store product in bags that are not correctly stamped

Occupational Health • Contact between fertilizer products, people and livestock will be minimized. and Safety Risk Assessments • Risk Assessments are required to be conducted on the procurement, storage and handling of fertilizer products.

Contact with people • Managers will develop, implement and monitor the effectiveness of hazard and livestock management procedures • All persons using fertilizer products are to adhere to the hazard management procedures and adopt safe working practice and ensure that direct contact with fertilizer and the inhalation of fertilizer dust is minimized. • Managers are to ensure that staff is made aware of any national and industry regulations which have to be observed.

Personal Protective • Staff must be provided with appropriate PPE when using fertilizer products. Equipment Lack of appropriate • Managers must ensure that appropriate safety warning signs and/or warning safety information is displayed/ available regarding nature of hazards and risk signage and control measures. information Poor housekeeping • All staff is responsible for implementing sound housekeeping practices in and/or routine storage areas and arranging regular routine maintenance for all equipment maintenance used. Defective &/or • Conduct regular inspection & testing of equipment and infrastructure to unserviceable plant & identify what maintenance requirements equipment Incorrect or • Fertilizer blends to be prepared using the right raw materials in the inappropriate appropriate proportions. All products will be loaded into spreaders etc in the mixtures of product right condition to the right weight. No training • Staff will undertake appropriate training.

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Likely Hazard Recommended Control Strategy Scenario Lack of appropriate • All relevant records and documentation to be kept and maintained eg records &/or training records, risk assessments, maintenance schedules, recipes for documentation fertilizer blends, etc.

*Magnitude scale: Small / Moderate / Large *Likelihood scale: Rare / Unlikely / Likely / Certain Table 37: Environmental Impacts and proposed mitigation measures for Kyzylorda Province

No. Types of activities Impacts / Mitigation Measures Sensitive Magnitude / Receptors Likelihood KYZYLORDA PROVINCE CONSTRUCTION STAGE 1 Construction activities on: Dust Transportation of materials and vehicle movement: Lands adjacent to generation / project sites and 1. Unlined canals 1117.24 km Moderate • All dust generating roads should be watered to suppress dust access roads 2. Collectors 357.73 km magnitude / formation during movement of vehicles, as frequent as necessary 3. Replacement and Certain depending on circumstances. construction of hydraulic • During hot dry summer days and active construction works, it is a structures: head regulators, usual practice to water access roads every two hours. outlets, pipe crossings, • Trucks carrying earth, sand or stone should be covered with bridges, water metering tarpaulins or other suitable cover. devices, and underground closing systems Stockpiles of materials and spoil: 4. 27 vertical drainage wells • All stockpiles should be managed to reduce dust emissions 5. Access roads • Stockpiles should be located downwind of sensitive receptors, such 6. Construction sites as residential areas 7. Labor camps • Stockpiles emitting dust should be sprayed with water prior to 8. Borrow pits moving • If a stockpile is within 300 m of residential area, precautions should be taken to avoid dust generation, including using of a reusable stockpile cover and fencing to form a high barrier to prevent wind lifting and dispersing Construction sites: • Water should be sprayed on construction sites and material handling routes, where fugitive dust is generated

Air emissions / No burning is allowed on any construction sites throughout the project Air around the Small implementation period project area TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

magnitude /

Certain Construction vehicles and machinery should be maintained to a high standard to minimize emissions and should avoid unnecessary idling to save fuel and reduce emissions

Manufacturing plants locations should be agreed with Supervision Consultant and should be downwind and at least 500 m from nearest residential area

Noise / Small • Noise monitoring should be organized near sensitive receptors, Residential areas magnitude / such as residential areas Certain • All exhaust systems should be maintained in good order • Noise generating equipment should be located at least 300 m from any sensitive areas • Noise generating equipment at construction sites should be isolated and, where possible, should be faced away from most sensitive directions • All construction workers should be provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and use them against high noise and/ or lengthy exposure • Noisy works and vehicle movement near sensitive receptors should be limited to daylight working hours • Construction noise will be limited to restricted times agreed to in the permit • During operations the engine covers of generators, air compressors and other powered mechanical equipment should be closed, and equipment placed as far away from residential areas as possible • Measures should be taken to reduce any noise disturbance to community, including advance warning on timing of noisy activities, seeking suggestions from community members to reduce noise annoyance, and dissemination of procedure on handling complaints through GRM

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Vibration / Project area and vehicle movement routes should be inspected for Fragile structures Small sensitive structures; pictures and precautions should be taken to avoid and buildings in magnitude / vibration impacts on sensitive structures near project sites and roads, prone proximity of Unlikely to cracking and breaking caused by vibration from construction activities construction sites and transportation

routes Soil erosion / • Minimize unnecessary encroachment onto adjacent lands to Fertile soils on Moderate reduce area of disturbance to vegetation and soil project sites and magnitude / • Fertile topsoil layer should be cut and stockpiled separately from in proximity Likely spoil material to be readily available for later use in slope stabilization and land reinstatement works • Where possible, surplus soil should be used for earth filling works at approved locations • Canal excavation width and depth should be kept to a feasible minimum to reduce extra spoil generation • Settling ponds, silt fences and screens should be used to prevent sediment transport into surface water near construction sites • Intercepting ditches and drains should be organized to prevent runoff entering construction sites and to divert runoff from sites to existing drainage • Works and material handling should be limited during heavy rains and high winds to minimize soil erosion • All disturbed sites prior to project completion and commissioning should be reinstated at least to pre-project conditions by (i) cleaning area from wastes and debris, (ii) mechanical remediation and (iii) biological revegetation with native plants

Soil • Petroleum products, hazardous materials and wastes should be Soils on project contamination / stored covered from precipitation, on an impermeable surface, and sites and in Small secured from acts of vandalism proximity magnitude / • Fuel tanks shall be installed on an impermeable ground in a Likely bunded area with capacity of 110% of fuel tank • Avoid soil contamination with petroleum products, lubricants, or hazardous materials during equipment maintenance and repair, field refueling, and hazardous material handling

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

• Organize spill response kit at each construction site for collection and storage of contaminated soil and provide training for workers on use of spill response kit

Surface water • No equipment washing is allowed in any surface water bodies Surface water contamination / throughout the project implementation period bodies Small • No wastewater shall be dumped into any ditches or streams magnitude / • Sediment pools arrangement Likely • Wastewater from labor camps and construction sites should be canalized into septic tanks without contacting ground • Septic tanks should be timely emptied by a hired septic truck and transported to legally approved treatment facility or dumpsite • Fuel storage, equipment maintenance and repair workshops, and vehicle washing areas shall be stationed at least 300 m away from any water body

Solid wastes • No wastes shall be burned throughout the project implementation Soils and water generation period bodies Improper • Develop Waste and Spoil Management Plan for handling, storage disposal of and disposal of construction, household wastes, and canal solid and liquid sediment spoil based on actual situation at project sites and waste, Spills selected dumpsites and inadequate • Waste and Spoil Management Plan should indicate approved spoil clean-up / disposal sites, which should not to be on slopes or near pasture Moderate lands, and should have further plans for rehabilitation magnitude / • All construction wastes and demolition debris should be disposed Certain at authorized locations • Stockpiling of construction material should be avoided if possible. If not, construction material should be stored on the construction site, and protected from weathering. Hazardous materials like paints, oils, enamels and others should be kept on impermeable surface, and adsorbents like sand or sawdust should be kept for handling small spillage. • Trees and bushes cut under the project works can be provided for use to local households

TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

• All household wastes shall be collected into confined waste containers equipped with covers installed away from sensitive areas • Any toxic/ hazardous wastes shall be kept in safe leak-proof containers labeled with description of contents, properties, and handling information, and disposed at authorized facilities • Use waste management hierarchy: (i) avoid waste generation at source; (ii) minimize waste generation, where it is inevitable; (iii) reuse or recycle if possible; (iv) dispose at authorized locations.

Impacts on Acquire tree cutting permit from local forestry and wildlife department for Flora and fauna flora and fauna, any trees to be cut under the project loss of

biodiversity and habitats/ • For any tree cut or valuable grassland area disturbed for project Moderate needs, replant trees or re-vegetate areas at other approved magnitude / locations; best practice ratio is 3 trees planted for 1 cut. For large Likely trees in the vicinity of the activity, mark and cordon off with a fence large tress and protect root system and avoid any damage to the trees • Use only native plants for re-vegetation of disturbed areas • Identify, demarcate and protect sites where small animals, reptiles, and birds of common species live, such as vegetated roadside areas, tree belts, inner areas of bridges, river riparian zones, etc. • All recognized natural habitats and protected areas in the immediate vicinity of the activity will not be damaged or exploited, all staff will be strictly prohibited from hunting, foraging, logging or other damaging activities. • Adjacent wetlands and streams will be protected, from construction site run-off, with appropriate erosion and sediment control features to include but not limited to hay bales, silt fences • No unlicensed borrow pits, quarries or waste dumps in adjacent areas are allowed, especially in protected areas.

Impacts on If any paleontological fossils, archaeological finds or other important Public cultural public cultural cultural objects are encountered during construction, all activities at that resources

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resources / location shall stop and local authorities shall be notified; works may restart Small only after fulfillment of prescribed measures and permission received to magnitude / resume works Rare

Occupational • Contractor shall allocate budget for Occupational Health and Safety Workers Health and measures Safety / Small • All legally required permits should be acquired magnitude / • Health and Safety Specialist shall be hired to develop, implement, Likely and supervise Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), subject to approval by Supervision Consultant • H&S Specialist will conduct initial and regular refresher training for all workers on labor rights, occupational health and safety matters, ensure provision and distribution of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), first aid, medical and health services, safety practices, equipment and training, HIV/ AIDS / IEC and alleviation programs and keep record and report on any H&S incidents • HSM Plan shall follow national legislation requirements and include among others requirements to: (i) norms on provision of fresh water at all sites; (ii) adequate hygienic and sanitation facilities; (iii) labelling, warning, storage, and handling procedures for hazardous liquid materials; (iv) emergency response procedures; (v) records of occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents; (vi) OH&S publications, such as brochures, leaflets, posters in Kazakh and Russian languages at relevant construction sites; (vii) monthly records on labor profile, including information on workers’ place of origin, gender, ethnicity, type of contract (full-time/ part-time, unskilled/ semi-skilled/ skilled, management, administration) (viii) ensure all workers have officially signed contracts, correct and timely pay, no excessive use of overtime • Carry out the routine inspection of the machinery and equipment for purpose of the trouble shooting and observance of the time of repair, training and instruction of the workers engaged in maintenance of the machinery, tools and equipment on safe methods and techniques of work. • Special attention should be paid to welding operations. It is prohibited to distribute the faulty or unchecked tools for work 101

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performance as well as to leave off hand the mechanical tools connected to the electrical supply network or compressed air pipelines; to pull up and bend the cables and air hose pipes; to lay cables and hose pipes with their intersection by wire ropes, electric cables, to handle the rotating elements of power driven hand tools. • Child labor at this subproject is prohibited by national laws and ADB requirements with minimum full 16 years of age

Community Temporary traffic management and road safety awareness measures should Community near health and be taken to ensure safety of nearby residents, community and visitors, when project areas Safety necessary. Traffic management system and staff training should be ensured, especially for site access and near-site heavy traffic. Provision of safe Unsafe access passages and crossings for pedestrians where construction traffic interferes. routes and Active traffic management by trained and visible staff at the site, if required construction for safe and convenient passage for the public. traffic hazards / Small magnitude / Adjustment of working hours to local traffic patterns, e.g. avoiding major Unlikely transport activities during rush hours or times of livestock movement.

Clear signs shall be installed in view of public, warning people of potential dangers, such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, etc.; all dangerous sites should be secured from unauthorized access

GRM should be established as designed by TRTA team and focal point should be appointed to implement GRM procedures

OPERATION STAGE 2 Operation of Pesticide, herbicide and • Operation and Maintenance Plan should be developed after taking Surface and irrigation fertilizer overuse leading to over of works ground water systems increased levels of surface • O&M Plan should include provisions for regular inspection, quality and ground waters maintenance and cleaning of canals and hydraulic structures to contamination / Moderate ensure operational capacity magnitude / Likely

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• Monitoring of groundwater quality for selected substances • Training for farmers under Output 2 of the project on pesticide, herbicide and fertilizer management

Incorrect calculation of inflow- • Monitoring of water table levels and waterlogging instances on Water table level outflow volumes and lack of agricultural fields proper drainage leading to • Taking preventive measures during flood periods to maintain rising of water table, normal water table level waterlogging, and • Training for farmers under Output 2 on water inflow/outflow and salinization. Water use drainage management inefficiency / Small magnitude / Unlikely

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F. Environmental Management Plan 364. The environmental management plan (EMP) for the Kyzylorda province subprojects defines mitigation and monitoring measures and describes institutional responsibilities and mechanisms to monitor and ensure compliance. Such institutions and mechanisms will seek to ensure continuous improvement of environmental protection activities during preconstruction, construction, and operation of the subproject in order to prevent, reduce, or mitigate adverse impacts. The EMP will be reviewed and updated if there are any changes during the detailed design. The final IEE and EMP will be disclosed on ADB’s website following any required updates.

F.1. EMP implementation responsibilities.

365. The EMP specifies the roles and responsibilities of key project stakeholders in overall environmental management: • Executing Agency – KVK will be the executing agency (EA) for the subproject and will oversee overall project implementation and management activities to ensure smooth and timely implementation and completion of subproject activities. The EA has overall responsibility for the project and therefore is ultimately responsible for ensuring the implementation of the mitigation in the EMP and for ensuring compliance with loan covenants. The EA will guide and coordinate closely with other government agencies and the ADB for timely resolution of any issues. • Project Management Office – PMO will be established at KVK headquarters in Nur-Sultan. On behalf of the executing agency, the PMO will assume day-to-day management of the project and will be responsible for coordinating and implementing project activities, including procurement, recruitment, disbursement, contract administration, monitoring and reporting. The PMO will be headed by Project Manager and will comprise full-time core staff, including Environmental Protection Officer. The PMO consultants will be recruited under the guidance of the EA and ADB. PMO will prepare bidding documentation and will ensure incorporation of IEE/ EMP into bidding package. PMO will consolidate regular quarterly and semi-annual Environmental Monitoring Reports as per ADB requirements and submit them for disclosure on ADB website. • Project Implementation Unit – PIU will be established in Kyzylorda city and will be responsible for day-to-day management of subprojects in Kyzylorda Province, under guidance from PMO. PIU will supervise and coordinate subproject implementation, including performance of Supervision Consultant and Contractor. PIU will consolidate regular Environmental Monitoring Reports for Kyzylorda Province and submit them to PMO. • Design Institute will be hired to prepare detail design of the subproject, incorporating IEE/ EMP into their EIA (OVOS) process, and acquiring State Expertise clearance for design documentation package. Design institute will provide designer supervision for construction period. • Supervision Consultants will be mobilized and located at project sites, and thus, will have immediate and direct supervision over daily EMP implementation, monitoring and reporting. Supervision Consultant will prepare regular quarterly and semi-annual Environmental Monitoring Reports. • Contractor will be responsible for development of Site Specific EMPs, Health and Safety Management Plan, Waste and Spoil Management Plan, and implementation, monitoring and reporting of all environmental mitigation measures during construction period. Contractor will prepare monthly monitoring reports on implementation of EMP. TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Table 38: Environmental Management Plan Project stage/ Potential issues/ Mitigation measures Institutional Monitoring Indicators aspect important factors/ responsibility impacts A. Project Preparation and Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Development Feasibility IEE Preparation Submit IEE for review and comments by ADB and Kazvodkhoz (KVK) TRTA Approval of IEE by ADB and KVK Study Consultant Public consultations Conduct public consultations in target districts TRTA Report on public consultation Consultant results in IEE; Grievance Redress Prepare GRM TRTA Approval of IEE and GRM by Mechanism (GRM) Validate requirements with KVK Consultant ADB and KVK B. Detail Design Establishing Environmental Hire EPO KVK EPO hired Project Protection Officer Management (EPO) Office (PMO) Training on ADB Training workshop on ADB Environmental Safeguards for KVK, PMO PMO, ADB Workshop completed Environmental and Oskemen PIU Safeguards EIA (OVOS) Incorporating IEE Review, update, and ensure incorporation of this IEE and measures Design - Approval of updated EMP/ EIA preparation results and EMP defined in current EMP into subproject detail design, decision- institute, PMO by PMO and ADB by detail into detail design making, and national EIA (OVOS) process - Approval of subproject EIA design process (OVOS) by State Environmental institute Expertise Consideration of Incorporate into detail design adequate considerations and Design Approval of EIA and detail seismicity at the provisions for structural integrity of hydraulic structures against institute design by PMO and ADB subproject area potential earthquakes based on seismicity zoning and RK construction standards Climate change Incorporate into detail design adequate considerations and Design Approval of EIA and detail impacts provisions in relation to climate change aspects in subproject area institute design by PMO and ADB through recommended climate change adaptation measures and good engineering design practices Public cultural Archaeological research should be undertaken during detail design as Design - Archaeological report resources required by laws institute - Approval of the subproject from State Expertise

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Project stage/ Potential issues/ Mitigation measures Institutional Monitoring Indicators aspect important factors/ responsibility impacts Grievance Redress • Establish GRM PMO, PIU, GRM established as intended Mechanism • Appoint GRM coordinators / focal points districts • Conduct initial and refresher training for coordinators / branches of focal points / stakeholders / affected people on GRM KVK procedures Public consultations • Conduct public consultations on decisions made in regards Design Report on public consultations on detail design to detail design, present updated EIA/ EMP, and get institute, included into final EIA EIA/ EMP feedback to consider in final subproject design PMO, districts Approval of EIA by PMO and • Explain established GRM, disseminate information and branches of ADB contacts KVK Bidding IEE and EMP Include EMP obligations in tender documents and specifications, PMO Bidding documents approved by documents requirements referencing to this IEE and EMP PMO and ADB

C. Pre-Construction Stage Pre- Contractor’s Contractor shall hire a full time environmental specialist(-s) with Contractor Environmental Specialist of construction Staffing relevant background and sufficient experience to ensure compliance Contractor hired arrangements with all applicable national laws and regulations, obtain all necessary environmental licenses and permits, and implement EMP All licenses and permits requirements obtained

Roles and Assign roles and responsibilities related to subproject’s PMO Roles and responsibilities responsibilities Environmental Monitoring and Reporting System assigned Environmental Conduct environmental protection training on implementation and PMO Training delivered Protection Training supervision of subproject’s environmental mitigation measures for PIU, KVK, Supervision Consultant and Contractor

Site Specific EMP Prior to any construction works may commence, prepare Site Specific Contractor SSEMPs are approved by EMPs for each construction site based on requirements set forth in Supervision Consultant and bidding documents, design package EIA/ EMP, actual on-site PMO conditions and decisions on work arrangements

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Project stage/ Potential issues/ Mitigation measures Institutional Monitoring Indicators aspect important factors/ responsibility impacts Baseline Conduct initial baseline monitoring of water and soil quality at Contractor Baseline monitoring results monitoring approved locations prior to commencement of construction works, to track changes due to consequent project implementation

D. Construction Stage Air quality Dust generation Transportation of materials and vehicle movement: Contractor Dust related complaints

All dust generating roads should be watered to suppress dust Visual inspection formation during movement of vehicles, as frequent as necessary depending on circumstances. During hot dry summer days and active construction works, it is a usual practice to water access roads every two hours.

Trucks carrying earth, sand or stone should be covered with tarpaulins or other suitable cover.

Stockpiles of materials and spoil:

• All stockpiles should be managed to reduce dust emissions • Stockpiles should be located downwind of sensitive receptors, such as residential areas, schools, hospitals, kindergartens • Stockpiles emitting dust should be sprayed with water prior to moving • If a stockpile is within 300 m of residential area, precautions should be taken to avoid dust generation, including using of a reusable stockpile cover and fencing to form a high barrier to prevent wind lifting and dispersing

Construction sites:

Water should be sprayed on construction sites and material handling routes, where fugitive dust is generated, specifically in Zhalagash

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Project stage/ Potential issues/ Mitigation measures Institutional Monitoring Indicators aspect important factors/ responsibility impacts village of Zhalagash district, Urkendeu, Aktan Batyr, Baskara, Baigekum, and Bala Bi villages in Kazaly district, Seifullin, Terenozek, and Tokmagambetov villages in Syrdarya district, and Akzhar village in Karmakshy district.

Emissions No burning is allowed on any construction sites throughout the Contractor Visual inspection project implementation period Monitoring reports Construction vehicles and machinery should be maintained to a high standard to minimize emissions and should avoid unnecessary idling to save fuel and reduce emissions

Manufacturing plants locations should be agreed with Supervision Consultant and should be downwind and at least 500 m from nearest residential area

Noise and Noise Noise monitoring should be organized in Zhalagash village of Contractor Noise related complaints vibration Zhalagash district, Urkendeu, Aktan Batyr, Baskara, Baigekum, and Bala Bi villages in Kazaly district, Seifullin, Terenozek, and Monitoring reports Tokmagambetov villages in Syrdarya district, and Akzhar village in Karmakshy district.

All exhaust systems should be maintained in good order

Noise generating equipment should be located at least 300 m from any sensitive areas

Noise generating equipment at construction sites should be isolated and, where possible, should be faced away from most sensitive directions

All construction workers should be provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and use them against high noise and/ or lengthy exposure

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Project stage/ Potential issues/ Mitigation measures Institutional Monitoring Indicators aspect important factors/ responsibility impacts

Noisy works and vehicle movement near sensitive receptors should be limited to daylight working hours

Measures should be taken to reduce any noise disturbance to community, including advance warning on timing of noisy activities, seeking suggestions from community members to reduce noise annoyance, and dissemination of procedure on handling complaints through GRM

Vibration Project area and vehicle movement routes should be inspected for Contractor Vibration related complaints sensitive structures; pictures and precautions should be taken to avoid vibration impacts on sensitive structures near project sites and roads, prone to cracking and breaking caused by vibration from construction activities

Soil Soil erosion • Minimize unnecessary encroachment onto adjacent lands to Contractor Visual inspection reduce area of disturbance to vegetation and soil • Fertile topsoil layer should be cut and stockpiled separately from spoil material to be readily available for later use in slope stabilization and land reinstatement works • Where possible, surplus soil should be used for earth filling works at approved locations • Canal excavation width and depth should be kept to a feasible minimum to reduce extra spoil generation • Settling ponds, silt fences and screens should be used to prevent sediment transport into surface water near construction sites • Intercepting ditches and drains should be organized to prevent runoff entering construction sites and to divert runoff from sites to existing drainage • Works and material handling should be limited during heavy rains and high winds to minimize soil erosion

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TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Project stage/ Potential issues/ Mitigation measures Institutional Monitoring Indicators aspect important factors/ responsibility impacts • All disturbed sites prior to project completion and commissioning should be reinstated at least to pre-project conditions by (i) cleaning area from wastes and debris, (ii) mechanical remediation and (iii) biological revegetation with native plants

Soil contamination • Petroleum products, hazardous materials and wastes should be Contractor Visual inspection stored covered from precipitation, on an impermeable surface, and secured from acts of vandalism • Fuel tanks shall be installed on an impermeable ground in a bunded area with capacity of 110% of fuel tank. • Avoid soil contamination with petroleum products, lubricants, or hazardous materials during equipment maintenance and repair, field refueling, and hazardous material handling • Organize spill response kit at each construction site for collection and storage of contaminated soil and provide training for workers on use of spill response kit

Surface water Surface water • No equipment washing is allowed in any surface water bodies Contractor Visual inspection contamination throughout the project implementation period • No wastewater shall be dumped into any ditches or streams Monitoring reports • Wastewater from labor camps and construction sites should be canalized into septic tanks without contacting ground • Septic tanks should be timely emptied by a hired septic truck and transported to legally approved treatment facility or dumpsite • Fuel storage, equipment maintenance and repair workshops, and vehicle washing areas shall be stationed at least 300 m away from any water body

Solid wastes Waste and spoil No wastes shall be burned throughout the project implementation Contractor Waste and Spoil Management management period Plan approved by Supervision Consultant and PMO

Visual inspection

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TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

Project stage/ Potential issues/ Mitigation measures Institutional Monitoring Indicators aspect important factors/ responsibility impacts Develop Waste and Spoil Management Plan for handling, storage and disposal of construction, household wastes, and canal sediment spoil based on actual situation at project sites and selected dumpsites Waste and Spoil Management Plan should indicate approved spoil disposal sites, which should not to be on slopes or near pasture lands, and should have further plans for rehabilitation

All construction wastes and demolition debris should be disposed at authorized locations

Trees and bushes cut under the project works can be provided for use to local households

All household wastes shall be collected into confined waste containers equipped with covers installed away from sensitive areas

Use waste management hierarchy: (i) avoid waste generation at source; (ii) minimize waste generation, where it is inevitable; (iii) reuse or recycle if possible; (iv) dispose at authorized locations.

Flora and Impacts on flora Acquire tree cutting permit from local forestry and wildlife Contractor Visual inspection fauna and fauna department for any trees to be cut under the project

For any tree cut or valuable grassland area disturbed for project needs, replant trees or re-vegetate areas at other approved locations; best practice is three trees planted for one cut

Use only native plants for re-vegetation of disturbed areas

Identify, demarcate and protect sites where small animals, reptiles, and birds of common species live, such as vegetated roadside areas, tree belts, inner areas of bridges, river riparian zones, etc.

Strictly prohibit poaching of wildlife and damaging plants

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Project stage/ Potential issues/ Mitigation measures Institutional Monitoring Indicators aspect important factors/ responsibility impacts Public cultural Impacts on PCR If any paleontological fossils, archaeological finds or other important Contractor Chance find procedure resources objects (including human bones, which may have criminal developed background) are encountered during construction, all activities at that location shall stop and local authorities shall be notified; works may restart only after fulfillment of prescribed measures and permission received to resume works

Health and Occupational • Contractor shall allocate budget for Occupational Health and Contractor HSE Management Plan Safety Health and Safety Safety measures approved by Supervision • Health and Safety Specialist shall be hired to develop, implement, Consultant and PMO and supervise Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), subject to approval by Supervision Consultant • H&S Specialist will conduct initial and regular refresher training for all workers on labor rights, occupational health and safety matters, ensure provision and distribution of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and keep record and report any H&S incidents

HSM Plan shall follow national legislation requirements and include among others requirements to: (i) norms on provision of fresh water at all sites; (ii) adequate hygienic and sanitation facilities; (iii) labelling, warning, storage, and handling procedures for hazardous liquid materials; (iv) emergency response procedures; (v) records of occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents; (vi) OH&S publications, such as brochures, leaflets, posters in Kazakh and Russian languages at relevant construction sites; (vii) monthly reporting on labor profile, including information on workers’ place of origin, gender, ethnicity, type of contract (full-time/ part-time, unskilled/ semi-skilled/ skilled, management, administration) (viii) ensure all workers have officially signed contracts, correct and timely pay, no excessive use of overtime.

Child labor at this subproject is prohibited by national laws and ADB requirements with minimum full 16 years of age.

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Project stage/ Potential issues/ Mitigation measures Institutional Monitoring Indicators aspect important factors/ responsibility impacts

Community Safety • Temporary traffic management and road safety awareness Contractor Visual inspection measures should be taken to ensure safety of nearby residents, community and visitors • Clear signs shall be installed in view of public, warning people of potential dangers, such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, etc.; all dangerous sites should be secured from unauthorized access

GRM Grievance redress GRM focal point should be appointed to implement GRM Contractor GRM established mechanism E. Operation Stage Drainage Potential rise in Changes in groundwater levels shall be monitored by KVK KVK in districts Changes in groundwater levels groundwater levels Potential Waterlogging will be monitored KVK in districts Waterlogging waterlogging in downstream areas Canal Sedimentation of Operation and Maintenance Plan should be developed after taking KVK in districts O&M Plan prepared and sedimentation canals over of works implemented

O&M Plan should include provisions for regular inspection, maintenance and cleaning of canals Pesticide Overuse of Training for farmers on pesticide management KVK in districts Periodical monitoring of water usage pesticides causing quality land and water quality degradation Monitoring of pesticide amounts purchase and use Potential Monitoring of groundwater quality for selected substances KVK in districts Periodical monitoring of contamination of groundwater quality groundwater Fertilizer Overuse of Training for farmers under Output 2 of the Project on fertilizer KVK in districts Periodical monitoring of water usage fertilizers causing application quality

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Project stage/ Potential issues/ Mitigation measures Institutional Monitoring Indicators aspect important factors/ responsibility impacts land and water Monitoring of fertilizer amounts quality degradation purchase and use Flooding and Risk of flooding and Regular maintenance and repair of canals and water infrastructure to KVK in districts Visual inspection natural natural disasters ensure operational capacity disasters F. Decommissioning Stage Asbestos Risk of lung • PPE should be provided to protect workers from asbestos dust Contractor cement pipes diseases due to during dismantling of asbestos cement pipes inhaling of asbestos • All possible measures should be taken to avoid and minimize dust crushing, grinding, and rendering asbestos material friable and airborne • Removed pipe and its residuals should be wrapped in plastic material and taped, before disposal at legally approved location

ADB = Asian Development Bank; KVK = KazVodKhoz; PMO = Project Management Office; IEE = Initial Environmental Examination; EMP = Environmental Management Plan; SSEMP = Site Specific Environmental Management Plan; Construction sites = include all access roads, areas around canals, water regulating devices, material storage, labor camps, borrow pits, dumpsites, and any other physically affected areas.

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TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province F.2. EMP Costs

Table 39: EMP Mitigation Costs Activity / Item Frequency Unit Cost Cost /USD

Pre-construction

1. Selection of Construction Once during design Included in Project Budget 0 Camp Site 2. Soil Erosion protection Once during design Included in Project Budget 0 measures 3. Slope Stabilization measures Once during design Included in Project 0 Budget

4. Hydrological measures Once during design Included in Project Budget 0

5. Air Quality Plan Once, forms part of SSEMP Budget 0 SSEMP 6. Waste Management Plan Once, forms part of SSEMP Budget 0 SSEMP 7. Worker Health and Safety Once, forms part of SSEMP Budget 0 Plan SSEMP

8. Noise Monitoring Plan Once, forms part of SSEMP Budget 0 SSEMP 9. Preparation of SSEMP Once for all sub- 15,000 15,000 projects Detailed Design

10. Tree felling Throughout detailed ? ? design 11. Updating of IEEs after final Once for all sub- 3,000 3,000 project design approval projects

Construction

12. Engineers National 10 Months 2000 per month 20,000 Environmental Specialist

16. Engineers International Environmental Specialist

17. Safety Trainings Every month, by Included in Contractors H&S Staff ProjectConstruction costs

18. Safety Equipment for Once Included in Project 0 Workers Construction costs

19. First aid facilities Once Included in Project 0 Construction costs

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Activity / Item Frequency Unit Cost Cost /USD

21. Waste disposal Throughout construction Included in Project 0 Construction costs

22. Clean up of construction Once Included in Project 0 sites Construction costs

23. Environmental Permits Once Included in Project 0 Construction costs

24. Embankment vegetation Throughout construction Included in Project 0 Construction costs

25. Spill kits At each hazardous liquid Included in Project 0 storage area (assume 10) Construction costs

27. Temporary drainage / Throughout construction Included in Sub- Project 0 irrigations measures Construction costs

29. Water spraying Daily During dry periods.

30. Tarpaulins Once Included in Project 0 Construction costs

31. HIV/AIDS Training Program Once every 4 months (3 1,000 3,000 times)

32. Instrumental monitoring Routine 2000 15000 monitoringsmonitoring (noise, water, air quality), Environmental Trainings , once per quarter 5,000 awareness campaigns

Care for trees 15,000

Total 75000 USD

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TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

G. Public Consultation, Information Disclosure & Grievance Mechanism

G.1. Public Consultations and Information Disclosure

366. Public consultations were organized for Kyzylorda Province on November 20, 2018 in Kyzylorda city for all participating 7 districts in Kyzylorda Province, to discuss social, resettlement and environmental impacts of the project, proposed mitigation measures, and to explain proposed Grievance Redress Mechanism to be established under the project. Advertisement of the public consultations was published in local newspapers as well as direct invitations to stakeholders and potential affected people were issued by local district Akimats. Participants included representatives of KVK branch in Kyzylorda Province, Department of Agriculture of Kyzylorda Province, district Akimat, water users, and community representatives. 367. KVK branch representative has presented main technical parameters of the project and decisions taken during Feasibility Study. TRTA team social and environmental specialists have explained ADB safeguards and procedures on social, resettlement, environment, information disclosure, institutional setup, expected project impacts, mitigation measures, and Grievance Redress Mechanism to be established for the project. Brochures with information on project set up, social and environmental requirements, and contact details of GRM focal points were distributed in Kazakh and Russian languages. 368. Lists of participants, minutes of public consultations, advertisement scans, and photos are presented in Appendix D.

G.2. Grievance Redress Mechanism

369. The Project-specific Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is developed following the principles of ADB SPS (2009) and the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the procedure for considering appeals of individuals and legal entities” (2007 No. 221). GRM is formed to resolve the grievances of the DPs or public related to the project’s involuntary resettlement and environmental safeguards performance, and information disclosure. It will not replace the country’s judicial system, but aims resolve the grievances in effective and fair manner, and will be maintained for the duration of the Project. All grievances and their resolution status will be monitored and reflected in the project’s progress reports. 370. The Grievance Redress Committees (CRCs) are established with responsible staff of the authorities, Akimats and KVK at the district, regional and central levels to take actions and decisions for solving grievances that can be lodged during the project implementation. Awareness about the GRM and people’s access to it is important. Information about the GRM, contact information of the GRM focal persons assigned by KVK, and members of the in the project provinces that includes representatives of relevant authorities and stakeholders should be disseminated to the affected communities and DPs. Different communication means, such as distribution of the project information brochures, posters, local media, public consultations, community and individual meetings, can be used in awareness raising. 371. KVK is responsible for well-functioning of the GRM and should provide the required human and financial resources. KVK will lead the grievances resolution and the work of the GRC for resolving grievances. KVK has assigned 6 of its staff for social safeguards tasks and serve as focal persons for GRM; 1 staff at the central KVK, 2 staff in Karaghandy, 1 staff in Zhambyl, and 1 staff in East Kazakhstan provinces. The local authorities and Akimats have also assigned staff responsible for GRM in the district and regional levels, including their contact information and phone numbers made available for public access.

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372. The GRM and the GRCs given below were discussed with KVK staff at the central and regional levels as well as during the public consultations in all four provinces. Based on feedback, experience from other ADB-assisted projects in Kazakhstan, the project specifics and geographic scope, the following grievance resolution process is envisaged under the project.

G.2.1. Three levels of grievance resolution 373. The stakeholder’s consultation confirmed the current practice that the residents usually approach to the Akimats for complaints and issues they may have. In some cases, the complainants contact directly the Contractors or KVK. Therefore, the project GRM provides the grievances can be accepted at the offices of all these three actors, registered and forward it by email to the assigned focal person at the central KVK/PMO who will have a consolidated database of all grievances and their status. All complaints and resolution status will be recorded and reported at each level of the GRCs. The steps and the GRCs are given in the Table 40 below. 374. The summary of key steps at the District level: (i) The grievance registration: The staff of the district Akimats, the Contractors and the district KVK appointed as focal persons, will receive and register the grievances (they open a Project Grievance Log Book) and provide acknowledgement of receipt to the complainant. They will put efforts to resolve the grievance at the entry, if not possible, it will be reviewed by the GRC at the district level.

(ii) The grievance processing and resolution: The GRC will resolve the grievance within seven working days. The complainant should be informed about the decision and actions to be taken.

(iii) The feedback and further actions: If the complainant is not agree with the decision, or if the resolution of the complaint requires further assessment and actions on a higher level, it will be forwarded to the GRC at the regional level. The complainant should be informed in written form.

375. The summary of key steps at the regional level: (i) Grievance processing and resolution: KVK will convene the meeting of the GRC to discuss the received grievance (s) and make decision, within ten working days. The minutes of GRC meeting and decisions shall be properly documented and forwarded to the concerned parties.

(ii) Feedback and further actions: If grievance was resolved at the regional level, the complainant will be informed of the outcome in written form. If the complainant is not agreeing with the decision, or if the resolution of the complaint requires further assessment and decision on higher level, it will be forwarded to the GRC at the central level. The complainant should be informed accordingly. 376. The summary of key steps at the central level: (i) Grievance processing and resolution: KVK will convene the meeting of the GRC at the central level to discuss the grievance(s) and resolve it within twenty working days. The minutes of GRC meeting and decisions shall be documented and forwarded to the concerned parties in written form.

(ii) Feedback and further actions: The decision of the GRC on the grievance will be informed to the complaining party in written form. If the grievance was not

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satisfied, information will be provided to the complaining party about why the case was not resolved, and how the complaining party can make appeal to the country’s legal system, if wished so. 377. GRM can resolve the complaints and issues effectively if the GRCs members have adequate authority to make decisions and take actions. In consultations with KVK, staff of the relevant authorities on the managerial levels are proposed for CRCs. KVK will coordinate with the authorities and the regional and district Akimats to confirm the proposed members of the GRCs at the district, regional and central levels respectively. Efforts should be made to include women staff in the CRCs to ensure women perspectives in resolving grievances. Table 40: GRM levels and composition of the GRCs Review and resolving at the district within 7 working days District The entry points: District Akimat, KVK branch, Contractors The complainant (s) can visit, call or send a letter or e-mail or fax to the assigned staff of the Akimats or the Contractor. This local level will be important to give people easy access to GRM. In addition, minor issues can be solved immediately at this level. If not, the grievance will be forwarded for resolution by the GRC at the district level:

The District GRC members:

(i) Head or Deputy Head of the District KVK; (ii) Deputy of the District Akimat; (iii) Deputy Head of the District Agriculture Unit; (iv) KVK assigned focal person; (v) Representatives of the affected persons or communities; (vi) Supervision Consultant, Contractors (during the project implementation); and (vii) Other specialized agencies and experts if required by the case specifics.

Regional Review and resolving at the province level within 10 working days The regional CRC members:

(i) Head or Deputy Head of the regional KVK; (ii) Deputy of the Regional Akimat; (iii) Deputy Head of Agriculture Unit, (iv) Representatives of the affected persons or communities; (v) Supervision Consultant, Contractors (during the project implementation); and (vi) Other specialized agencies and experts if required by the case.

Central Review and resolving at the KVK Central level within 20 working days The Central CRC members:

(i) Head or Deputy Head of the Central KVK/ PMO; (ii) Representatives of the Committee of Water Resources; (iii) Representatives of the affected persons or communities; and (iv) Other specialized agencies and experts if required by the case.

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TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province H. Conclusions and Recommendations

H.1. Conclusions

378. The IEE established that all significant environmental issues can either be totally prevented or adequately mitigated to levels acceptable Kazakhstan and international standards. As such, based on the existing ADB Safeguards Policy (2009), this Project falls under ADB‘s Category B. 379. The project on the rehabilitation of the proposed earthen channels and irrigation infrastructure is a feasible and sustainable option from the engineering, environmental, and socioeconomic points of view and will contribute to improvement of access to strengthened health services of marginalized rural poor people. The project will have significant environmental and social benefits and, if the prescribed mitigation and management measures are fully implemented, the project is unlikely to have major adverse environmental impacts. An environmental management plan has been prepared and responsibilities for implementation assigned. A budget has been allocated for environmental management and monitoring. A full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under ADB guidelines is not required. Existing institutional arrangements are sufficient to ensure compliance with ADB SPS 2009.

H.2. Recommendations

380. The EMP, its mitigation and monitoring programs, contained herewith will be included within the Bidding documents for project works. The Bid documents will state that the Contractors will be responsible for the implementation of the requirements of the EMP through their own Site Specific Environmental Management Plans, which will adopt all of the conditions of the EMP and add site specific elements that are not currently known, such as the Contractors borrow pit locations. This ensures that all potential bidders are aware of the environmental requirements of the Project and its associated environmental costs. 381. The EMP and all its requirements will then be added to the Contractors Contract, thereby making implementation of the EMP a legal requirement according to the Contract. 382. The Contractor will then prepare an SSEMP which will be approved and monitored by the Engineers. Should the Engineer note any non-conformance with the SSEMP the Contractor can be held liable for breach of the contractual obligations of the EMP. To ensure compliance with the SSEMP the Contractors will employ a national environmental specialist to monitor and report project activities throughout the Project Construction phase as part of the project performance report.

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TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province APPENDICES

Appendix A: Location Maps Linear Scheme of Irrigation Systems in Zhalagash District

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Line Plan of Irrigation Systems of Syrdarya District

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Location of Irrigation Systems to be Rehabilitated Syrdarya Distrct

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Line Plan of Irrigation Systems Karmakshy District

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Location of Areas to be Rehabilitated in Karmakchy District

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Line Plan of Irrigation Systems in Kyzlorda City

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Location of Areas to be Rehabilitated in Kyzylorda city

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Appendix B: Photographs

Hydraulic structure to be reconstructed in Kyzylorda subproject.

Typical 3rd+ grade canal to be rehabilitated in Kyzylorda subproject.

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Waterlogging and salinization in Kyzylorda Province.

Salt deposits on soil due to high salinity in Kyzylorda Province.

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Appendix C: Typical Cros-Sections and Schemes of the Canals

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SCHEMES OF COLLECTORS

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TYPICAL DESIGN OF WATER OUTLETS

DESIGN OF BRIDGE ABOVE COLLECTOR

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Appendix D: Public Consultations Public Consultations in November 2018

Location Number of Number of Number of people men women 20 November 2018 Kyzylorda city, conference-hall 28 22 6 of the Kyzylorda Province “Kazvodhoz”

Kyzylorda Province Public Consultations

Date: 20 November 2018 Location: Kyzylorda city, conference hall of KazVodKhoz branch in Kyzylorda Province

Panel Members:

1. B.S. Shamenov, Deputy Head of Natural Resources and Nature Use Regulation, Akimat of Kyzylorda Province 2. Z.S. Yernazarov, Deputy Head of KazVodKhoz branch in Kyzylorda Province 3. N. Khalimova: ADB, International Social Safeguards Specialist 4. B. Ibrayev: ADB, National Environmental Safeguards Consultant 5. K. Serdaliyev: ADB, National Social Safeguards Consultant

Program 1. Provision of information on initial project decisions by Z. Yernazarov - Deputy Head of KVK branch in Kyzylorda Province(in Kazakh) 2. Social safeguards and resettlement principles of ADB policies for the Project, Grievance redress mechanism developed for the Project – N. Khalimova (in Russian) 3. Environmental safeguards principles of ADB, expected environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures – B. Ibrayev (in Russian, Power Point presentation) 4. Social safeguards and resettlement principles applied to the project K.Serdaliev (in Kazakh language)

Information brochures in Kazakh and Russian were distributed also to participants with information on issues indicated in the program

List of Participants:

28 Participants (attached)

# Question / Comment Answer

1 Resident of Zhanakorgan There is PUID-3 project that will district Kyzylorda Province: Why cover more than 143,000 ha in there are only 441 ha to be Kyzylorda Province and 21,862 ha in rehabilitated in Zhanakorgan Zhanakorgan district district? TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province

2 B. Kasymbekuly – Head of According to Feasibility Study, there Economy and Budget Planning are no lands to be acquired. Project of Kyzylorda Province: How will only entail reconstruction of compensation will be paid in existing canals, which are state case of land acquisition? owned or don’t have owners. In case of land acquisition issues arise, procedure that is explained in information brochures will be followed.

3 B. Kasymbekuly – Head of All details will be known after Economy and Budget Planning conclusion of loan agreement. of Kyzylorda Province: What are loan conditions and repayment schedule under ADB loan?

6 Resident of Zhanakorgan Currently, project is only at Feasibility district Kyzylorda Province: Will Study stage. Detail quantities of the project cover reconstruction works under the project will be known of inter-farm roads? after development of detail design documentation.

7 B. Kasymbekuly – Head of Detail project design will include Economy and Budget Planning Environmental Management Plan of Kyzylorda Province: Will and it will have measures on there be impacts on fertile soil reinstatement of disturbed topsoil. layer?

8 Wrap up The participants noted the planned project activities will not have any significant adverse environmental and population health impacts. People were properly informed about the draft IEE and social surveys and on GRM

N. Halimova, ADB Social Safeguards Specialist explaining ADB principles

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Announcement on public consultations in the local Province newspaper Kyzylordinskiye Vesti, N171, in Russian language, dated 15 November 2018 (available online at https://kzvesti.kz/2018/11/15/page/4/) and newspaper Syrboyi, in Kazakh language, dated 17 November 2018. Newspaper “Syrboiy”, 17 November 2018

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Newspaper Kyzylordinskie vesti (15 November 2018)

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TA-9317 KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination of Subprojects in Kyzylorda Province Appendix E: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions: (i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (SDES) for endorsement by the Director, SDES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer. (ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists. (iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: KAZ: Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project (Kyzylorda Province)

Sector Division: Agriculture, natural resources and water

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting

Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

▪ Protected Area X No protected areas are located within proximity of the project sites. ▪ Wetland No naturally occurred wetlands are located within project’s vicinity. ▪ Mangrove X Not applicable for Kazakhstan.

▪ Estuarine X No estuaries are within the project area.

▪ Buffer zone of protected area X No buffer zones of protected areas are located within proximity of the project.

▪ Special area for protecting biodiversity X Special areas for protecting biodiversity are located at the big distance from the sub-projects sites. B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks ▪ loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or X The project stipulates only historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of rehabilitation of existing irrigation- hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, drainage infrastructure and no new and drainage hazards)? greenfield lands are to be acquired for the project. There are several cultural buildings and natural waterways at considerable distance from several canals, which will not be impacted by rehabilitation works. ▪ conflicts in water supply rights and related social conflicts? X The project is aimed to rehabilitation of existing irrigation- drainage infrastructure ▪ impediments to movements of people and animals? X Some impediment for livestock during irrigation season. ▪ potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased stream X The project is aimed to decreasing capacity? of soil erosion and siltation by cleaning of canals and their rehabilitation ▪ Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion? X The project is aimed to rehabilitation of irrigation-drainage infrastructure ▪ over pumping of groundwater, leading to salinization and ground subsidence? X No rehabilitation of pump stations are planned in Kyzylorda Province. ▪ impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial X No impairment of downstream uses of water? water quality is expected as aftermath of project activities.

▪ dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? X Project stipulates only rehabilitation of existing irrigation infrastructure. No dislocation or involuntary resettlement is foreseen under the project. ▪ disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable X No disproportionate impacts are groups? foreseen on vulnerable groups, poor, women and children or indigenous peoples. ▪ potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and land use issues? X Project stipulates only rehabilitation of existing irrigation infrastructure. No dislocation or involuntary resettlement is foreseen under the project. ▪ soil erosion before compaction and lining of canals? X The project aimed to decreasing of soil erosion by rehabilitation of canals

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks ▪ noise from construction equipment? X Temporary noise will be generated during construction. Some canals are located in proximity to rural residential areas. Noise mitigation measures will be implemented, such as restriction of works to day time, covering of noise generating parts of equipment, redirection of noise sources. ▪ dust during construction? X Temporary dust generation during construction. Mitigation measures will be implemented, such as watering of access roads and construction sites, speed limits, restriction of vehicle movement to project roads only. ▪ waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm management? X There is minor risk of waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm management. A relevant training will be provided to farms and agricultural cooperatives under the project. ▪ leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of X There is negligible risk of leaching irrigation water? of fertilizers due to excessive application. A relevant training will be provided to farms and agricultural cooperatives under the project. ▪ reduction of downstream water supply during peak seasons? X The project will support rehabilitation of existing irrigation infrastructure which currently can not work with full designed capacity or not used at all due to severe deterioration. ▪ soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to excessive application X There is some risk of soil pollution of fertilizers and pesticides? due to application of fertilizers. A relevant training program for farmers will be developed and implemented. ▪ soil erosion (furrow, surface)? X There is some risk of soil erosion due to application of improper methods of land cultivation. A relevant training program for farmers will be developed and implemented under the project. ▪ scouring of canals? X Scouring of canals might occur on unlined canals. ▪ clogging of canals by sediments? X The project will include cleaning of canals and rehabilitation of capacity.

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks ▪ clogging of canals by weeds? X The project will include cleaning of canals and rehabilitation of capacity. ▪ seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater systems? X No seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater is expected due to project activities in Kyzylorda Province. ▪ introduction of increase in incidence of waterborne or water related diseases? X The project will rehabilitate irrigation networks. There are relevant water sources available for drinking purposes in project area. Kazakhstan has very low incidences of waterborne or water related diseases. ▪ dangers to a safe and healthy working environment due to physical, chemical and biological hazards X There are occupational health risks during project construction and operation? related to fertilizer and chemicals use during operation. Relevant training program for farmers will be developed and implemented. ▪ large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on X Mostly local people will be involved. social infrastructure and services (such as water Currently, similar works are going supply and sanitation systems)? under support of Government in other irrigations schemes – no influx occurred. ▪ social conflicts if workers from other provinces or countries are hired? X No social conflicts are anticipated as mostly local people will be involved. ▪ risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of X There are community health risks materials such as explosives, fuel and other related to fuel and other chemicals chemicals during construction and operation? use during construction. Relevant training program for contractors will be implemented. Health and Safety Management plan, Traffic Management plan will be developed. ▪ community safety risks due to both accidental and natural hazards, especially where the structural X No community safety risks are elements or components of the project (e.g., foreseen due to accidental and irrigation dams) are accessible to members of the natural hazards, since the project affected community or where their failure could stipulates only rehabilitation of result in injury to the community throughout project existing irrigation canals. construction, operation and decommissioning?

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