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Polens Zukunft Liegt Im Osten STUDIEN zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung 28 Alexandra Schweiger Polens Zukunft liegt im Osten Polnische Ostkonzepte der späten Teilungszeit (1890-1918) Alexandra Schweiger, Polens Zukunft liegt im Osten – Polnische Ostkonzepte der späten Teilungszeit (1890-1918) STUDIEN ZUR OSTMITTELEUROPAFORSCHUNG Herausgegeben vom Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft 28 Alexandra Schweiger Polens Zukunft liegt im Osten Polnische Ostkonzepte der späten Teilungszeit (1890-1918) VERLAG HERDER-INSTITUT · MARBURG · 2014 Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar © 2014 by Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg, Gisonenweg 5-7 Printed in Germany Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg Druck: KN Digital Printforce GmbH, Ferdinand-Jühlke-Straße 7, 99095 Erfurt Umschlagbild: Tafel IX: Hauptkarte: Die Polen, Nebenkarte: Sprachen, in: EUGENIUSZ ROMER: Geografi czno-statystyczny atlas Polski, Warszawa – Kraków 1916 ISBN 978-3-87969-381-8 Inhalt Danksagung ......................................................................................................... VII 1 Einleitung .................................................................................................. 1 2 Die polnischen Ostgebiete ........................................................................ 19 3 Die Diskussion um das polnische Territorium ......................................... 26 4 Konzepte vom polnischen Osten ............................................................... 54 4.1 Jan Ludwik Popławski – ohne Ostgebiete kein starkes Polen ............. 54 4.1.1 Nation statt Ethnos ................................................................. 56 4.1.2 Polen ist ein organisches Ganzes ........................................... 59 4.1.3 Popławskis Bild der Ostgebiete.............................................. 61 4.1.3.1 Die Ostgebiete sind polnisch .................................... 61 4.1.3.2 Der Osten als Expansionsraum ................................. 63 4.1.3.3 Die Ostgebiete als Ort des west-östlichen Zivilisationskampfes ................................................. 73 4.1.4 Popławskis Ostkonzept – Zusammenfassung ........................ 76 4.2 Władysław Studnicki – ohne Ostgebiete kein überlebensfähiges Polen ................................................................................................ 80 4.2.1 Studnickis Bild der Ostgebiete ............................................... 85 4.2.1.1 Ort des immerwährenden Kampfes gegen Russland 85 4.2.1.2 Eine natürliche, verteidigungsfähige Grenze im Osten ......................................................................... 89 4.2.1.3 Der Besitz der Ostgebiete ist polnisches Recht ........ 90 4.2.1.4 Die Ostgebiete als Kolonisationsraum ...................... 96 4.2.2 Studnickis Ostkonzept – Zusammenfassung .......................... 101 4.3 Eugeniusz Romer – ohne Ostgebiete kein natürliches Polen ............ 104 4.3.1 Das unsichtbare Ethnos .......................................................... 108 4.3.2 Polen ist eine abgrenzbare, zusammenhängende Einheit ....... 114 4.3.3 Romers Bild der Ostgebiete ................................................... 124 4.3.3.1 Polens Drang nach Osten .......................................... 124 4.3.3.2 Ein Ostkonzept ohne Zivilisierungsmission ............. 127 4.3.4 Romers Ostkonzept – Zusammenfassung .............................. 128 4.4 Oskar Halecki – ohne Ostgebiete keine polnische Staatsidee ........... 133 4.4.1 Das irrelevante Ethnos ........................................................... 137 4.4.2 Haleckis Bild der Ostgebiete .................................................. 142 4.4.3 Der zivilisatorische Wert der „jagiellonischen Idee“ ............. 147 V 4.4.4 historia magistra rerum publicarum ....................................... 148 4.4.5 Haleckis Ostkonzept – Zusammenfassung ............................. 150 5 Schluss ...................................................................................................... 157 6 Abstract .................................................................................................... 173 7 Streszczenie .............................................................................................. 179 8 Abkürzungen ............................................................................................ 185 9 Quellen ..................................................................................................... 188 9.1 Zeitungen und Zeitschriften .............................................................. 188 9.2 Monografi en, Sammelbände, Beiträge, Atlanten, Karten ................. 190 10 Literaturverzeichnis .................................................................................. 198 10.1 Nachschlagewerke ............................................................................ 198 10.2 Forschungsliteratur............................................................................ 198 11 Anhang ..................................................................................................... 241 12 Personenregister ........................................................................................ 243 VI Danksagung Dieses Buch ist eine leicht überarbeitete Fassung meiner im Oktober 2011 an der Martin- Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg eingereichten und am 31. Januar 2012 verteidig- ten Dissertation. Sie entstand unter der Betreuung meines Doktorvaters, Prof. Michael G. Müller, dem ich herzlich danke: Er nahm mich als Doktorandin an, obwohl er mich zuvor nicht kannte, gewährte mir ein großes Maß an Freiheit und stand mir zugleich jederzeit mit ausführlichem Rat und wertvollen Anregungen zur Seite. Ich schätze be- sonders, dass er entgegen heutigen Tendenzen, aus Doktorarbeiten Lebensaufgaben zu machen, mich zur klaren Abgrenzung meiner Fragestellung und meines Quellenkor- pus ermutigte und nicht von mir verlangte, jeder Mode hinterherzulaufen. Außerdem danke ich Prof. Ralph Schattkowsky (Nikolaus-Kopernikus-Universität Thorn/Polen), der meine Arbeit zu Beginn mit wichtigen Denkanstößen beförderte und das zwei- te Gutachten übernahm. Hilfreiche Anregungen verdanke ich zudem meinen lieben ehemaligen Kolleginnen am Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropa forschung Dr. Heidi Hein-Kircher und Dr. Anna Veronika Wendland. Gerne danke ich auch Prof. Peter Haslinger, Direktor des Herder-Instituts, der es mir in der ersten Phase meiner Tätigkeit als Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin durch fl exib le Gestaltung meiner Arbeitszeit ermöglichte, die Dissertation neben der Berufstätigkeit fertigzustellen. Kompetente Hilfe bei sprachlichen Herausforderungen des Polnischen gewährte mir stets meine Freundin Anna Helena Religa. Von ihr stammt auch die Übersetzung der Zusammenfassung ins Polnische am Ende dieser Arbeit. Dafür, dass sie sich den Mühen der Korrekturlesung unterzogen, danke ich meiner Freundin Bianca Goy und meinen Eltern, Birgit und Jürgen Haertel. Dem Verlag Herder-Institut und meinen ehemaligen Kolleginnen und Kollegen im Verlag danke ich für das Lektorat und die Betreuung des Bandes. Für die Übernahme in die Reihe „Studien zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung“ danke ich dem wissenschaftlichen Beirat des Herder-Instituts. Ganz besonders dankbar bin ich der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, ohne deren mate- rielle und ideelle Förderung sowohl während des Studiums als auch der Promotionszeit diese Arbeit sicher nicht entstanden wäre. Meine persönliche und berufl iche Entwick- lung haben besonders Dr. Kathrin Menzel und Dr. Rainer Täubrich mit großem Ver- trauen gefördert. Die wichtigste Unterstützung in der gesamten Promotionsphase aber war nicht wis- senschaftlicher, sondern privater Natur: So gilt mein größter Dank meinem Ehemann und meiner Familie. Berlin, im Mai 2014 Alexandra Schweiger VII 1 Einleitung Im Jahr 2004 gab der Kluszczyński-Verlag in Krakau eine Encyklopedia Kresów (En- zyklopädie der kresy) heraus.1 Kresy – mit diesem Wort werden die ehemaligen Ostge- biete Polens bezeichnet, die heute zu Litauen, Weißrussland und der Ukraine gehören.2 Die Enzyklopädie beginnt mit einem Vorwort von Stanisław Lem3, in dem er unter dem Titel W krainie pamięci (Im Land der Erinnerung) Schlaglichter auf das Lemberg der Zwischenkriegszeit wirft. Vor dem inneren Auge des Lesers erscheinen in Weich- zeichnung der Ring mit Rathaus und Brunnen, Jesuitengarten und Stryjer Park oder der Łyczakowski-Friedhof. Lem schreibt von der „für immer verlorenen Stadt“4, als gebe es diese Orte heute nicht mehr. Auf das Lemberg nach 1945 geht er nicht ein, stattdes- sen schreibt er, es sei ein alter Traum von ihm, ein Miniatur-Diorama von Lemberg, wie es vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war, zu schaffen. Auch das Vorwort des Herausgebers spricht von einer „Welt, die es nicht mehr gibt“5, von „unverwechselbaren ‚gelobten Ländern‘“6, von einem „Schmelztiegel der Nationen, Rassen [sic!], Kulturen, in dem das polnische Element eine besondere, gewissermaßen elitäre Rolle spielte“7. Die Re- gion sei für die heutigen Polen von großer Bedeutung, wichtiger Bestandteil der natio- nalen Geschichte und der Topografi e des Vaterlandes (ojczysta topografi a). Ziel des als opulenter
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