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CONCEPTS of BELARUS UNTIL 1918 for the Degree ~F Mast-R Cf Arts Graduate Department of Xistory University of Toronto @ Copyright

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CONCEPTS OF BELARUS UNTIL 1918 Jerzy Borzecki A thesis submitted in ronformity with tne requiremonts for the degree ~f Mast-r cf Arts Graduate Department of Xistory University of Toronto @ copyright by Jerzy Borzecki 1996 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 ,,nad du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wdîingtori OttawaON KIAW OnawaON K1A OCU4 canada CaMda The author has grmted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/filrn, de reproduction sur papier ou sur fonnat électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis aor substantial extracts kom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Concepts of Belarus until 1918 M.A. Thesis, 1996 Jerzy Borzecki Graduate Department of History University cf Toronto The thesis deals with the kaleidoscopic changes cf the idea of xhat is or what should be Belarus. The term "Belarus" clriginatcd in the 14th century as a purely geographir dosignation. It acquired an ethnic sense as late as the 19th rontury, even though the country was still cjeneraliy c~r~sideredto be part of either Poland or Russia. The idea that Eelarus should becorne an autonomous national entity appeared at the end of the century, gaining sorne recognition oniy after 1905. Th~n,competing concepts of Belarus wsre presented by the budding Belarusian national movement, the party of the Polish landowners in Belarus, the Lithuanian nationai m~vement, the Polish Socialist Party, the P~lish National-Demccrats, and the Russian nationalist movernent. World Wzr 1 brought things to a head, and in 1918 the n~vel idea of Belarus as an independent state was întroduced and partly realized by the Belarusian national movement. CONTENTS PREFACE Pl, ,, ALpc.~ezF . - in fact, Belarusian prirnary sources are n~tth5 ezi~iesf ccd get ncld cf an-phcre in the world. Fer iristanc;~, Fa ?oit3na, whilzh (:an rightiy boast cf king clne r,f tk~efcw :cluntries blssscd with z relative abundance cf Eolaru3izn ce,1-10 library hclds 6 rompicte az~llccti~ncf Nzsha JJI va; iridscd, c~rilyincomplete colicctions of this week1:~~311 ' [an Zaprudmk, "Soviet Documentation of Byelonissia's History (1909-1 Q 19jW7Zapisy [Transactions] ( 17, 1 983 ), pp. 132- 143; Jan Stanlàevic, 'The Soviet Falsiiïcation ofBelamsian History". Beloncssian Review (4, 1957), pp. 56-79;Ia. Zaprudnik "linitalevich: Rozhdenie Belorusskoi Sovetskoi Respublih: Review-, Zaptsy (15, 1977, pp. i 32-136. be found in seven libraries in four Polish citi~s.'The most Important library c~lLectFcnsof Belarusian primary sources are located in Minsk, Hrodna, Vilna, Moscow, Warsaw, London, New York, and San Francisco. Since no research funaing is provided for M-A- stuaents, 1 haci to mako dcv in part with siurces gathered rhrslugh inter-library loans. Later, however, ronsiaering these sources insufficient, I made a painstaking search fcr primary sources cited in various seccndary sources held in T~ronrolibraries. Together with a number of single published priinary sources (mainly rnemoirs) available in Tclronto, these primary sourcqs shculd constitute a sufficient basis for a meaningful discussion ~f concepts of &larus until 1918. An effort has been made thr~ughoutthis papor to use the most recent official place-names, for instance: Eialystok rather than Bclastok, Hrodna rather thm Grodno, Vitsebsk rather thari Vitebsk, and so forth. Exception has ken made, hcwever, for place-names ~f which weil-known and generally accepted in Canada versic~nsexist, for exampie: Erest rather than Berastse, Minsk rather than M~nsk,Vilna rather than Vilnius, and so forth. ' Aleksandra Bergmanowa, "Bialoruski tygodnik 'Nasza Niwa' (10 XI 1906-7 VIX1 19 15)" me Belamsian Weekly 'Nasza Niwanj, Kwarralnik Hisroryczny me Historical Quarterly] (3, 1972), p. 563. In citations, whenever a recognized and accurate English translation of the primary source could be found, the text in the original language has been omitted. When citing Belarusian texts written originally in Latin rharzicters, or in the so-called lacinka, tneir spelling has been preserved. On the other hand, texts written originally in Cirillic hove been transliterated according to the Library of Congress system. This soiution is not without drawbacks, since a duality in spelling has thus been croated; howover, alternative solutions, such as transliterating lacinka into the Congress system, or Cirillir into lacinka, were th~ughttc, be even less aesirable, since they might be founà offensive by the supporters of oither lacinka Dr Cirillic. Finaliy, since there are no official aepartmental requirements on notes and references with regard to MA. theses,3 I have decided to adopt the style usea bÿ Ward in his historiographical survey Stalin's Russia. 1 find it simple and yet elegant- University of Toronto: Graduate Studies in History (My, 1WS), p. 8. The etynal(zqy cbf the nam- "Bslarus" r-mains rathcr ri.Litcr31iyf It means, rtf crlilrsc, "White F;1isfff. Iri Lc3- C ,- ~rijinsl mcaninq, Rus', ~r Rut hcnia, wzs tile patrirn~rii.zi1 I3rid pr,ss?sscci km;/ al1 t ne princes whrl de~ccnaecfrr,rn Ru ri l.:, t_j-,e ,zkiicf r,f the .3nf:icnt F;:;_IS' ri.In the fri_irfe~--,+_f;..2nb f ifroori+h ~zonti~rio~,hr.wever, rhe term Fils' ~2s115e.d ?cl .. cicsl:rlr_lc ,311 the Ea~t-Siavi~r:Lands clf 'ir-hru;3r4:.: ~~i;ri~ri.sni~~.hhnïthe Rusr lana .srclund Crnclensi:, 'Jit~rt~sC, 3rl-j prllat-/: k.sa:.zrrtc ,:&jLe-J ''~~~~~~'*t1z3 nc,~kte-ri -\/ey - .--,n7/ht:izgLy e:.:plain~b.' Hr,wcrier, (25~,IV~ t_h ~;l;>r- y1,3:~sijf.k i:-.,:p~:~~-Res~sis k>.3~&-n rhe r,k,coy:/.3tji:,rl rh.3t in the -- -* , r:.l~-Kil3si,2n SP~~F,"xhit~ l.2nd" rne.ïn+ 11,ns free r,3 - Irid-ed, &,-ne r_hr-e cit-cs, t;rLi,-h FrL ~~7~-L7ic,- - - - ,-.- - - -- -.-. , - 3, 1:nr , .ïrs l:rir:.y8:r, t;:, . t:,cjr;.rlq the 1Jr,3nci ïlil,:hy (:,f Lit hixinia .=lrcady dilrir!g + he rilie c,f Gedyminas (-11 j . The iiihu.2nian r.3i.:s-c;:;er rr,e.znt, f J ti-1~t the lsrid lzczscb p,-;ÿiriq r he ~i31r~err1i13 .Michael Cherniavshy, "Russia", Naiionaf Conscio~tmess.History undPofificalCrtfiure irr Earlv-itfodem Europe. ed. Orest Ranurn ( Baltimore, 1973, p. 1 19. 'JU. K. Begunov: "'Weisse Rus'' und Weksrussen in einer deutschsn Chronik des 15. Jahrhunderts" IbBelarus' and Belamians in a Geman Chronicle of the Fifieenth Century], Forsclmngen ,-Ur Os~crtrropaeisc/renGeschichre (27, 19741, p. 300; Leszek Bednarcnik, "Stosunki eînolingwistyczne na obsmWiekiego biestwa Litewskiego" [The Ethno-luiguistic Relations on the Temtory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania], -4cra Baffico-Slavica(22, 1QW), p. 1 1 3. "u. K. Begunov, p. 300- 'Ju. K. Begunov, pp. 302-305. lu. K. Begunov, pp. 209-300; Jan Zaprudruk, Befnrirs: At n Crossroack in History (Boulder-San Francisco-&forci, 1903), pp. 2-3; Byeionrssia: Historicai Ocdine, ed. Ivan Kasiak ('London, 1989, p. 7. Vc~lhyniaand ~kraine'away from the former and annexod it to ine latter, 10 Belarus becarne one of the throe main regir~ns within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The clther two WS~P Czarnc? Rus [Black Rus' 1, which lay to the south-west r~f Belarus, and Samoqitia, or Zrnudz, a regiori in the north- western pzrt of the Grand Duchy. Up until the nineteenth i7~rit lir'y', Bclarus and Crarna Rus were somecines dsscribed l~~:lllr=ctivelyas Rzs Litswska [Lithuanian Rus' 1 .11 Subs~quently, that term was applied only to the provinces, Cr quberniias, of Vilna and Hrodna- Most importsntly, the whoLe territory of tne Grand Duchy was callod Litwa ilithuania], and al1 its inhabitants, ïegardless of their language and religirin, w-r- known as Li twini, Li t~wcy, Sitwaki, cc Lipki, al1 of xhich means Lithuanians, L i mlhis state of affairs rernained long âfter the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, aiong with the entire Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceâsed to exist, Fr~rinstance, at kast ilritil rhe end of the nineteonth century, the Taters whc livd in L1-ne ' former Grand Duchy were universally called Lipki (the term Lipka means Lithuania in both Crimean Tatar and -- ' Ukraine was then undentood as the regions of Kiev and Bratslav. W.L., '.Nazwy *Rus' 1 'ühaîna- 1 ich znaczenie historyczne"@e Names 'Rus' and 'ükmhe'and Their Histoncai Meaning], Z &i&w Ukrainy [From the History of ükrainc], ed. Waclaw Lipinski CKiev, 19 12), pp. 47-54. 'O Hany E . Dem bkowski, The Union of Lublin: Poiish Federaiism in the Golden Age New York, 1P82), pp. 160-164. " Leszek a=dnara "Wokol ernogenezy Biaiotusinow" (Onthe Or@motthe Belaiusians],Acfa Bolrico- Slavica (16, 19841, pp. 33-48. l2 Bednarcnik, "Stosunki ...", p. 1 13. Turkish) .I3 Also, the Jews who speak the north-eastern dialect of Yiddish, cnce used in the territory almost identical. with that of the Grand Duchy, are even today known as Litvaks. Moreover, the inhabitants of Podlasie, which used to be part of the Grand Duchy but today is within the Polish border, are still being called "Lithilanians" by the people of Mazovia and of the Lublin region, even though no ethnic Lithuanian is to be found there." AS late 3s the 1960s surnames ending with -icz, typical in Belarus, were still being recognized as "Lithuanianff in the Lublin region.
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    EVOLUTION OF THE BELARUSIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE PAGES OF PERIODICALS (1914-1917) By Aliaksandr Bystryk Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Advisor: Professor Maria Kovacs Secondary advisor: Professor Alexei Miller CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2013 Abstract Belarusian national movement is usually characterised by its relative weakness delayed emergence and development. Being the weakest movement in the region, before the WWI, the activists of this movement mostly engaged in cultural and educational activities. However at the end of First World War Belarusian national elite actively engaged in political struggles happening in the territories of Western frontier of the Russian empire. Thus the aim of the thesis is to explain how the events and processes caused by WWI influenced the national movement. In order to accomplish this goal this thesis provides discourse and content analysis of three editions published by the Belarusian national activists: Nasha Niva (Our Field), Biełarus (The Belarusian) and Homan (The Clamour). The main findings of this paper suggest that the anticipation of dramatic social and political changes brought by the war urged national elite to foster national mobilisation through development of various organisations and structures directed to improve social cohesion within Belarusian population. Another important effect of the war was that a part of Belarusian national elite formulated certain ideas and narratives influenced by conditions of Ober-Ost which later became an integral part of Belarusian national ideology. CEU eTD Collection i Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Between krajowość and West-Russianism: The Development of the Belarusian National Movement Prior to WWI .....................................................................................................
  • Ukraine Local Elections, 25 October 2015

    Ukraine Local Elections, 25 October 2015

    ELECTION OBSERVATION DELEGATION TO THE LOCAL ELECTIONS IN UKRAINE (25 October 2015) Report by Andrej PLENKOVIĆ, ChaIr of the Delegation Annexes: A - List of Participants B - EP Delegation press statement C - IEOM Preliminary Findings and Conclusions on 1st round and on 2nd round 1 IntroductIon On 10 September 2015, the Conference of Presidents authorised the sending of an Election Observation Delegation, composed of 7 members, to observe the local elections in Ukraine scheduled for 25 October 2015. The Election Observation Delegation was composed of Andrej Plenkovič (EPP, Croatia), Anna Maria Corazza Bildt (EPP, Sweden), Tonino Picula (S&D, Croatia), Clare Moody (S&D, United Kingdom), Jussi Halla-aho (ECR, Finland), Kaja Kallas (ALDE, Estonia) and Miloslav Ransdorf (GUE, Czech Republic). It conducted its activities in Ukraine between 23 and 26 October, and was integrated in the International Election Observation Mission (IEOM) organised by ODIHR, together with the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities. On election-day, members were deployed in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa and Dnipropetrovsk. Programme of the DelegatIon In the framework of the International Election Observation Mission, the EP Delegation cooperated with the Delegation of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, headed by Ms Gudrun Mosler-Törnström (Austria), while the OSCE/ODIHR long-term Election Observation Mission headed by Tana de Zulueta (Italy). The cooperation with the OSCE/ODIHR and the Congress went as usual and a compromise on the joint statement was reached (see annex B). Due to the fact that only two parliamentary delegations were present to observe the local elections, and had rather different expectations as regards meetings to be organised, it was agreed between all parties to limit the joint programme to a briefing by the core team of the OSCE/ODIHR.
  • BELARUS Restrictions on the Political and Civil Rights of Citizens Following the 2010 Presidential Election

    BELARUS Restrictions on the Political and Civil Rights of Citizens Following the 2010 Presidential Election

    BELARUS Restrictions on the Political and Civil Rights of Citizens Following the 2010 Presidential Election of person. Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Article 5: No one shall be subjected to in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 6: Everyone has the right to recognition spirit of brotherhood. Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, everywhere as a person before the law. Article 7: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimi- without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, nation to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. Article 8: Everyone has the right to an effective rem- basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person edy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. by law. Article 9: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security June 2011 564a Uladz Hrydzin © This report has been produced with the support of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA).