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Ministarstvo Prosvjete I Nauke PRAVOPIS CRNOGORSKOGA JEZIKA s pravopisnim rječnikom 2009 PODGORICA 1 SADRŽAJ SADRŽAJ .................................................................................................................................................... 2 RIJEČ PRIREĐIVAČA ............................................................................................................................... 3 PRVI DIO: PRAVOPISNA PRAVILA ....................................................................................................... 7 I. PISMA .................................................................................................................................................. 8 II. VELIKA I MALA POČETNA SLOVA ........................................................................................... 10 III. SASTAVLJENO I RASTAVLJENO PISANJE RIJEČI ................................................................. 16 IV. RASTAVLJANJE I PRENOŠENJE RIJEČI U NAREDNI RED ................................................... 23 V. SKRAĆENICE .................................................................................................................................. 25 VI. PISANJE RIJEČI STRANOGA PORIJEKLA ................................................................................ 30 VII. CRNOGORSKA (I)JEKAVICA .................................................................................................... 34 VIII. FONEMI Ć, Đ, Ś, Ź ...................................................................................................................... 38 IX. JEDNAČENJE SUGLASNIKA PO ZVUČNOSTI ........................................................................ 40 X. JEDNAČENJE SUGLASNIKA PO MJESTU TVORBE ............................................................... 41 XI. GUBLJENJE SUGLASNIKA ........................................................................................................ 42 XII. PRELAZAK L U O ....................................................................................................................... 44 XIII. ALTERNACIJE SUGLASNIKA K/G/H : Č/Ž/Š I K/G/H : C/Z/S ............................................. 47 XIV. ALTERNACIJA A : ∅ ................................................................................................................ 52 XV. JOTOVANJE ................................................................................................................................ 54 XVI. REČENIČNI ZNACI .................................................................................................................... 57 XVI. PRAVOPISNI ZNACI ................................................................................................................ 78 XVII. TRANSLITERACIJA I TRANSKRIPCIJA STRANIH IMENA ............................................. 86 DRUGI DIO: PRAVOPISNI RJEČNIK .................................................................................................. 105 2 RIJEČ PRIREĐIVAČA Odlukom Vlade Crne Gore, donijetom na sjednici održanoj 24. 01. 2008, formiran je trinaestočlani Savjet za standardizaciju crnogorskog jezika. Savjet su činili Branko Banjević (predsjednik Savjeta), književnik i predsjednik Matice crnogorske, dr Rajka Glušica, profesor na Filozofskom fakultetu u Nikšiću, Milorad Stojović, književni kritičar, Mirko Kovač, književnik i akademik, Mladen Lompar, književnik i akademik, Rajko Cerović, književni kritičar, Čedo Vuković, književnik i akademik, Zuvdija Hodžić, književnik i akademik, dr Milenko A. Perović, profesor na Filozofskom fakultetu u Novom Sadu, dr Zorica Radulović, profesor na Filozofskom fakultetu u Nikšiću, dr Tatjana Bečanović, docent na Filozofskom fakultetu u Nikšiću, dr Igor Lakić, docent na Institutu za strane jezike u Podgorici i dr Adnan Čirgić, saradnik na Filozofskom fakultetu u Nikšiću. Savjet je imao zadatak da do početka nove školske 2008/9. godine izradi pravopis crnogorskog jezika s pravopisnim rječnikom i gramatiku crnogorskog jezika. Rad Savjeta odvijao se tokom cijele 2008. godine dijelom zbog izuzetne obimnosti, složenosti i delikatnosti posla standardizacije crnogorskog jezika, a dijelom zbog toga što su početne i neznatne koncepcijske razlike među članovima Savjeta oko bitnih pitanja samoidentifikacije crnogorskog jezika u međuvremenu postale nepremostive. Apelovanja na pojedine članove Savjeta da, zbog izuzetnog duhovnog i političkog značaja uspješne i naučno validne standardizacije, pokažu spremnost za traženjem kompromisnih rješenja kojima bi vrijeme moralo biti najbolji sudija nijesu urodili plodom. Zbog toga je ministar prosvjete i nauke Crne Gore odlučio da zatraži od Savjeta da dostavi finalne verzije materijala koje su pripremili i formira Radnu grupu sa zadatkom da pripremi finalnu verziju prijedloga Pravopisa, Gramatike i Rječnika crnogorskog jezika, a na osnovu materijala koje je dostavilo Ministarstvo prosvjete i nauke. U tročlanu radnu grupu izabrani su dr Milenko A. Perović (predsjednik Radne grupe), profesor Univerziteta u Novom Sadu, dr Josip Silić, profesor emeritus Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, i dr Ljudmila Vasiljeva, redovni profesor Univerziteta Ivana Franka u Lavovu. Radna grupa svoj zadatak nije shvatila kao izradu treće koncepcije standardizacije, nasuprot dvjema koje su ponudile dvije grupe unutar Savjeta za standardizaciju crnogorskog jezika, ali ni kao prosti kompromis te dvije koncepcije. Uzevši za svoj radni predložak koncept pravopisa koji je u ime dijela Savjeta podnio akademik Branko Banjević, a čiju je radnu verziju sačinio Adnan Čirgić, Radna grupa ga je mijenjala, dopunjavala ili se restriktivno odnosila prema nekim njegovim konkretnim rješenjima na temelju onoga stanovišta o unutrašnjoj logici crnogorskog jezika koje se može braniti valjanim naučnim argumentima. Radna grupa je slično postupila i s rječnikom, uzevši za radni predložak verziju rječnika koji je u ime dijela Savjeta podnijela prof. Rajka Glušica. Radna grupa je zaključila da konačnu verziju pravopisa crnogorskog jezika s pravopisnim rječnikom nužno mora pratiti dodatna publikacija. U toj publikaciji Radna grupa bi “položila račun” o principima standardizacije kojima se rukovodila u izradi pravopisa i rječnika, ali i ponudila konkretne naučne argumente na osnovu kojih se odlučila za odgovarajuća rješenja niza spornih pitanja. 3 Napokon, da bi se slijedila logika standardizacije jezika, bilo je neopodno da se pravopis izvodi iz gramatike. Međutim, urgentnost potrebe za standardizacijom crnogorskog jezika nametnula je obrnutu logiku: da se najprije izađe u javnost s pravopisom i rječnikom, s jasnom sviješću da se u njima anticipiraju neka bitna gramatička rješenja. Zbog toga je zaključak Radne grupe da poslije publikovanja pravopisa i rječnika, a na temelju javne naučne rasprave, treba pristupiti izradi gramatike crnogorskog jezika. prof. dr Milenko A. Perović prof. dr Josip Silić prof. dr Ljudmila Vasiljeva 4 PREDGOVOR Sticanje državne nezavisnosti i donošenje novoga Ustava kojim se crnogorski jezik definiše kao službeni jezik u Crnoj Gori uslovili su potrebu izrade novoga pravopisa crnogorskoga jezika kao obaveznog na nivou države. Dosadašnji pravopisi koji su bili službeni u Crnoj Gori nijesu uvažavali opštecrnogorske jezičke osobitosti, kao što ih nije uvažavala ni nekadašnja srpskohrvatska standardnojezička norma. Kako se u crnogorskome jeziku mogu izdvojiti tri sloja: 1. opšteštokavski jezički sloj (koji je zajednički bosanskome, crnogorskom, hrvatskome i srpskom jeziku), 2. opštecrnogorski (koine) jezički sloj (zajednički svim crnogorskim govornim predstavnicima), 3. dijalektalne jezičke osobine (koje se tiču crnogorskih mjesnih govora), mi smo kodifikovali sve osobine savremenoga crnogorskoga jezika koje pripadaju prvom i drugom sloju. I u tome je bitna razlika između ovoga i dosadašnjih zvaničnih pravopisa u Crnoj Gori koji su osobine iz drugoga sloja tretirali kao dijalektalne. Praksa je pokazala da je u Crnoj Gori, i pored nametnutih atipičnih oblika kao obaveznih u službenoj komunikaciji, ortoepija ipak pobijedila ortografiju. Samim tim, svi preživjeli oblici, kao što su recimo produkti tzv. jekavskoga jotovanja, novom crnogorskom normom kodifikovani su kao obavezni. Crnogorski govori spadaju među dobro izučene govore u slavističkome svijetu, a to je izuzetno važan olakšavajući faktor za kodifikaciju naših markantnih jezičkih obilježja. Ti govori počeli su se proučavati još od polovine XIX vijeka i njihovo izučavanje nastavljeno je do naših dana. Proučavaoci crnogorskih govora publikovali su u svojim monografijama i studijama obilje jezičkoga materijala, koje je, između ostaloga, poslužilo i kao osnov u izradi ovoga pravopisa. Kako je crnogorski jezik naddijalektalnog tipa, prilikom njegove kodifikacije lako je bilo izvršiti selekciju dijalektalnih i normativnih oblika. Crnogorski književni jezik tradicionalno se razvijao na narodnim osnovama i kao takav dosegao vrhunce u pisanoj riječi već na početku XIX vijeka. O spontanome uvođenju narodnoga jezika u književnost rječito govori i zalaganje za narodni jezik Ivana Antuna Nenadića 1768. godine. Kako se u savremenoj normativistici smatra da govorni uzus treba da bude jedan od osnovnih modela u jezičkoj standardizaciji, glavna načela postavljena u priručniku Piši kao što zboriš (CDNK, Podgorica, 1993) Vojislava Nikčevića: 1. Piši kao što zboriš, a čitaj kako je napisano!, 2. Drži se upotrebne norme crnogorske „općene pravilnosti“! i 3. Tuđe piši kao svoje! smatrali smo u potpunosti validnim i iskoristili smo ih kao polazišnu osnovu za ovaj pravopis. Ta načela
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