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Nationalist Crossroads and Crosshairs: on External and Internal Sources of Albanian and Serbian National Mythology

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Nationalist Crossroads and Crosshairs: on External and Internal Sources of Albanian and Serbian National Mythology Nationalist Crossroads and Crosshairs: On External and Internal Sources of Albanian and Serbian National Mythology Matvey Lomonosov Department of Sociology McGill University, Montreal June 2018 A dissertation submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology © Matvey Lomonosov, 2018 Abstract This dissertation employs comparative historical methods to investigate the development of Albanian and Serbian national identity over the last two centuries. More narrowly, it traces the emergence and evolution of two foundational national myths: the story of the Illyrian origins of the Albanian nation and the narrative of the 1389 Battle of Kosovo. The study focuses on micro- and meso-level processes, the life course of mythmakers and specific historical situations. For this, it relies on archival data from Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia, as well as a wide body of published primary and secondary historical sources. The dissertation is composed of four separate articles. In the first article, I offer evidence that the Kosovo myth, which is often seen as a “crucial” supporting case for ethno-symbolist theory, is a modern ideological construct. For evidence, the article focuses on temporal, geographical and cultural ruptures in the supposedly long-standing “medieval Kosovo legacy” and the way the narrative was promoted among South Slavs in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It finds that Serbian-speaking diaspora intellectuals from the Habsburg Empire and the governments in Belgrade and Cetinje played crucial roles imparting the Kosovo myth to the Balkan masses. Thus, it is hard to account for the rise of national identities and local conflicts in the Balkans without a closer look at foreign intervention and the history of states and institutions. On a separate note, the first article illustrates that studying the ways how national narratives were disseminated may help to establish whether they are historically rooted or recent. The second article contributes to debates on the global spread of nationalism in the generalist, diaspora-studies and long-distance nationalism literatures. The article observes that the idea of Illyrian origins was brought to Albania from outside. It was elaborated, promoted and later officially codified in the newly established nation-state under the influence of the early Albanian- speaking diaspora. The nationalist mobilization of Albanian diasporics came as an outcome of their multi-dimensional Western experiences, not only because of alienation experienced in their host societies. This suggests that scholars should pay more attention to the agency of diaspora members and migrants in the global spread of nationalism. The third article discovers that imperialist archaeologists significantly contributed to the construction of national identity and the establishment of the nationalist research tradition in Albania. Importantly, the forms and extent of their influences depended on the institutional context i in which the foreign scholars were working. These conclusions question the existing dichotomy between imperialist and nationalist archaeology in the critical archaeological literature and, more broadly, the opposition between imperialism and nationalism in the generalist scholarship. Finally, the fourth article explores the emergence of an Albanian counter-myth in the 1980s and 1990s to the narrative of the 1389 Battle of Kosovo. It offers evidence that the counter-myth emerged as a moral reaction of self-perceived “saviors of the nation” in Albania and Kosovo to the politicization of medieval history in Serbian intellectual circles. What mattered in this process was the moral commitment of Albanian mythmakers, who were trained to “defend their nation” in educational and research institutions under Communism. The emotional response would not have occurred if their Serbian colleagues remained reserved and if intellectual dialogue had continued. The article suggests that the literatures on nationalist mythology and national identity construction can benefit by focusing more on the moral dimension of nationalism, the relatively recent history of socialization institutions, and the interactive dynamics of identity politics. Overall, this dissertation highlights the historical and culturally parochial face of nationalism. Analyzing the life course of nationalist mythmakers in specific historical situations, the dissertation finds that the social location of individuals and groups at the crossroads and crosshairs of alien and native influences breeds exclusionary nationalism. The mechanisms of this causal link are diverse: ideational, emotional, institutional and habitual. More broadly, the dissertation contributes to ongoing scholarly discussions on the role of ethnicity in nationalism, the worldwide spread of nationalism, the nature of the nation-state model, the relationship between imperialism and nationalism and the interactive, processual and dynamic character of nationhood. It suggests that imposing “big” nation-like rather than locally contained and fluid ethnicities in pre-modern times is anachronistic. Scholars may need to elaborate separate explanatory frameworks for the diffusion of the concept of national identity and the nation-state model. Diasporas and migrants played a particularly important role in the former process. Imperialism and nationalism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries often were closely interlinked rather than opposed. The identity of nations is formed from without as well as from within. Its construction involves dynamic and interactive intergroup process. ii Résumé Cette thèse se base sur les données des archives de l’Albanie, de la Bosnie, du Kosovo, du Monténégro et de la Serbie et sur un grand éventail des sources historiques publiées, tant primaires que secondaires. On y emploie la méthode des cas étendus et plusieurs méthodes historico- comparatives afin d’étudier le développement de l’identité nationale albanaise et serbe au cours des deux siècles passés. Notamment, la thèse expose l’émergence et l’évolution des deux mythes nationaux fondamentaux: le conte de l’origine autochtone illyrienne des Albanais et la narration de la Bataille du Kosovo de 1389. L’étude se focalise sur les processus historiques des niveaux micro- et méso, le parcours de vie des créateurs des mythes et les situations historiques spécifiques. La thèse se compose de quatre articles. Dans le premier article, on découvre que le mythe du Kosovo qui est souvent traité comme le cas « crucial » supportant la théorie éthno-symboliste, est un construit idéologique moderne. Les ruptures temporelles, géographiques et culturelles dans le « patrimoine médiéval du Kosovo,” apparemment longtemps établi, et le mode au moyen duquel on a promu cette narration parmi les Slaves du Sud au dix-neuvième et au début du vingtième siècle, prouvent cela. Le rôle principal dans l’implantation du mythe du Kosovo auprès des peuples des Balkans appartient au intellectuels serbophones des diasporas dispersées à l’empire des Habsburgs et aux gouvernements de Belgrade et de Cetinje. Ainsi, c’est difficile de représenter la montée des identités nationales et les conflits locaux dans les Balkans sans un examen plus détaillé de l’intervention étrangère et de l’histoire des états et des institutions. Également, le premier article illustre que l’étude des modes comment les discours nationaux ont été disséminés peut aider à établir si ces discours sont historiquement enracinés ou récents. Le deuxième article introduit la discussion sur la propagation globale du nationalisme qui se développe dans la littérature généraliste, celle consacrée aux études des diasporas et celle du nationalisme à longue distance. Cet article note que l’idée de l’origine Illyrienne a été apportée en Albanie de l’étrangers. Elle a été élaborée, promue et plus tard officiellement codifiée par l’état- nation récemment établi, sous l’influence de la première diaspora albanophone. La mobilisation nationaliste des représentants des diasporas albanaises découlent de l’adoption de leurs expériences multidimensionnelles occidentales, non seulement à cause de l’aliénation dans les sociétés hôtes. Cela suggère que les chercheurs doivent prêter plus d’attention à l’agentevité des membres de diaspora et des migrants à l’extension globale du nationalisme. iii Le troisième article expose que les archéologues impérialistes ont contribué significativement à la construction de l’identité nationale et à l’établissement de la tradition de la recherche nationaliste en Albanie. Ce qui est important, c’est le fait que les formes et l’ampleur de leur influence dépendaient du contexte institutionnel dans lequel les chercheurs étrangers travaillaient. Ces conclusions mettent en question la dichotomie entre l’archéologie impérialiste et nationaliste existante dans l’étude critique en archéologie et, plus largement, l’opposition continuelle entre l’impérialisme et le nationalisme dans les sciences humaines générales. Finalement, le quatrième article révèle que l’émergence du contre-mythe albanais sur la Bataille du Kosovo de 1389 à la fin des années 1980 – aux années 1990 est expliquée le mieux par la réaction morale des « saveurs de la nation » autodéclarés en Albanie et Kosovo face à la politisation de l’histoire médiévale dans les milieux intellectuels serbes. Ce qui était important au cours de ce processus, c’était la motivation morale des créateurs des mythes albanais qui étaient entraînés de
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