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Anel NOVO 18.06.08 Sadrzaj:Layout 1.Qxd Dr. Mustafa Memić GUSINJSKO-PLAVSKA KRAJINA U VRTLOGU HISTORIJE Sarajevo, 2008. IZDAVAČ: Institut za istraživanje zločina protiv čovječnosti i međunarodnog prava Univerziteta u Sarajevu ZA IZDAVAČA: prof. dr. Smail Čekić UREDNICI: dr. Safet Bandžović prof. mr. Muharem Kreso RECENZENTI: akademik Muhamed Filipović mr. Sefer Halilović LEKTOR: Sadžida Džuvić KORICE: Dževdet Nikočević DTP: Anel Ćuhara ŠTAMPARIJA: AMOS GRAF d.o.o. TIRAŽ: 500 PREDGOVOR Ovom knjigom želim objasniti neke od burnih događaja u mom rodnom kraju koji su bitno utjecali na formiranje nacionalne svijesti mojih sunarodnika i na njihov ekonomski i društveno-politički položaj poslije Drugog svjetskog rata. U narodu moga kraja duboko su urezana dva događaja. Jedan je osvajanje Gusinjsko-plavskog kraja od crnogorske vojske 1912, a drugi se odnosi na razdoblje od 1919. do 1945. Njima se objašnjava dolazak jednog puka srpske vojske, koji je poslije proboja Solunskog fronta nastupao vardarskom dolinom i od Skoplja i Kosovske Mitrovice uputio se prema Crnoj Gori. Pritom se prema Podgorici kretao preko Gusinjsko-plavske krajine, nakon čega je došlo do pobune Bošnjaka i Albanaca, te pokušaja uspostavljanja nove vlasti, a zatim do formiranja dviju vasojevićkih brigada - Donja i Gornja vasojevićka - koje su se kao paravojne jedinice pridružile srpskoj vojsci i djelovale pod rukovodstvom centralne Crnogorske uprave u Podgorici. Tom su prilikom u Plavu i Gusinju formirane i dvije vojne jedinice - dva bataljona - najprije kao komitske jedinice, koje su u početku djelovale u sastavu komitskog pokreta u Crnoj Gori. Strahovalo se da se uspostavljanjem njihove vlasti ne nametnu policijske vlasti, koje su tokom 1912-1913. počinile teške zločine (masovno strijeljanje – prema nekim podacima ubijeno je preko 8.000 Bošnjaka i Albanaca, a došlo je i do nasilnog pokrštavanja oko 12.500 ljudi). Da bi spriječili takve događaje, stanovnici ovih krajeva pokušali su osigurati svoju vlast proklamirajući zahtjeve za neku vrstu lokalne autonomije. Centralna uprava Crne Gore u Podgorici, koja je bila začetnik srpske vlasti u Crnoj Gori, spriječila je njihova nastojanja, posebno ona koja su se odnosila na uspostavljanje lokalne autonomije. Plavljani i Gusinjani strahovali su da im se ne ponovi ono što su preživjeli ulaskom crnogorske vojske u Plav i Gusinje, kao i događaji koji su prethodili zločinima iz 1913 - posebno nakon što su se muslimani (Bošnjaci i Albanci) oružano suprotstavili sprovođenju odluka Berlinskog kongresa. Karakteristična su tri oružana sukoba sa crnogorskom vojskom: na Nokšiću iznad Plava novembra 1878, na Murini januara 1880, prije toga 1852. na Previji. Ovom su se prilikom odlučili i oružanom borbom suprotstaviti dolasku crnogorske vojske u ove krajeve, pa i po visoku cijenu vlastitog stradanja. 3 Na osnovu stečenih iskustava iz tih sukoba, vjerovali su da i 1919. oružanom borbom mogu spriječiti ulazak srpske vojske. Došlo je i do oružane pobune u kojoj su učestvovala dva novoformirana gusinjsko- plavska komitska bataljona. Došlo je i do angažovanja Kosovskog komiteta, koji je pokušao narod Gusinjsko-plavskog kraja iskoristiti za nacionalno oslobodilačku borbu Albanaca na Kosovu. U uvjetima straha i pod utjecajem Kosovskog komiteta dva gusinjsko-plavska bataljona pokušala su preko Čakora i Rugovske klisure ući i zauzeti Peć, a potom razviti oružanu borbu i u drugim dijelovima Kosova i Dukađina (Metohije). Nastala pobuna uznemirila je vojsku Kraljevine SHS, pa je Naredbom komandanta Druge vojne oblasti u Sarajevu, vojvode Stepe Stepanovića, izvršena oružana intervencija protiv Plavljana i Gusinjana koji su tada tretirani kao odmetnici. Upotreba artiljerije iz pravca Čakora na stanovništvo Plava, uz angažovanje dviju vasojevićkih brigada, utjecala je da stanovnici Plava i Gusinja masovno izbjegnu u okolne planine u podnožju Prokletija i da pod oružjem pređu na teritoriju sjeverne Albanije (oko 19.000 „odmetnika“). Saveznička vojna uprava u Skadru, koju su činili oficiri Francuske, Engleske i Italije, razoružala je oko 15.000 „pobunjenika“ i formirala koncentracioni logor u selu Barbaluši, na putu između Skadra i Tirane. Bio je to prvi koncentracioni logor na Balkanu i to u organizaciji savezničkih snaga. Kako je djelovala organizacija pobune, kako se ukazala potreba da se suprotstave ulasku dviju vasojevićkih brigada, u kakvim su uvjetima živjeli logoraši, kako je logor rasformiran - uz prethodno objašnjenje kako je organizovan i izvršen atentat na vođu pokreta Smaila ef. Nikočevića (poznatog kao Smaka, koji je diplomirao pravo u Istanbulu), te kako je i kada logor konačno rasformiran i u kakvim su uvjetima živjeli raniji „odmetnici“, odnosno logoraši – pokušalo se objasniti ovom knjigom. Uz to je priložena korespondencija vođena između Smaila efendije Nikočevića i prvaka Gusinjsko-plavskog kraja, uz objašnjenje kako je ova korespondencija sačuvana i konačno objavljena (24 pisma). 4 U ovoj knjizi nalaze se i biografije sa fotografijama učesnika pokreta otpora (njih sedam) koji su se suprotstavili odlukama Berlinskog kongresa i koji su odlukom vlade Albanije odlikovani (82 odlikovanja), uz napomenu da se prisutne tendencije prisvajanja tekovina naznačenih pokreta pokušavaju tretirati kao dio oslobodilačke borbe Albanaca. U ovoj knjizi posebno su objašnjene i težnje fašističkog okupatora i kvislinga da sjećanja na spomenute zločine iskoriste za konfrontiranje bivših logoraša sa antifašističkim pokretom na gornjem Polimlju i kako su, nasuprot tome, ovi krajevi odigrali izvanrednu ulogu u antifašističkom pokretu, prvenstveno kao logistička baza borcima NOB-a i koji su nakon kontrarevolucije u Crnoj Gori teško stradali, prvenstveno u Vasojevićima 1941-1942. Od 178 boraca andrijevičkog partizanskog bataljona ostalo je u životu samo njih 17, koji su Plav i Gusinje koristili kao logističku bazu. Pored svega toga prisutne su tendencije da se ovaj kraj, nasuprot stvarnim činjenicama, tretira kao „vulnetarski“ (muslimansko-albanska milicija). To je bio i jedan od razloga zbog kojih je bilo nužno objasniti ovu pojavu. 5 PRVI DIO GUSINJSKO-PLAVSKA KRAJINA Geografska obilježja - osnovni podaci Prvobitni tragovi života na ovim prostorima potječu iz VIII vijeka pr. n. e. (gvozdeno doba), a nalaze se u jednoj pećini na planini Vezirova brada iznad Gusinja. U albanskoj historiografiji prisutna je tendencija da se Albancima prikaže stanovništvo ovih krajeva i njihova historija, posebno iz vremena Berlinskog kongresa i Prizrenske lige u kojoj su učestvovali i predstavnici Bošnjaka iz ovih krajeva (Ali-beg Šabanagić, Ali-paša Gusinjac, Jakub Ferović, kojeg albanska historiografija naziva Jakup Feri i drugi). Plavsko i gusinjsko stanovništvo suprotstavilo se odlukama Berlinskog kongresa, što je posebno izraženo u bitkama na Nokšiću (4. decembra 1878) i bitka na Murini (6. januar 1880), pa iskazujemo kao „Bošnjaci i Albanci - zajednička borba“. U osmanskim izvorima u defteru Skadarskog sandžaka iz 1485, pored Gusinja i Plava, koji su označeni kao varošice, spominje se 170 sela i naselja koja i danas nose približno iste nazive. To su: Ribari (Ribaši), Gusinje, Ivrarhi, Garandži, Gornja Ulotina, Ržanica, Velika, Komarani (Komarači), Kirošova (Kruševo), Donja (Mala) Ulotina, Mašnica, Vojihnino-Jovoino (Vojno selo), Zuge, Trepča (Martinovići), Grad (Čeligrad ili gradić u Plavu), Nošići (Nokšići), Dobra (Đurička) Rijeka, Hrankovići (okolina Plava), Vražegrnici (pretpostavka za Skić), Dosuđe (Dosoagu), Jankovići i Seoce. Neka od ovih naselja spominju se i u manastirskim hrisovuljama, naročito u Dečanskim, jer su ona u srednjem vijeku bila data na upravljanje manastirima: Dečani, Banjska, Hilandar, Gračanica. Oko 25.000 km2 čini ravničarski dio na kojem se stanovništvo bavilo poljoprivrednom proizvodnjom (pretežno oranice) i on se nalazi na oko 1.200 metara nadmorske visine. Ravničarski dio počinje od podnožja Prokletija i završava oko Murine i Ulotine. Iznad visoravni visoko i strmo uzdižu se planinski vijenci i planine među kojima spominjemo: Trojan (Godilja), Popadija, Volušnica, Grebaje, Zastan, Brada vezirova, Brada kolendarska. U Albaniji su: Bijeli potok, Cem, Budač, Prdolec, Škala, Grabon, Leća, Grob-zeza (Crna jama), Vanje, Jasika i Selački krš. Od Brade vezirove prema Zastanu nalazi se Peća - Keća preko koje se spušta konjski put i dalje preko Boga u Skadar i Albaniju. Zatim Demirovica, Vranica i Šljita, od kojih se odvajaju Štirnice. U blizini su dvije košutice - Gusinjska i Hotska, pa onda Horalac i Treskavica. Sjeverno od njih su dvije Bjelaje, a na jugu Dobri do i Vujkov 8 krš, iznad Hridskog jezera. Na ovim prostorima protezala se granična linija između Jugoslavije i Albanije u dužini od oko 57 km. Iznad Đuričke rijeke su planine Potkobilje i Škuljta, koje se nadovezuju na Trokuz, a ova sa Štrtarnicom, iz kojih izvire glavna malesijska rijeka Valjbona, pritoka Drima. Tu je i izvor Dobra voda iz Crnog vrha koja pripada slivu Lima. Plavske su planine: Koviljača, Treskavica, Hrid velji sa tri vrha i Bogićevica sa Babinim poljem. Bogićevica stoji u vezi s Bogdašom Kožnjerom ili Kozijim rtom, Gerovicom (Đeravicom) iznad Juvika i Škelj zenom, najvećom planinom u Malesiji. Ovim područjem protječu živopisne rijeke, rječice i potoci slivaju se u Lim i Plavsko jezero. Izvorište Lima nalazi se u sjevernoj Albaniji, a nastaje od Vučijeg potoka ispod planine Maglića, pa se formira u Vrmošku rijeku koja se na graničnom prelazu Vjetrenik razvija kao rijeka Grnčar koja protječe kroz istoimeno selo i pokraj Gusinja uliva se u rijeku Vruju, koja se formira iz rijeke Skakavice iznad sela Vusanja. Kod
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