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PO NARE\ENJU Ratni Zlo~Ini Na Kosovu

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PO NARE\ENJU Ratni Zlo~Ini Na Kosovu Human Rights Watch PO NARE\ENJU Ratni zlo~ini na Kosovu S engleskog preveli Jasmina Stani}, Tanja Vunjak, Karlo Poljakovi} i Sr|an Star~evi} Human Rights Watch PO NAREÐENJU Naslov originala: Human Rights Watch Under Orders. War Crimes in Kosovo Copyright © October 2001 by Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch (HRW) sprovodi redovna i sistematska is- tra`ivanja povreda ljudskih prava u oko sedamdeset zemalja {i- rom sveta. Zbog toga {to su na{a otkri}a stekla ugled pouzdano- sti i pravovremenosti, ona predstavljaju nezaobilazan izvor po- dataka za sve one koji se bave ljudskim pravima. Bavimo se povredama ljudskih prava bez obzira na politi~ko ure|enje dr`ava, geopoliti~ku pripadnost i etni~ko ili versko ube|enje stanovni{tva. Human Rights Watch brani slobodu mi{ljenja i iz- ra`avanja, pravo na pravedno su|enje i jednaka prava na za{titu pred zakonom, i zala`e se za sna`no civilno dru{tvo; dokumen- tujemo i razotkrivamo ubistva, nestanke, mu~enja, proizvoljna hap{enja, diskriminacije i druge povrede me|unarodno priznatih ljudskih prava. Na{ cilj je da se vlasti smatraju odgovornima uko- liko povrede prava svojih gra|ana. Human Rights Watch je nastao 1978. godine, kada su osno- vana odeljenja za Evropu i Centralnu Aziju ({to je tada ~inilo Helsinki Watch). Danas postoje odeljenja koja su zadu`ena za Afriku, Severnu i Ju`nu Ameriku, Aziju i Bliski istok. Pored toga, HRW ima i tri tematska odeljenja koja se bave naoru`anjem, de- ~ijim i `enskim pravima. Kancelarije su u Njujorku, Va{ingtonu, Los An|elesu, Londonu, Briselu, Moskvi, Du{anbeu i Bangkoku. Human Rights Watch je nezavisna nevladina organizacija koja se finansira od priloga pojedinaca i fondacija {irom sveta. Ne pri- mamo finansiranje od vlade, ni neposredno ni posredno. Osoblje HRW-a ~ine Kenneth Roth, izvr{ni direktor; Michele Alexander, direktor razvoja; Reed Brody, direktor podr{ke; Carroll Bogert, direktor komunikacija; Barbara Guglielmo, direktor fi- nansija; Jeri Laber, specijalni savetnik; Lotte Leicht, direktor kancelarije u Briselu; Michael McClintock, zamenik programskog direktora; Patrick Minges, direktor publikacija; Maria Pignataro Nielsen, kadrovski direktor; Jemera Rone, advokat; Malcolm Smart, programski direktor; Wilder Tayler, pravnik za op{ta pita- nja i Joanna Weschler, predstavnik u Ujedinjenim nacijama. Regionalni direktori Human Rights Watcha su Peter Takiram- budde za Afriku, José Miguel Vivanco za Severnu i Ju`nu Ameri- ku, Sidney Jones za Aziju, Holly Cartner za Evropu i Centralnu Azi- Human Rights Watch PO NAREÐENJU ju i Hanny Megally za Bliski istok i Severnu Afriku. Direktori te- matskih ogranaka su Joost R. Hiltermann za naoru`anje, Lois Whitman za de~ija prava i Regan Ralph za `enska prava. ^lanovi glavnog odbora su Jonathan Fanton, predsedavaju- }i; Lisa Anderson, Robert L. Bernstein, David M. Brown, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Gina Despres, Irene Diamond, Adrian W. DeWind, Fiona Druckenmiller, Edith Everett, Michael E. Gellert, Vartan Gregorian, Alice H. Henkin, James F. Hoge, Step- hen L. Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Bruce Klatsky, Joanne Lee- dom-Ackerman, Josh Mailman, Yolanda T. Moses, Samuel K. Mu- rumba, Andrew Nathan, Jane Olson, Peter Osnos, Kathleen Pera- tis, Bruce Rabb, Sigrid Rausing, Orville Schell, Sid Sheinberg, Gary G. Sick, Malcolm Smith, Domna Stanton, John J. Studzinski i Maya Wiley. Robert L. Bernstein je predsednik osniva~kog od- bora Human Rights Watcha. SADR@AJ 5 Human Rights Watch 13 Izrazi zahvalnosti 17 UVOD 19 Metodologija 21 O imenima i terminologiji 23 Obja{njenja nekih pojmova, izraza i termina 27 1. UVODNI REZIME 27 Ofanziva 1999. godine 33 Komandna odgovornost 36 Sud za ratne zlo~ine 37 Prava koja je kr{io OVK 39 Uloga me|unarodne zajednice 43 2. ISTORIJSKA I POLITI^KA POZADINA 43 Uvod 45 Kratka istorija kosovskog sukoba 46 Kosovo u Socijalisti~koj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 47 Polo`aj nealbanskog stanovni{tva 48 Rast srpskog nacionalizma Kosovo 90-ih godina 54 Ukidanje autonomije Kosova 55 Kr{enja ljudskih prava 90-ih godina 56 Albanski nenasilni otpor i paralelna dr`ava 59 Spirala nasilja 65 Uspon Oslobodila~ke vojske Kosova 7 Human Rights Watch PO NAREÐENJU Oru`ani sukob 1998. 68 Masakri u Drenici 70 Uloga me|unarodne zajednice 78 Povrede ljudskih prava koje su po~inile vlasti 1998. godine 81 Povrede ljudskih prava koje je po~inio OVK 1998. godine 86 Uloga me|unarodne zajednice 88 Rad Kosovske verifikacione misije (KVM) 92 Konferencija u Rambujeu 94 Zaklju~ak 97 3. SNAGE U SUKOBU 100 Snage Savezne Republike Jugoslavije 102 Vojska Jugoslavije 116 Ministarstvo unutra{njih poslova Srbije (MUP) 131 Paravojne formacije 137 Komandna odgovornost i odgovornost po stare{instvu 146 Struktura i strategija OVK-a 153 Dodatak: posleratna unapre|enja u srp- skoj policiji i Vojsci Jugoslavije 159 4. MART–JUN 1999: PREGLED DOGA\AJA 167 Geografija zlo~ina 172 Ubistva 173 Broj `rtava, nestali i uklanjanje tela 179 Ciljana ubistava 183 O ubistvu Bajrama Keljmendija 184 Silovanja i seksualno nasilje 189 Nasilno proterivanje 196 Proizvoljna hap{enja i pritvaranja 200 Uni{tavanje imovine civila i d`amija 202 Zaga|ivanje bunara 204 Plja~kanje i iznu|ivanje 207 Li{avanje slobode i prinudni rad SADR@AJ 208 Ljudski {titovi 209 Nagazne mine 215 5. OBLAST DRENICE: OP[TINE GLOGOVAC (GLLOGOFC) I SRBICA (SKENDERAJ) 217 Izbica (Izbice) 225 Rezala (Rezalle) 228 Poklek 232 Staro Cikatovo (Cikatove e Vjeter) 238 Ofanziva 30. aprila 239 Vrbovac (Vrbofc) 245 [tutica (Shtutice) 248 Baks 250 D`amija u ]irezu 254 Rudnik [avarina 258 Zatvor i ispitivanje u Glogovcu 260 Zatvor i prinudni rad 262 Glogovac (Gllogofc) 264 Ubijanje civila 266 Li{avanje slobode i zlostavljanje 269 Nasilno iseljavanje 275 6. OP[TINA \AKOVICA (GJAKOVE) 276 \akovica (Gjakove) 280 Prva faza – od 24. marta do 2. aprila 288 Druga faza – od 7. do 13. maja 292 Povla~enje 294 Meja 302 Motivi: ubistvo pet policajaca 303 Po~inioci zlo~ina 304 Korenica (Korenice) 311 7. OP[TINA ISTOK (ISTOG) 313 Zatvor Dubrava 314 Zatvor 316 Bombardovanje NATO-a 321 Masakr 9 Human Rights Watch PO NARE\ENJU 330 Ekshumacije 330 Po~inioci zlo~ina 333 8. OP[TINA LIPLJAN (LIPJAN) 344 Slovinje (Sllovi) 356 Po~inioci zlo~ina 359 9. OP[TINA ORAHOVAC (RRAHOVEC) 360 Pusto Selo 367 10. OP[TINA PE] (PEJA) Grad Pe} 371 “^i{}enje” 376 Plja~ke i paljenja 377 Poslednje ubistvo 381 Silovanje 383 ]u{ka (Qyshk) 385 Okolnosti 386 Ubistva 399 Napadi na Zaha} (Zahaq) i Pavljan (Pavlan) 399 Zaha} (Zahaq) 401 Pavljan (Pavlan) 402 Po~inioci zlo~ina 414 Ljubeni} (Lubeniq) 419 11. OP[TINA PRIZREN 420 Grad Prizren 421 Naselje Tusus 426 Naselje Bulbulder (Bilbildere) 429 12. PUT PRIZREN–\AKOVICA (GJAKOVE) (OP[TINE ORAHOVAC /RRAHOVEC/ I PRIZREN) 430 Bela Crkva (Bellacerke) 437 Celina (Celine) 443 Velika Kru{a i Mala Kru{a (Krushe e Madhe i Krushe e Vogel) 445 Velika Kru{a (Krushe e Madhe) 10 SADR@AJ 450 Mala Kru{a (Krushe e Vogel) 452 Zrze (Xerxe) 457 13. OP[TINA SUVA REKA (SUHAREKE) 459 Grad Suva Reka (Suhareke) 470 Belanica (Bellanice) 479 Selo u op{tini Suva Reka 484 Trnje (Terrnje) 489 14. OP[TINA VU^ITRN (VUSHTRRI) 490 Gornja Sudimlja i Donja Sudimlja (Studime e Eperme i Studime e Poshtme) 490 Napad na konvoj 2. maja 499 Li{avanje slobode i proterivanje 501 Ostala ubistva 505 Zatvor Smrekovnica (Smrekonice) 509 15. STATISTI^KA ANALIZA POVREDA PRAVA 512 Ograni~enja statisti~ke analize 513 Op{ti nalazi 515 Analiza vansudskih pogubljenja 515 Pol `rtava 516 Starost `rtava 520 Ubistva po vremenu de{avanja 521 Ubistva po op{tinama 525 Ubistva i proterivanja: uzajamna povezanost 531 Po~inioci zlo~ina 533 16. VAZDU[NA KAMPANJA NATO-a 535 Me|unarodno humanitarno pravo i odgovornost 536 Primenjeni standardi 538 Analiza slu~ajeva civilnih `rtava na Kosovu 541 Izbeglice na putu \akovica–De~ani 544 Civili raseljeni u {umama Kori{e 11 Human Rights Watch PO NARE\ENJU 547 Bombardovanje zatvora u Dubravi 549 Upotreba kasetnih bombi u akcijama NATO-a 551 17. KR[ENJA PRAVA POSLE 12. JUNA 1999. 551 Uvod 553 Napadi na manjine 564 Nasilje nad kosovskim Albancima 565 Reakcija me|unarodne zajednice 572 Kosovski Albanci – zatvorenici u Srbiji posle zavr{etka rata 579 18. RAD SUDA ZA RATNE ZLO^INE 589 Su|enja za ratne zlo~ine pred doma}im sudovima 592 Istrage protiv NATO-a i OVK-a 595 19. PRAVNE NORME U SUKOBU NA KOSOVU 595 Uvod 597 Sukob na Kosovu kao unutra{nji oru`ani sukob 599 Primenljivost Zajedni~kog ~lana 3 i Protokola II 603 Zajedni~ki ~lan 3 i za{tita neboraca 605 Protokol II i za{tita neboraca 606 Za{tita stanovni{tva 608 Odre|ivanje vojnih ciljeva 609 Zabrana nasumi~nih napada i princip proporcionalnosti 611 Za{tita civila od prinudnog preme{tanja 612 Jugoslovensko zakonodavstvo 615 Literatura 12 Izrazi zahvalnosti Izve{taj ovog obima ne bi bio mogu} bez aktivnog u~e{}a mno- gih pojedinaca. Ova knjiga rezultat je zajedni~kog rada zaposle- nih, savetnika i volontera Human Rights Watcha, kao i mnogih drugih koji se bave ljudskim pravima na Kosovu. Koordinator ovog projekta je Fred Abrahams, istra`iva~ pri Human Rights Watchu. Prikupljanje primarnih podataka na tere- nu obavili su, po abecednom redu, slede}i istra`iva~i Human Rights Watcha: Fred Abrahams, Bogdan Ivani{evi}, Andre Lom- men, Joanne Mariner, Martina Vanderberg i Benjamin Ward, kao i savetnik Human Rights Watcha James Ron. Dodatna istra`iva- nja sproveli su saradnici Human Rights Watcha Sahr Muhammed Ally, Alexandra Perina, Kerry McArthur i Laura Rusu, kao i dva is- tra`iva~a pripravnika Kristie Evenson i John Walkup. Ovaj izve{taj napisali su, pre svega, Fred Abrahams i Benja- min Ward, mada su mnogi spomenuti istra`iva~i dali znatan do- prinos u korigovanju teksta.
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