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Thesis Rests with Its Author University of Bath PHD Identity in a post-communist Balkan state: A study in north Albania Saltmarshe, Douglas Award date: 1999 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 IDENTITY IN A POST-COMMUNIST BALKAN STATE: A STUDY IN NORTH ALBANIA Submitted by Douglas Saltmarshe for the degree of PhD of the University of Bath 1999 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with its author. This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that everyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the prior consent of its author. This thesis may not be consulted, photocopied or lent to other libraries without the permission of the author for 3 years from the date of the acceptance of the thesis. UMI Number: U60185B All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U601853 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITY OF BATH LIBRARY TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. iii Synopsis ................................................................................................................................ v Glossary & List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................vi Maps ................................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1 - Introduction ......................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 The Thesis .....................................:.........................................................2 1.3 Literature Review...,...... 3 1.4 Transition or Transformation? ................................................................. 7 1.5 Content and Structure ...........................................................................15 Chapter 2 - Albania - Background ................................................................................... 18 2.1 The Country ........................................................................................... 18 2.2 History....................................................................................................18 2.3 Independence ........................................................................................22 2.4 Communism ..........................................................................................25 2.5 Post-Communism .................................................................................. 28 Chapter 3 - The Villages and their Administrative Context ............................................32 3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................32 3.2Gura...................................................................................................... 33 3.3 Malaj......................................................................................................43 3.4 Local Government ............................. 53 Chapter 4 - The Theoretical Setting ................................................................................. 61 4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................61 4.2 Identity ...................................................................................................62 4.3 Tradition, Modernisation and Modernity ...............................................69 4.4 Civil Society ..........................................................................................77 4.5 The Local ..............................................................................................83 4.6 Structuration .......................... 94 4.7 Summary................................................................................................98 Chapter 5 - Methodological Considerations .....................................................................99 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 99 5.2 Structure and Agency ..................................................... 99 5.3 The Actor Orientated Approach ...........................................................101 5.4 Research Techniques ...........................................................................104 5.5 Analytical Framework ..........................................................................112 5.6 Summary..............................................................................................116 Chapter 6 - Community ....................................................................................................117 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 117 6.2 Social Structures and Relationships .....................................................117 6.3 Women and Marriage...........................................................................133 6.4 Belief................................................................................................... 140 6.5 Belonging ............................................................................................146 6.6 Matrix.................................................................................................. 150 6.7 Community and Identity ......................................................................150 Chapter 7 - Economy .......................................................................................................155 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................155 7.2 Background ........................................................................................156 7.3 Migration ............................................................................................162 7.4 Labour Markets .................................................................................. 165 7.5 Small Businesses ................................................................................ 169 7.6 Illegal and Extralegal Activity ............................................................177 7.7 Credit................................................................................................. 180 7.8 Income from State and Community ....................................................182 7.9 Corruption ..........................................................................................184 7.10 The Household .................................................................................. 186 7.11 Losers ............................................................................................... 188 7.12 Matrix................................................................................................191 7.13 Economy and Identity ........................................................................193 Chapter 8 - State ..............................................................................................................197 8.1 Introduction .........................................................................................197 8.2 Communism ........................................................................................198 8.3 The Experience of Communism in the Villages ..................................202 8.4 The State as Provider ........................................................................... 204 8.5 The State as Organiser ......................................................................... 209 8.6 The State as Protector .........................................................................
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