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+•••·••Eiri~;;;Rij§Ij~1! Mango Economic Fact Sheet #16 November 1991 Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii By Kulavit Wanitprapha, Kevin M. Yokoyama, Stuart T. Nakamoto, and C. L. Chia CROP PROFILE • 'Ah Ping', 'Fairchild', 'Gouveia', 'Harders', 'Keitt', SPECIES AND CULTIV ARS 'Momi K', 'Pope', and 'Rapoza' are varieties cur­ rently recommended for Hawaii by the College • Mango, Mangifera indica L., probably ongi­ of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, nated in the Indo-Burma region and is currently University of Hawaii. cultivated in many tropical countries and frost­ free regions in the subtropics. It has been culti­ • 'Tommy Atkins', 'Kent', and 'Keitt' are popular vated for more than 4000 years and is said to be varieties in Florida and Mexico. 'Van Dyke' is as important to the tropics as apples are to also important in Florida, as are 'Haden' and temperate America and Europe. 'Oro' in Mexico. • There are two types of mango varieties: • In the Philippines, 'Carabao' is an important monoembryonic (seed producing one seedling variety that is consumed locally and is exported. only) and polyembryonic (two or more plants 'Pico' is another important variety, which is from each seed). 'Haden' and 'Pirie' are ex­ mainly sold locally. amples of the former, while the so-called com­ mon or Hawaiian mango is an example of the PRODUCTIVITY latter. Most improved varieties are monoembryonic, which do not produce true from • Mango trees can produce fruits in three to five seed and are grafted to seedling rootstocks. years when propagated vegetatively and at least five years when grown from seeds. The tree can • India is the world's largest producer of mangos. remain in production for 40 years or more. It has been estimated that there are over 1000 commercial varieties in India, where mangos • Mango trees can be grown on light sandy loams are often called the "king of fruits." Among the to red clay soils with a pH of 5.5 to 7.5. Rich, principal varieties are 'Alphonso', 'Bangaoupalli', deep, well-drained soils and moderately sloping 'Dashehari', and 'Bangalora'. Besides being a sites are preferable. The trees are best adapted popular table variety, 'Alphonso' is suitable for to hot, dry areas with less than 60 in. ofrainfall processing, since it retains its characteristic a year and can be grown from sea level to an flavor. elevation of 1500 feet. ····=·=·.·····.-::·.·. -:-:-:-·-:·'.·.·.·.<-: ·-:· ..... ·.:.. .::.:: ···••·••> >•·········•••••••••·••••••••• )•Mark~u;,~ ·· seas<>ij}•·· · J..Gstr~lt~ K~h,thJ.tJ;m~M K~ti}i JM > : < C>¢tol>er to Febrtary ········ ,.{J,M)?H J t•• >•••<•••····•·••< Af~fi9ijifijl11~ij@~~iii /µ~~~~hari ,·B1111galora ..... >>••······ GunJtb&tober. > 8 8 0 8 1 0 0 0 00 9 0 18 oe iphHJBSm.;Jp ·· ··· · ····················'M? e~ xg lnceoJ······'. .•. ................. •.•.. .................................... .. •..... •... .•.. •....... •.. •.•.. •.•.. •.•.. •.•.. •.•.. •.•.•.•.. •.•.. •.. •.. •.. •.•.• ... .•... •............. •.. •.•.•.• .. •.•.•. HH•.•.••.•.a••.••.dr. •·. .·en· ··· tn···· ··· · ··· · · · o"· .····.••. .r•·•.·o .•/ .•. .•J•.••. .u••. d,•.. ·,·. e•.•.•.•.·.r.•. ·.• .••E.. G··· ··s·.· ···edm··· ·····e~r a•.• 1 ;. ·. ·.~G, .·K·.· . ekn·· t , K•.••.•e•.••••,••.t••. •r ••.•••.••THoJ m•···•··•m< y< ·A. •••t···k·····l:n.::,:s··········· ·• ) ' .::> ... ·:. )Ptiiliiim;; u ??•••• +•••·•• eiri~;;;riJ§iJ~1!f • f •• < I········· . .... ).< Jori~'1J•sip1Mtbij r•······:· ·.,.· ·.·.:·•.·.•.•.•.•... ,',':· u··.·.·•s•• ·•.. A•'. '.•,....•.•.·.•·F·.·.·.·1·'0"'.'•r•·.·.1·.•·d:•·.. •a·.•·.· •··• .. •·• . ·.,.,: • .. •·• . • .•·•••·•.·•. •·•·.·. <•••••••••••• <<•• <•i~i!•.t; •1,WJrf ti.a~f#ifPPP~~. JolnirifA*lns, .Kent, van Dyke ··•••••/ •·/ ~u"'e•t<> ~ept~lll~~ff ·•··•···· • Trees should be spaced 35 to 40 feet apart. in oranges. Mango contains more vitamin A Production can be increased in early years by than most fruits. planting an extra tree in the center of a 40-foot square, butthis tree should be removed later to prevent overcrowding. WORLD SUPPL V AND DEMAND • Many mango cultivars have yields that may WORLD SUPPLY vary from year to year. In 1981, the average yield for mango in Pakistan was about 8500 lb/ • According to F AO estimates, world mango pro­ ac, compared to 7700 lb/ac for the Philippines duction was 33.1 billion lb in 1989. India pro­ and 5100 lb/ac for Indonesia. duced 63% of the total production. Other major producers were Mexico, Pakistan, China, Indo­ • Mangos should be harvested before they are nesia, Brazil, and the Philippines. fully ripe. In Hawaii, the harvesting season is usually between June and September. Mature • India and the Philippines were the dominant mangos can be stored for two to three weeks at mango exporters in the mid-1970s. Currently, 50-55° F. many other producing countries are also export­ ing mangos. PRODUCTS AND USES • During the 1986 fiscal year (April 1985 to March • The size, shape, and skin color of mango fruits 1986), India exported 36.2 million lb of fresh can vary, depending on the cultivar. Fruits mangos. Middle East countries-the United Arab weigh about a quarter-pound to three pounds Emirates (54.6% of the total exports), Saudi and may be round, ovate, or obovate. The skin Arabia (19.9%), and Kuwait (11.1 %}-were the color of immature fruits is green. Upon matu­ primary destinations for India's exports. rity, fruits turn yellow, orange, purple, red, or a combination of these colors, depending on the • The Philippines exported 29.9 million lb of fresh variety. Some varieties remain green when mangos in 1988. Japan received over 45% of the mature. exports, followed by Hong Kong (39% ), Singapore (9.9%), and Australia (3.9%). • Mature mangos have a pale-yellow to deep­ orange flesh, which can have a subacid to sweet • Mangos are available year-round in various im­ flavor. Most consumers prefer mangos with port markets. Countries such as Brazil, Peru, fiber-free flesh to those that are stringy. Some and Venezuela are major suppliers during win­ undesirable seedlings or varieties are described ter, while Mexico, Haiti, India, and the Philip­ as possessing a turpentine-like off-taste. pines are major suppliers during the spring and summer seasons. • Mango can be eaten raw as a dessert fruit or processed to various products. Ripe fruits can be WORLD DEMAND sliced and canned or processed to juice, jams, jellies, nectars, and preserves. Eastern and Asian • Mangos are consumed primarily in the produc­ cultures use unripe mangos for pickles, chutney, ing countries. However, mango imports in Euro- and relishes. In India, unripe mangos are sliced, dried, and made into powder for amchoor, a tradi­ 35 tional Indian preparation used for cooking. 30 {l 25 • In India, flour is made from mango seeds. Seeds C ::J are also eaten during periods of scarcity. The ~ 20 timber is used for boats, flooring, furniture, and ~ 15 C other applications. 0 § 10 m • Raw mango consists of about 81. 7% water, 17% 5 carbohydrate, 0.5% protein, 0.3% fat, and 0.5% ash. A 100 g (3.5 oz) serving of raw mango has 0 65 calories and about half the vitamin C found 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Year World mango production, 1980-89 pean and North American markets have in­ creased ten-fold since 1975. Demand has also steadily increased in other areas, such as the Middle East and Japan. THE UNITED STATES 1<::::11coo1c:ea11111::::::t>,,,,.,.,.,., .. .·.·.·.· .· · 1·.· ·11,1 · ···.·.·.·.·.·.·.· ··-·.·.·.·.·.·.·.· .. ·.·1.. ·· .. :,:"':"'' ""' '''/,/,,,,,"''' u1Mi1t:; irl!PiHRtol'j,i'i~Wid> t· i;ijzi j ~;~, • Florida is the main producer of mangos in the United States. In 1990, 2800 ac of mangos were planted in Florida, of which 2500 ac were har­ ._•. •,,._ ,·., •_..,M . •. •. - ,·d_ . _·.·.·. ·-,· ··· n•"· .•._ed_ g•g·· · · ·o· •o·. ··. ··· :_.•.• •.'_•. -_•. •. •. •,.•'. .•, ,:.',· . Pg••. ······· · u·,••.•., ....•.~~_ .•• .•.._ •._ ..• • . v.••.• •,•_. •. .·· .. .••• .•,•.• ·.•· . ,~•···· ·-..· .• •.. J.•·•. ·. •, ··· :··:. •'•on•···· ·. ·-···-· d,••.-• •:,..', .P• •. m.•.•.·•- ,••.··-· ·-···- ·-· ·-· ·-· •,_•.. •_":•,.• •. ·-·_'·g· ·- ···•-·rv·. o· ··· ··- · ·· ···-~-···· · ·•_ '..·~."".• • •, •_. •..•,_., •.b. _•• _ •.• •._ .y• •••.•••_•• .·•:,•. •._, •-_,.• ,.·_•,::•.,•,,_.,,.· •,,_,..,, •.,,_.•,,•. ,•,_••,,.• •:_.:.',.• .·. ·i.·.· )1.l~~7~ <l )l j~ vested. The farm value of the 19.3 million lb im~~fc,r &Clitij~)itSl<t} ? ..... produced was $4. 7 million. Mangos are also produced in Hawaii and Southern California. • American consumers seem to prefer mangos with strong red skin color. Color can be in­ • In one decade, U.S. imports of fresh mangos creased by treating mangos with ethylene in increased from 42.4 million lb in 1981 to 139.8 banana ripening rooms. million lb in 1990. [Starting in 1989, import statistics for fresh mangos are combined with • The Packer: 1989 Produce Availability & Mer­ those for fresh guavas and mangosteens. The chandising Guide, published by Vance Publish­ imports reflected in the statistics, however, are ing Corporation, lists various shippers of man­ believed to represent mainly mangos.] gos in the United States. Shippers in Canada are also included. • In 1990, the CIF (cost, insurance, and freight) value of fresh mangos imported to the United • In 1990, the United States exported 15.8 million States was $65.2 million. Mexico was the largest lb of mangos, guavas, and mangosteens at an supplier, accounting for 86.3% of the volume FAS (free alongside ship) value of$12.2 million. imported, followed by Haiti (13.2%).
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