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Edn Issue: # 18 Date: June 1987 Written By: Martin L

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Edn Issue: # 18 Date: June 1987 Written By: Martin L EDN ISSUE: # 18 DATE: JUNE 1987 WRITTEN BY: MARTIN L. PRICE 18-1 THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FARM RADIO NETWORK HAS A WEALTH OF INFORMATION FOR SMALL-SCALE THIRD WORLD FARMERS. George Atkins began this work in the late 1970's, with a grant from the Massey Ferguson company. Like ECHO, he is always on the lookout for items that would benefit the small Third World farmer who is working with limited resources and difficult conditions. See the next item as an example. Unlike ECHO, his material is meant to be read directly to the small farmer via radio segments lasting a few minutes per topic. (Our material is directed to development agents and assumes at least a high school education). Because none of the items used by the DCFRN become "dated", they can be used anytime. Sometimes the cassette tapes are broadcast directly. More often the detailed script, which is available in English, Spanish or French, is translated into the local language and read by a local announcer. But its use is not limited to radio. Many have found that they can use the script (which is supplemented with diagrams and drawings) in preparing materials for their own person-to-person agricultural extension work. If you would like see their materials, write to George Atkins, Developing Countries Farm Radio Network, c/o Massey-Ferguson Ltd., 595 Bay St, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C3 Canada. He will send you the first unit, then wait for your reaction. There is no charge. 18-1 KEEPING ELEPHANTS FROM YOUR PLANTINGS. This item is excerpted from material from George Atkins (see previous note). "Henry and Jill Neusinger went as volunteers to Sri Lanka where they developed a demonstration smallholding. Although they had some fencing, in the early days they lost most of their crops and some fruit trees because of the elephants. So Henry set about developing an elephant proof fence and he managed to create one that really did work! "The fence consisted of stakes about 2 feet long and 6 inches in diameter. The idea was to bury them in the ground with the points up. With the top sharpened the elephant cannot or will not put his foot on them. No damage is done because elephants kick forward when they walk. The points extend 6 to 9 inches above the ground. This height is very important. Too high out of the ground and the elephants pull them out, or push with their feet and lever them out of the ground. They are very intelligent and if they think they can push out the stakes they will. Of course, if the stakes are too low in the ground, the elephants can just tread on them. So they have to be high enough that the elephant cannot tread on them, yet not so high that he can push them over. They must also be pointed so he cannot get a grip on them with his trunk and pull them up. "They did trials with tame elephants and tested 5 different methods: distance between stakes, height, point and no points. The only method that succeeded had 9 inches between stakes. The fence is 5 and a half feet wide and runs around the perimeter of the village. It took a lot of effort and expense to build a fence like this, but the village people were losing something like $8,000 worth of crops a year, less than the cost of the fence. They use hardwood. Maintenance consisted of spraying with herbicide to keep down the growth on the stakes. If white ants got to the wood, they also had to spray with pesticide. They expect it to last 20 years." 18-2 DR. FRANK MARTIN IS NOW A VOLUNTEER FOR THE ECHO NETWORK. His name is familiar to many of you because of his books (e. g. Techniques and Plants for the Tropical Subsistence Farm and Edible Leaves of the Tropics) or material from him that we have included in EDN. He retired this spring from the United States Department of Agriculture's Tropical Agriculture Research Station in Puerto Rico and moved into our area. He hopes to make about a day a week available to ECHO. This will help you in three ways. First, he will be writing on some topics that will be of widespread interest to folks working with small farmers and urban gardeners in the tropics. Second, when you visit ECHO, if you would especially like to talk with him about problems of your region, we will try to arrange a time. Third, he will help me to answer questions that you submit to us. Frank is especially known for his work with root crops and will handle rootcrop questions for us. If you have specific questions related to root crops, drop us a line. 18-2 SEED FOR SEMINOLE PUMPKIN Cucurbita moschata NOW AVAILABLE. I have wanted to get seed for the Seminole pumpkin ever since Dr. Julia Morton sent me a copy of her article five years ago: "The Sturdy Seminole Pumpkin Provides Much Food with Little Effort." Last year we grew our first plants. We planted a single hill in an out of the way spot and gave it almost no attention. It vined through weeds in a large area and produced 20-30 pumpkins, which we ate using winter squash recipes. We love the flavor, finding it a great tropical substitute for the popular acorn squash. Each is a convenient size, somewhat larger than a grapefruit. Third World readers can write for a free seed packet (others send $1.50). If it produces in your climate, you will be able to save your own seed. Julia Morton writes, "It will spread over the ground, drape a fence or climb a tree; needs to be fertilized only at planting time; requires no protection from insects. The fruit, variable in form and size, is hard-shelled when mature and keeps at room temperature for months, is excellent baked, steamed, or made into pies. The Indians sliced, sun-dried and stored surplus pumpkins. Very young tender fruits are delicious boiled and mashed; the male flowers excellent dipped in batter and fried. Thus the vine produces three totally different vegetables. This is an ideal crop for the home gardener. The portion of the vine which has borne will die back, but vigorous runners, which root at the nodes, will keep on growing, flowering and fruiting, yielding a continuous supply." The fruits were seen hanging from oak trees by early settlers as they canoed through the everglades. Indians would girdle the bark of oak trees to kill them then plant the pumpkin at the base (a technique we are not recommending!). 18-2 "ETHIOPIAN KALE" SHOULD GIVE SEED IN THE TROPICS. Kale is the favorite green in my family, both for its taste, texture and nutrition. A drawback is that it does not set seed in the tropics. Dr. Warwick Kerr in Brazil sent us seed of the "Ethiopian kale" (sorry, I have no scientific name) which he said should bear seeds. Sure enough, we will be harvesting seeds in a couple weeks. We did not like it as well as our favorite "dwarf blue curled vates" variety, but if it was the only kale we could raise, we would be thankful for it. Seed packets free to the Third World, $1.50 in the USA. 18-2 CHAYA IS ONE OF THE MOST PRODUCTIVE LEAFY VEGETABLES AND AN INCREDIBLY RESISTANT PLANT. Chaya, Chayamansa cnidoscolus, is native to the drier parts of Central America and Mexico, where it is grown in dooryards, often as a hedge. Consequently it has been no surprise to find that it is very resistant to drought. Ross Clemenger planted some cuttings in northern Colombia after visiting us. The weather turned so dry that he had to sell a lot of cattle for lack of forage. The chaya, however, flourished. What has been surprising is that chaya is equally resistant to our terribly hot, humid, rainy summers. In five years I have never seen a diseased leaf nor lost more than one or two leaves to any insect. The only things that have harmed our chaya are freezes and standing water. It will come back from the ground after a freeze, but is killed by a few days of standing water. Plants reach 6 feet (2 meters) in height and about 4 feet (1.3 meters) in diameter. The leaves are eaten cooked as greens or used to wrap tamales. They have a firmer texture than most greens I have eaten. If people in your area eat greens, I think they would likely develop a taste for chaya. For example, an American friend who married a Mexican woman has become quite fond of chaya, and says they like to serve it at least twice weekly. Another friend of chinese descent is enthusiastic when we take her a bag of chaya leaves, even though it is not a plant she had in China. Chaya is one of the "underexploited" food plants popularized by the National Academy of Sciences. Leaves are reportedly high in protein, calcium, iron, carotene and various vitamins. There are two problems with chaya, but both can be easily overcome. (1) It contains hydrocyanic glyco- sides, which can lead to cyanide poisoning. These are inactivated by cooking. (We discard the cooking water, but I do not know if that is essential). (2) The petioles of the leaves contain tiny stinging hairs. If I do not wear gloves when harvesting the leaves, my fingers feel like I have been handling glass wool.
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