The Criminalization of Dissent by Law Enforcement Agencies in the Netherlands
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The Criminalization of Dissent by Law Enforcement Agencies in the Netherlands Author Roelof Pieters Supervisor Maple Razsa Master Thesis June 2012 Department of Social Anthropology Stockholm University In dedication to those who keep on struggling against xenophobia, racism, imprisonment, animal (ab)use other forms of domination. And to those who, with their love and passion for a more just world, make it one worth living in. Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms AAGU Anarchist Anti-Deportation Group Utrecht [Anarchistische Anti-Deportatie Groep Utrecht] ADC Anti Animal-Testing Coalition [Anti-Dierproeven Coalitie] AIVD General Intelligence and Security Service [Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst] BPRC Biomedical Primate Research Centre BVD National Security Service [Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst], precursor of the AIVD CB Crime Image [Criminaliteitsbeeld], report by DNR CBA Crime Image Analysis [Criminaliteitsbeeldanalyse], report by DNR CDA Christian Democratic Appeal [Christelijk Democratisch Appel] (Right-Centrist Parliamentary Party) COT Policy research institute for security- and crisis management CTIVD Commission on the Intelligence and Security Services [Commissie van Toezicht betreffende de Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdiensten] CU Christian Union [ChistenUnie] (Right-Centrist Parliamentary Party) DBF Dutch Animal Liberation Front [Dierenbevrijdingsfront] DNR National Crime Squad or National Investigation Service [Dienst Nationale Recherche] FOIA Freedom of Information Act GL GreenLeft [GroenLinks] (Leftish Parliamentary Party) IVA Research institute affiliated with the University of Tilburg KLPD National Police Agency [Korps Landelijke Politiediensten] LP National Office [Landelijk Parket] of OM LPF List Pim Fortuyn [Lijst Pim Fortuyn] (Right-wing Parliamentary Party) NIK National Information Center [Nationaal Informatie Knooppunt] of the KLPD OM Public Prosecution Service [Openbaar Ministerie] PvdD Animal Party [Partij van de Dieren] (Leftish Parliamentary Party) PvdA Labor Party [Partij van de Arbeid] (Left-Centrist Parliamentary Party) PVV Freedom Party [Partij Voor de Vrijheid] (Right-wing Parliamentary Party) RaRa Revolutionary anti-Racist action [Revolutionaire Anti-Racistische Aktie] RvD Respect for Animals [Respect voor Dieren] SP Socialist Party [Socialistische Partij] (Leftish Parliamentary Party) SHAC-NL Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty Netherlands SGP Reformed Political Party [Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij] (Right-wing / Orthodox Protestant Parliamentary Party) UCTA Unit Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Activism of the DNR WIV Law on Intelligence and Security Services [Wet op de Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdiensten] WVO Security Investigations Act [Wet veiligheidsonderzoeken] VVD Liberal Party [Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie](Right-wing Parliamentary Party) WOB Dutch equivalent of FOIA [Wet Openbaarheid Bestuur] Contents Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................3 Aim....................................................................................................................................................................6 Method..............................................................................................................................................................7 Sources............................................................................................................................................................11 Literature analysis...........................................................................................................................................12 Structure of the Thesis.....................................................................................................................................16 Chapter 1. Anti-“Terrorism” as a Means to Suppress Dissent .............................................................................19 1.1. Anna, and how I changed my research plans............................................................................................21 1.2. The mythical entity, “the State”................................................................................................................24 1.3. The Dutch response to 9/11.......................................................................................................................26 1.4. The making of the Dutch Terrorist Offences Act......................................................................................28 1.5. Parliamentary Debates on “Terrorist” Protesters.......................................................................................35 1.6. Protesting and charged with “Terrorism”. Case-study of Anna.................................................................40 1.7. Conclusion................................................................................................................................................45 Chapter 2. Manufacturing “Extremists” and the General Intelligence and Security Service ................................47 2.1. The General Intelligence and Security Service as an “Organization” for Classification...........................49 2.2. The concept of “Extremism” ....................................................................................................................55 2.3. The Making of “Animal Rights Extremism” ............................................................................................60 2.4. Conclusion................................................................................................................................................73 Chapter 3. Ideological Crime ...............................................................................................................................77 3.1. The Dutch National Investigation Service................................................................................................79 3.2. The Concept of Ideological Crime............................................................................................................81 3.3. The Struggle Against Animal-Testing and its Suppression by the DNR....................................................86 3.4. Migration-Justice as a Threat: The Ongoing Investigation of Anna..........................................................91 3.5. Conclusion................................................................................................................................................95 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................................99 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................................111 Sources...............................................................................................................................................................117 1 2 Acknowledgments I have many people to thank for inspiring me to write this thesis, and who have helped me with their insight, valuable comments. Responsibility for any mistakes is of course my own. First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Olga Aksyutina for her support and encouragement, as well as the many discussions and walks we have had together. I thank Maple Razsa for his thoughtful comments and helpful criticism, as well as Mark Akkerman for his, as always, fundamental criticism. Next, I want to thank Joke Kaviaar for commenting on the chapter on “extremism”, and Rick van Amersfoort for thinking with me about the contemporary repression of dissent in the Netherlands, as well as the inspiring work of Buro Jansen & Janssen. Finally I want to thank Astrid Essed for her talks, apple pie and for her never ending defense of human rights. I would like to thank Felix Törnqvist for his careful reading and discussion on an earlier version of my thesis at the official defense of this M.A. Dissertation at Stockholm University, and my fellow M.A. students at the department of Social Anthropology. I want to thank all the people I have talked to or had discussions with, most notably the no border and animal rights activists, anti-fascists, squatters, and other protesters I spent time with during, and before, my fieldwork in the Netherlands. My thanks go also out to all the people I have interviewed in the context of my research: Abida, Marieke, Arjan, Paul Moussault, Irma Bodddendijk, Willem Wagenaar, Ineke Roex, Saaida Ait-taleb, Jonas Staal, Floris Vermeulen, Stijn Sieckelinck, Mustafa Aksu, Marion van San, Laurens van der Varst, Jos Hemelaar, Jelle van Buuren, Joost van Rossum, Martijn de Koning, Bob de Graaff, Iris Sikking, Ewoud Butter, Tom van Ham and Bertjan Doosje. Finally I want to thank my parents, brothers, and friends for being there for me. 1 2 Introduction 3 4 Relevance and scientific novelty In recent years the public expression of discontent has increasingly come under pressure from authorities in many European countries. In the aftermath of 9/11, the Madrid and London bombings, governmental control over the public realm has intensified and many freedoms, such as the right to protest, have been curtailed. Criminologist Magnus Hörnqvist