Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., M.A., D.C.L., Ll.D., P.K.B., P.L.S., V.P
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An Investigation Into the Graphic Innovations of Geologist Henry T
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Uncovering strata: an investigation into the graphic innovations of geologist Henry T. De la Beche Renee M. Clary Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Clary, Renee M., "Uncovering strata: an investigation into the graphic innovations of geologist Henry T. De la Beche" (2003). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 127. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/127 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. UNCOVERING STRATA: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE GRAPHIC INNOVATIONS OF GEOLOGIST HENRY T. DE LA BECHE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Curriculum and Instruction by Renee M. Clary B.S., University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1983 M.S., University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1997 M.Ed., University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1998 May 2003 Copyright 2003 Renee M. Clary All rights reserved ii Acknowledgments Photographs of the archived documents held in the National Museum of Wales are provided by the museum, and are reproduced with permission. I send a sincere thank you to Mr. Tom Sharpe, Curator, who offered his time and assistance during the research trip to Wales. -
Report Case Study 25
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Brief Description of item(s) 294 manuscript notebooks of the geologist Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875). In two series: 263 numbered notebooks, 1825-1874, on geology, natural history, social and political subjects; 31 additional notebooks, 1818-1871, with indices. Mostly octavo format. For details see Appendix 1. In good condition. 2. Context The nineteenth century saw public debate about how to conduct science reach new heights. Charles Lyell was a pivotal figure in the establishment of geology as a scientific discipline; he also transformed ideas about the relationship between human history and the history of the earth. Above all, he revealed the significance of ‘deep time’. At a time when the Anglican church dominated intellectual culture, geology was a controversial subject. Lyell played a significant part in separating the practice of science from that of religion. Through his major work, The Principles of Geology, he developed the method later adopted by Darwin for his studies into evolution. Lyell observed natural phenomena at first hand to infer their underlying causes, which he used to interpret the phenomena of the past. The method stressed not only a vast geological timescale, but also the ability of small changes to produce, eventually, large ones. The Principles combined natural history, theology, political economy, anthropology, travel, and geography. It was an immediate success, in Britain, Europe, North America and Australia. Scientists, theologians, leading authors, explorers, artists, and an increasingly educated public read and discussed it. Lyell’s inductive method strongly influenced the generation of naturalists after Darwin. Over the rest of his life, Lyell revised the Principles in the light of new research and his own changing ideas. -
Redacted Thesis (PDF, 12Mb)
Victorian Egyptology and the Making of a Colonial Field Science, 1850 – 1906 by Meira Gold Wolfson College Department of History and Philosophy of Science This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date of Submission: December 2019 Declaration This thesis is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my thesis has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the History and Philosophy of Science Degree Committee. Abstract Victorian Egyptology and the Making of a Colonial Field Science, 1850-1906 Meira Gold This dissertation provides a new account of the origins of archaeological fieldwork in the Nile Delta. It considers how practitioners from diverse disciplinary backgrounds circulated knowledge about the built environment of pharaonic ruins: monuments, architecture, burials, and soil mounds that remained in situ. I trace the development of Egyptology from an activity that could be practiced long-distance through a network of informants to one that required first-hand field experience. -
Leonard Horner: a Portrait of an Inspector of Factories
BERNICE MARTIN LEONARD HORNER: A PORTRAIT OF AN INSPECTOR OF FACTORIES Leonard Horner was the most impressive and influential of the first English factory inspectors. For 26 years from 1833 to 1859 he adminis- tered the Factory Act mainly in the textile district of Lancashire. His work and that of his colleagues in the Factory Department made a success of this major experiment in legislative intervention in industry and despite the gloomy predictions of their early opponents they did not ruin the British economy in the process. The first generation of Inspectors laid the foundation for successive extensions of the Factory Act so that by the end of the 19th century working conditions and hours of labour for women and children were under legal regulation in all the major branches of manufacturing industry. Horner was ac- knowledged by his contemporaries to be the major figure among the early Inspectors; he even had the singular honour of being praised by Marx in Capital. This short biography will concentrate on Horner's work as Inspector of Factories since this is undoubtedly his major achievement. However it will also be concerned with other aspects of his life and interests, both because these have some importance in their own right and also in order to examine the extent to which Horner's life and thought form a coherent whole. Finally, an assessment will be made of Horner's place in social reform and in the development of English economic and social policy in the 19th century. I HORNER'S EARLY LIFE AND CAREER1 Leonard Horner was born in Edinburgh in 1785. -
Leonard Horner in Bonn and Liu Tungsheng in Beijing Tic
Open Geosci. 2018; 10:925–931 Research Article Ian Smalley* and Slobodan B. Markovic An enthusiasm for loess: Leonard Horner in Bonn and Liu Tungsheng in Beijing https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0073 tic. Liu followed determinedly in these footsteps; a great Received Jan 10, 2018; accepted Dec 18, 2018 scholar, and a great enthusiast. Loess scholarship needs careful and precise investigation Abstract: Liu Tungsheng featured on the list of twelve no- and reporting but it also needs a broad sweep of enthusi- table loess investigators prepared for the great LoessFest asm, an appreciation of loess for the extraordinary mate- meeting, held in Heidelberg and Bonn in 1999. He fully de- rial that it is. served his position on this list of eminent loess scholars; in fact it might be argued that his was the major contri- Keywords: Loess, loess investigation, loess enthusiasm, bution. His contribution was a true paradigm shift in the Leonard Horner, Liu Tungsheng world of loess investigation. Obruchev and Richthofen had produced an earlier paradigm shift when they propagated the idea that loess deposits form by aeolian deposition- a “The thick silt sediment in North China deposited by the wind paradigm shift away from the earlier Lyellian idea of la- during the dry period of the Quaternary period is unique in many custrine or fluvial deposition. But that was a fairly simple aspects. Its great thickness, wide distribution, complex develop- ment history, rich fossil contents and the characteristic topogra- shift, a tweak of the sedimentological event structure. Liu, phy it shows make it unequalled as compared with the loess de- and his co-workers in China, produced a new vision, a new posits in other parts of the world.” way of looking at loess, not so much a paradigm shift as a Liu & Chang 1964 p.523 [12] paradigm enlargement. -
Charles Darwin and John Herschel*
432 South African Journal of Science 105, November/December 2009 Research Articles Charles Darwin and John Herschel* B. Warner The influence of John Herschel on the philosophical thoughts of Charles Darwin, both through the former’s book, Natural Philosophy, and through their meeting in 1836 at the Cape of Good Hope, is discussed. With Herschel having himself speculated on evolution just a few months before he met Darwin, it is probable that he stimulated at least the beginnings of the latter’s lifelong work on the subject. : evolution, Cape of Good Hope, Charles Darwin, John Herschel He never talked much, but every word which he uttered was worth listening to. Charles Darwin, about Sir John Herschel His Majesty’s Ship Beagle, commanded by Captain Robert Fitz- Roy and carrying Charles Robert Darwin as the naturalist on board, arrived in Simon’s Bay on 31 May 1836 on the final stage of a voyage around the world that had taken four and a half years and had still another six months to go. One of FitzRoy’s duties was to check the accuracy of 22 marine chronometers, destined for use by the Royal Navy; the presence of the Royal Observatory in Cape Town gave him the finest opportunity to carry this out, with the result that the Beagle stayed in port for Charles Darwin as a young man.Watercolour by George Richmond, after the return 18 days—longer than at any other port during the circumnaviga- of the Beagle. tion (they stayed for five weeks in the Galapagos, but island- hopped). -
Front Matter (PDF)
THE QUARTERLY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDO5 EDITED BY THE ASSISTANT-SECRETARY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOLUME THE FOURTEENTH. 1858. PART THE FIRST. PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. LONDON LONGMAN, BKOWN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS. PARIS :--FRIED. KLINCKSIECK, 11 RUE DE LILLE; BAUDRY, 9 RUE DU COQ, PRES LE LOUVRE ; LEIPZIG, T. O. 'WEIGEL. SOLD AL~O AT THE APARTMENTS OF THE SOCIETY. MDCCCLVIII. OF THE OFFICERS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Elected February 19, 1858. Professor John Phillips, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. i~fc~re~f~mt~. John J. Bigsby, M.D. Hugh Falconer, M.D., F.R.S. Leonard Horner, Esq., F.R.S.L. & E. Sir R. I. Murchison, G.C.St.S,, F.R.S. & L.S. ~r Thomas Davidson, Esq., F.R.S. Warington W. Smyth, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. ~oreign ~creta~. WiUiam John Hamilton, Esq., F.R.S. grea~urrr. Joseph Prestwieh, Esq., F.R.S. John J. Bigsby, M.D. Prof. N. S. Maskelyne, M.A. W. J. Broderip, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. & L.S. John C. Moore, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. Prof. Charles Daubeny, M.D., F.R.S. & L.S. Sir R. I. Murchison, G.C.St.S., F.R.S. & Thomas Davidson, Esq., F.R.S. L.S. Hugh Falconer, M.D., F.R.S. Robert W. Mylne, Esq. Thomas F. Gibson, Esq. Prof. John Phillips, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. R. A. Godwin-Austen, Esq., B.A., F.R.S. Major-General Portlock, LL.D., F.R.S. -
Charles Lyell Talks About, Reads About, and Looks at Loess Ian Smalley, Holger Kels, Tivadar Gaudenyi, Mladjen Jovanovic
Loess encounters of three kinds: Charles Lyell talks about, reads about, and looks at loess Ian Smalley, Holger Kels, Tivadar Gaudenyi, Mladjen Jovanovic Geologos 22, 1 (2016): 71–77 doi: 10.1515/logos-2016-0006 Loess encounters of three kinds: Charles Lyell talks about, reads about, and looks at loess Ian Smalley1,*, Holger Kels2, Tivadar Gaudenyi3, Mladjen Jovanovic4 1Giotto Loess Research Group, Geography Department, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK, e-mail: [email protected] 2Geography Department, RWTH Aachen University, Templergragen 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany, e-mail: [email protected] 3Geographical Institute ‘Jovan Cvijic’, Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: [email protected] 4Physical Geography, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia, e-mail: [email protected] *corresponding author Abstract Charles Lyell (1797–1875) was an important loess pioneer. His major contribution was to distribute information on the nature and existence of loess via his influential book ‘The Principles of Geology’. He was obviously impressed by loess when he encountered it; the initial encounter can be split into three phases: conversations about loess; confronting the actual material in the field; and reading about loess in the literature. Detail can be added to an important phase in the scientific development of the study of loess. Significant events include conversations with Hibbert in 1831, conversa- tions and explorations with von Leonhard and Bronn in 1832, the opportunity to include a section on loess in vol. 3 of ‘Principles’ for publication in 1833, a substantial Rhineland excursion in 1833, the reporting of the results of this excur- sion in 1834, discussions at the German Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Bonn in 1835. -
Celebrating the Age of the Earth
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021 Celebrating the age of the Earth SIMON J. KNELL 1 & CHERRY L. E. LEWIS 2 1 Department of Museum Studies, 105 Princess Road East, Leicester LE1 7LG, UK (email: sjk8 @leicester.ac.uk) 2History of Geology Group, 21 Fowler Street, Macclesfield, Cheshire SKIO 2AN, UK (email: [email protected]) Abstract: The age of the Earth has been a subject of intellectual interest for many centuries, even millennia. Of the early estimates, Archbishop Ussher's famous calculation of 4004 BC for the date of Creation represents one of the shortest time periods ever assigned to the Earth's age, but by the seventeenth century many naturalists were sceptical of such chronologies. In the eighteenth century it was Nature that provided the record for Hutton and others. But not all observers of geology enquired about time. Many, like William Smith, simply earned a living from their practical knowledge of it, although his nephew, John Phillips, was one of the first geologists to attempt a numerical age for the Earth from the depositional rates of sediments. For more than fifty years variations of that method prevailed as geology's main tool for dating the Earth, while the physicists constrained requirements for a long timescale with ever more rigorous, and declining, estimates of a cooling Sun and Earth. In 1896 the advent of radioactivity provided the means by which the Earth's age would at last be accurately documented, although it took another sixty years. Since that time ever more sophisticated chronological techniques have contributed to a search for the oldest rocks, the start of life, and human evolution. -
A Guide to Notes and Citations
A GUIDE TO NOTES AND CITATIONS All items in the Somerville Collection deposited in the Bodleian Library are arranged by a shelf number and a filing code as follows: 'Dep' plus 'b.205' or 'c.NNN', where NNN = 351-378. Since the designation 'Dep.' is common to all items, it is omitted in the citations, which are thus made in this form: 'c.359,17,MSIF-3', followed by the identification of the item and its date, if any. The 'c.359' represents the shelf-mark. The '17' is a box number. 'MSIF' is a code identifying the nature of the contents of the box, e.g., inner family papers. The last number, '3', identifies the folder in which the item is located. Other abbreviations used are: MS - Mary Somerville WS - William Somerville TS - The Reverend Dr. Thomas Somerville WG - Woronzow Greig Martha S - Martha Charters Somerville Mary CS - Mary Charlotte Somerville OCPS - On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (various editions, each identified by date) PR - Personal Recollections, from Early Life to Old Age, of Mary Somerville, with Selections from her Correspondence (Lon don, 1873) Lit. Gaz. - Literary Gazette (London) BE - Biblioteca Estense (Modena, Italy) BL - British Library (London) NLS - National Library of Scotland (Edinburgh) RS - Library of the Royal Society of London Names in brackets (e.g., [David Brewster]) are based on internal evidence or reputable attribution. Dates in brackets (e.g., [1832]) are based on internal evidence. NOTES Chapter 1 - Scottish Beginnings pages 1-10 I. The Morning Post (London). 2 Dec. 1872. 2. Martha Somerville (ed.), Personal Recollections from Early Life to Old Age, of Mary Somerville (London, 1873), p. -
Charles Lyell and Gideon Mantell, 1821-1852: Their Quest for Elite
CHAPTER FOUR SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE GEOLOGICAL CAREERS OF LYELL AND MANTELL The most striking social difference between Lyell and Mantell, or for that matter, between the ‘gentleman-specialists’ and Mantell, concerns their respective family backgrounds. In Mantell’s case, the fact that his father was a provincial shoe-maker, with dissenting religious beliefs and radical political views, resulted in Mantell having a markedly different social status from Lyell, and as a consequence, much more restricted educational and occupational opportunities. In this chapter the extent to which these factors proved to be a handicap to Mantell’s geological career are explored. Other social factors are also examined. These include patronage, the advantages of having an established network of influential friends and contacts, the resolution of career-choice clashes, fashioning a socially acceptable occupation in the world of gentlemanly geology, the importance of a supportive spouse and the income requirements for the lifestyle of a gentleman-specialist. In addition, personal qualities and factors such as ambition, diligence, and health problems are taken into account. The main emphasis in this chapter focuses on Mantell, since his case history epitomises that of an ‘outsider’, in contrast to the more orthodox case of Lyell. Nevertheless, Lyell also faced some career obstacles, which further illustrate aspects of early nineteenth-century geological life. 4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature reviewed in this chapter falls into two broad categories: -
Ancient Egypt and the Geological Antiquity of Man, 1847–1863
795944 HOS0010.1177/0073275318795944History of ScienceGold research-article2018 Article HOS History of Science 2019, Vol. 57(2) 194 –230 Ancient Egypt and the © The Author(s) 2018 Article reuse guidelines: geological antiquity of sagepub.com/journals-permissions https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275318795944DOI: 10.1177/0073275318795944 man, 1847–1863 journals.sagepub.com/home/hos Meira Gold Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, UK Abstract The 1850s through early 60s was a transformative period for nascent studies of the remote human past in Britain, across many disciplines. Naturalists and scholars with Egyptological knowledge fashioned themselves as authorities to contend with this divisive topic. In a characteristic case of long-distance fieldwork, British geologist Leonard Horner employed Turkish-born, English-educated, Cairo-based engineer Joseph Hekekyan to measure Nile silt deposits around pharaonic monuments in Egypt to address the chronological gap between the earliest historical and latest geological time. Their conclusion in 1858 that humans had existed in Egypt for exactly 13,371 years was the earliest attempt to apply geological stratigraphy to absolute human dates. The geochronology was particularly threatening to biblical orthodoxy, and the work raised private and public concerns about chronological expertise and methodology, scriptural and scientific authority, and the credibility of Egyptian informants. This essay traces these geo-archaeological investigations; including the movement of paper records, Hekekyan’s role as a go-between, and the publication’s reception in Britain. The diverse reactions to the Egyptian research reveal competing ways of knowing the prehistoric past and highlights mid-Victorian attempts to reshape the porous boundaries between scholarly studies of human antiquity.