International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 07, July 2019, pp. 112-119, Article ID: IJCIET_10_07_013 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=7 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication

VARIOUS CONCEPTIONS OF USING CARS IN THE PRESENT CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES APPLICATION

Tatyana Sakulyeva PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of forwarding Services Management, State University of Management, 109542, Ryazanskiy prospekt, 99, Moscow, Russia

Kseniia Zalikhina Bachelor of Science, State University of Management, 109542, Ryazanskiy prospekt, 99, Moscow, Russia

Simone Trombetta Software developer, Kirey Group, Street Monte di Pieta, 32, Turin, Italy

ABSTRACT Automobiles spend most part of its life into a parking space. Coherent solution is to change the ownership form - one automobile should be used by many people. The decision can be reached by pre-existing technologies. Digital technologies make it possible to create some other approaches implementation of those were previously not used. This research is devoted to the study of application of various concepts of using cars, that should become an integral part of transport system is megapolises. is becoming an absolutely indispensable part of the urban system. Transport outsource is guaranteed to reduce traffic and helps to unload the roads and rush hours. Transport outsource in the modern world is one of the most recognizable and common forms of mobility of passengers flows. Key words: public transport, personal transport, automobile, digital technologies, carsharing, ridesharing, transport outsource. Cite this Article: Tatyana Sakulyeva, Kseniia Zalikhina and Simone Trombetta, Various Conceptions of Using Cars in the Present Conditions of Digital Technologies Application. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(7), 2019, pp. 112-119. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=7

1. INTRODUCTION Until recently, there were distinguished the following main groups of transport in any city: public transport, personal transport, corporate transport, bicycle transport. The most efficient is public transport [1], the most ecological - bicycle, and the most comfortable and extremely harmful to the environment is personal transport. Many studies and researches are devoted to this subject-matter [2] (2. JASPERS Appraisal Guidance (Transport) The Use of Transport

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 112 [email protected] Various Conceptions of Using Cars in the Present Conditions of Digital Technologies Application

Models in Transport Planning and Project Appraisal August 2014. 3.MOTOR Handbook containing guidelines for constructing national and regional transport models: Transport Modelling – Towards Operational Standards in Europe, May 2007) In accordance with the history facts, any common transport becomes a problem [3], whether it's a car or even a bicycle. Local citizens of Amsterdam complain of bicycle traffic jams and have problems with parking, bicycle parking area is paid in Japan. The popularity of any type of transport leads to problems [4]. Midlands Connect explores, develops and recommends transport projects which will provide the biggest possible economic and social benefits for the Midlands and the rest of the UK [13]. Congestion of cars in cities led to the emergence of so-called "urban extremists", who lobby for a total ban on the movement of personal cars in cities. The implementation of this idea can lead to the fact that the car will again become a luxury and inaccessible thing for people. According to this opinion, complete abandonment of cars, as suggested by "urban extremists" [14], in fact will only lead to a decrease in the quality of life and the stratification of society. This research is devoted to the study of the application of various concepts of using the car, that allow to increase the efficiency of its use in modern world, with the use of developing digital technologies.

2. AUTOMOBILE ROLE IN MODERN WORLD Analyzing the results of the study of the Department of Transportation of New York, conducted in 2017 about personal cars, renew the main subject of the research (Table 1).

Table 1 Complex breakdown of the methods of movement of residents of different areas of New York [12] District Average Stability overall percent, % %

travel By electric

time, train, % By car, % renting,% By bus, % By ship, % On foot, % Ин Other type, By metro,% min By bicycle % Central Manhattan 26,1 6 47 22 10 6 6 0 0 2 85 North Manhattan 29,7 7 33 37 14 2 3 0 0 3 87 Inner part of Brooklyn 32,5 26 32 29 5 3 4 0 0 2 68 Outer part of Brooklyn 30,6 40 28 20 5 3 2 0 0 2 56 Inner part of Queens 32,9 30 32 24 3 2 3 0 0 7 60 Middle part of Queens 32,8 37 24 28 3 4 1 0 1 2 60 Outer part of Queens 33,6 47 18 21 7 2 2 0 3 1 51 South Bronx 30,9 24 31 25 17 1 1 0 0 0 75 North Bronx 34 33 19 20 18 2 1 0 0 6 60 Staten island 28,5 75 6 2 10 0 3 3 0 0 22 On the average 31,16 32,5 27,0 22,8 9,2 2,5 2,6 0,3 0,4 2,5 62,4 Using the example of different districs of New York it is possible to see that in the central areas only 6-7% people are using cars, and on average - more than 30%. Сity wide mobility survey results show that New Yorkers are more likely to use cars on weekends, and use metro or walk on foot during the weekdays without driving a car. Public transport is more commonly used for business and other targets [5]. Metro is commonly used for interregional rides. Personal cars are used for the vast majority of trips out of town where the accessibility of public transport is weaker [15]. Movement of passengers within the area, inside the district, is mainly done on foot. Sometimes using car is not only the preferred way of movement, but also the most reasonable choice for citizens in following cases: taking children to school or kindergarten, going for groceries for a week or going to the country or out of town [16].

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 113 [email protected] Tatyana Sakulyeva, Kseniia Zalikhina and Simone Trombetta

The car spend most of the time in a parking lot. At the same time, depending on the country, its utilization rate may not exceed 5%. The solution seems to change the form of ownership - one car should serve as many people as possible. This also applies to other vehicles, including bicycles and motocycles [18]. But how to implement it in practice? Solving the problem is achieved by the implantation of previously non-existing technologies. Digital technologies allow a slightly different look at the already existing situation and make the approaches really useful that previously could not be implemented [6]. There are various concepts to improve the efficiency of transport facilities use.

3. CARSHARING Carsharing is the process of using same car by different people. The first attempts to involve carsharing in transport system were made in 1948 in Zurich. However, the concept did not go further. The first implementation of carsharing projects occurred only in the 1970s years, however, the French ProcoTip service existed for only about two years. In 1974, the Witcar project was opened in Amsterdam. The idea of which was to offer people the possibility of electric cars short-term rental. However, the project was closed in 1986. The 1980s and the first half of the 1990s were a period of gradual development of carsharing in Switzerland and Germany, and also on a smaller base in Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden and the USA. A new era in car sharing was opened in the 2000s. In these years the largest carsharing services company was founded in the United States. Later, in order not to miss the promising market, carsharing services began to be provided by subsidiaries of the largest companies - since 2008 Avis On Location, Hertz on Demand, Uhaul Car Share, owned by U-Hail and WeCar Enterprise Rent-A came in the market. Car. At the moment, Zipcar which in turn was acquired by Avis in 2013 has a fleet of more than 11 thousand vehicles and more than 1 million users [7]. Hereinafter the carsharing concept was spreading enough in the developing countries - Brazil, China, India, Mexico and Turkey. The success of carsharing in these countries contributed to the high level of urbanization and low incomes, at which the purchase and maintenance of a personal car was to difficult to realize. Currently, there are two variants of carsharing: The classic «door to door» carsharing, which allows users to take a vehicle in one place and leave it in another, suppliers companies ensure that there are enough cars in places of high demand during rush hours. This model of carsharing is the most popular and is developing very quickly. In Russia, this type of service has been provided since 2013 and in effect as of August 2016, the total number of users has exceeded 180 thousand people, including 64% of Moscow citizens who have a private car. Personal carsharing that allows the car owner to benefit from putting his car into the car sharing program. This type of carsharing is uncommon in the market, but changes in it are much more dynamic than in other types of this process. Car rental per day is expending now. New technologies that allow tenants to access the car using their mobile phone, unlike the key exchange with the car owner personally, also contributed to its spread. According to Transportation sustainability research center university of California The number of people around the world joining the car sharing program is more than 4.5 million [8]. The advantages of the car sharing concept are most clearly reflected by the comparison of the utilization rate of a personal vehicle and a rented Zipcar - 4% and 34% [9]. Thus, the utilization rate of cars increased by 8.5 times.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 114 [email protected] Various Conceptions of Using Cars in the Present Conditions of Digital Technologies Application

The average growth rate of the customer base in the largest countries of North and South America in 2011-2015 was 26%, while the share of the United States decreased from 87 to 77%.

10000 9000 8000

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000

2000 1000 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 1. Carsharing uptrend in the largest countries of South America (Blue column is for Brazil, red one is for Mexico). The trends of carsharing members in Brazil and Mexico are presented on the first picture, of the Canada and the USA on the second one.

1600000

1400000 1337803 1181087 1200000 995926 1000000 806332 800000 560572 600000

336058 400000 281675 147794 200000 78856 101502

0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 2 Current trend of carsharing in North America countries (Blue column is for Canada, red one is for USA). There are two variants of the most widespread implementation of the “classical carsharing”:  with rental stations when the car must be picked up and left at special rental stations;  without any rental stations. Car rental companies and manufacturers increasingly play an important role in this market segment. (Zipcar buyer), Enterprise (IGO Carsharing buyer) and Daimler,

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 115 [email protected] Tatyana Sakulyeva, Kseniia Zalikhina and Simone Trombetta

BMW, Toyota, Ford and Volkswagen are active players in carsharing markets around the world. According to data for January 2018 two largest companies providing carsharing in Germany were services promoted by the manufacturers Daimler (trademark of Mercedes- Benz) and BMW - their cumulative share was 75% (pic. 3).

860000 840000 845000 820000 800000 780000 760000 740000 720000 700000 720000 680000 660000 640000 Daimler BMW

Figure 3. The number of users of carsharing services for Daimler and BMW in Germany in January 2018. Cars in a carsharing are usually reserved through the website or application of the smartphone and unlocked through a special membership card or phone, so it does not require intermediaries to giving out a rented car. The latest services allow you to pick up and return a car from any permitted parking area not only from special parking lots. In many ways, carsharing is becoming an integral part of the urban network. According to analysts opinion, the company Frost and Sullivan prospects for car sharing in the next eight years are positive [10]. Thus, the total number of customers of these services will increase from 7 million people in 2015 to 36 million people in 2025, and the number of vehicles participating in these services will increase from 112 thousand up to the 427 thousand thereby the market will grow by more than 15% per year. The government of big megapolises notices that carsharing is one of the elements of solving problems related to cars, without a significant reduction in the comfort of citizens. London hopes that at least 600 thousand users will join the carsharing program by 2020, that will make it possible to reduce the traffic jams together with the possibility of using private cars [11].

4. RIDESHARING Ridesharing is a process of sharing a private car with the help of online search services for travel companions, involves attracting additional passengers to the trip at the planning stage. Such an arrangement allows the driver to fill the empty places inside the car [17]. Unlike ridesourcing, in ridesharing the driver is the owner of the vehicle and can significantly compensate for transportation costs. This type of joint movement became available due to the latest technological innovations:  GPS navigators to determine the driver’s route and organize a general trip;  smartphones (to search for travel options from/to any place);  social networks to establish "trust" and "responsibility" between drivers and passengers.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 116 [email protected] Various Conceptions of Using Cars in the Present Conditions of Digital Technologies Application

Traditional forms of ridesharing are: Carpooling that allows to use the free space of private cars, which reduces the total fuel consumption and travel expenses of participants. In this case, a route is chosen that does not deviate much from the driver’s route and is as convenient as possible for the other participants of the ride the route of hat was previously determined. Passengers and drivers can use carpooling once or regularly. Vanpooling is used in the USA by groups of people who make daily trips on a single route for a distance of 25 km or more. In this case, they are provided with an average-capacity vehicle (a minibus for 7 people or a bus for 15 people) with insurance, a driver, gasoline, and maintenance f fixed charge. Special vehicle moves along a predetermined route on a specific schedule. This helps to reduce daily travel expenses. Vanpooling vehicles are provided by individuals with the support of public or private programs. Dynamic ridesharing is a kind of using cars, characterized in that in a very short time one- time joint trips. This type of ridesharing is quite developed and popular in Europe and less developed in the USA. Regular use of joint trips or rides guarantees reduced traffic, helps to unload the roads during rush hours and reduces the harmful effects of automobile emissions on the environment.

5. RIDESOURCING Ridesourcing is introduced to the market by Uber b Lyft companies which are passed under the TNC code in California legislation and use online platforms to connect passengers and drivers using personal, non-commercial vehicles. Ridesourcing has become one of the most recognizable and common forms of mobility in megapolis [20]. Recently some cities such as Los Angeles, New York, Washington and Chicago have begun to develop their own universal application for ordering cars, which helps to put TNC and taxis on the same level. There are also new specialized services of ridesourcing. These include Shuddle, which focuses on safe travel for children and Lift Hero which use certified medical staff for the clear of danger transport for elderly passengers [19]. It is also worth noting that TNCs such as Uber and Lift have begun to provide services in certain cities, such as San Francisco, New York and Los Angeles. These companies combine tariffs to reduce travel time and provide cost savings. UberPOOL and Lift Line allow drivers to add additional passengers to the trip in real time. These services are known as ridesharing (as passengers share the cost of the trip) and they continue to evolve as companies experiment with different models.

6. CONCLUSION How quickly and successfully digital technologies will be adopted while using different concepts of using a car, the speed of the emergence of truly unmanned vehicles on the urban road network, the availability of a competent information area that popularize a retreat fromthe traditional ways of owning a car, and the most important thing is to increase the level of public confidence to the fact that after the mass abandonment of private cars, the cost of using the services does not significantly increase, determines the role of various forms of using cars in the future transport system in the world. Equally important is the creation of a legislative framework for various concepts of using a car.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 117 [email protected] Tatyana Sakulyeva, Kseniia Zalikhina and Simone Trombetta

REFERENCES [1] Mobility as a service. Exploring the opportunity for mobility as a service in the UK. - July, 2016. 2Yanying, L/ Mobility as a service (MaaS): Challenges of Implementation and Policy Required/ L. Yanying, T. Voege// Journal of Transportation Technologies.-2017.- №7. –P. 95-106. [2] Bairoch P., Goertz G. Factors of Urbanisation in the Nineteenth Century Developed Countries: A Descriptive and Econometric Analysis// Urban Studies.- 1986.-№ 23.- P.285-305 [3] Vuchic, V. (2017). Transportation for livable cities. Routledge.Tatyana Sakulyeva MEGAPOLIS PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 647–658 [4] Hensher, David A. Future bus transport contracts under mobility as a service regime in the digital age: are they likely to change? David A. Hensher. – Australia, Sydney, 2016. [5] Baldi, S., Michailidis, I., Ntampasi, V., Kosmatopoulos, E. B., Papamichail, I., & Papageorgiou, M. (2015). Simulation-based synthesis for approximately optimal urban traffic light management. In American Control Conference (ACC), 2015. 868-873. [6] [6] 1.Hensher, David A. Future bus transport contracts under mobility as a service regime in the digital age: are they likely to change? David A. Hensher. – Australia, Sydney, 2016. [7] ZipCar Available at: https://www/autoblog.com/2016/09/09/zipcar-1-million-members/ [8] Innovative Mobility Industry Outloor World 2016 Available at: http://innovativemobility/org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Innovative-Mobility-Industry- Outloor_World-2016-Final.pdf [9] How Many Cars can One Zipcar Replace: Zipcar and the Impact of Car Sharing on Auto Sales Available at: http://ark-invest.com/research/zipcar-replace-cars [10] Future of Carsharing Market to 2025, Frost and Sullivan Available at: https://medium.com/@abarba/frost-sullivans-future-of-carsharing-market-to-2025- infographic-73761fda30 [11] Automotive Carsharing in Europe Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/de/Document/consumer-industrial- products/CIP-Automotive-Car-Sharing-in-Europe.pdf [12] CITYWIDE MOBILITY SURVEY Available at: htth://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/nycdot-citywide-mobility-survey-report- 2017.pdf [13] Midlands Connect explores, develops and recommends transport projects which will provide the biggest possible economic and social benefits for the Midlands and the rest of the UK. Available at: https://www.midlandsconnect.uk/ [14] Li, Y. Where to Find Mobility Related Apps: Designing an App Directory for Mobility service/ Y. Li// Proceeding 22nd World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Boudreaux, 5-9 October 2015? ID: ITS -1800/ [15] Chen, C. L. (2018). Tram development and urban transport integration in Chinese cities: A case study of Suzhou. Economics of Transportation. [16] Cullinane, S. (2002). The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong. Transport policy, 9(1), 29-39. [17] Mobility as a service. Exploring the opportunity for mobility as a service in the UK. - July, 2016.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 118 [email protected] Various Conceptions of Using Cars in the Present Conditions of Digital Technologies Application

[18] Yanying, L/ Mobility as a service (MaaS): Challenges of Implementation and Policy Required/ L. Yanying, T. Voege// Journal of Transportation Technologies.-2017.-№7. –P. 95-106.) [19] Perspectives on the Ridesourcing Revolution: [20] Surveying individual attitudes toward Uber and Lyft to inform urban transportationpolicymaking Available at: https://dusp.mit.edu/sites/dusp.mit.edu/files/attachments/news/Perspectives%20on%20the %20Ridesourcing%20Revolution.pdf [21] How Ridesourcing Is Impacting Our Cities Available at: https://sciencetrends.com/how- ridesourcing-is-impacting-our-cities/ [22] Borovkova G.A., Rodnyansky D.V. Socio-economic development of agglomeration territories as an object of strategic management. Upravlenie. 2018;6(4):10-15. (In Russ.)

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 119 [email protected]