convergence transportation and information 6500 BC the wheel
500 BC public roads and canals
1760 AD mobile engines
convergence of transportation now and information culture
image credit: millennial marketing median earnings economics age 18 - 34
+ $871 + $639 2013 $33,883
1980 1990 2000 $35,845 $36,716 $37,335
- $3,472 data: New York Times August 2, 2015 transportation
1.autonomous vehicles 2.its 3.big data 4.sharing economy 5.virtual transactions
information people freight movement movement photo credit: Google
1. autonomous vehicles goodbye to drivers image credit: Rand Corporation arrival of the self-driving car… …and truck
photo credit: Mercedes Benz, Daimler AG …and drone
photo credit: http://www.chapman-freeborn.com information technology radio sensing cameras radar LIDAR (laser) gps & cell phone sensing/mapping virtual transaction systems user interface design established
emerging v2v and v2i communications vehicle control technology cruise control automatic braking system stability control established emerging adaptive cruise control lane alignment/steering crash avoidance cross traffic assistance parking assistance lidar lidar = light detection and ranging (3-d laser imaging)
image credit: right – Tech Investing Daily; left - Velodyne stereo cameras
image credit: engadget radar systems
image credit: freescale semiconductor adaptive cruise control
radar
image credit: "Schema ICC" by Schema_ICC.PNG: M.Minderhoud derivative work: Malyszkz lane keeping
image credit: Volvo stereo cameras cross-traffic assist
integrated systems: short range radar long range radar camera image credit: Daimler stereo camera cost of control elements: $80K now, eventually $10 - $15K
image credit: Boston Consulting Group, Wired Magazine autonomous vehicle classification
• level 1 – no automation
• level 2 – function-specific automation
• level 3 – combined function automation
• level 4 – full self-driving automation
source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2015 – 17 models: level 3
Volvo XC-90 (pilot assist)
Tesla model S sedans (autopilot)
Audi Q7 (adaptive cruise + steering)
Cadillac CT6 sedan (super cruise) typical market progression
luxury models most models all models
expensive new options prices drop with volume standard feature test market acceptance widely offered as option typical regulatory progression (example: back-up cameras)
optional standard required
2001 2014 2018 Infiniti 2002 Q45 standard on 46% of required on all new luxury sedan new models models autonomous vehicles roll-out
levels 1, 2 & 3 level 4 level 4 partially fully autonomous autonomous autonomous vehicles vehicles vehicles enter dominate available market market
2015 2020 2025 2030
20-year comprehensive plan horizon challenges
• limited federal regulatory framework • limited state regulatory frameworks • state government eagerness - $20B industry • little planning for road & street infrastructure • unresolved insurance, finance & legal issues • unprotected digital/software systems Wired Magazine hack of 2014 Jeep Cherokee
photo credit: Wired Magazine most difficult challenge: local streets
image credit: Thomas J. Bamonte, www.tmemag.com liability: who is responsible for crashes?
• the driver? (who is the driver?) • the vehicle manufacturer? • the DOT? autonomous systems other modes motor trucks now automatic braking systems adaptive cruise control lane keeping crash avoidance 2015 level 3 autonomous vehicles photo credit: Mercedes Benz, Daimler AG self-parking vehicles level 3 = low-wage drivers coming soon driver labor = 1/3 of level 4 = single driver caravans marginal cost of operations railroads
now limited progress 2015 positive train control required by end of year coming soon not much
image credit: ABC drone freight
autonomous navigation: • gps • cellular triangulation • visual object detection
financial incentive: eliminating drivers transit – level 4
photo credit: Miami Herald
Miami Metromover
Heathrow Airport photo credit: ARUP/ultraprt smart bikes
e-bike
app – smart phone
app – smart watch
LED lighting
folding frame
removable battery image credit: Ford Motor Co. MoDe:Flex
high-tech, but only level 1 – non-autonomous 2. its intelligent transportation systems roads & streets railroads
multimodal system integration
air drone road
ocean river rail roads and streets roadway its – 3 systems
• vehicle sensing/tracking – gps – cellular – rfid – loop detectors – video – bluetooth detectors – wi-fi • wireless communications: v2base, v2i and v2v • on-board computing: operations and records roadway its applications (passenger & freight) • driver information • in-vehicle emergency notification – ecall • automatic enforcement • collision avoidance • congestion management • parking management • weather response • incident and emergency management • data capture (live and static) real-time system management * image credit: MN Changeable Message Sign" by Wheresmysocks weather remote monitoring + driver information other 5% bad signal timing 5% work zones 10%
weather 15%
photo credit: Charlier Associates incidents 25%
saturation 40%
data: FHWA causes of congestion traffic signals signal type
pre-timed semi-actuated fully actuated control system
pre-set plans adaptive integrated network integrated management
wifi-equipped traffic signals
connected video cameras
wireless mesh network
performance monitoring
image credit: ABB/Tropos traffic signal system integration state of the art – city of Phoenix AZ aztech performance dashboard parking apps gtechna
tiketzen - writing tickets
- paying tickets
parkwhiz
- reserving a space rf sensor
parker
- finding a space - avoiding tickets transit • automatic vehicle locator – gps • fleet management • traveler information – e.g. “next bus” etc. • corridor progression/signal pre-emption • system safety, security bicycling • fitness, tracking apps • cell & gps networks • infrared & motion detectors • inductive loops • big data feedback loops photo credit: Fronteras truck freight the information is as valuable as the cargo truck freight communication generations
1. citizens’ band radio (cb) 2. sat phone (satellite communications) 3. gps 4. cell phone 5. wi-fi 6. rfid
image credit: inbound logistics truck freight “bobtail” – truck without trailer • logistics/efficiency • multimodal integration • level 3 and 4 autonomous vehicles • tdm – travel demand management for trucks image credit: Amtrak image credit: "ATSF Downhhill Caliente Aug 90xRP - Flickr - drewj1946" by Drew Jacksich
passenger freight railroads railroads Amtrak train #188 Philadelphia, May, 2015 AP photo • train control systems • emergency management crossing signals
track circuits positive dark radio communication train territory wi-fi service control
gps transponders dark territory image credit: "Railroad Junction2004 x" by Horst Frank • no train detection • no track circuits • no rail traffic controller (dispatcher) • track warrant control image credit: Tech Mahindra - http://www.techmahindra.com positive train control (ptc) – location data – gps, radio, track circuits – real-time data – track or signal conditions – on-board navigation system and track profile database – dynamic speed control – line speed enforcement, temporary speed restrictions – train separation – collision avoidance – bi-directional data link between trains and signals – centralized systems for train movement control photo credit: Amtrak ptc legislation 2008 Rail Safety Improvement Act • December 2015 deadline • Amtrak & Class I RR making progress • commuter rail systems behind tofc- trailer on flatcar
photo credit: translation.com intermodal freight ship rail truck desti- port transfer nation
ship truck rail truck desti- port transfer transfer nation
ship truck desti- port nation intermodal technology container freight intermodal freight "Intermodal Transport by Truck" by Joedamadman • reversal of ‘trailer on flatcar’ • 14% of long-haul trucking; feasible ≤ 500 mi • complex logistics – bobtails – chassis repositioning • role of inland ports 3. the sharing economy the end of ownership car share paid ridesharing
• car share companies • peer-to-peer car sharing car share companies
Buffalo CarShare Car2Go eGo CarShare Flexcar Getaround JustShareIt RelayRides photo credit: Mariordo (Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz) Zipcar WeCar by Enterprise Rent-A-Car Uhaul Car Share owned by U-Haul Avis On Location by Avis peer-to-peer car share companies
RelayRides, Getaround JustShareIt
photo credit: Getaround paid rideshare companies
Uber Lyft Sidecar banning Uber as of April, 2015
banned full partial suspended but ban ban operations operating
• State of Nevada • Netherlands • Taiwan • Spain • Eugene, OR • Germany • New Delhi, India • South Korea • Maharastra, India • Brussels, Belgium • Mumbai, India • Portland, OR • Karnataka, India • Western Australia • Hyderabad, India • Tuscaloosa, AL • Telengua, India • Victoria, Australia • Cape Town, S Africa • Auburn, AL • Fukuoa, Japan • Queensland, Australia • Panama City, FL • Thailand • San Antonio, TX • Anchorage, AK image and data: market watch Uber’s legal issues
passenger safety – criminal drivers
for-hire transport (taxi) regulations
required state commercial drivers’ license
labor disagreements with its drivers
source: market watch, updated May 12, 2015 the underlying Uber issue
new technology/consumer choice vs.
labor practices & economics bikeshare
photo credit: Charlier Associates, Inc. bikeshare cities
Google Map – screen capture 2/25/15 4. big data big brother is measuring transportation big data
cell phone
gps transponders
fitness trackers/apps “anonymized and aggregated” replacing • phone surveys • paper surveys • web surveys • origin and destination studies • travel time studies • walk/bike detection equipment platform for • real-time traffic data • crowd-sourced data • performance monitoring • travel behavior studies 5. transactions say goodbye to cash fare card
smart card
mobile wallet technological progression public transit remote tolling freeway e-tolling transit fares parking fees multimodal integrated payment systems sample OreGo pilot pump receipt
state gps satellite
$ wholesaler
$ retailer
$ zones consumer data stored on vehicle point of sale systems implications for planners, engineers and policymakers the end of the automobile age? part 1. parking demand the end of the automobile age? 1,033,564 car share arithmetic
(US Jan 1, 2013)
15,603
vehicles members
data source: The University of California, Berkeley's Transportation Sustainability Research Center parking arithmetic driven 8 hours
personal vehicles in the US are parked 95% of the time parked 160 hours
hours per week data sources: FHWA Highway Statistics, Donald Shoup, Charlier Associates future parking demand trend: per capita 10 years parking demand
urban destination steeply downward
suburban destination moderately downward rural/small town destination flat
urban residential steeply downward
suburban residential moderately downward rural/small town residential flat future parking demand trend: per capita 20 years parking demand
urban destination steeply downward
suburban destination steeply downward rural/small town destination moderately downward
urban residential steeply downward
suburban residential steeply downward rural/small town residential moderately downward part 2. traffic demand the end of the automobile age? impact of autonomous vehicles on freeway capacity: + 40% future traffic demand trend: per capita 10 years driving (vmt)
rural freeway flat
rural/suburban arterial flat
rural/small town street moderately downward
urban freeway flat
urban arterial moderately downward
urban street moderately downward future traffic demand trend: per capita 20 years driving (vmt)
rural freeway moderately downward
rural/suburban arterial moderately downward
rural/small town street moderately downward
urban freeway moderately downward
urban arterial moderately downward
urban street moderately downward freeway truck tsunami suggestions rural communities, smaller cities technology should be a tool, not a goal image credit: MN Changeable Message Sign" by Wheresmysocks image credit: Charlier Associates, Inc.
$500,000 $500 road information skip technology generations fare card
smart card
mobile wallet transit fares/passes skip technology generations static on-line bus schedule
live 3rd party app/contract
live/open data transit route schedules skip technology generations bike system/information integration
data buy: bicycling volumes, activity speeds, routes
system app facility needs improvements and priorities • Strava • BikeMap • Map My Ride • BikeBrain • Waze • Bike Hub • Cycletracks • Cyclemeter examples visitor & tourist tdm (transportation demand management)
photo credit: Charlier Associates, Inc. Jackson, WY • Jackson Hole – return flow, park to town, late summer afternoon • Aspen – northbound commuter flow, late afternoon • Breckenridge – skier return to Denver, winter Sunday afternoon waze connected citizens program photo credit: Charlier Associates, Inc. Glenwood Springs, CO
• real-time information • crowd-sourced information (cell phones) • two-way data exchange – local gov’t and waze • can be layered onto 511 services • example: Iowa DOT wrap up the convergence of transportation and information transportation
1.autonomous vehicles 2.its 3.big data 4.sharing economy 5.virtual transactions
information technology-enabled transportation services • car-sharing services • real-time transit info • ride-sharing services • multimodal apps • ride-sourcing services • virtual ticketing • taxi-hailing services • bike-sharing services • static transit data
go to: http://www.uspirg.org/reports/usf/innovative-transportation-index go to: http://www.its.dot.gov/
click: ITS PCB Program click: ITS ePrimer
go to: https://www.waze.com/ccp waze connected citizens program go to: https://www.firebase.com/docs/open-data/transit.html open data for transit discussion the convergence of transportation and information http://communitybuilders.net/
www.charlier.org