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Diversidad, Ecología Y Conservación De Insectos Saproxílicos (Coleoptera Y Diptera: Syrphidae) En Oquedades Arbóreas Del Parque

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Diversidad, Ecología Y Conservación De Insectos Saproxílicos (Coleoptera Y Diptera: Syrphidae) En Oquedades Arbóreas Del Parque Diversidad, ecología y conservación de insectos saproxílicos (Coleoptera y Diptera: Syrphidae) en oquedades arbóreas del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros (España) Javier Quinto Cánovas Tesis doctoral Diversidad, ecología y conservación de insectos saproxílicos (Coleoptera y Diptera: Syrphidae) en oquedades arbóreas del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros (España) Javier Quinto Cánovas Diversidad, ecología y conservación de insectos saproxílicos (Coleoptera y Diptera: Syrphidae) en oquedades arbóreas del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros (España) Diversity, ecology and conservation of saproxylic insects (Coleoptera and Diptera: Syrphidae) in tree hollows in Cabañeros National Park (Spain) Javier Quinto Cánovas Instituto de investigación CIBIO Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad Universidad de Alicante 2013 Diversidad, ecología y conservación de insectos saproxílicos (Coleoptera y Diptera: Syrphidae) en oquedades arbóreas del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros (España) Memoria presentada por el Licenciado Javier Quinto Cánovas para optar al título de Doctor en Biología por la Universidad de Alicante Fdo. Javier Quinto Cánovas Las directoras Fdo. Dra. Estefanía Micó Balaguer Fdo. Dra. Mª Ángeles Marcos García Centro Iberoamericano de Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO) la Biodiversidad (CIBIO) Universidad de Alicante Universidad de Alicante 2013 Con orden y tiempo se encuentra el secreto de hacerlo todo, y de hacerlo bien Pitágoras A mi familia y amigos A mis abuelos INDICE Agradecimientos………………………………………………..……………………..1 Resumen y estructura de la tesis……………………………….……….…….7 Capítulo 1. Introducción general………………………………………………15 1.1. Los insectos saproxílicos y su importancia ecológica…..…17 1.2. Situación en Europa y en la Península Ibérica………………..19 1.3. Justificación……………………………………………………..……………22 1.4. Área de estudio: El Parque Nacional de Cabañeros……….23 1.5. Grupos taxonómicos objeto de estudio…………..…………….27 1.6. Objetivos de la tesis doctoral…………………………………………28 1.7. Bibliografía………………………………………………………………….…30 Capítulo 2. Effectiveness of three sampling methods to survey saproxylic beetle assemblages in Mediterranean Woodland. [Efectividad de tres métodos de muestreo para evaluar el ensamble de escarabajos saproxílicos en el bosque mediterráneo]……………….…….39 Capítulo 3. Breaking down complex saproxylic communities: Understanding sub-networks structure and implications to network robustness. [Explorando las comunidades saproxílicas: Un acercamiento a la estructura de las subredes y sus implicaciones en la estabilidad]……………………………………………………………………………..…89 Capítulo 4. Influence of tree hollow microenvironmental variables on saproxylic guild diversity in Mediterranean woodlands. [Influencia de kas variables microambientales sobre la diversidad de los gremios saproxílicos en bosques mediterráneos]……………………………………………………………………...147 Discusión general…………………………………………………………………..201 Conclusiones generales………………………………………………………...223 Apéndice 1. The Genus Ferdinandea Rondani, 1844 (Diptera, Syrphidae) in the Iberian Peninsula: First records and New Breeding Sites. [El género Ferdinandea Rondani, 1844 (Diptera, Syrphidae) en la Península Ibérica: Primerascitas y nuevos sitios de cría]…………………………………………………………………………..……………229 Apéndice 2. Lo que las oquedades esconden…………………………255 Apéndice 3. Nueva cita de Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, 1821) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) para la región Mediterránea Ibérica. [New record of Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, 1821) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in the Iberian Mediterranean Region]……..………………….267 Apéndice 4. Mallota dusmeti Andréu, 1926……………………………273 Agradecimientos Agradecimientos En la grata tarea de agradecer resulta complejo comprimir la riqueza de los años en unos pocos renglones, reconocer todo el apoyo recibido, el gran valor de las experiencias y lecciones aprendidas, así como el papel que juega la amistad en la elaboración de una tesis. Quiero empezar agradeciendo a las personas que un día me dieron la oportunidad de estar donde hoy estoy: en un mundo saproxílico. Gracias a las Dras. Estefanía Micó y Mª Ángeles Marcos por ofrecerme hacer una tesis que ha resultado ser tan estimulante, por enseñarme mucha ciencia, por la paciencia, por la cercanía, y cómo no, por ese toque de humor permanente que ha propiciado tantos momentos inolvidables. Espero que esta tesis sólo sea el principio de muchos años de estrecho trabajo y relación. También agradecer a Mª Ángeles que desde un primer momento me abriese las puertas de la investigación en aquellos primeros pinitos en ‘plagas’, cumpliendo así una de las principales metas de mi vida de estudiante de biología, aportar algo a la ciencia. Al Dr. Eduardo Galante por todo el apoyo profesional, económico y personal recibido, por ser junto a Fani Y Mª Ángeles parte esencial de esta tesis. A los proyectos CGL2008-04472, CGL2009-09656 y CGL2011- 23658 del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, y al proyecto LIFE- 07/NAT/00762 de la Comisión Europea LIFE-Nature, por el soporte económico de esta tesis. A la Administración y al personal del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros por toda la ayuda prestada durante la realización del trabajo de campo. Al Instituto CIBIO por poner a mi disposición todos sus medios. A todos los profesores que lo componen. A todo el personal de administración y servicios del CIBIO, los PAS, por toda la gestión y logística, por la ayuda que siempre me prestáis. A Jesús por las trampas, gráficas… por ese gran humor y risa contagiosa que siempre ameniza. A Mati por la tertulia, y por ese cariño que nos tienes. A Chema por salvarme del suicidio con la informática. A Carmen por los dulces hechos adrede, por su atención. A Yolanda por ser tan entrañable y por la tranquilidad que transmite. A David por su 1 Agradecimientos enorme paciencia y buen hacer. A José Carlos por las conversaciones y risas entre pasillos. A Antonio Cano por su amabilidad y constante buen humor. A Roderic Pla por prestarme la hermosa foto de Fresneda de Gargantilla que aparece en la cubierta trasera, y a José Ignacio Pascual por la gran foto de Mallota dusmeti. Al Instituto de Ecología de Xalapa, A.C., por permitirme realizar mi estancia de investigación, así como a todos los componentes del grupo de Interacciones Multitróficas: Dr. Vicente Hernández, Dr. Eduardo Ribera, Dr. Cuauhtémoc Deloya, Dr. Juan Martínez, Toño, Araceli, Ingrid, Haydee, Saray, Arturo, etc. por toda vuestra ayuda y por enseñarme un poco de vuestra cultura y vuestra fabulosa tierra. No quisiera olvidarme en este párrafo de agradecer a Nancy, Cande y Janet, por ser tan buenas conmigo desde el primer día, sois geniales. Un especial agradecimiento al Dr. Víctor Rico y la Dra. Cecilia Díaz por acogerme académica y personalmente durante mi estancia en Xalapa, por hacerme sentir como uno más del grupo de Interacciones, por enseñarme muchos y valiosos conocimientos. Por el ánimo, y afecto recibido en los momentos bajos y en los momentos altos. Al Dr. Hervé Brustel, por su inestimable ayuda en la determinación de montañas de escarabajos, por facilitarme tanta bibliografía, por las divertidas tardes de laboratorio y días de campo, y por ese carácter tan espontáneo que tanto me gusta. I learned a lot of things with you, I am very grateful for your continuous help and for your saproxylic friendship. I hope to continue working with a professional like you. También agradecer a todos los taxónomos que participaron en la identificación del material entomológico, un trabajo esencial para la elaboración de esta tesis: A. Viñolas, A. Verdugo, F. Soldati, O. Rose, J.C. Otero, M.A. Alonso-Zarazaga, A. Herrmann, J.L. Zapata, J.P. Tamisier, G. Liberti, C. Pérez, R. Allemand, T. Noblecourt, P. Leblanc, L. Chékir, P. Vienna. A los Doctores Graham Rotheray, Ellen Rotheray, José Michelena, Ricardo Jiménez, Ascensión Padilla, Ana Pineda, Antonio Ricarte y Zorica Nedeljkovic, por el buen trato y apoyo recibido siempre que nos encontramos. Ascen, muchas gracias por tu ayuda con los mapas. 2 Agradecimientos A mis compañer@s del doctorado, mis compañer@s de fatigas. Hemos pasado de ser completos desconocidos a ser grandes amigos en unos años. Con cada uno de vosotros he aprendido muchísimo, me habéis hecho sentir en familia, y nos hemos divertido lo que no está escrito… La mezcla cultural ha sido una de las experiencias más enriquecedoras que he vivido. Regarding profundamente my CIBIO compis. Ana Paola, eres una persona sencillamente sensacional. Contigo he crecido como persona, me has enseñado conocimientos de toda índole. Gracias por estar siempre ahí, por regalarme una amistad sincera, y por confiar en mí personal y profesionalmente. Ale jandra yuca teca, desprendes una calidez única, eres atenta, amiga de tus amigos, y fiel a tus principios. Conseguirás todo lo que te propongas porque eres una gran profesional, gracias por conseguir que siempre viese el vaso medio lleno. A Yelitza, por ese carácter fabuloso y tripolar, con quien comparto múltiples gustos y aficiones, gracias por regalarme una amistad tan especial. A Chanes, mi hermano mexicano, por ser tan buena persona y tan buen amigo, por compartir todo lo que tienes, y por ese espíritu que contagia las ganas de luchar por las cosas que uno quiere. A Johanna, con quien la vida y la ciencia es un continuo capítulo del club de la comedia que merece ser vivido, gracias por compartir tantos momentos de risas y despelucadas, por toda la complicidad y amistad que siempre has depositado en mí. A Adi, por ser una gran persona con grandes valores, a la par que divertidísima y capaz de hacer cosas
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