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Halting Biodiversity Loss House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee Halting biodiversity loss Thirteenth Report of Session 2007–08 Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 28 October 2008 HC 743 Published on 10 November 2008 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 The Environmental Audit Committee The Environmental Audit Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to consider to what extent the policies and programmes of government departments and non-departmental public bodies contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development; to audit their performance against such targets as may be set for them by Her Majesty’s Ministers; and to report thereon to the House. Current membership Mr Tim Yeo, MP (Conservative, South Suffolk) (Chairman) Gregory Barker, MP (Conservative, Bexhill and Battle) Mr Martin Caton, MP (Labour, Gower) Mr Colin Challen, MP (Labour, Morley and Rothwell) Mr David Chaytor, MP (Labour, Bury North) Martin Horwood, MP (Liberal Democrat, Cheltenham) Mr Nick Hurd, MP (Conservative, Ruislip Northwood) Mark Lazarowicz, MP (Labour/Co-operative, Edinburgh North and Leith) Mr Ian Liddell-Grainger, MP (Conservative, Bridgewater) Mr Shahid Malik, MP (Labour, Dewsbury) Mrs Linda Riordan, MP (Labour, Halifax) Mr Graham Stuart, MP (Conservative, Beverley & Holderness) Jo Swinson, MP (Liberal Democrat, East Dunbartonshire) Dr Desmond Turner, MP (Labour, Brighton, Kempton) Joan Walley, MP (Labour, Stoke-on-Trent North) Mr Phil Woolas, MP (Labour, Oldham and Saddleworth) [ex-officio] Powers The constitution and powers are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally Standing Order No. 152A. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk. Publication The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the Internet at: www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/environmental_audit_committe e.cfm. A list of Reports of the Committee from the present and prior Parliaments is at the back of this volume. Committee staff The current staff of the Committee are: Gordon Clarke (Clerk); Sara Howe (Second Clerk); Richard Douglas (Committee Specialist); Oliver Bennett (Committee Specialist); Susan Monaghan (Committee Assistant); Stella Kin (Secretary); and Elizabeth Gardner (Sandwich Student) Contacts All correspondence should be addressed to The Clerk, Environmental Audit Committee, Committee Office, 7 Millbank, London SW1P 3JA. The telephone number for general inquiries is: 020 7219 6150; the Committee’s e-mail address is: [email protected] Halting biodiversity loss 1 Contents Report Page Summary 3 1 Introduction 5 What is biodiversity? 5 2 The state of UK biodiversity 6 Will we meet the target and where do we want to get to? 7 The ecosystems approach 9 3 Cross-government action 10 Planning 12 4 UK Overseas Territories 15 Conclusions and recommendations 18 Formal Minutes 21 Witnesses 22 List of written evidence 23 Halting biodiversity loss 3 Summary The Government will fail to meet its 2010 target to halt biodiversity loss, although the target might have been unrealistic. Good progress has been made towards the target in some respects. For example, 80% of Sites of Special Scientific Interest are now in a favourable condition and a number of rare species have recovered. But biodiversity loss continues apace in the wider countryside and many species and habitats continue to face severe declines and local extinctions. Although there are barriers to overcome there is no reason why biodiversity loss could not be halted in England—indeed, with leadership and effective policies, biodiversity loss could be reversed. The Government should adopt a new target for halting and reversing biodiversity loss by 2020. To achieve this the Government will have to go beyond traditional nature conservation policies. It will have to ensure that, wherever possible, biodiversity is protected and enhanced by all departments and policies. There is a compelling economic case for doing this. This approach will be required if biodiversity is to be prevented from declining further due to growing pressure from development and climate change. Therefore we welcome that the Government will now conduct an ecosystem assessment to demonstrate how this approach could be taken forward in practice—particularly as we recommended such an assessment in 2007. This assessment must address continued failures by a number of departments to recognise the importance of biodiversity in their policies. It must also focus on delivery of biodiversity protection at the regional and local scales. One of the most important contributions that the government could make to halting biodiversity loss would be to provide more support for the UK Overseas Territories, where it is the eleventh hour for many species. Although England has a number of internationally important species and habitats, the biodiversity found in the UK Overseas Territories is equally valuable and at a greater risk of loss. The Government must act now to protect these areas. Halting biodiversity loss 5 1 Introduction 1. In the EU, 42% of mammals, 43% of birds, 45% of butterflies, 30% of amphibians, 45% of reptiles and 52% of freshwater fish are thought to be threatened with extinction. To address this, in 2001 EU Member States committed themselves to halting biodiversity loss within their borders by 2010.1 2. Earlier this year the Wildlife and Countryside Link, an environmental NGO umbrella body, reported that the Government was not on course to hit this target, and that progress towards it had stalled. Last year we found that the Government was failing to provide adequate support and funding for biodiversity protection in the UK Overseas Territories (UKOTs).2 We decided to undertake this inquiry to: assess progress towards the 2010 biodiversity target; examine the causes of and responses to biodiversity loss in England; and, determine whether the Government has acted upon the serious concerns that we have raised regarding nature conservation in the UKOTs. As biodiversity is a devolved issue, this Report focuses mainly on England. Our inquiry avoided the marine environment as this was considered in Parliament’s scrutiny of the draft Marine Bill.3 What is biodiversity? 3. Biological diversity, or biodiversity, refers to: the variety of all species of plants and animals; the genetic variety within each species; and to the variety of habitats that support them. It is often thought that large losses or changes in biodiversity reflect negative and normally man-made pressures. Biodiversity can therefore be used as a measure of the health of the natural environment. 4. Global assessments of biodiversity indicate that many natural environments are under considerable pressure. The UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found that the majority of species are either declining in abundance or that their population distributions are contracting. Although biodiversity will change over time with evolutionary and other natural processes, humans have accelerated the natural extinction rate by as much as 1000%.4 Globally some 12% of birds, 23% of mammals and 32% of amphibians are threatened with extinction over the next 100 years.5 UN experts warn that a species is lost every 20 minutes, putting the global extinction crisis on a par with the loss of the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago.6 5. Biodiversity loss is often considered an emotive or moral issue, particularly where large charismatic species are involved. But biodiversity loss can have significant economic impacts: 1 “Biodiversity Loss: Facts and Figures”, Europa, 9 February 2004, http://europa.eu 2 Environmental Audit Committee, Fifth Report of Session 2006–07, Trade, Development and Environment: The Role of the FCO, HC 289 3 Joint Committee on the Draft Marine Bill, Session 2007–08, Draft Marine Bill, HC 552-I 4 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-being: The Biodiversity Synthesis Report (Washington 2005) 5 ibid 6 “Herculean task to safeguard biodiversity”, Planet Ark, 20 May 2008, www.planetark.com 6 Halting biodiversity loss • the loss of genetic diversity in crop species can increase the vulnerability of global food production to new pests and diseases; • the loss of species with known or unknown uses reduces the material from which important new discoveries might be made, such as in medicine; and • biodiversity directly or indirectly supports many of the natural processes from which we currently receive substantial benefits. 6. A dramatic example of the critical importance of biodiversity for humans occurred in the 1970s when a new rice virus appeared, the grassy stunt virus. The virus destroyed a significant proportion of the rice crop in Asia and had an impact on billions of people. Scientists screened thousands of different rice varieties but only a single wild rice strain was found to have resistance to the virus. This wild rice strain came from one known location and had been collected by scientists shortly before the site had been destroyed by a hydroelectric dam. Without this one strain of wild rice, production of one of the world’s most important food crops would have been seriously damaged. Other food crops have faced similar problems.7 7. Closer to home, bees provide another example of the importance of biodiversity. Without insect pollination at least 39 UK crop species either fail to produce fruit or seeds or produce a substandard crop. The economic value of this to the UK is estimated to be around £120–200 million per annum, but the true value is substantially greater given that many wild plant species also require insect pollination.8 The loss of bee species and other pollinators could have major economic impacts by damaging food production and causing unplanned changes to natural ecosystems. It is therefore of considerable concern that many bee species are declining or have become extinct in the UK.9 2 The state of UK biodiversity 8. Global pressures on biodiversity are mirrored in the UK.
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