Field Pests - in Temperate Zone of Europe - Georgikon Kar Növényvédelmi Intézet

Module of Applied Entomology Field pests - in temperate zone of Europe - Georgikon Kar Növényvédelmi Intézet

AZ ELŐADÁS LETÖLTHETŐ: - Main topics

•Polyphagous field pests •Wheat pests •Corn pests •Sunflower pests Main topics

•Rapeseed pests •Alfalfa and pea pests •Potato pests •Rice pests

I. Polyphagous field pests Polyphagous field pests • PHYTOPHAGY: • MONOPHAGOUS SPECIES: • Feed on only one plant taxon • OLIGOPHAGOUS SPECIES: Feed on a few plant taxa (for example: one plant-family) • POLYPHAGOUS SPECIES (generalist): Feed on many plant taxa

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5 Polyphagous field pests • POLYPHAGOUS PESTS: • Cockchafers’ (Melolonthidae) larvae (grubs) • Click beetles’ (Elateridae) larvae (wireworms) • Noctuid moths’ (Noctuidae) larvae (caterpillars) • Rodents (common vole, gopher, hamster) • Games (rabbit, roe-deer, red-deer, wild boar)

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6 Polyphagous field pests • COCKCHAFERS: • 12 species living in Hungary • The most importants are the followings: 1. Common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha)

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7 Polyphagous field pests 2. Forest cockchafer (Melolontha hippocastani)

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8 Polyphagous field pests 3. April beetle (Rhizotrogus aequinoctialis)

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9 Polyphagous field pests 4. Summer chafer (Amphimallon solstitiale)

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10 Polyphagous field pests 5. June beetle (Polyphylla fullo)

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11 Polyphagous field pests 6. Vine chafer (Anomala vitis)

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12 Polyphagous field pests 7. Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) – absent in Europe, quarantine pest

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13 Polyphagous field pests Larvae – the grubs Economic importance: 10- 40% damage • The grubs attacks the rooting system • Most dangeorous when recently planted

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14 Polyphagous field pests Life cycle • The development takes three years • Most dangerous is the third instar larva (80% of the full damage) • 5-10 cm deep – summer • 20-40 cm deep – winter • Adults live approx. two weeks • Egg hatching needs moisture

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15 Polyphagous field pests Control: • Damage threshold level: 1.2 larva/m2 • Soil sterilization before planting • Seed treatment • Biological control (entomopathogenic nematodes) • Less effective in orchards

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16 Polyphagous field pests • Click beetles (Elateridae)

Photograph copyright: ozwildlife

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17 Polyphagous field pests 1. Western click beetle (Agriotes ustulatus)

(foto www.kerbtier.de)

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18 Polyphagous field pests 2. Dusky click beetle (Agriotes obscurus)

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19 Polyphagous field pests 3. Lined click beetle (Agriotes lineatus)

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20 Polyphagous field pests

4. Common click beetle (Agriotes sputator)

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21 Polyphagous field pests • Wireworms • The larvae called: wireworms – cause the damage • The adults feeds on pollen • Economic importance: 10 – 20% damage

22 Polyphagous field pests • Typical life cycle of click beetles

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23 Polyphagous field pests • Control:

• Damage threshold level may vary by sites / year / culture: 2-5 larva/ m2 • Soil sterilization before planting • Seed treatment • Biological control (entomopathogenic nematodes) • For good efficacy, special skill / practice is needed

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24 Polyphagous field pests • Noctuid moths (Noctuidae)

• Nocturnal

• Diurnal

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25 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths 1. Turnip moth (Scotia segetum)

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26 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths 2. Dart moth (Agrotis exclamationis)

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27 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths 3. Spotted cutworm (Amathes c-nigrum)

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28 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths 4. Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon)

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29 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths 5. Euxoa temera

30 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths • Turnip moth damage • The seedlings can be totally bored through • The larva chew rings around the stems

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31 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths • Biology and control of turnip moth • Two generations per year • First fly in May • Damage can be observed from May to October • The eggs laid into the surface of the soil • Control is very difficult

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32 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 1. Silver Y moth (Autographa gamma)

33 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 2. Shoulder-striped Clover (Heliothis maritima)

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34 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)

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35 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) • One of the most dangerous pests worldwide • Host plants includes vegetables, field crops and ornamentals • Damage: usually feeds on the generative parts of plants (flowers, fruits, seeds) • 2-(3) generation per year • The pupa can overwinter under Hungarian conditions, diapausing from September • Forecasting with sex pheromone traps

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36 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Damage on corn:

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37 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Damage on pepper:

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38 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Damage on tomato:

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39 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Damage on alfalfa:

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40 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 4. Cabbage armyworm (Mamestra brassicae)

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41 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths

5. Bright line- Brown eye moth (Mamestra oleracea)

42 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths • Damage: • Larvae of diurnal moths damages the following crops: • Sugar beet, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, alfalfa, pea, bean, lettuce, mustard, carrot, cabbage, tobacco, poppy, etc. • They feeds on leaves or flowers

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43 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths • Biology and control • Most of them has two generation per year • The eggs laid on the leaves • Overwinters in the soil, except for the silver Y moth, which is a migrant moth • The pupation is usually in the soil • Control: good efficiacy can be achieved against young larvae

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44 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

• Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing

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45 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

1. Common vole (Microtus arvalis)

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46 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

1. Common vole (Microtus arvalis) • The most dangerous and widespread rodent in Hungary • Mass outbreak in every 3-6 years after mild winter • Host plants: alfalfa, wheat, maize, potato, sugarbeet, pea, onion, vegetables, fruit trees • The damage is bigger nearby its holes • Feeding on living plant parts, maize cob, wheat spike, rooting system of woody plants

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47 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

1. Common vole (Microtus arvalis) • Biology: • 6-8 litter per year, with 3 to 8 juveniles • No winter sleep • Densities can range froem 100/ha up to 2000 individuals /ha • Control: • Chemical control can be performed, using anticoalguant active ingredients (chlorphacinone, calcium phosphide, zinc phosphide, etc.) • Biological control: predaceous birds

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48 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

1. Common vole (Microtus arvalis)

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49 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

2. European hamster (Cricetus cricetus)

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50 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

2. European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) • Brown and white coloured face • The body is medium sized among rodents • Aggressive appearance when alarmed is typical • Prefers loess soil • Most abundant in the Great Plain – East Hungary • Damage: • Host plants: Maize (most important), wheat, potatoe, sugarbeet, onion, fruit trees’ root system • Feeds on young seedlings, chews tip / upper part of the wheat and the cob of the maize • Hamsters store food reserves in their burrows TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

51 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

2. European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) • Biology: • 2 litters per year, with 4 to 6 juveniles • Hibernating starts in October and finishes in April • Sleeping periods alternate with wakeful phases when hamsters feed on their winter stores (15-20 kg maize) • There is no effective control against this pest

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52 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

3. Ground squirrel (Citellus citellus)

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53 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

4. Water vole (Arvicola terrestris)

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54 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

4. Water vole (Arvicola terrestris) • Occurs only, where water is present • Live in and around streams, rivers and other water bodies • Damage: • Eat green shoots in preference to fruits and seeds • they rely more on below-ground rhizomes during the winter • The damaged tree shriveled • Causing a wedge-like tree bottom

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55 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

4. Water vole (Arvicola terrestris) • Biology: • Water vole has 3-4 litter per year with 4-6 young per litter • It spends winter within the burrow, although they do not hibernate

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56 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

5. European mole – (Talpa europea)

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57 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia) 5. European mole – (Talpa europea) • A beneficial predator that feeds on insects • Cause harm by the burrowing activity, especially the molehills • While burrowing young plants often die • Often feeds on earthworms • Biology: • The mole has 1 litter per year with 4-7 young per litter • They don’t hibernate • The european mole is under protection, any control methods against this pest is permitted!!!

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58 Polyphagous field pests – Games

1. European hare (Lepus europeus) • Most common in plain areas – Great Plain • Host plants: pea, sunflower, watermelon, bean, cabbage, sugarbeet, fruit tree bark (at wintertime) • Biology: The hare has 3-4 litter per year with 3-4 young per litter

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59 Polyphagous field pests – Games

2. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) • Important pest – high density • Host plants: Maize, wheat, sugarbeet, grape, potatoe, corn • Digs out the maize and the oak seedlings • Treads down the field crops • Eats out the seeds from the corncob

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60 Polyphagous field pests – Games

3. Deers: Red deer (Cervus elaphus), Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) • High population density in Hungary • Host plants: wheat, maize, sunflower (roe deer), fruit trees (deer), grape, cabbage, pea, alfalfa, soybean, potatote, sugarbeet, oak, beech • Damage: Gnaw off wheat and corn, treads down the field crops • Leaves and twigs are ripped from trees and brush leaving a ragged surface • Annuals can be pulled out, smaller trees can be destroyed

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61 Polyphagous field pests – Games

4. Eurasian badger (Meles meles) • Damages corn only, by beating down and feeding on corncobs

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62 Polyphagous field pests – Games

• Game control • Game repellents • Fence, electrical fence • Cartonplast in woody plants (single control) • Chemical (single and area management)

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63 II. Wheat pests Wheat pests

• Wheat: • Sowed usually in October • Spacing: 12,5x2-3cm • Harvesting in June- July • It is the most important cultivated plant with the biggest area

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65 Wheat pests

• Autumn pests

• Zabrus tenebrioides Cereal ground beetle • Oscinella frit Frit fly • Meromyza saltatrix Wheat stem maggot • Scotia segetum Turnip moth • Melolontha melolontha Common cockchafer • Angunia tritici Wheat seed gall nematode • Macrosiphum graminum Grain aphid

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66 Wheat pests

• Winter pests • Microtus arvalis Common vole • Haplothrips tritici Wheat trips • Spring pests • Scotia segetum Turnip moth • Cephus pygmaeus Wheat stem sawfly • Eurygaster austriaca Wheat shield bug • Aelia acuminata Bishop’s mitre shield bug • Oulema melanopus, O. gallaeciana Cereal leaf beetles

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67 Wheat pests

• Spring pests • Zabrus tenebrioides Cereal ground beetle • Contarinia tritici Wheat blossom midge • Rhopalosiphum padi Bird cherry aphid • Macrosiphum graminum Grain aphid • Angunia tritici Wheat seed gall nematode • Anisoplia spp. Wheat chafers

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68 Wheat pests – Autumn pests 1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)

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69 Wheat pests – Autumn pests

1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides) • Damage: Larvae burrow into soil, pulling down and eating shoots from October to May • Damage is greater in autumn if the weather is humid, despite in spring • Autumn damage is bigger • Spring damage is not so big, because the plant is more developed

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70 Wheat pests – Autumn pests

1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides) • Adult beetles feed on cereal ears before harvest and on spilt grain and stubble re-growths • Damage is worst in all- cereal rotations and with minimal cultivations. A non- cereal break crop or early ploughing will provide good control

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1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides) • Biology: • One generation per year • Overwinters as a larva • Adults occurs from May • Eggs laid into the surface of the soil • Control: • Crop rotation

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1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides) • Adult and larva with typically damaged leaves

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1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides) • Adults can be monitored with pitfall traps

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2. Frit fly (Oscinella frit) • There are six species of wheat flies in Hungary • Frit fly is the most important • Host plants include: - wheat - barley - maize - rye - oat

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2. Frit fly (Oscinella frit) • Damage: • In spring sown oat: blind, withered spikelets • In corn: plants stop developing, leaves curling • Wheat: The main shoot become yellow in autumn damage • The larva burrows into the central shoot and causes ‘deadheart’ symptoms

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2. Frit fly (Oscinella frit) • Biology: • There are three generations a year (2 in autumn, 1 in spring) • Third generation is the most dangerous • Larvae overwinters in the shoots • Eggs laid onto the plants (cereals) • Second generation is a maize pest as well (May) • Control: • No effective chemical control method

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3. Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)

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3. Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) • Only a wheat pest • Avoid monoculture • Damage: • Plants are twisted, deformated, become purple • Brown galls in the spikes • Anabiosis: from the galls the larvae can occur after several years

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3. Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) • Biology: • One generation per year • Larvae overwinters in the galls or in the plant • Seeking the plant with active movement, where moisture is important • Passive movement in the plant inside to the spikes • Control: • Crop rotation

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4. Aphids (Aphididae) • Grain aphid (Schizaphis graminum)

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4. Aphids (Aphididae) • Bird-cherry aphid (Rhophalosiphum padi)

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82 Wheat pests – Autumn pests

4. Aphids (Aphididae) • Autumn and spring pests as well • Spring damage is more significant in the recent years • Damage: • Direct damage: Withdrawing the sap from the leaves, the leaves are curling, produces honeydew, where black sooty mold (Cladosporium herbarum) usually occurs • Indirect damage: It is more significant, as vectors of Barley yellow dwarf virus. These aphids often provides the primary source of BYDV infection in early sown winter cereals

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4. Aphids (Aphididae)

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84 Wheat pests – Autumn pests

4. Aphids (Aphididae) • Biology: • 10-15 generations per year • Overwinters in woody plants or herbaceous plants as an egg • Asexual forms not mating, reproducing by ovoviviparae • Control: • Spraying with systemic insecticides • Can be made in autumn and spring as well • Insecticide applications should be applied when aphids reach treatment levels • Heavy rainfall and natural parasitism will significantly reduce aphid populations, so these factors should be considered before applying insecticide applications TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

85 Wheat pests – Autumn pests

5. Other autumn pests • Common vole

• Turnip moth – cutworm

• Chafer grubs

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86 Wheat pests – Spring pests

1. Wheat bugs • Eurygaster austriaca Aelia acuminata Wheat shield bug Bishop’s mitre shield bug

87 Wheat pests – Spring pests

1. Wheat bugs • Adults and larvae are both causing damage • Sucking the stems, causing whitening or even death of the stem • Also sucking on young kernels and semi- ripened grains • Quality of the grain decreases • Depressed germination ability

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1. Wheat bugs • Biology: • One generation per year • Adults overwinters under fallen leaves • 14 eggs/female are laid onto the underside of the leaves • Hibernation starts from June • Control: • Insecticide spraying

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2. Cereal leaf beetles • Blue leaf beetle – Oulema gallaeciana

• Red throated leaf beetle – Oulema melanopus

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2. Cereal leaf beetles • Biology: • Adults overwinters • 1 generation per year • Fly to corn in June • Following emergence, beetles feed, mate and lay eggs for approximately six weeks • 100-400 eggs are laid per female. Larvae emerge from the egg and feed on the upper leaf surface without fully perforating the lower leaf surface

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2. Cereal leaf beetles • Larvae have the interesting habit of covering their body with fecal matter which is thought to protect the larvae from desiccation and predation • Larvae pass through four larval instars before leaving the plant to pupate in cocoons made of mixing their saliva with earth 1.25 to 5 cm deep (red-throated) or in wheat kernels (blue cereal leaf beetle)

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92 Wheat pests – Spring pests

2. Cereal leaf beetles • Adults emerge shortly after (15-20 d) and begin to feed on available crops or wild hosts. Adult feeding is characterized as between vein and completely perforating the leaf tissue • Damage from cereal leaf beetle is apparent when the tips of leaves turn white and the leaves develop white stripes or slits where the beetle has consumed a strip. A field with extensive damage will look frosted or whitewashed

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93 Wheat pests – Spring pests

3. Wheat chafers • Anisoplia lata • Anisoplia austriaca • Anisoplia agricola • Anisoplia segetum

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94 Wheat pests – Spring pests

3. Wheat chafers (Anisoplia spp.) • Damage: • Beetle larvae feed on rotted plant residues in soil and when live plants are present, they eat their root system. • The main damage is done by the beetles simply feeding on grain, converting it into low-value residues and also a lot of grain is knocked out from ears into soil • Biology: • Two years life cycle • Larvae and adults overwinters in the soil • Eggs laid on the soil at the end of June

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95 Wheat pests – Spring pests

3. Wheat chafers (Anisoplia spp.) • Control: • Soil sterilization against larvae • Spraying against adults – only if extremely great numbers are present

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4. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus)

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4. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus) • Most dangerous in monoculture • Flight of adults begin in May • Adults prefer well-developed stems with thick and hollow culms for oviposition • Larva lives inside the stem, feeding on tissues around fiberous vascular bundles • After completion of feeding, the larva saws stem from inside at the height of a few centimeters above tillering node, plugs the stem up with a cork made of sawdust, and weaves a thin, semi-translucent, waterproof cocoon, where it overwinters

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98 Wheat pests – Spring pests

4. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus) • Cold and snowy winters result in a higher mortality of overwintering larvae (50% or more) • Control measures include stubbling and deep autumn plowing-in of stubble; harvesting as early as possible; two-phase harvesting of wheat with a close cut; use of resistant varieties with "filled" stems; and growing of less susceptible crops (oats, millet). • Treatment by chemicals during the period of adult flight is ineffective

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99 Wheat pests – Spring pests

5. Wheat blossom midges – Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana • Contarinia tritici and Sitodiplosis mosellana are the most important pests • The larvae of Contarinia tritici feed on the floral parts of wheat, preventing pollination and development of the grain • The larvae of Sitodiplosis mosellana feed on the developing grain, resulting in reduced grain size and milling/baking qualities • In most seasons and regions, damage is slight. However, S. mosellana in particular can cause serious losses in northern Europe

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5. Wheat blossom midges – Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana • Biology: • One generation per year, larvae overwinters • Eggs laid on the kernels of wheat

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5. Wheat blossom midges – Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana

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10 2 Wheat pests – Spring pests

6. Other spring pests • Wheat thrips (Haplothrips tritici)

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10 3 II. Corn pests Corn cultivation

• Corn is one of the most important cultivated plants in Hungary • 1,1 – 1,2 million hectares • Around 25% of the field crops • The easiest cultivating method • Well profitable • Spacing: 75x18-20 cm • Sowing: April (usually same time of blackthorn blossom) • 10oC soil degree is needed • Seed treatment • Harvest from September to November, ideal is October

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10 5 Corn pests – During the whole vegetation

• Soil borne pests: • Grubs, wireworms

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10 6 Corn pests – During the whole vegetation

• Soil borne pests: • Wireworm damage:

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10 7 Corn pests – During the whole vegetation

• Wireworms are attracted to the carbon dioxide from germinating seeds • They are active in the root zone • They can weaken or kill emerged seedlings by : (1) Feeding on tender young roots (2) Boring into the base of corn plants below ground (3) Drilling upward into stalks of larger corn plants. • Porous well drained loam soils are more likely to be infested with wireworms than are heavy clay soils • Wireworm populations are not uniformly distributed: damaged corn plants may be found next to healthy plants

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10 8 Corn pests – During the whole vegetation

• White grubs have a 3-year life cycle and spend two consecutive seasons pruning roots and eating organic matter in the soil • Chewing results in aboveground stunting and wilting • Leaf tips occasionally turn purple • Control: • Seed treatment protects only the seed and will not protect the seedling following germination • The damage of wireworms are the biggest in corn fields • Crop rotation

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10 9 Corn pests – During germination

1. Turnip moth – cutworm (Scotia segetum) • The larvae are nocturnal feeders, hiding in shadow burrows or under soil clods during the day • Damage: (1) Plants cut a tor just above the soil surface, (2) purplish, lodged plants cut below ground (3) Wilting or dead plants

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11 0 Corn pests – During germination

• Birds – Pheasant, rook • Birds will dig around a seedling with their bill • During the reproductive stages of corn development, blackbirds peel the husks from the tip of the ear back towards the base in very thin strips • The damage of pheasant concentrated only to the field edges • There is no available control method as the earlier seed treatments are forbidden now

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11 1 Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage

• Weevils • Adults are pests, which damages the leaves of corn at 2-4 leaf stage (April- May) • They consume leaves margins and destroy apical meristems. Control measures include limiting maize production to 2 or less years in a crop rotation. Maize and sunflower are necessary to alternate with cereals in crop rotation • They have chewing mouthparts on a "beak" or snout • Adults are more dangerous during the early phase of development shoot, larvae feeds on roots

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11 2 Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage

• Maize leaf weevil, Sugar-beet weevil • They have 1 generation per year • Adults overwintering 20-40 cm deep in the soil • Occurs at early April • Feeds until late May • Eggs are placed on the soil • Adults able to fly just above 20oC • Moving mostly by walking • Biggest damage on field edges

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11 3 Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage

• Black weevil (Psalidium maxillosum), Beet-leaf weevil (Tanymecus palliatus) • Both species have two years life cycle • Overwinters as a larva and an adult (2nd year) • Unable to fly • Larvae feeds on smaller roots, adults on young leaves

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11 4 Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage • Barley frit fly (Oscinella frit) • Main damage caused in wheat, barley and oat fields • The larva burrows into the central shoot and may cause deadheart symptoms in wheat fields • Overwinters as a larva in wheat shoots • 3 generations per year • 1st or 2nd generation occurs in corn

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11 5 Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage

• Barley flea beetle (Phyllotreta vittula)

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11 6 Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage

• Corn is the favourit host plant of the pest • Monovoltine; inhabits wild cereals everywhere • Flight begins at an average daily temperature of 5 degrees Celsius • Warm and dry conditions in summer are favorable for the pest; but prolonged and cold springs decrease population. Adults hibernate after additional feeding in forests, ravines, and forest belts

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11 7 Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage

• Overwintered adults occurs in March • Feeding on weed plants first • Eggs deposited on the soil surface • Larvas hatches in April, adults fly in May • These adults feeding on the leaves of corn plants • As a result of global warming, hybernating starts later, at mid summer – longer damage period

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11 8 Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage

• Cereal leaf beetles – Oulema spp.

Red-throated cereal leaf beetle Blue leaf beetle (Oulema (Oulema melanopus) gallaeciana)

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11 9 Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage

• Cereal leaf beetles – Oulema spp. • More important damage on wheat • Adults overwinters • 1 generation per year • Fly to corn in June • Damage from cereal leaf beetle is apparent when the tips of leaves turn white and the leaves develop white stripes or slits where the beetle has consumed a strip. A field with extensive damage will look frosted or whitewashed

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12 0 Corn pests – During intensive growth

• Aphids – Aphididae • Pest status: Common insects, rarely economic pests • Life cycle: During the summer, all aphids are female and do not need to mate to reproduce; females produce live young (parthenogenesis). • Multiple overlapping generations • Type of damage: Sucks plant sap from leaves, removing water and nutrients. In heavy infestations, honeydew secretions may result in sticky leaves, whorls, and tassels, inhibiting pollen shed and weakening plants

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12 1 Corn pests – During intensive growth

• Aphids – Aphididae 1. Corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) 2. Bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) • Feeds on leaves or tassels and silks • Yellow mottling, wilting and curling on leaves • 10-15 generations, overwinters as an egg • Vector of maize dwarf Copyright: mosaic virus extension.iastate.edu

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12 2 Corn pests – From tasseling

• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)

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12 3 Corn pests – From tasseling

• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) • Pest status: Common insect. Outbreaks in some years and at some location • Life cycle: Mature larvae overwinter in corn stubble, debris and soil, pupate occurs in late spring • Adult moths emerge in May. • Females lay eggs of the 1st generation on the undersides of corn leaves

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12 4 Corn pests – From tasseling

• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) • Eggs hatch within 5-7 days, larvae feed on the leaves or in the whorl • Mature larvae tunnel into stalk to complete development. 1st generation adults emerge, mate, and females lay 2nd generation eggs. 2nd generation larvae bore into the stalk, ear shank, and ear

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12 5 Corn pests – From tasseling

• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) • Type of damage: 1st Generation = Shot holing in the leaves by feeding on the whorl, then tunneling into stalk

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12 6 Corn pests – From tasseling

• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) • 2nd generation (only in middle and southern part of Hungary)= Larvae tunnel into the stalk, shank, and ear. Stalk tunneling weakens plant, disrupts water flow, and creates entry wounds for stalk rot fungus (Fusarium) • Management: • Forecasting: light traps • Control: Chitin synthesis inhibitor: diflubenzuron – active agent • Control against moths and corn rootworm are aggregated

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12 7 Corn pests – From tasseling

• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) • Typical damage:

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12 8 Corn pests – From tasseling

• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) • Larva inside the stem:

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12 9 Corn pests – From tasseling

• Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)

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13 0 Corn pests – From tasseling

• Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) • Greatest problems in seed corn • Come from USA in 1992, since 1995 in Hungary • Monoculture (20%) → crop rotation (80%) • Overwinter as eggs in the soil • Egg hatch, end of May • Adults swarming begin, end of June • Adult damage • Adults: feeding on silks, also on leaves, and soft kernels • Harm: silks are clipped shorter than 2,5 cm before pollination occurs and if adults are still active

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13 1 Corn pests – From tasseling • Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) • Larval damage: • Small larvae feed inside root hairs, tips • Larger larvae feed on large roots, and can severely prune entire nodes of roots • Root loss leads to plant stress from poor water and nutrient uptake • Poor root formation also leads to lodging of plants, harvest problems

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13 2 Corn pests – From tasseling

• Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) • Control: • Larvae: Soil sterilization with sowing, seed treatment • Larvae hatches one month after sowing • By this time insecticides are not effective enough • Adult: damages for a long period, multiple control is needed • Forecasting: • Egg washing method • Swarming, trap • Pheromone traps

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13 3 Corn pests – From tasseling

• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) • Damage: usually feeds on the generative parts of plants (flowers, fruits, seeds) • 2-3 generation per year • The pupa can overwinter under hungarian conditions, diapausing from September

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13 4 Corn pests – From tasseling

• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) • The tiny, white eggs are laid singly on the foliage and fresh corn silk, which is the favorite site for egg deposition • Larvae feed on leaves, tassels, the whorl, and within ears, but the ears are the preferred sites for corn earworm attack

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13 5 Corn pests – From tasseling

• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) • Young larvae feed on corn silks, clipping them off • Shortly thereafter, they bore into the ear where they remain, feeding in the tip area until they exit to pupate in the soil • Eggs hatch in 5 to 7 days following oviposition • Once larvae enter the corn ears, control with insecticides is difficult • Forecasting with pheromone traps • Treatments should be timed to coincide with egg hatch • Direct insecticidal control towards young larvae that are feeding on the exposed ear tips

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13 6 Corn pests – From tasseling

• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) • In sweet corn, where tolerance for worm damage is low, timing of insecticide treatments is critical: begin treatments during silking stage, at the start of egg hatch • Before silking stage no control is needed, even at high pheromone trap catches • Treatments are usually not needed on field or silage corn

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13 7 Corn pests – From tasseling

• Mammal pests • European hamster

• Wild boar

• Deers Copyright: www.huntinginhungary.com

13 8 Corn pests – From tasseling

• Mammal pests • Causing great harm when corn matures • Feeds on corn ears and kernels • European badger: Chewing the corn ears

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13 9 III. Sunflower pests Sunflower pests

• Soil borne pests • Grubs and wireworms feeding on the root system • Plants are tasseling, often die • Control: • Soil sterilizers • Vine chafer can damage the sunflowers’ foliage • Cutworms • 2 generation per year, overwinters as a larva • Larvae chew off the base of the plants, or bore into the sunflower stem

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14 1 Sunflower pests

• From emergence to ten leaf stage

• Turnip moth – cutworm – Agrotis segetum • Weevils – See corn pests • Darkling beetle – Opatrum sabulosum • Tarnished plant bug - Lygus rugulipennis • Lucerne bug - Adelphocoris lineolatus • Birds – Pheasant, pigeons • Mammals – as usual in field crops

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14 2 Sunflower pests

• During intensive growth

• Tarnished plant bug - Lygus rugulipennis • Lucerne bug - Adelphocoris lineolatus • Black bean aphid - Aphis fabae • Leafcurl plum aphid - Brachycaudus helichrysi • Spider mites – Tetranychidae • Onion thrips – Thrips tabaci • Larvae of noctuid moths – Noctuidae • Roe deer

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14 3 Sunflower pests

• During reproductive stages

• Tarnished plant bug - Lygus rugulipennis • Lucerne bug - Adelphocoris lineolatus • Sunflower moth - Homoesoma nebulellum • Cotton bollworm - Helicoverpa armigera • Corn rootworm - Diabrotica virgifera virgifera • Birds – Sparrow, pigeon

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14 4 Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage

• Weevils • Young plants are damaged by the adults • They chew on the leaf margins, when high numbers occurs, can completely defoliate the plant • Usually damaging in May • Larvae develop in the rooting system, without causing significant damage

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14 5 Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage

• Weevils • Damage:

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14 6 Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage

• Mammals: 1. European hare (Lepus europeus) 2. Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) • Damage: • Gnaw off the plants, treads down the field crops. Deer damage is easily recognized because, lacking upper front incisors, deer can only grind and chew with their molars. The plants may be pulled out of the ground • After damaged sunflower can shoot again, but it branches and the heads will be less.

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14 7 Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage

• Tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis)

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14 8 Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage

• Tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis) • Damage: • The tarnished plant bug feed preferentially on either the developing reproductive organs or on the apical meristematic and leaf primordial tissue causing a necrosis around the feeding site due to the injection of enzymes. This tissue destruction causes the brown spot on the sunflower kernel and can also result in a bitter taste to the seeds

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14 9 Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage

• Tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis) • Life cycle: • Two generation per year • Adults overwinters in litter • Occurs from May to September • Larvae are green, similar to adults, but wings lacking • Control: • Insecticide treatments with pyrethroids have reduced feeding damage by Lygus bugs when applied at the beginning of flowering Copyright: www.insecte.org TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

15 0 Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage

• Lucerne bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus) • More dangerous than the tarnished plant bug

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15 1 Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage

• Lucerne bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus) • Adults and larvae feeding during the whole vegetation • Cause leaf curling in the young plants • Deformating the flowers, by sucking • Eggs are placed into the stems in a batch in an irregular longitudinal row

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15 2 Sunflower pests – During intensive growth

• Aphids – Aphididae

1. Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) – 10- 15 generations, eggs overwinters in spindle bush

2. Leafcurl plum aphid (Brachycaudus helichrysi) – 10-15 generations, eggs overwinters in plum tree

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15 3 Sunflower pests – During intensive growth

• Aphids – Aphididae • Aphids sucking on the plants and deformating the leaves • Vectors of several viruses, including CMV – Cucumber mosaic virus • Occurs from May • Migrate back to woody plants in September • Control: Systemic insecticides, if needed

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15 4 Sunflower pests – During intensive growth

• Aphids – Aphididae

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15 5 Sunflower pests – During intensive growth

• Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) • Worldwide pest with several host plants, including vegetables, field crops, ornamentals • Damage: Sucking damage, removal of chlorophyll causes the feeding area to appear white to silvery in color. Areas of leaf injury can occur as patches and streaks • When feeding injury is severe,leaves take on a silvery cast and can wither • Vector of severe viruses

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15 6 Sunflower pests – During intensive growth

• Spider mites – Tetranychidae • Occasional pests • Feeding on the underside of the leaves • Can be introduced to the field from the orchards nearby, with the help of wind

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15 7 Sunflower pests – During intensive growth • Diurnal noctuid moths – Noctuidae 1. Silver Y moth (Autographa gamma) 2. Shoulder-striped clover (Heliothis maritima)

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15 8 Sunflower pests – During intensive growth

• Diurnal noctuid moths – Noctuidae • There are two generations per year and overwinters as a pupa, 10-20 cm deep in the soil • The first flight usually starts in Hungary in May, and the second flight in August • The eggs laid into the leaves of host plants. They move to the soil for overwintering in September • The silver Y moth never overwinters in Hungary, it is a migrant moth, usually overwinters in South Europe. • Control: • Chemical: Against young larvae, feeding on the leaves

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15 9 Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages

• Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)

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16 0 Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages

• Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) • Damage: • Usually feeds on the generative part of the plants, includes flowers, seeds etc. • The larva damage the head of the sunflower, can cause 30- 50% damage • Young larvae can feed on the foliage

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16 1 Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages

• Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) • Biology: • In Hungary there are 2-3 generations per year • The pupa is able to overwinter in Hungary. • The first flight occurs at the end of May, the second in July, while the third in September. The eggs laid into the backstroke of the leaves. The diapausing start at the end of September. • Forecasting: • Sex pheromone traps • Control: • Spraying is not always effective due to the undercover life of the larvae. They cause harm on the generative parts – timing of spray. Damaged parts are entry hole for fungal diseases

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16 2 Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages

• Sunflower moth (Homoesoma nebulellum)

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16 3 Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages

• Sunflower moth (Homoesoma nebulellum) • Nowadays is a minor pest due to the developed morphological resistance – phytomelan layer thickness in seeds • Biology: • 2-3 generations per year, larvae overwinters is the soil • Eggs are deposited on the surface of open sunflower heads. First instars feed primarily on pollen. Second instars feed on pollen, and may burrow through the corolla to feed on pollen inside disk flowers. Feeding by third instars may sever the style and prevent the ovary from being fertilized, resulting in empty seeds.

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16 4 Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages

• Sunflower moth (Homoesome nebulellum)

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16 5 Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages

• Sunflower moth (Homoesome nebulellum) • Third instars also begin feeding on ovaries. Larval feeding until maturity results in an average of about 96 damaged disk flowers and about 23 damaged ovaries per larva. As they feed, larvae spin a webbing over the face of the sunflower head. The accumulated debris in the larval webbing and damage caused by larval feeding predispose the head to Rhizopus infection. Mature larvae move to the ground where they spin overwintering cocoons

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16 6 Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages

• Sunflower moth (Homoesoma nebulellum) • Control: • A number of tachinid and hymenopteran parasitoids attack the sunflower moth and aid in its control, but other methods are often needed • Sunflower is usually attacked by second (and sometimes third) generations, coming from surrounding Asteraceae weeds • Can be forecasted with pheromone traps • Resistance breeding is the best

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16 7 IV. Rapeseed pests Rapeseed pests

• Two-four leaf stage pests (in September) • Turnip Sawfly (Athalia rosae) • Mustard Sawfly (Athalia glabricollis) • Cabbage steam flea beetle (Psylloides chrysocephala) • Cabbage flea beetles (Phyllotreta species) • aphids • Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) • Turnip Moth (Agrotis segetum = Scotia segetum) • Silver Y Moth (Autographa gamma) • Diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis) • soilborne pests (white grubs, wireworms)

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16 9 Rapeseed pests

• Pests of stem elongation stage (in March) • Cabbage Stem Weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus = C. quadridens) • Cabbage Seed Weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus = C. assimilis) • Rape Stem Weevil (Ceutorhynchus napi) • Black Turnip Ceutorhynchus (Ceutorhynchus picitarsis) • Rutabaga Barid (Baris coerulescens)

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17 0 Rapeseed pests

• Pests from stem elongation to „yellow bud” stage (in April) • Green-veined White (Pieris napi) • Cabbage White (Pieris rapae) • Large White (Pieris brassicae) • Pollen beetles (Meligethes spp.)

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17 1 Rapeseed pests

• Pests of the flowering stage (in May) • Pod Gall Midge (Dasyneura brassicae) • Blossom Feeder (Tropinota hirta = Epicometis hirta) • Hawthorn Alleculid Beetle (Omophlus proteus) • leaf hoppers (Auchenorrhyncha)

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17 2 Rapeseed pests • Turnip sawfly – Athalia rosae • Adult emerges in May and June • After feeding, the females laterally incise the leaves and deposit their eggs one by one in the small chambers. Females laid approximately 300 eggs • Larvae feed on the leaves. At 20°C, they consume twice their own weight in 24 hours. Pupation occurs after 10 to 13 days in the upper layers of the ground at a depth of 1 to 5 cm, inside a cocoon. • The final larval stage hibernates underground in a cocoon.

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17 3 Rapeseed pests

• Cabbage Steam Flea beetle - Psylliodes chrysocephala • Young adult appears in May-June • After 10 to 15 days, the female starts to lay eggs. It stops when the temperature falls below 0°C, and starts again at the end of the winter. Total fecundity 70 to 150 eggs. • After larvae hatching, it penetrates the plant by the upper surface of the petiole of one of the oldest leaves • Pupation occurs in the ground

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17 4 Rapeseed pests

• Cabbage flea beetles - Phyllotreta spp.

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17 5 Rapeseed pests

• Cabbage flea beetles - Phyllotreta spp. • Overwintered adults are usually active in the fields until late June, feeding on the foliage and depositing their eggs in the soil • The larvae can be found in the root zone of host plants during June and July • The pupal stage occurs from early to mid-July • The new generation are present from late July to early September • They can be found feeding on cultivated cruciferous crops and weeds • The summer generation will move to overwintering sites in late autumn.

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17 6 Rapeseed pests

Cabbage flea beetles - Phyllotreta spp. • One generation per year • They emerge from the overwintering sites during early spring when temperature is above of 5 Celsius degree • Overwintered adults feed on seedling cruciferous host plants. Summer adults feed on the pods of oilseed rape, mustard and other cruciferous crops and weeds • Damage: • Adult attacks rape seedlings and can totally destroy the crop. The plants attacked by the larvae become bushy and stunted. Maturity is irregular and the yield is reduced

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17 7 Rapeseed pests • Cabbage Aphid - Brevicoryne brassicae • Insects form big colonies, reaching large numbers when flowering • Spring larvae hatch at the daily average temperature 7-8°C. • There are 6-8 generations a year • At high insect numbers, the yield may decrease by 34-62%

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17 8 Rapeseed pests

• Cabbage Seed Weevil - Ceutorhynchus obstrictus • Overwintered adults appear in April after average daily temperature reaches 7–8°C • At first, the beetles appear on wild crucifers; later they migrate to cruciferous cultures • Adults feed on stems, pedicles, buds, gnawing small cavities • Oviposition continues from the 2nd half of May to the end of June • Fertility is about 40-150 eggs • Main damage occurs during larval stage • Pupation occurs in the soil • Adults hibernate

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17 9 Rapeseed pests

• Cabbage Stem Weevil - Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus • One generation in a year • Adults overwinter in leaf litter • Eggs are laid into the petiole of the upper leaves. Larval development requires 25–35 days in May • Larva consumes the tissues of the petioles and the stem. • The fully developed larva drops itself on the ground, enters the soil and pupates

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18 0 Rapeseed pests

• Rape Stem Weevil - Ceutorhynchus napi • One generation per year • The adult hibernates in the soil of rape fields • Egg-laying begins 10 to 20 days after the first emergence • There are 3 larval instars which last 30 to 40 days on winter rape • It feeds on the stem pith; having reached maturity, it leaves through an exit hole formed in the stem level with the petiole of a low leaf and buries itself to pupate into the soil • The damage is essentially caused by egg laying. The presence of the egg in the stem induces a cancer • Secondary organism, such as Phoma can occur

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

18 1 Rapeseed pests

• Rape Stem Weevil - Ceutorhynchus napi

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18 2 Rapeseed pests

• Common Pollen Beetle - Meligethes aeneus • Fecundity: 250 eggs; but there is high level of adult mortality • Oviposition begins towards the end of March or beginning of April • Adults enters to overwinter in sheltered situations by the end of July

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

18 3 Rapeseed pests

• Common Pollen Beetle - Meligethes aeneus • Damage: • Damage is caused by the pollinivorous adults • Prior to flowering, the adults bite holes into the buds to reach the stamens and feed on the pollen • Once flowering has begun, the beetle eats the now freshly available pollen and damage is negligible

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18 4 V. Alfalfa pests Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa cultivation • Alfalfa is usually cultivated for 2-4 years • Cultivation is recommended due to nitrogen fixation of alfalfa on the soil

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18 6 Alfalfa pests

• Soil borne pests • Soil borne pests occurs during the whole vegetation, but doesn’t cause significant damage in alfalfa • The problem is, that in alfalfa these pests can pile up very well – cause harm in the next plant culture

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18 7 Alfalfa pests

• Winter and early spring pests • Sitona spp. – Sitona weevils • Otiorrhynchus ligustici- Alfalfa Snout Beetle • Microtus arvalis – Common vole • Spring pests • Weevils – See: Corn and sunflower pests • Lygus spp. – Lygus bugs

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18 8 Alfalfa pests

• Pests of intensive growth • Soil borne pests – Grubs, wireworms • Sitona weevils • Phytodecta fornicata – Lucerne leaf beetle • Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata – alfalfa lady beetle • Phytonomus variablis – Alfalfa weevil • Lygus spp. – Lygus bugs

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18 9 Alfalfa pests

• Pests of intensive growth • Acyrtosiphon pisum – pea aphid • Noctuidae – Diurnal noctuid moths • Plagionotus floralis – lucerne longicorn • Microtus arvalis - common vole

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19 0 Alfalfa pests

• Seed pests:

• Contarinia medicaginis – Lucerne flower midge • Adelphocoris lineolatus – Lucerne plant bug • Tychius flavus – Lucerne seed weevil • Bruchophagus roddi – Alfalfa seed chalcid

• Pod pests:

• Heliothis maritima - Shoulder-striped Clover • Helicoverpa armigera – Cotton bollworm

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19 1 Alfalfa pests

• Common vole (Microtus arvalis) • 6-8 litter per year, with 3 to 8 juveniles • They haven’t got winter sleep, and cause harm at wintertime as well • Alfalfa is accumulator area for them • Feeds on green parts and with its holes enhance the negative effect of winter frost • Control with redentin from November to March (chlorphacinone) • Biological control: Establishing „T“-standards for raptors (predatory birds)

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19 2 Alfalfa pests

• Lucerne longicorn beetle (Plagionotus floralis) • Not an important pest • The larva chews uprightly in the main root, causing yellowing and death • Adult is not a pest

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19 3 Alfalfa pests

• Lucerne longicorn beetle (Plagionotus floralis) • Biology: • One generation per year • Larva overwinters in the main root • Adults occurs from May, they are pollen feeders • Eggs laid to the base of the plants in July • Larvae damaging from July to October

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19 4 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici)

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19 5 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici) • The larva of this pest can develop only in alfalfa roots • Therefore this pest, however polyphagous mainly damaging alfalfa • Adults are unable to fly, so can occur only near alfalfa fields

19 6 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici) • Damage: • Adults feeds on the leaves • Larvae causing wilting or even death, by chewing on the rooting system

19 7 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici) • Biology: • One generation per two year • Adults occurs from March • There are only females, reproduction by parthenogenesis • Eggs laid in May 1-2 cm deep in the soil near the plant • Larvae hatches in June and damaging the roots until November, when overwinters • In the next year larvae damaging till mid- summer, than pupate in the soil • Control against it is unnecessery

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19 8 Alfalfa pests

• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)

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19 9 Alfalfa pests

• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.) • They are damaging all legumin plants (pea, bea, soybean) • Adults causing U-like damage in the leaves • Larvae feeds on the roots - causing no important damage

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20 0 Alfalfa pests

• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.) • Biology: • Adults are early emerging from the soil and damaging plants from March to June • Only one generation per year and overwintering as an adult • Larvae damaging in summer • Than adults emerge again and feeds till hibernation • Spring damage is more significant

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20 1 Alfalfa pests

• Lucerne leaf beetle (Phytodecta fornicata)

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20 2 Alfalfa pests

• Lucerne leaf beetle (Phytodecta fornicata) • Adults and larvae are both pests • Biology: • One generation per year • Overwinters in adult stage • Adults flies in April • Eggs are laid in May • In the end of May development is completed, new adults emerge, but starts hibernating without damaging the plants

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20 3 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa lady beetle (Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata)

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20 4 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa lady beetle (Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata)

• 1-2 generation per year • Adults overwinters • First generation flies in April, second in June • Eggs are laid onto the underside of the leaves

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

20 5 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa lady beetle (Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata)

• Adults and larvae are both pests • They feeds on the foliage, rarely feeding on the flowers • Leaves stay small and often falling down

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20 6 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus variablis)

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20 7 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus variablis) • Both adults and larvae are damaging the foliage of the plant • The only weevil larva, which lives in the foliage

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

20 8 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus variablis) • Biology: • 1 generation per year • Adults overwinter • Adults occur from May, eggs are laid in June • Fully developed adults starts hibernating in July

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20 9 Alfalfa pests

• Pea aphid (Acyrtosiphon pisi)

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21 0 Alfalfa pests

• Pea aphid (Acyrtosiphon pisi) • Permitted to sow pea, near alfalfa field • Noxious pest of these two plant • They are sucking the plant sap, plants are dwarfing, seed production decreases • Vectors of lucerne mosaic virus • 10-15 generation per year • They can occur in pea and alfalfa as well, but overwintering eggs are laid on the alfalfa only

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21 1 Alfalfa pests

• Lygus bugs (Lygus spp.) • Most dangerous in seed production • By sucking on the plant cause wilting • 2-3 generation per year, eggs overwinters in the plant stem • Eggs are placed inside the stem

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21 2 Alfalfa pests

• Lucerne flower midge (Contarinia medicaginis)

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21 3 Alfalfa pests

• Lucerne flower midge (Contarinia medicaginis) • Larvae are flower pests • Flowers become galls due to their damage • Eggs are placed onto flowers • Larvae develops within two weeks • 3 generation per year • Overwinters as a pupa

21 4 Alfalfa pests

• Lucerne seed weevil (Tychius flavus)

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21 5 Alfalfa pests

• Lucerne seed weevil (Tychius flavus) • Damage: • Adults and larvae are both pests • Larval damage is more important , because it feeds on the seeds, which looses the germinating ability • Biology: • One generation / adults overwinters • Eggs are placed on the flowers • Larvae feeds on 3-4 seeds, during developing • Becomes pupa in August

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21 6 Alfalfa pests

• Alfalfa seed chalcid (Bruchophagus roddi)

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21 7 Alfalfa pests • Alfalfa seed chalcid (Bruchophagus roddi) • Only the larva is a pest • 3-4 generations / larvae overwinters in the Copyright: www.cals.uidaho.edu soil • Eggs are placed on the seeds • Larvae developing inside the seeds, which takes around one month • Drop to the soil in August and overwintering there • Preventive technology: at seed harvest, do not blow light fraction (containing diapausing larvae) back to the field, from the pneumatic separator of the combine

harvester. Copyright: www.alfalfa.okstate.edu TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

21 8 VI. Pea pests Pea pests

• Pea cultivation • Pea is the cultivated plant, which requires the shortest time • Always sowed • Spacing: 12x3-5 cm • Sowed early in the season, sometimes in February • Harvested in late May or early June

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22 0 Pea pests

• Pests after sowing • Sitona weevils • Weevils (See corn and sunflower pests) • Birds (rook, pheasant)

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22 1 Pea pests

• Pests at 20 cm stage: • Scotia segetum – turnip moth • Pea aphid – Acyrtosiphon pisum

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22 2 Pea pests

• Pests at intensive growth • Diurnal noctuid moths - Noctuidae • Pea aphid

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22 3 Pea pests

• Seed pests: • Kakothrips pisivorus - Pea thrips • Aoromius quinquepunctatus - Pea weevil • Laspeyresia nigricana – Pea moth • Etiella zinckenella – limabean pod borer • Bruchus pisorum – bruchid pea weevil

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22 4 Pea pests

• Mammal pests:

• European hare • Roe deer • Can cause great harm after emerging the plant, by chewing it off

22 5 Pea pests

• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.) • Biology: • Adults are erly emerging from the soil and damaging plants from March to June • Only one generation per year and overwintering as an adult • Larvae damaging in summer • Then adults emerge again and feeds till hibernation • Spring damage is more significant • Sitona weevils causes bigger harm in the pea than in alfalfa • They are damaging the emerging, young plants

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22 6 Pea pests

• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.) • Typical damage:

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22 7 Pea pests

• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.) • Adult weevil:

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22 8 Pea pests

• Pea aphid (Acyrtosiphon pisum) • Very important pest in pea • Only asexual forms are present in the pea • Sucking damage causes wilting, roting • They are virus vectors as well • When harvesting, females move back to alfalfa • Control: • Systemic insecticides

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22 9 Pea pests

• Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus)

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23 0 Pea pests

• Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus) • Larvae and adults sucking on the leaves and pods • White spots in the plants • Pods become smaller • Only 2-3 seeds in the pods (normal is 5-6)

23 1 Pea pests

• Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus) • Biology: • 1 generation / year, overwinters as a larva • Adults occurs in May • Eggs are placed on the flowers • Before harvesting, at June, hibernation begins • Control: • Systemic insecticides has good efficiacy • Important to avoid natural enemies, including bugs, predatory thrips, etc..

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

23 2 Pea pests

• Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus) • Typical damage:

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23 3 Pea pests

• Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus)

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23 4 Pea pests

• Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus) • Larvae are more dangerous • They are feeds inside the seeds • Adults are pests of green parts, without causing important damage

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

23 5 Pea pests

• Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus) • Biology: • 1 generation / year, adults overwinters • Occurs from April • Adults are long – living, until September • Eggs are placed on the pods in May – June • Larvae feeding inside the pods (2-3 larvae / pod) • Pupation takes place in the soil • Control: • The targeted stage should be the adult • Contact insecticides can be effective

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

23 6 Pea pests

• Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus) • Typical damage:

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23 7 Pea pests

• Pea bruchid weevil (Bruchus pisorum) • Adult has no significant damage • They emerge from April • Pupating inside the seeds

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23 8 Pea pests

• Pea bruchid weevil (Bruchus pisorum) • Biology: • 1 generation / year, overwinters as an adult • Eggs placed on the pods • Larvae chew into the seed – always one larva per seed • Developing inside the seed for 5-6 weeks • After pupation in a hole, emerging from the seed and starts hibernating • Control: • Control in the store, with special gas active ingredients

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23 9 Pea pests

• Pea bruchid weevil (Bruchus pisorum) • Typical damage:

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24 0 Pea pests

• Pea moth (Cydia nigricana), Limabean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella)

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24 1 Pea pests

• Pea moth (Cydia nigricana), Limabean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) • The two moth has similar damage, however selective pheromone traps are available • Larvae webbing inside the pods • Biology: • Larvae overwinters in the soil or in the surface of it • Pea moth has 1, limabean pod borer has 2 generation per year • Only the second generation of pod borer occurs in soybean • They flies in June – July • Eggs are placed on the pods

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24 2 Pea pests

• Pea moth (Cydia nigricana), Limabean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) • Typical damage:

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24 3 Pea pests

• Pea moth (Cydia nigricana), Limabean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) • Typical damage:

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24 4 VII. Potato pests Potato pests

• Soil borne pests • Common cockchafer – Melolontha melolontha • Wireworms • Potato cyst nematodes - Globodera rostochienis, G. pallida • Potato tuber nematode - Ditylenchus destructor • Common vole - Microtus arvalis • Turnip moth – Agrotis segetum

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24 6 Potato pests

• Pests of green parts • Colorado potato beetle - Leptinotarsa decemlineata • Potato tuberworm moth - Gnorimoschema operculellum (quarantine, not present at the moment) • Peach-potato aphid - Myzus persicae • Buckthorn aphid - Aphis nasturtii • Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani • Black blister beetle - Epicauta rufidorsum • Common vole - Microtus arvalis • Wild boar - Sus scrofa • Deers

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24 7 Potato pests – Soil borne pests

• They are important, because feeding on the edible parts of the plants • Grub damage: Damage appears as large, shallow, irregular and ridged gouges. Gouges are usually a quarter to a half inch deep running along the surface of the tuber and not drilled into the tuber as one would see with wireworm holes

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24 8 Potato pests – Soil borne pests

• Cutworm damage: • Spotty damage on leaves and tubers • Tunneling into tubers and feeding on young plants

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24 9 Potato pests – Soil borne pests

• Cyst nematodes: • They are quarantine pests • Spreaded in Hungary after EU accession (due to the lack of quarantine examinations in borders) • If they are present, cultivating potato is not permitted for 15 years • Males are eel-like, while females are bottle-like • Mated female conformate to cyst, which is viable for 15-20 years

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

25 0 Potato pests – Soil borne pests

• Cyst nematodes: • Biology: • One generation per year, overwinters as a cyst • A cyst consist of larvae and eggs • If conditions are appropriate, larvae occur from May and starts feeding on the roots • They are only potato pests

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

25 1 Potato pests – Soil borne pests

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25 2 Potato pests – Soil borne pests

• Cyst nematodes: • Damage: • The first symptoms of infestation are typically poor plant growth, chlorosis, and wilting. Heavy infestations can lead to reduced root systems, water stress, and nutrient deficiencies, while indirect effects of an infestation include premature senescence and increased susceptibility to fungal infections

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25 3 Potato pests – Soil borne pests

• Cyst nematodes: • Detection: • Soil sampling • Cyst washing • Petri-dish method • Control: • 10-15 years crop rotation

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25 4 Potato pests – Soil borne pests • Potato tuber nematode: • Not only potato but a sugarbeet pest • It has 10-12 generations per year • Damage: • Early infections can be detected by peeling the tuber which can reveal small, off-white spots in the otherwise healthy flesh. These later enlarge, darken, are woolly in texture and may be slightly hollow at the centre

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25 5 Potato pests – Soil borne pests

• Potato tuber nematode: • Description: • Adults of D. destructor are minute worm-like animals, 0.8-1.4 mm in length and 23-47 μm in diameter. Considerable morphometric variation occurs in adults according to their host and/or age. Males and females are similar in general appearance

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25 6 Potato pests – Soil borne pests

• Potato tuber nematode: • Control: • Treatment with soil-applied nematicides can provide a high level of control but can be expensive • Granulated nematicides such as carbofuran were reported to be effective against the nematode • Control by crop rotation is possible using non-host crops • It is important to control weeds carefully because of the polyphagous habit of D. destructor • The use of nematode-free seed potatoes is an essential component of any control programme

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25 7 Potato pests – Soil borne pests

• Potato tuber nematode:

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25 8 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Colorado beetle: • Present in Hungary from 1947 • Became the most dangerous potato pest

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25 9 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Colorado beetle: • Damage: • They may also cause significant damage to tomatoes and eggplants • Both adults and larvae chewing on foliage and may completely eliminate the crop • Biggest damage is caused by the fourth instar larva and the adult beetle (80%)

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26 0 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Colorado beetle: • Biology: • Two generations per year, overwinters as an adult • Colorado potato beetle females are very prolific; they can lay as many as 800 eggs to the underside of the leaves

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26 1 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Colorado beetle: • Biology: • As they are adopted to long day period, first generation lays more eggs, than the second • Adults occur from May, they are long-living – both generations can be present

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26 2 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Colorado beetle: • The first through third instars each last about 2-3 days; the fourth, 4-7 days • Upon reaching full size, each fourth instar spends an additional several days as a non-feeding prepupa, which can be recognized by its inactivity and lighter coloration • The prepupae drop to the soil and burrow to a depth of several inches, then pupate

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26 3 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Colorado beetle: • Control: • Resistence for several insecticides were reported • Young larvae should be the targeted group • Effective agents are neonictionoids • BT pesticides in biofarming as well

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26 4 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Colorado beetle: Serious damage

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26 5 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae: • Damage: • Big colonies sucking on host plants • Leaves become yellow, dwarfing, yield reducing • Indirect damage as virus vectors: Potato Y virus, Potato leafroll virus

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26 6 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae: • Biology: • Overwinters as an egg in peach trees, where the 1-4 generations develop

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26 7 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae: • Biology: • Winged forms migrate to potato, where sevaral more generations develop • In the potato only asexual forms are present, with ovovivipar reproduction

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26 8 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae: • In september migrate back to peach, where sexual reproduction take place • Forecasting with yellow pan trap • Control: • Systemic insecticides

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26 9 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani • Become recently noxious due to the vector role of stolbur phytoplasma

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27 0 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani • Damage: • Sucking on the underside of leaves • Withdrawing the sap from the cells – causing white pots

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27 1 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani • Biology: • Overwinters as an adult • 2-4 overlapping generations per year • Occurs from July to September in potato • Alfalfa and apple pests as well • Control: • Systemic insecticides

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27 2 Potato pests – Pests of green parts

• Black blister beetle - Epicauta rufidorsum • Occasionally pest • Feeds on the foliage, without causing economically important damage

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27 3 VIII. Rice pests Rice pests

• Rice cultivation • In Hungary it decreased to a minimal level • Now cultivated only in the Great Plain, near Szarvas

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27 5 Rice pests

• Rice cultivation: • Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is very labor-intensive to cultivate and requires plenty of water for cultivation • Rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

27 6 Rice pests

• Rice production • World production of rice[27] has risen steadily from about 200 million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 600 million tonnes in 2004 • In 2004, the top four producers were China (26% of world production), India (20%), Indonesia (9%) and Bangladesh (5%)

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

27 7 Rice pests

• Pests at germination • Birds – pigeon, rook

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27 8 Rice pests

• Pests of underwater parts • Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis • Buzzer midge - Chironomus plumosus

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27 9 Rice pests

• Pests of green parts • Non-biting midge - Trichocladius (Cricotopus) bicinctus • Smaller rice leaf miner - Hydrellia griseola • Rice leaf nematoda - Aphelenchoides bessey • Brown china-mark - Nymphula nymphaeata • Sugarcane borer - Diatraea (Chilo) saccharalis

28 0 Rice pests

• Seed pests: • Birds • Common vole – Microtus arvalis • Birds usually feeds on badly sowed seeds • They may dig out the seeds from the soil • They also damages the ripening seeds

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

28 1 Rice pests

• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis • Damage: • They feeds on newly germinated plants • Also feeds on stems of more developed plants • Plant parts are visible, swimming everywhere in the field

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28 2 Rice pests

• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis

• Biology: • To complete their lives, tadpole shrimps depend on the changing nature of the temporary waters they inhabit. During the dry season (summer and fall), they stay inside the eggs. As the pool fills with rainwater during the winter and spring, they hatch and feed on fairy shrimps and other invertebrates. The first larval stage (the metanauplius) is orange in color. It has a single eye and six legs, and develops through instars (growth stages

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28 3 Rice pests

• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis • Biology: • They have one generation per year • Eggs are able to hatch only after frost • Larvae hatch at May • Eggs are viable up to5-10 years

28 4 Rice pests

• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis • Control: • Crop rotation • Rolling after sowing

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28 5 Rice pests

• Buzzer midge • Damage: • Larvae cause the damage, by chewing apart young plants up to 12 cm • It is not a pest of rice, sowed into the soil

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28 6 Rice pests

• Buzzer midge • Biology: • 3-4 generation per year • Overwinters as a larva in the soil • First generation flies from April • First and second generations are recommended as rice pests • Eggs are laid onto he water surface, later lower down

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28 7 Rice pests

• Buzzer midge • Red coloured larvae feeding for 5-6 weeks • They can reproduce only in standard waters • Control: • Water drainage

(Diatraea (Chilo) saccharalis

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

28 8 Thank you for your attention

Sipos Péter Dr. Zsolt Marczali

Georgikon Kar Növényvédelmi Intézet

AZ ELŐADÁS LETÖLTHETŐ: -