Module of Applied Entomology Field pests - in temperate zone of Europe - Georgikon Kar Növényvédelmi Intézet AZ ELŐADÁS LETÖLTHETŐ: - Main topics •Polyphagous field pests •Wheat pests •Corn pests •Sunflower pests Main topics •Rapeseed pests •Alfalfa and pea pests •Potato pests •Rice pests I. Polyphagous field pests Polyphagous field pests • PHYTOPHAGY: • MONOPHAGOUS SPECIES: • Feed on only one plant taxon • OLIGOPHAGOUS SPECIES: Feed on a few plant taxa (for example: one plant-family) • POLYPHAGOUS SPECIES (generalist): Feed on many plant taxa TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 5 Polyphagous field pests • POLYPHAGOUS PESTS: • Cockchafers’ (Melolonthidae) larvae (grubs) • Click beetles’ (Elateridae) larvae (wireworms) • Noctuid moths’ (Noctuidae) larvae (caterpillars) • Rodents (common vole, gopher, hamster) • Games (rabbit, roe-deer, red-deer, wild boar) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 6 Polyphagous field pests • COCKCHAFERS: • 12 species living in Hungary • The most importants are the followings: 1. Common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 7 Polyphagous field pests 2. Forest cockchafer (Melolontha hippocastani) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 8 Polyphagous field pests 3. April beetle (Rhizotrogus aequinoctialis) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 9 Polyphagous field pests 4. Summer chafer (Amphimallon solstitiale) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 10 Polyphagous field pests 5. June beetle (Polyphylla fullo) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 11 Polyphagous field pests 6. Vine chafer (Anomala vitis) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 12 Polyphagous field pests 7. Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) – absent in Europe, quarantine pest TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 13 Polyphagous field pests Larvae – the grubs Economic importance: 10- 40% damage • The grubs attacks the rooting system • Most dangeorous when recently planted TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 14 Polyphagous field pests Life cycle • The development takes three years • Most dangerous is the third instar larva (80% of the full damage) • 5-10 cm deep – summer • 20-40 cm deep – winter • Adults live approx. two weeks • Egg hatching needs moisture TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 15 Polyphagous field pests Control: • Damage threshold level: 1.2 larva/m2 • Soil sterilization before planting • Seed treatment • Biological control (entomopathogenic nematodes) • Less effective in orchards TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 16 Polyphagous field pests • Click beetles (Elateridae) Photograph copyright: ozwildlife TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 17 Polyphagous field pests 1. Western click beetle (Agriotes ustulatus) (foto www.kerbtier.de) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 18 Polyphagous field pests 2. Dusky click beetle (Agriotes obscurus) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 19 Polyphagous field pests 3. Lined click beetle (Agriotes lineatus) Copyright:http://molbiol.ru TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 20 Polyphagous field pests 4. Common click beetle (Agriotes sputator) Copyright: www.eakringbirds.com TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 21 Polyphagous field pests • Wireworms • The larvae called: wireworms – cause the damage • The adults feeds on pollen • Economic importance: 10 – 20% damage Copyright: entomology.ucdavis.edu TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 22 Polyphagous field pests • Typical life cycle of click beetles Copyright: omafra.gov.on.ca TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 23 Polyphagous field pests • Control: • Damage threshold level may vary by sites / year / culture: 2-5 larva/ m2 • Soil sterilization before planting • Seed treatment • Biological control (entomopathogenic nematodes) • For good efficacy, special skill / practice is needed TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 24 Polyphagous field pests • Noctuid moths (Noctuidae) • Nocturnal • Diurnal TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 25 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths 1. Turnip moth (Scotia segetum) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 26 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths 2. Dart moth (Agrotis exclamationis) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 27 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths 3. Spotted cutworm (Amathes c-nigrum) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 28 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths 4. Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 29 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths 5. Euxoa temera Copyright: fr.academic.ru TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 30 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths • Turnip moth damage • The seedlings can be totally bored through • The larva chew rings around the stems TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 31 Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths • Biology and control of turnip moth • Two generations per year • First fly in May • Damage can be observed from May to October • The eggs laid into the surface of the soil • Control is very difficult TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 32 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 1. Silver Y moth (Autographa gamma) Copyright: gardener.wikia.com TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 33 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 2. Shoulder-striped Clover (Heliothis maritima) Copyright: www.jpmoth.org TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 34 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Copyright: bayercropscience.co.za TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 35 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) • One of the most dangerous pests worldwide • Host plants includes vegetables, field crops and ornamentals • Damage: usually feeds on the generative parts of plants (flowers, fruits, seeds) • 2-(3) generation per year • The pupa can overwinter under Hungarian conditions, diapausing from September • Forecasting with sex pheromone traps TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 36 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Damage on corn: TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 37 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Damage on pepper: TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 38 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Damage on tomato: TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 39 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Damage on alfalfa: TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 40 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 4. Cabbage armyworm (Mamestra brassicae) Copyright: russellipm-agriculture.com TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 41 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths 5. Bright line- Brown eye moth (Mamestra oleracea) Copyright: www.inra.fr TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 42 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths • Damage: • Larvae of diurnal moths damages the following crops: • Sugar beet, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, alfalfa, pea, bean, lettuce, mustard, carrot, cabbage, tobacco, poppy, etc. • They feeds on leaves or flowers Copyright: www.ukmoths.org.uk TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 43 Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths • Biology and control • Most of them has two generation per year • The eggs laid on the leaves • Overwinters in the soil, except for the silver Y moth, which is a migrant moth • The pupation is usually in the soil • Control: good efficiacy can be achieved against young larvae TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 44 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia) • Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 45 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia) 1. Common vole (Microtus arvalis) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 46 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia) 1. Common vole (Microtus arvalis) • The most dangerous and widespread rodent in Hungary • Mass outbreak in every 3-6 years after mild winter • Host plants: alfalfa, wheat, maize, potato, sugarbeet, pea, onion, vegetables, fruit trees • The damage is bigger nearby its holes • Feeding on living plant parts, maize cob, wheat spike, rooting system of woody plants TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 47 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia) 1. Common vole (Microtus arvalis) • Biology: • 6-8 litter per year, with 3 to 8 juveniles • No winter sleep • Densities can range froem 100/ha up to 2000 individuals /ha • Control: • Chemical control can be performed, using anticoalguant active ingredients (chlorphacinone, calcium phosphide, zinc phosphide, etc.) • Biological control: predaceous birds TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 48 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia) 1. Common vole (Microtus arvalis) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 49 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia) 2. European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 50 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia) 2. European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) • Brown and white coloured face • The body is medium sized among rodents • Aggressive appearance when alarmed is typical • Prefers loess soil • Most abundant in the Great Plain – East Hungary • Damage: • Host plants: Maize (most important), wheat, potatoe, sugarbeet, onion, fruit trees’ root system • Feeds on young seedlings, chews tip / upper part of the wheat and the cob of the maize • Hamsters store food reserves in their burrows TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 51 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia) 2. European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) • Biology: • 2 litters per year, with 4 to 6 juveniles • Hibernating starts in October and finishes in April • Sleeping periods alternate with wakeful phases when hamsters feed on their winter stores (15-20 kg maize) • There is no effective control against this pest TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012 52 Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia) 3.