Çin Ve Japon Mitolojisi

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Çin Ve Japon Mitolojisi Dönâld A. Mackenzie China and Japnn. Myths and Legends © İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, 1995 Bu çevirinin tüm hakları saklıdır. ISBN 975-533-155-7 1. Baskı: Nisan 1996 Yayıma Hazırlayan Kubilay Aysevener Kapak Tasarımı Fatma Korkut Dizgi İmge Ajans Kapak Baskısı Pelin Ofset 418 70 93 İç Baskı ve Cilt Zirve Ofset 229,66 84 îmge Kitabevi Yayıncılık Paz. San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Konur Sok. No: 3 Kızılay 06650 Ankara Tel: (90 312) 419 46 10 - 419 46 11 Faks: (90 312) 425 65 32 İÇİNDEKİLER Önsöz........................................................................................7 I. .Medeniyetin Doğuşu.......................................................... 11 II. Uzaklara Ulaşan Bir İcat.....................................................21 III. İlk Denizciler ve Kaşifler....................................................30 IV. Dünya Çapmcla Zenginlik Arayışı....................................4ü, V. Çin Ejderha. Bilimi................................................................49 VI. Kuş ve Yılan Mitleri..............................................................65 VII. Ejderha Halk Hikayeleri......................................................73 VIII. Deniz Altındaki Krallık ....................................................... 88 IX. Kutsal Adalar.........................................................................97 X. Çin Ve Japonya'nın Ana Tanrıçası.......................... '...... 116 XI. Ağaç, Ot ve Taş Bilimi...................................................... 338 XII. Bakır Kültürü Çin’e Nasıl Ulaştı?.......;.............................162 XIII. Yeşimtaşı Sembolizmi.......................................................180 XIV. Yaradılış Mitleri ile Tanrı ve Tanrıça Mezhepleri........215 XV. Mitsel ve Efsanevi Krallar....................... ......................... 229 XVI. Taoizm Mitleri ve Doktrinleri......................................... 248 XVII. Japonya’da Kültür Karışımı..............................................270 XVII. Japon Tanrıları ve Ejderhaları............. ......................... 286 XIX. Hayatın ve Ölümün, Gün Işığı ve Fııtına Tanrılarının Rekabeti...............................................................................295 XX. Ejderha Katili ve Omuı Rakibi..................... .................. 305 XXI. Eski Mikado ve Kahramanlar.......................................... 310 Notlar.....................................' ............................................. 319 Kitapta Yer Alan Resimlerin Listesi Şimşek Tanrısı.....................................................................................................Karşı sayfa Ç öm lekçi Tekerleği,.Siınia, H in d istan ......................................................................24 Kanîpn Nehrinde Modem Bir Çin Yelkenlisi......................................................25 Çin Ifjderha Gemisi Festivali...........................................................................................44 Bulu lar Arasında Çin Ejderhaları.........................................................45 O ym x Tahta Ayak Üzerinde Çin Ejderha Vazosu............................... 56 Dalg. ılar Üzerinden Sıçrayan Sazan...................................................... 57 Dalg;ılardan Yükselen Beş Pençeli Ejderhalarla Süslü Çin Porselen Vazosu.................................................................82 Oyma Kara Tahta Çerçeveye Asılı, Bulutlarla Süslenmiş Ejderha Desenli Çınlayan Yeşimtaşı Kayası............................ 83 Kap] ımbağa ve Yılan............................. .............................................94 Uzun Ömür Meyvelerinin Toplanması.................................................95 Shou Shan, Tao Cenneti.............................. *.....................................112 Çinli 5i Wang Mu (Japon Seiobo) Ve Mao Nu.................................. 113 Alimi ~rin Sığınağı ile Bir Dağ Manzarası........................................... 124 Si Wang Mu'nun Sarayında Genii.......................................................125 Mitolojik Figür Ve Yazılarla Bir Han Hanedanı Kare Tuğlası...........140 Uzun Ömür Sembolüyle Bir Çin Kasesi............................................ 141 Hayaı Bitkisinden Otlayan Keçiler.....................................................150 Şebnem Tanrıçası................................................................................151 Tanrı ara Bir Sunu, Pekin........................................... ........................170 Şehir Duvarında Eski Bronz Astronomi Aletleri................................ 171 Han Döneminden Yeşim Taşından Bir Ölüm Balığı......................... 182 Ts'in Ya Da Han Döneminden, Beyaz ve Koyu Sarı Yeşimtaşından Kelebek Figürü............................................. 182 Ölü için Muska ve Yeşimtaşından Diğer Nesneler........................... 183 Cennet Tapınağı, Pekin..................................................................... 194 Yin ve Yang Sembollerini İnceleyen Üç Bilge.................................. 195 Kwan-yin, Çin'in "Merhamet Tanrısı"..................... ...........................226 Lao T::e ve Müritleri.................................................... .......................227 Çin'deki En Ünlü Pai-lö (Tanrıça Sembolü), Pekin Yakınlarında, MengMezarlannda............................... 274 Ünlü Yaşlı Tori-wi (Tanrıça Sembolü), Miyajima, Japonya.........;__275 Japon Hazine Gemisi..........................................................................290 Hasta Ruhlarla Bir Sözleşme Yapan Susa-no-wo..............................291 Mağarasından Dışarı Çıkan Güneş Tanrıçası Amaterasu..................302 Refakatçisiyle Birlikte Seiobo (Çinli Si Wang Mu) ve Rislıi Ağacı....303 Şimşek Tanrısı ÖNSÖZ Bu kitapta Çin ve Japon mitleri ele alınmakta ve bunların, uygarlığın temeline ve doğuşuna ve pek çok değişik yaşam bi­ çimi ile ilişkili karmaşık düşüncelerin geniş yayılımı konularına ışık tuttukları gösterilmektedir. Uzak Doğu'nun eski zamanlar­ da dış kültürel etkilerden bağımsız olmadığı görülmektedir. Modern araştırmalar, Çin'in tamamen yalıtılması konusunda ısrar eden eski düşünce biçiminin artık daha fazla süremeyece­ ğini ortaya koymaktadır. Laufer'in söylediği gibi: "Şu anda da anlaşıldığı gibi, Çin uygarlığı, Çin'in kendine özgü üretimi değil, pek çok değişik toplulukların çok geniş bir yığınının kül­ türel çalışmalarının bir sonucu, zamanda ve mekanda geniş bir şekilde çeşitlenmiş ve türlü çevrelerden bir araya toplanmış fi­ kirlerin bir birleşimidir. Bundan dolayı, sadece imparatorlukla­ rının sınırları içinde ortaya çıktıkları için, herhangi bir kültürel düşünceyi Çinlilere atfetmekten daha ciddi bir hata olamaz." Yine, Çin kayıtları dikkatli bir şekilde incelenmelidir. Bu­ günlerde, Han hanedanı ve ondan sonraki hanedanlar zama­ nında politik ve diğer amaçlar doğrultusunda Çinli alimlerin yazdığı ve derlediği şişirilmiş kronolojilerin ve fabllerin, tarihe ciddi birer katkı sağladığını kabul etmek imkansızdı. Bu alimle­ rin, kendi ülkeleri ve insanlarının tarihi hakkında gerçekten çok az bilgisi vardı. Hatta, mevcut olan pek çok gelenek ve dinsel alışkanlıklar hakkında bile bilgisiz durumdaydılar; arke­ ologlar ile bilimsel alanda çalışan diğer kişiler tarafından topla­ nan bilgilerle bağdaşmayan "ikinci açıklamalar" konusunda us­ talaşmışlardı. Çinlilerin karmaşık dinsel fikirleri, açıkça, onların kendi nesillerinin doğal ürünü değildi. Bunların birçoğu başka yerlerde bulunan kültürel yapılara çok benzemektedir, bu yüz­ den bunların tarihi Çin imparatorluğu sınırlarına sığdırılamaz. Görüldüğü gibi, gerçekte, bunların bazıları, şüphesiz başka yerlerde kazanılmış insan tecrübelerinin birer ürünüdürler ve anavatandan başlayan aşamalı bir aktarma süreciyle, -maruz kaldıkları etkileri ortaya koymaktadırlar, ilk Çin'liler, Çin’e gir­ diklerinde, bu geniş topraklarda, daha sonra bir imparatorluk dahilinde bir araya getirecekleri, Çin'li olmayan topluluklarla karşılaştılar. Bu insanlar kara insanlarıydı, bu yüzden gemiler­ den haberleri yoktu; temelde tarıma dayalı bir yaşam biçimine days nmasalar da, elde ettikleri tohumları ve aletleri kullanarak, bu yaşam biçimini daha sonra uygulamaya başlamışlardı. Bun­ lar, Çin'in ilk zamanlarından beri aşina oldukları çömlekçiliği icat etmemişlerdi, ve belli ki, Shensi bölgesine göç etmeden önce, bütünleştikleri başka karmaşık kültürlerle birlikte çöm­ lekçilik geleneğine sahip oldular. Çin'liler gibi toprağa bağlı bir toplum, Doğu Okyanusundaki "Kutsal Adalar "ın varlığına olan inancın yaratıcıları olamazdı-, onlar, Asya'da, dağların arasında bulunan bir Batı Cennetine inanan tek toplum da değildi. Laufer'in, Ja d e (Yeşimtaşı) adlı ederinde gösterdiği gibi, Çin'Ller, bu "Neolitik” olarak adlandırılan kültürel devreyi Çin'de geçirmediler. Shensi'ye ilk yerleştiklerinde, tıpkı Avaı- pa'ya. ilk giren bronz taşıyıcıları gibi, yeşimtaşı aradılar ve bul­ dular. Yeşim taşı arayışında, içlerinde, mutlaka daha önceden kazaaılmış psikolojik bir güdü bulunmaktaydı ve Çin'in yeşim taşı sembolizmi, bu güdünün, daha önceki istiridye kabuğu, inci ve değerli metallere ait sembolizmi yeşim taşına geçirenler­ den elde edildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Yeşim taşına ayrılan bölümde, bu görüşün, yeşimtaşı, istiridye kabukları, inciler vs. ile bağlantılı Çin geleneklerine ait kanıtlar tarafından doğrulan­ dığı gösterilmektedir. E'tinyanın hiçbir ülkesinde, kültür süreçlerinin Çin’dekin- den daha fazla etki altında kaldığı ve birçok farklı kültürel etki- leşipn ve karışımların ortaya çıktığı görülmemiştir. Profesör Elli- ot Smith'in de belirttiği gibi, Çin ejderhası "bileşik
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