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109 I. INTRODUCTION the Strategikon Is a Roman Military
A C T A AThe R SCTra HT egikonA E Oa S La SOource G I —C SlavA SC andA Ra varP SA… T H I C109 A VOL. LII, 2017 PL ISSN 0001-5229 ŁUKASZ Różycki THE STRATEGIKON AS A SOURCE — SLAVS AND AVARS IN THE EYES OF PSEUDO-MAURICE, CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH AND FUTURE RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ABSTRACT Ł. Różycki 2017. The Strategikon as a source — Slavs and Avars in the eyes of Pseudo-Maurice, current state of research and future research perspectives, AAC 52:109–131. The purpose of the piece The Strategikon as a source — Slavs and Avars in the eyes of Pseudo- Maurice, current state of research and future research perspectives is to demonstrate what the author of Strategikon knew about the Slavs and Avars and review the state of research on the chapter of the treatise that deals with these two barbarian ethnicities. As a side note to the de- scription of contemporary studies of Strategikon, the piece also lists promising areas of research, which have not yet received proper attention from scholars. K e y w o r d s: Migration Period; Early Middle Ages; Balkans; Byzantium; Strategicon; Strategikon; Emperor Maurice; Slavs; Avars Received: 15.03.2017; Revised: 30.07.2017; Revised: 19.10.2017; Revised: 29.10.2017; Accepted: 30.10.2017 I. INTRODUCTION The Strategikon is a Roman military treatise, written at the end of the 6th or the beginning of the 7th century. It is one of the seminal sources not only on East Roman military history but also on the Slavs, the Avars and other peoples neighboring the Empire at the onset of the Middle Ages. -
09. Ch. 6 Huitink-Rood
Histos Supplement ( ) – SUBORDINATE OFFICERS IN XENOPHON’S ANABASIS * Luuk Huitink and Tim Rood Abstract : This chapter focuses on Xenophon’s treatment of divisions within the command structure presented in the Anabasis , and in particular on three military positions that are briefly mentioned—the taxiarch, ὑποστράτηγος , and ὑπολόχαγος . Arguing against the prescriptive military hierarchies proposed in earlier scholarship, it suggests that ‘taxiarch’ should be understood fluidly and that the appearance of both the ὑποστράτηγος and the ὑπολόχαγος may be due to interpolation. The chapter also includes discussion of two types of comparative material: procedures for replacing dead, absent, or deposed generals at Athens and Sparta in the Classical period, and the lexical development of subordinate positions with the prefix ὑπο -. Keywords : Xenophon, Anabasis , subordinate commanders, taxiarch, ὑποστράτηγος , ὑπολόχαγος . enophon’s Anabasis has more often been broadly eulogised for its supposed depiction of the X democratic spirit of the Greek mercenaries whose adventures are recounted than analysed closely for the details it o?ers about the command structure of this ‘wandering republic’. 1 When Xenophon’s presentation of * References are to Xenophon’s Anabasis unless otherwise specified. Translations are adapted from the Loeb edition of Brownson and Dillery. We are grateful to Peter Rhodes for advice and to Simon Hornblower, Nick Stylianou, David Thomas, the editor, and the anonymous referee of Histos for comments on the whole article. Luuk Huitink’s work on this paper was made possible by ERC Grant Agreement n. B B (AncNar). 1 Krüger (E ) (‘civitatem peregrinantem’). On the command structure see Nussbaum (F) ‒E; Roy (F) EF‒; Lee ( F) ‒ , ‒ . -
Copyrighted Material
9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 203 Index Acanthus, 130 Aetolian League, 162, 163, 166, Acarnanians, 137 178, 179 Achaea/Achaean(s), 31–2, 79, 123, Agamemnon, 51 160, 177 Agasicles (king of Sparta), 95 Achaean League: Agis IV and, agathoergoi, 174 166; as ally of Rome, 178–9; Age grades: see names of individual Cleomenes III and, 175; invasion grades of Laconia by, 177; Nabis and, Agesilaus (ephor), 166 178; as protector of perioecic Agesilaus II (king of Sparta), cities, 179; Sparta’s membership 135–47; at battle of Mantinea in, 15, 111, 179, 181–2 (362 B.C.E.), 146; campaign of, in Achaean War, 182 Asia Minor, 132–3, 136; capture acropolis, 130, 187–8, 192, 193, of Phlius by, 138; citizen training 194; see also Athena Chalcioecus, system and, 135; conspiracies sanctuary of after battle of Leuctra and, 144–5, Acrotatus (king of Sparta), 163, 158; conspiracy of Cinadon 164 and, 135–6; death of, 147; Acrotatus, 161 Epaminondas and, 142–3; Actium, battle of, 184 execution of women by, 168; Aegaleus, Mount, 65 foreign policy of, 132, 139–40, Aegiae (Laconian), 91 146–7; gift of, 101; helots and, Aegimius, 22 84; in Boeotia, 141; in Thessaly, Aegina (island)/Aeginetans: Delian 136; influence of, at Sparta, 142; League and,COPYRIGHTED 117; Lysander and, lameness MATERIAL of, 135; lance of, 189; 127, 129; pro-Persian party on, Life of, by Plutarch, 17; Lysander 59, 60; refugees from, 89 and, 12, 132–3; as mercenary, Aegospotami, battle of, 128, 130 146, 147; Phoebidas affair and, Aeimnestos, 69 102, 139; Spartan politics and, Aeolians, -
Estancia News-Herald, 06-04-1914 J
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Estancia News, 1904-1921 New Mexico Historical Newspapers 6-4-1914 Estancia News-Herald, 06-04-1914 J. A. Constant Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/estancia_news Recommended Citation Constant, J. A.. "Estancia News-Herald, 06-04-1914." (1914). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/estancia_news/121 This Newspaper is brought to you for free and open access by the New Mexico Historical Newspapers at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Estancia News, 1904-1921 by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ESTANCIA NEWS-HERAL- D New EsUblished 11)04 EBtancia, Herald KBtabliBhed 1908 Torrance County, New Mexico, Thursday, June 4, 1914 Volume X No. 31 and spent a few days visiting in Sunday E E LUCIA from Santa Rosa where IDLER DECIDES the vicinity. he has been teaching the past A great many people from Mc- Special Correspondence. eight months. FOR SALAS TO TEACHERS FOR THE VALLEY intosh, Estancia, Cedar Grove, A nice slow rain Sunday eve- V. I. Strickland was over from New Home and many other ning which was very encourag Albuquerque Monday, accom points attended the play at this ing and farmers are smiling over panied by two cattlemen who place. The State Board of r the garden and crop prospects, were looking at land here and Santa Fe, June 2 Judge Ed Education During the past week there Estancia, N. M. May 28, 1914. has conceded to val- Mrs. Chas. Clark spent a few Quite Estancia. -
“The Sherden in His Majesty's Captivity”: a Comparative Look At
1 “The Sherden in His Majesty’s Captivity”: A Comparative Look at the Mercenaries of New Kingdom Egypt Jordan Snowden Rhodes College Honors History Word Count (including citations and bibliography): 38098 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 Chapter 1: How They Were Recruited---------------------------------------------------------------------6 Chapter 2: How They Fought------------------------------------------------------------------------------36 Chapter 3: How They Were Paid and Settled------------------------------------------------------------80 Conclusion: How They Were Integrated----------------------------------------------------------------103 Bibliography------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------125 2 Introduction Mercenary troops have been used by numerous states throughout history to supplement their native armies with skilled foreign soldiers – Nepali Gurkhas have served with distinction in the armies of India and the United Kingdom for well over a century, Hessians fought for Great Britain during the American Revolution, and even the Roman Empire supplemented its legions with foreign “auxiliary” units. Perhaps the oldest known use of mercenaries dates to the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt (1550-1069 BCE). New Kingdom Egypt was a powerful military empire that had conquered large parts of Syria, all of Palestine, and most of Nubia (today northern Sudan). Egyptian pharaohs of this period were truly -
Companion Cavalry and the Macedonian Heavy Infantry
THE ARMY OP ALEXANDER THE GREAT %/ ROBERT LOCK IT'-'-i""*'?.} Submitted to satisfy the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in the School of History in the University of Leeds. Supervisor: Professor E. Badian Date of Submission: Thursday 14 March 1974 IMAGING SERVICES NORTH X 5 Boston Spa, Wetherby </l *xj 1 West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ. * $ www.bl.uk BEST COPY AVAILABLE. TEXT IN ORIGINAL IS CLOSE TO THE EDGE OF THE PAGE ABSTRACT The army with which Alexander the Great conquered the Persian empire was "built around the Macedonian Companion cavalry and the Macedonian heavy infantry. The Macedonian nobility were traditionally fine horsemen, hut the infantry was poorly armed and badly organised until the reign of Alexander II in 369/8 B.C. This king formed a small royal standing army; it consisted of a cavalry force of Macedonian nobles, which he named the 'hetairoi' (or Companion]! cavalry, and an infantry body drawn from the commoners and trained to fight in phalangite formation: these he called the »pezetairoi» (or foot-companions). Philip II (359-336 B.C.) expanded the kingdom and greatly increased the manpower resources for war. Towards the end of his reign he started preparations for the invasion of the Persian empire and levied many more Macedonians than had hitherto been involved in the king's wars. In order to attach these men more closely to himself he extended the meaning of the terms »hetairol» and 'pezetairoi to refer to the whole bodies of Macedonian cavalry and heavy infantry which served under him on his campaigning. -
Classical Greek and Classical Chinese Warfare: a Comparative Analysis
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2000-06 Classical Greek and classical Chinese warfare: a comparative analysis Allers, Michael C. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/32930 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS CLASSICAL GREEK AND CLASSICAL CHINESE WARFARE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS by Michael C. Allers June 2000 Thesis Advisor: Gordon H. McCormick Second Reader: George Lober Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 20000802 198 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of infonnation is estimated to average I hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of infonnation. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of infonnation, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Infonnation Operations and Reports, I 215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite I204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2000 Master's Thesis TITLE AND SUBTITLE : Classical Greek and Classical Chinese Warfare: A 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Comparative Analysis 5. AUTHOR(S) Allers, Michael C. 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) REPORT NUMBER Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER NIA 11. -
The Ana Tomy of a Mercenary: from Archilochos to Alexander
THE ANA TOMY OF A MERCENARY: FROM ARCHILOCHOS TO ALEXANDER By Nicholas Fields Thesis submitted to the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy NEWCASTLE Ut4rVERSrT 4( LLRAR'( 094 51237 1 June 1994 To Leonidas THE ANA TOMY OF A MER CENA R Y.' FROM ARCHJLOCHOS TO ALEXANDER By Nicholas Fields ABSTRA CT Xenophon. who marched so many perilous Persian parasangs as a soldier-of-fortune and survived. has probably penned the most exciting, if not the best, memoirs by a mercenary to date. Moreover, for the military historian wishing to inquire into the human as well as the political aspects of hoplite- mercenary service, the Anabasis is the only in depth eye-witness account of an ancient Greek mercenary venture available. Of course the Anabasis is partisan and, at times, the contemporary reader cannot help but think that Xenophon's imagination is running away with him a bit. Nevertheless, his inside view of the complex relationships between mercenary-captains, the employers who employ them, the troops who follow them, the Spartans who use them, and those who mistrust them, has much more than just a passing value. Throughout mercenary history the balance between these groups has always been delicate, and, needless to say, the vicissitudes tend to follow the same pattern. Mercenary service was, and still is, a rather uncertain and dangerous vocation. We only have to read, for example, Colonel Mike bare's Congo memoirs to realise this. Apart from Xenophon himself and the mercenary-poet, Archilochos, the ancient literary sources generally supply little by way of data on such matters as recruitment, conditions of service, and the basic hopes, fears, and habits of those many individual hoplites who took up the mercenary calling as a way of life. -
From a Literal Standpoint, "Archistratege"
From a literal standpoint, "archistratege" appears to be the combination of two ancient Greek words: ἀρχι (archi), which means chief, first, or primary (as in archbishop or archangel); and στρατηγός (strategos) which means general or more literally, army leader. Thus, "archistratege" would mean "First General" or more euphemistically, "Supreme Commander." This title is consistent with Michael's role as leader of Heaven's armies. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_meaning_of_archistratege http://books.google.com/books?id=ltRWy32dG7oC&pg=PA517&lpg=PA517&dq=%22Arhistratig%22+sla vonic&source=bl&ots=fd2kxCeGih&sig=AhPwmRuqbktWBpwcsKy5MGRC77U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OG2yU6 LgAY2SyATJ9YDQBA&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Arhistratig%22%20slavonic&f=false Strategos 1 Strategos For the board game, see Stratego. "Strategus" redirects here. For the genus of beetle, see Strategus (beetle). Strategos, plural strategoi, (Greek: στρατηγός, pl. στρατηγοί; Doric Greek: στραταγός, stratagos; literally meaning "army leader") is used in Greek to mean military general. In the Hellenistic and Byzantine Empires the term was also used to describe a military governor. In the modern Hellenic Army it is the highest officer rank. The office of Strategos in Classical Greece Themistocles, Aristides and Cimon were early examples of strategoi who were politicians as well as generals. Pericles was a strategos very often throughout his career; from 443 until 429 BC. Cleon, Nicias and Alcibiades were also strategoi. But at the end of the 5th century, with the collapse of the military power of Athens, and later because of an increasing tendency to specialization, military office ceased to be a means of acquiring political influence. -
09. Ch. 6 Huitink-Rood
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Subordinate Officers in Xenophon’s Anabasis Huitink, L.; Rood, Tim Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Published in Aspects of Leadership in Xenophon Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Huitink, L., & Rood, T. (2016). Subordinate Officers in Xenophon’s Anabasis. In R. Buxton (Ed.), Aspects of Leadership in Xenophon (pp. 199-242). (Histos Supplement; Vol. 5).. https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved =2ahUKEwi8sOv34c3rAhWQ66QKHfkEB7cQFjANegQIBRAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearc h.ncl.ac.uk%2Fhistos%2Fdocuments%2F09.Ch.6Huitink- Rood.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2R2NCzbcB_b11RL8H6lzvp General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Histos Supplement ( ) – SUBORDINATE OFFICERS IN XENOPHON’S ANABASIS * Luuk Huitink and Tim Rood Abstract : This chapter focuses on Xenophon’s treatment of divisions within the command structure presented in the Anabasis , and in particular on three military positions that are briefly mentioned—the taxiarch, ὑποστράτηγος , and ὑπολόχαγος . -
Soldiers and Ghosts: a History of Battle in Classical Antiquity
SOLDIERS AND GHOSTS SOLDIERS & GHOSTS A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity J. E. LENDON Yale University Press New Haven and London Published with assistance from the income of the Frederick John Kingsbury Memorial Fund and from the Louis Stern Memorial Fund. Copyright © 2005 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Designed by Sonia Shannon Set in ITC Galliard and Trajan type by Duke & Company, Devon, Pennsylvania Printed in the United States of America by Vail-Ballou Press, Binghamton, New York Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lendon, J. E. Soldiers and ghosts : a history of battle in classical antiquity / J. E. Lendon. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-300-10663-7 (alk. paper) 1. Military history, Ancient. 2. Military art and science— History. I. Title. U29.L46 2005 355′.00937—dc22 2004021273 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Elizabeth CONTENTS List of Maps ix List of Figures x Prologue 1 Introduction 5 THE GREEKS 15 I. Fighting in the Iliad 20 II. The Last Hoplite 39 III. -
NATO Code of Ranks
NATO UNCLASSIFIED NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION DU TRAITE DE L’ATLANTIQUE NORD MILITARY AGENCY FOR STANDARDIZATION (MAS) BUREAU MILITAIRE DE STANDARDISATION (BMS) 1110 BRUSSELS Tel. 707.5579 Fax: 707.5718 ARMY BOARD MAS(ARMY)073-MIS/2116 13 March 1996 To : Army Board Distribution List No. 5 Subject : STANAG 2116 MIS (EDITION 5) - NATO CODES FOR GRADES OF MILITARY PERSONNEL Reference : MAS(ARMY)2116(78)179 dated 14 June 1978 (Edition 4) Enclosure : STANAG 2116 (Edition 5) 1. The enclosed NATO Standardization Agreement which has been ratified by nations as reflected in page iii is promulgated herewith. 2. The reference listed above is to be destroyed in accordance with local document destruction procedures. 3. AAP-4 should be amended to reflect the latest status of the STANAG. 4. The Army Board, MAS, considers this an editorial revision of the STANAG; previous ratifying references and implementation details are deemed to be valid. G.B. FERRARI Major-General, ITAF Chairman, MAS 073/60nh(mv) NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED STANAG No. 2116 (Edition 5) NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) MILITARY AGENCY FOR STANDARDIZATION (MAS) STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENT (STANAG) SUBJECT: NATO CODES FOR GRADES OF MILITARY PERSONNEL Promulgated on 13 March 1996 G.B. FERRARI Major-General, ITAF Chairman, MAS NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED RECORD OF AMENDMENTS No. Reference/date of Date Signature amendment entered 1-9 12/11/01 mv EXPLANATORY NOTES AGREEMENT 1. This NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) is promulgated by the Chairman MAS under the authority vested in him by the NATO Military Committee. 2. No departure may be made from the agreement without consultation with the tasking authority.