DOCSLIB.ORG

Soldiers and Ghosts: a History of Battle in Classical Antiquity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Soldiers and Ghosts: a History of Battle in Classical Antiquity SOLDIERS AND GHOSTS SOLDIERS & GHOSTS A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity J. E. LENDON Yale University Press New Haven and London Published with assistance from the income of the Frederick John Kingsbury Memorial Fund and from the Louis Stern Memorial Fund. Copyright © 2005 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Designed by Sonia Shannon Set in ITC Galliard and Trajan type by Duke & Company, Devon, Pennsylvania Printed in the United States of America by Vail-Ballou Press, Binghamton, New York Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lendon, J. E. Soldiers and ghosts : a history of battle in classical antiquity / J. E. Lendon. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-300-10663-7 (alk. paper) 1. Military history, Ancient. 2. Military art and science— History. I. Title. U29.L46 2005 355′.00937—dc22 2004021273 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Elizabeth CONTENTS List of Maps ix List of Figures x Prologue 1 Introduction 5 THE GREEKS 15 I. Fighting in the Iliad 20 II. The Last Hoplite 39 III. Two Stubborn Spartans in the Persian War 58 IV. The Guile of Delium 78 V. The Arts of War in the Early Fourth Century bc 91 VI. Alexander the Great at the Battle of Issus 115 VII. Hellenistic Warfare (323–31 bc) 140 The Greeks, Conclusion 156 THE ROMANS 163 VIII. Early Roman Warfare 172 IX. The Wrath of Pydna 193 X. Caesar’s Centurions and the Legion of Cohorts 212 XI. Scenes from the Jewish War, ad 67–70 233 XII. Shield Wall and Mask 261 XIII. Julian in Persia, ad 363 290 The Romans, Conclusion 310 vii viii CONTENTS Author’s Note and Acknowledgments 317 Chronology of Greek and Roman Warfare 321 List of Abbreviations 331 Notes 335 Glossary 389 Bibliographical Notes 393 Index 441 MAPS Greece and the Aegean 16 Central Greece 59 Campaign of Alexander the Great (334–323 bc) 116–17 The Roman World 164–65 Northern Greece in the Third Macedonian War (171–167 bc) 195 Italy in the Second Punic War (218–201 bc) 201 Gaul and Spain in the Time of Julius Caesar (58–45 bc) 213 The Levant in the Jewish War (ad 66–70) 234 Jerusalem during the Roman Siege (ad 70) 239 Julian’s Campaign Against the Persians, ad 363 291 ix FIGURES Bronze catapult washer from the Sacred Spring at Bath. 6 Hoplites in battle, aryballos attributed to the Chigi/Macmillan painter, c. 650 bc. 42 Hoplite phalanx, Xanthos, Nereid Monument, c. 400 bc. 43 Hoplite in fighting posture, bronze figurine, Corinth, c. 500 bc. 54 Tegean hoplite in pilos helmet, late fifth century bc. 64 Thracian peltast with javelin and pelte, Attic Cup, late sixth century bc. 95 Thracian peltast with thrusting spear and pelte, skyphos. 97 Thessalian cavalry formations. 100–101 Marble relief commemorating a victory of the tribe Leontis in the Anthippasia, Athens, c. 400 bc. 103 Macedonian phalanx, reconstruction. 122 Macedonian phalanx, reconstruction, detail of files. 123 Battle between Alexander and Darius, usually identified as Issus, mosaic after a painting, Pompeii. 134–35 The manipular legion. 179 Soldiers of the manipular legion. 180 Legion of cohorts arrayed for battle. 225 Two legionaries and a Roman o‹cer. The so-called Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus, first century bc. 226–27 Auxiliaries fight and legionaries work, Trajan’s Column, ad 113. 244–45 Auxiliary carrying a severed head in his teeth, Trajan’s Column, ad 113. 246 xi Figures xii Centurion wearing his decorations. Grave relief of Marcus Caelius, who vanished in the Varian disaster of ad 9. 249 What the late Roman shield wall may have looked like. Bronze roundel, third century ad (?). 264 What the late Roman shield wall may have looked like, mid– third century ad (marching soldiers in the Exodus fresco, Dura-Europos Synagogue). 265 Cavalry sports helmet fragment, bronze alloy, second century ad. 269 Auxiliary cavalryman equipped for equestrian military display, reconstruction. 270 Back of cavalry sports helmet fragment, bronze alloy, second century ad. 271 Fragment of a cavalry sports helmet, bronze, Weissenburg, second century ad. 272 Cavalry sports helmet, bronze, Strass-Moos bei Neuburg a. d. Donau, second century ad. 273 Cavalry sports helmet, bronze, Straubing, third century ad. 274 Battle of Greeks and Amazons wearing Phrygian caps, volute krater, Apulian, fourth century bc. 275 Pseudo-Attic Roman cavalry helmet, Theilenhofen, late second century ad. 276 Greek soldier in Attic helmet, Attic stamnos, Achilles Painter, c. 440 bc. 277 Roman soldier, possibly a Praetorian, in a pseudo-Attic helmet, second century ad. 278 PROLOGUE QUANG TRI PROVINCE, VIETNAM, 1967 ordy, Lordy, it’s July the Fourth. Here we go again. Hot dog. Hot time in the old town tonight. Bet we make big contact. I’m sure we’re going to have an exciting day of fireworks.” “Fuck you, Hatfield, we don’t need that.” At dawn on the Fourth of July, two battalions of U.S. Marines began to advance cautiously into the elephant grass south of the DMZ. The regulars of the North Vietnamese army Lwere waiting for them. The Vietnamese were dug in, well concealed, and supported by heavy artillery from North Vietnam, only a few miles to the north. And so it was, that as the Americans pushed forward into the rising heat, Marines began to die. First to fall was Lieutenant Anderson of Kilo Company, 3rd Battalion, 9th Marines, shot in the head leading his troops forward as they opened the battle by walking into an ambush. Anderson had never been much for taking cover: “It’s okay. God’s going to protect me.” By 1115, when it pulled back two hundred meters and artil- lery was called in to sweep the front, Kilo Company had su¤ered twelve killed and seventeen wounded. They had not seen a single enemy soldier. As Captain Giles prepared to withdraw, a marine lying in front of his hedge, thought to be dead, sat up slowly and lit a cigarette. “Are you okay?” “No, sir, I’m just having a cigarette before I die.” “What I want you to do is roll over on your face and crawl back to- ward us.” 1 2 PROLOGUE “No, sir, just leave me alone. Don’t come and get me. Leave me alone. I’m dyin’, and I just want to have my last cigarette.” After more futile coaxing and agonizing as to whether to send soldiers out to get the Marine—covered by an enemy sniper, he could not be res- cued without exposing other Marines to fire—Captain Giles and his men left their wounded comrade to his fate.Q Captain Giles’s decision to abandon the dying Marine seems peculiar in light of the purpose of Kilo Company’s advance. For the objective of the Marine attack was not military in the strictest sense: it was to recover the dead bodies of thirty-one Marines abandoned on the field after an engagement two days before. But in pulling back hastily to allow a bom- bardment by artillery and airstrikes (during that four-hour interlude some of the bombs fell short, wounding and killing Marines), Kilo Company had abandoned its twelve new KIAs in front of its lines: now its first task was to recover them. In the process, the company took fire, and the com- pany on its flank took casualties: two dead, four wounded. “We’re taking too many casualties. We’re going to pull back.” “Bullshit. I’m giving you a direct order under combat conditions to continue to move.” Once the fresh corpses had been secured and manhandled back, the Marines withdrew for the night to the line they had held during the American bombardment. During the morning of July 5, six Marines were wounded by enemy mortar fire, and American artillery and airstrikes pounded the area in front of their lines; now the Marines began to creep forward once again, toward the original bodies. But, as so often in Viet- nam, this was to be a battle without a climax. The NVA had withdrawn during the night, and the battered bodies of the Marines killed three days earlier were recovered without further incident. They were bagged by Marines wearing gas masks against the stench, piled high on tanks, and dispatched, by stages, upon their dolorous journey back to the United States.W “We don’t leave our people,” Lieutenant Howell told the New York Times about the operation. “I’m sure they’d do the same thing for me.” Insistence on the recovery of their dead has long been part of the code of the U.S. Marines, and this creed has spread through the American armed forces to become a characteristic feature of the American way of Prologue 3 war. It is not unusual for the recovery of dead bodies to generate more dead bodies, as it did in Quang Tri Province. Enemies quickly learn that Americans return for their dead: as the Combat After Action Report on this battle observed, “NVA forces seem to be fully aware of the Marine tradition to remove all wounded and dead from the battle field.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • VU Research Portal
    VU Research Portal The impact of empire on market prices in Babylon Pirngruber, R. 2012 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Pirngruber, R. (2012). The impact of empire on market prices in Babylon: in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 - 140 B.C. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 THE IMPACT OF EMPIRE ON MARKET PRICES IN BABYLON in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 – 140 B.C. R. Pirngruber VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT THE IMPACT OF EMPIRE ON MARKET PRICES IN BABYLON in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 – 140 B.C. ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMAN POLITICS DURING the JUGURTHINE WAR by PATRICIA EPPERSON WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State
    ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR By PATRICIA EPPERSON ,WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State University Tahlequah, Oklahoma 1971 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1975 SEP Ji ·J75 ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR Thesis Approved: . Dean of the Graduate College 91648 ~31 ii PREFACE The Jugurthine War occurred within the transitional period of Roman politics between the Gracchi and the rise of military dictators~ The era of the Numidian conflict is significant, for during that inter­ val the equites gained political strength, and the Roman army was transformed into a personal, professional army which no longer served the state, but dedicated itself to its commander. The primary o~jec­ tive of this study is to illustrate the role that political events in Rome during the Jugurthine War played in transforming the Republic into the Principate. I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Neil Hackett, for his patient guidance and scholarly assistance, and to also acknowledge the aid of the other members of my counnittee, Dr. George Jewsbury and Dr. Michael Smith, in preparing my final draft. Important financial aid to my degree came from the Dr. Courtney W. Shropshire Memorial Scholarship. The Muskogee Civitan Club offered my name to the Civitan International Scholarship Selection Committee, and I am grateful for their ass.istance. A note of thanks is given to the staff of the Oklahoma State Uni­ versity Library, especially Ms. Vicki Withers, for their overall assis­ tance, particularly in securing material from other libraries.
    [Show full text]
  • A Glimpse Into the Roman Finances of the Second Punic War Through
    Letter Geochemical Perspectives Letters the history of the western world. Carthage was a colony founded next to modern Tunis in the 8th century BC by Phoenician merchants. During the 3rd century BC its empire expanded westward into southern Spain and Sardinia, two major silver producers of the West Mediterranean. Meanwhile, Rome’s grip had tight- © 2016 European Association of Geochemistry ened over the central and southern Italian peninsula. The Punic Wars marked the beginning of Rome’s imperial expansion and ended the time of Carthage. A glimpse into the Roman finances The First Punic War (264 BC–241 BC), conducted by a network of alliances in Sicily, ended up with Rome prevailing over Carthage. A consequence of this of the Second Punic War conflict was the Mercenary War (240 BC–237 BC) between Carthage and its through silver isotopes unpaid mercenaries, which Rome helped to quell, again at great cost to Carthage. Hostilities between the two cities resumed in 219 BC when Hannibal seized the F. Albarède1,2*, J. Blichert-Toft1,2, M. Rivoal1, P. Telouk1 Spanish city of Saguntum, a Roman ally. At the outbreak of the Second Punic War, Hannibal crossed the Alps into the Po plain and inflicted devastating mili- tary defeats on the Roman legions in a quick sequence of major battles, the Trebia (December 218 BC), Lake Trasimene (June 217 BC), and Cannae (August 216 BC). As a measure of the extent of the disaster, it was claimed that more than 100,000 Abstract doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1613 Roman soldiers and Italian allies lost their lives in these three battles, including The defeat of Hannibal’s armies at the culmination of the Second Punic War (218 BC–201 three consuls.
    [Show full text]
  • Hasmonean” Family Tree
    THE “HASMONEAN” FAMILY TREE Hasmoneus │ Simeon │ John │ Mattathias ┌──────────────┬─────────────────────┼─────────────────┬─────────┐ John Simon Judas Maccabee Eleazar Jonathan Murdered: Murdered: KIA: KIA: Murdered: 160/159 BC 134 BC 160 BC 162 BC 143 BC ┌────────┬────┴────┐ Judas John Hyrcanus Murdered: Murdered: Died: 134 BC 135 BC 104 BC ├──────────────────────┬─────────────┐ Aristobulus ═ Salome Alexander Antigonus Alexander ═══════ Salome Alexander Declared Himself “King”: Murdered: Declared “King”: Declared “Regent”: 104 BC 103 BC 103 BC 76 BC Died: Died: 103 BC 76 BC ┌──────┴──────┐ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Declared High Priest: 76 BC 1 THE “HASMONEAN” DYNASTY OF SIMON THE HIGH PRIEST 142 BC Simon, the last of the sons of Mattathias, was declared High Priest & “Ethnarch” (ruler of one’s own ethnic group) of the Jews by Demetrius II, King of the Seleucid Empire. 138 BC After Demetrius II was captured by the Parthians, his brother, Antiochus VII, affirmed Simon’s High Priesthood & requested assistance in dealing with Trypho, a usurper of the Seleucid throne. “King Antiochus to Simon the high priest and ethnarch and to the nation of the Jews, greetings. “Whereas certain scoundrels have gained control of the kingdom of our ancestors, and I intend to lay claim to the kingdom so that I may restore it as it formerly was, and have recruited a host of mercenary troops and have equipped warships, and intend to make a landing in the country so that I may proceed against those who have destroyed our country and those who have devastated many cities in my kingdom, now therefore I confirm to you all the tax remissions that the kings before me have granted you, and a release from all the other payments from which they have released you.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics and Policy: Rome and Liguria, 200-172 B.C
    Politics and policy: Rome and Liguria, 200-172 B.C. Eric Brousseau, Department of History McGill University, Montreal June, 2010 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts. ©Eric Brousseau 2010 i Abstract Stephen Dyson’s The Creation of the Roman Frontier employs various anthropological models to explain the development of Rome’s republican frontiers. His treatment of the Ligurian frontier in the second century BC posits a Ligurian ‘policy’ crafted largely by the Senate and Roman ‘frontier tacticians’ (i.e. consuls). Dyson consciously avoids incorporating the pressures of domestic politics and the dynamics of aristocratic competition. But his insistence that these factors obscure policy continuities is incorrect. Politics determined policy. This thesis deals with the Ligurian frontier from 200 to 172 BC, years in which Roman involvement in the region was most intense. It shows that individual magistrates controlled policy to a much greater extent than Dyson and other scholars have allowed. The interplay between the competing forces of aristocratic competition and Senatorial consensus best explains the continuities and shifts in regional policy. Abstrait The Creation of the Roman Frontier, l’œuvre de Stephen Dyson, utilise plusieurs modèles anthropologiques pour illuminer le développement de la frontière républicaine. Son traitement de la frontière Ligurienne durant la deuxième siècle avant J.-C. postule une ‘politique’ envers les Liguriennes déterminer par le Sénat et les ‘tacticiens de la frontière romain’ (les consuls). Dyson fais exprès de ne pas tenir compte des forces de la politique domestique et la compétition aristocratique. Mais son insistance que ces forces cachent les continuités de la politique Ligurienne est incorrecte.
    [Show full text]
  • Ch. Börker/J. Burow, Amphorenstempel Aus Pergamon 573
    Mark L. Lawall: Ch. Börker/J. Burow, Amphorenstempel aus Pergamon 573 Christoph Börker und Johannes Burow , Die hellenistischen Amphorenstempel aus Pergamon. Pergamenische Forschungen 11. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1998. XII, 160 Seiten, 6 Abbildun ­ gen, 40 Tafeln. This volume has two parts. Börker presents a revised publication of the ‘Pergamon-Komplex ’ (PK), originally published by Carl Schuchhardt in 1895 (Altertümer von Pergamon VIII2 [1895]); and Burow publishes other stamps found at Pergamon from both recent and past excavations. The many catalogue entries are grouped by city of origin or by name on the stamp. Brief introductions to each section summarize the current state of knowledge of each dass of stamps. Stamps are well illustrated by photographs, and some handles appear as profile drawings. Despite lacking Standard conventions for profiles, the drawings are useful. The indices include not only the expectable concordances and the names and devices on stamps but also lists of Rhodian potters and eponyms alphabetized from the front of the name and from the back of the name (helpful for reconstructing poorly preserved stamps). Presentation of the stamps is clearly the goal, and in this effort the authors certainly succeed. Readers may expect much more. The PK plays a central role in amphora chronologies and, in turn, Hellenistic pottery generally. Börker, however, does not provide a critical view of the role of the PK in these chronological debates. He loosely agrees with V. Grace that “around three decades ” (p. 6) is an appropriate length for Rhodian Period III (205-175 B. C.; cf. V. Grace -Petropoulakou / M.
    [Show full text]
  • Questions for History of Ancient Rome by Garret Fagan
    www.YoYoBrain.com - Accelerators for Memory and Learning Questions for History of Ancient Rome by Garret Fagan Category: Pre-Republic - (12 questions) What is the range of mountains that run Apennine range down the center of Italy 3 main plains in Italy Po River Valley in northplain of Latium around RomeCampania around Naples How many legendary kings of Rome were 7 there Who was first legendary king of Rome Romulus What was second king of Rome, Numa establishing religious traditions of Rome Pompilius, famous for What was Rome 3rd legendary king, Tullius attacking neighboring peoples Hostilus, famous for Where were the 2 Tarquin kings from Etruscan What was basic political unit pre-Republic tribes - started as 3 and expanded to 21 Romans born into What social unit were pre-Republic families clans grouped into What was the function of the Curiate to ratify the senate's choice of king and Assembly in pre-Republican Rome confer power of command (imperium) on him Who was the last king of Rome Tarquinius Superbus (the Arragont) Who was the woman raped by Sextus Lucretia Tarquinius leading to ouster of king Category: Republican - (30 questions) What was the title of the second in command Master of Horse to a temporary dictator in Republican Rome What was the Struggle of the Orders in internal social and political conflict between Roman history Plebians and Patrician classes that ran between 494 BC and 287 BC When did the Roman plebians first "secede" 494 B.C. from Rome during Struggle of the Orders When was law passed making laws passed 287
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dancing Floor of Ares Local Conflict and Regional Violence in Central Greece
    The Dancing Floor of Ares Local Conflict and Regional Violence in Central Greece Edited by Fabienne Marchand and Hans Beck ANCIENT HISTORY BULLETIN Supplemental Volume 1 (2020) ISSN 0835-3638 Edited by: Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Monica D’Agostini, Andrea Gatzke, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, Nadini Pandey, John Vanderspoel, Connor Whatley, Pat Wheatley Senior Editor: Timothy Howe Assistant Editor: Charlotte Dunn Contents 1 Hans Beck and Fabienne Marchand, Preface 2 Chandra Giroux, Mythologizing Conflict: Memory and the Minyae 21 Laetitia Phialon, The End of a World: Local Conflict and Regional Violence in Mycenaean Boeotia? 46 Hans Beck, From Regional Rivalry to Federalism: Revisiting the Battle of Koroneia (447 BCE) 63 Salvatore Tufano, The Liberation of Thebes (379 BC) as a Theban Revolution. Three Case Studies in Theban Prosopography 86 Alex McAuley, Kai polemou kai eirenes: Military Magistrates at War and at Peace in Hellenistic Boiotia 109 Roy van Wijk, The centrality of Boiotia to Athenian defensive strategy 138 Elena Franchi, Genealogies and Violence. Central Greece in the Making 168 Fabienne Marchand, The Making of a Fetter of Greece: Chalcis in the Hellenistic Period 189 Marcel Piérart, La guerre ou la paix? Deux notes sur les relations entre les Confédérations achaienne et béotienne (224-180 a.C.) Preface The present collection of papers stems from two one-day workshops, the first at McGill University on November 9, 2017, followed by another at the Université de Fribourg on May 24, 2018. Both meetings were part of a wider international collaboration between two projects, the Parochial Polis directed by Hans Beck in Montreal and now at Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, and Fabienne Marchand’s Swiss National Science Foundation Old and New Powers: Boiotian International Relations from Philip II to Augustus.
    [Show full text]
  • New Testament Basics: NT217 Things We Thought We Knew LESSON 1 of 2 What Are We Going to Do with the New Testament?
    New Testament Basics: NT217 Things We Thought We Knew LESSON 1 of 2 What Are We Going to Do With the New Testament? Craig L. Blomberg, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor of New Testament Studies at Denver Seminary in Littleton, Colorado I. Introduction Welcome to a survey of the New Testament. A. Why Read the New Testament? There are many reasons why people today are interested in this collection of books that is nearly 2,000 years old. For some, they recognize its literary artistry and appreciate the ways in which the Scriptures have influenced much of the world’s great literature over the past two millenniums. For others, the reason is more academic or historical, recognizing the importance of the person of Jesus over the course of human history, and particularly for history in Europe and North America, as Christianity grew from a tiny sect to a worldwide religion. Other people’s interest in studying the New Testament is of a more personal, or even professional nature as they seek to become better students of those documents they believe to be God’s Word and serve Him, perhaps in a full-time Christian capacity. B. Goal of This Series Our goal in this series is to present a survey of the New Testament that is aimed particularly at those who have some familiarity and acquaintance with the contents of the New Testament, but perhaps have never studied all of the books in a complete, systematic way. We also reflect a broadly based evangelical perspective. We are believers who take God’s Word seriously.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LINDA JANE PIPER 1967
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 66-15,122 PIPER, Linda Jane, 1935- A HISTORY OF SPARTA: 323-146 B.C. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1966 History, ancient University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LINDA JANE PIPER 1967 All Rights Reserved A HISTORY OF SPARTA: 323-1^6 B.C. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Linda Jane Piper, A.B., M.A. The Ohio State University 1966 Approved by Adviser Department of History PREFACE The history of Sparta from the death of Alexander in 323 B.C; to the destruction of Corinth in 1^6 B.C. is the history of social revolution and Sparta's second rise to military promi­ nence in the Peloponnesus; the history of kings and tyrants; the history of Sparta's struggle to remain autonomous in a period of amalgamation. It is also a period in Sparta's history too often neglected by historians both past and present. There is no monograph directly concerned with Hellenistic Sparta. For the most part, this period is briefly and only inci­ dentally covered in works dealing either with the whole history of ancient Sparta, or simply as a part of Hellenic or Hellenistic 1 2 history in toto. Both Pierre Roussel and Eug&ne Cavaignac, in their respective surveys of Spartan history, have written clear and concise chapters on the Hellenistic period. Because of the scope of their subject, however, they were forced to limit them­ selves to only the most important events and people of this time, and great gaps are left in between.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences 5-2011 ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72 Emerson T. Brooking University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Comparative Politics Commons, Military History Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Brooking, Emerson T., "ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72" 01 May 2011. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/145. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/145 For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72 Abstract This study evaluates the military history and practice of the Roman Empire in the context of contemporary counterinsurgency theory. It purports that the majority of Rome’s security challenges fulfill the criteria of insurgency, and that Rome’s responses demonstrate counterinsurgency proficiency. These assertions are proven by means of an extensive investigation of the grand strategic, military, and cultural aspects of the Roman state. Fourteen instances of likely insurgency are identified and examined, permitting the application of broad theoretical precepts
    [Show full text]