Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta

Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky

Bakalářská diplomová práce

2011 Eliška Charvátová

Masaryk University Faculty of Arts

Department of English and American Studies

English Language and Literature

Eliška Charvátová

Latin Loanwords in English Bachelor’s Diploma Thesis

Supervisor: doc. PhDr. Jana Chamonikolasová, Ph. D.

2011

I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography.

…………………………………………….. Author’s signature

I would like to thank doc. PhDr. Jana Chamonikolasová, Ph.D. and prof. RNDr. Václav Blažek, CSc. who were kind enough to offer valuable suggestions and ideas for the paper as well as supplementary tips for the list of bibliography.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

I. THE LANGUAGE CONTACT ...... 3

1. THE LANGUAGE CONTACT SCHEMES ...... 3

2. SOURCES OF NEW WORDS ...... 4

3. BORROWING ...... 4

3.1 THE DEFINITION OF BORROWING ...... 4

3.2 THE LEVELS OF LANGUAGE BORROWING ...... 5

3.3 THE REASONS FOR LEXICAL BORROWING ...... 6

3.4 THE PROCESS OF LEXICAL BORROWING ...... 8

3.5 THE ATTITUDES TOWARDS BORROWING ...... 8

4. LOANWORDS ...... 9

4.1 THE DEFINITION OF A LOANWORD ...... 9

4.2 THE FUNCTIONS OF LOANWORDS ...... 10

4.3 THE LEXICAL INTEGRATION OF LOANWORDS ...... 11

II. THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH AND LATIN LANGUAGES ...... 13

1. THE LATIN LANGUAGE ...... 13

1.1 CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LATIN ...... 13

1.1.1 ARCHAIC LATIN ...... 13

1.1.2 CLASSICAL AND VULGAR LATIN ...... 14

1.1.3 CHRISTIAN LATIN ...... 15

1.1.4 LATIN OF THE MIDDLE AGES ...... 16

1.1.5 RENAISSANCE LATIN ...... 16

1.1.6 MODERN LATIN...... 16

1.2 THE LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE OF LATIN ...... 17

2. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ...... 18

2.1 CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH ...... 18

2.1.1 OLD ENGLISH ...... 18

2.1.2 MIDDLE ENGLISH ...... 20

2.1.3 MODERN ENGLISH ...... 22

3. THE ENGLISH-LATIN ANALOGY ...... 23

III. LATIN LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH ...... 24

1. LATIN LOANWORDS IN THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD (449-1100) ...... 24

1.1 CONTINENTAL DEVELOPMENT ...... 25

1.1.1 CONTINENTAL LOANWORDS ...... 25

1.2 INSULAR DEVELOPMENT ...... 26

1.2.1 INSULAR DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE ROMAN CONQUEST ...... 26

1.2.2 INSULAR DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE GERMANIC CONQUEST ...... 28

2. LATIN LOANWORDS IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (1100-1500) ...... 31

2.1 ENGLISH, LATIN AND FRENCH ...... 31

2.2 LOANWORDS ...... 32

2.3 AUREATE TERMS ...... 34

3. LATIN LOANWORDS IN THE MODERN ENGLISH PERIOD (1500 – PRESENT) ...... 34

3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LOANWORDS ...... 35

3.1.1 THE ENGLISHING OF LATIN WORDS ...... 36

3.2 LOANWORDS ...... 36

3.3 THE LATIN-ENGLISH CONTROVERSY ...... 37

IV. CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LOANWORDS ...... 38

1. OLD ENGLISH LOANWORDS ...... 40

2. MIDDLE ENGLISH LOANWORDS ...... 48

3. THE ELEVENTH CENTURY ...... 49

4. THE TWELFTH CENTURY ...... 50

5. THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY ...... 51

6. THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY ...... 54

7. THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY ...... 81

8. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY ...... 108

9. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ...... 180

10. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ...... 252

11. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ...... 281

12. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ...... 307

13. CHRONOLOGICALLY UNSPECIFIED LOANWORDS ...... 308

14. COMMENTARY ON THE CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION ...... 309

OF LATIN LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH ...... 309

CONCLUSION ...... 311

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 314

WORKS CITED ...... 314

WORKS CONSULTED ...... 316

ENGLISH SUMMARY ...... 319

CZECH SUMMARY ...... 321

APPENDICES ...... 322

APPENDIX 1 – LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... 322

APPENDIX 2 – COMMON PREFIXES IN ENGLISH ...... 325

INTRODUCTION

Latin has undoubtedly been one of the most influential languages in the history of the civilization. Its impact on not only European nations has been immense. From the political, cultural and social aspects of Roman lifestyle to the linguistic features, the Roman legacy has become a natural part of our lives. English is no exception to this statement. It was at the time of the very first encounters between the Romans and the Germanic tribes that the English-Latin history started to be written. Since then, the relationship between the two languages has undergone several stages of development. The changes that occured during these stages affected not only the nature but also the number of loanwords that were adopted into English. This thesis focuses on the historical development of the two languages in connection to the frequency of borrowing respectively the number of loanwords at various periods in history. The social, political and cultural circumstances of the English-Latin relations affected the amount of loanwords borrowed at particular time periods. This hypothesis leads to the main research question of this thesis: In which periods was the number of words taken over from Latin into English the highest respectively the lowest and what was the cause of this? The goal of this thesis is to provide an answer to this question through theoretical as well as practical research. The thesis comprises of a theoretical and a lexical part. The theoretical part is further divided into three chapter. The first chapter deals with the theory of the language contact, borrowing and loanwords. It describes various language contact schemes, functions of loanwords and the reasons of borrowing as well as different attitudes toward it. The second chapter deals with the historical development of both languages separately. It gives a chronological classification of both Latin and English history. The purpose of this chapter is to create a background for the following third chapter that deals with the common linguistic history of the two languages. The three major periods of English, that is Old English, Middle English and Modern English are defined within the context of Latin influence focusing on the effect that such influence has had on the English vocabulary. The lexical part - that is the chronological classification itself - represents the core of this thesis. Words that were adopted from Latin are sorted into thirteen groups according to the centuries or time periods they were adopted in. A commentary to this division has been provided at the end of the fourth chapter. The

1 conclusion sums up all the information reached in distinctive chapters and fully answers the research question. There are two appendices that complete this work, that is a list of abbreviations and a list of prefixes.

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I. THE LANGUAGE CONTACT One of the main reasons why languages change is that they come into contact with other languages. (Schendl 2001: 55) Such linguistic contact usually occurs as a consequence of social and cultural development between two nations. The degree of mutual influence is given by factors such as the length of the language contact, the extent of the communication between different speech communities and the number and status of the bilingual speakers. (Schendl 2001: 56) The different historical circumstances and the reasons why languages come into contact can influence not only the social aspects of the relationship between two languages but they can also affect linguistic aspects of a language that are being adopted such as syntax, pronunciation, grammar and lexis. This chapter defines the various types of contact between two languages, focusing on the influence that such an interaction may have. It further deals with one of the major influences of the language contact – lexical borrowing and adoption of loanwords. The following theory has been, where possible, supplied with Latin-English reference to the particular matter.

1. THE LANGUAGE CONTACT SCHEMES Görlach distinguishes between several patterns of language contact. (Görlach 1997: 138) The first scheme is defined by two co-existent spoken languages. This kind of contact is typical of mixed-speech communities and border region areas. In this case, transferred words are normally integrated into the receiving language. This kind of language contact affects common daily life – however, its impact may be restricted only to certain domaines. The second scheme that Görlach mentions is the distant contact scheme. This scheme applies predominantly to business relations during which transfer can happen over great distances – such as import of foreign goods. Here, the impact of the language contact is restricted to changes in lexis. It often occurs mainly in written form and does not require bilinguals. The third type of contact between two languages occurs when the contact is limited to borrowings from book languages. The transfer is notably based on written forms; words are not well integrated and only a possible later contact with the spoken medium can lead to corrections, especially in pronunciation. (Görlach 1997: 138)

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As for the case of English-Latin relations, the contact between the two languages has not been of the same nature throughout the history. From the period of the Roman influence in Europe, when English was confonted with Latin on everyday basis, adopting words mainly through spoken Latin, through the time when Latin was primarily a source of ‘learned words’ and a so called ‘book language’, to the revival of Latin in Renaissance, the two languages have undergone several changes that altered the relationship between them. Therefore, the kind of mutual contact should be viewed rather as a combination of the language contact patterns as Görlach drafted them, than as just one them. The affect of such various circumstances, as suggested before, can have multiple linguistic consequences. The following text, deals with the lexical influence of the language contact.

2. SOURCES OF NEW WORDS Francis points out that with each change in the physical and cultural environment, there is a new demand for new meanings, respectively new words. These words may come from several sources – the principal ones being borrowing, derivation, compounding, back formation, clipping, blends, acronyms, proper names, sound imitation and coinage. He adds, that in English the most important source of new words has always been borrowing. The borrowing has been so extensive that by far, the greater part of the contemporary English vocabulary is made up of borrowed rather than native words. (Francis 1965: 131)

3. BORROWING

3.1 THE DEFINITION OF BORROWING Haugen, in his analysis on linguistic borrowing, says that there are three prerequisites for a process of borrowing to be able to occur. First, we must assume, that every speaker attempts to reproduce previously learned linguistic patterns. Second, among the new patterns which he may learn, are those of a language different from his own. And third, if he reproduces the new linguistic patterns, he must not do so not in the context of the language in which he learned them, but in a context of another language. If all the three conditions are fulfilled, we may speak of an act of borrowing. To

4 summarize, the process of borrowing can be defined as the attempted reproduction in one language of patterns previously found in another. (Haugen 1950: 212)

3.2 THE LEVELS OF LANGUAGE BORROWING Two languages can influence eachother on various levels. Görlach elaborates on their importance and defines the influence of these levels. (Görlach 1997: 143-6) First, a language can be modified at a writing system and spelling system level. Latin-English relations is a perfect example of such modifications. Latin provided Old English with Latin alphabet largely determining the value of individual graphemes by Latin conventions. Moreover, individual words were affected when spelling and pronunciation had diverged from those of the etymon, in particular where spellings were made to conform with those of the original Latin or Greek by Renaissance grammarians. A second level of influence is the level of phonology. It is obvious, that the process of phonetic adaptation of loanwords can be quite complex. Also, this level of influence is sociolinguistically relevant, since knowledge of the foreign language will affect the pronunciation of loanwords in the receiving language. The morphological level is another field where one language can bring about changes in another. Here, Görlach speaks about a necessity to distinguish between open and closed sets of words. While the borrowing from open sets is the most common borrowing (borrowing of lexemes), the borrowing from closed sets is not that common. The level of syntax can be affected during the process of borrowing as well. For instance, unidiomatic translation or deliberate adoption of foreign syntactical patterns can lead to new structures and modifications. For instance, in Renaissance prose, the imitation of Latin structures is particularly apparent and it extends to units far beyond the sentence. Finally, the lexical level, which is probably the most influential and the richest one of all the above mentioned. It is a level that includes adoption of loanwords, loanblends, loanshifts, doublets and calques and it is also the level the following text is going to be dealing with. (Görlach 1997: 143-6)

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3.3 THE REASONS FOR LEXICAL BORROWING The circumstances under which a language contact occurs, as has been pointed out earlier, are important and vary. The way two languages intertwine is influenced by not only the time, place and people – these are the general factors – but also by more linguistically specific factors. These are the most common reasons for lexical borrowing (as Görlach and Weinreich drafted them in their works (Görlach 1997: 149-50, Weinreich 1974: 56-60)): Gaps in the indigenous lexis . The word is taken over together with the new content and the new object. . A well-known content has no word to designate it. . Existing expressions are insufficient to render specific nuances. Lexical borrowing of this kind can be described as a consequence of the fact that using ready-made designations is more economical than describing things afresh. Weinreich also mentions here the constant need for synonyms which are generally gladly accepted by the receiving language. As far as synonyms are concerned, Latin has been a great source of synonyms in English, especially since the Renaissance period. Weinreich further adds, that a language can also satisfy its need for euphemisms, slang words and cacophemisms borrowing. Previous weakening of the indigenous lexis . The content had been experimentally rendered by a number of unsatisfactory expressions. . The content had been rendered by a word weakened by homonymy, polysemy, or being part of an obsolescent type of word-formation. . An expression which is connotationally loaded needs to be replaced by a neutral expression. Here, Weinreich speaks about the ‘low frequency of words’ i.e. if the indigenous lexis has words for concepts that are not frequent in the language, these words become less stable and more subject to oblivion and replacement. Associative relations . A word is borrowed after a word of the same family has been adopted. 6

. The borrowing is supported by a native word of similar form. . ‘Corrections’: an earlier loanword is adapted in form / replaced by a new loanword. The part that associative borrowing plays, is also noteworthy. It is very common for a word that has been adopted to be accompanied by the other parts of speech that are related to it. For instance, the word iust was later adopted also in the forms of the following words: justice, judge, judicial and judgement. Special extralinguistic conditions . Borrowing of words needed for rhymes and metre. . Adoptions not motivated by necessity but by fashion and prestige. . Words left untranslated because the translator was incompetent, lazy or anxious to stay close to his source. Weinreich supports this function of borrowing by saying that the symbolic association of the source language in a contact situation with social values, positive or negative, is a very important factor of language contact resp. lexical borrowing. If one language is endowed with prestige it is highly probable that the other language will adopt loanwords as means of displaying the social status which its knowledge symbolizes. This can be observed in the so called ‘learned borrowings’ of Latin phrases in English and in the unnecessary borrowing of everyday designations for things which have excellent names in the languge which is being spoken. (Görlach 1997: 149-50, Weinreich 1974: 56-60) It is true that most new foreign words were adopted into English for one of the above enumerated reasons. However, it should be also noted, that there are many cases when borrowing occured without any apparent reason. In the case of Latin loanwords adopted into English, the range of reasons for borrowing is quite wide. From the obvious necessity to find new names for objects that were not known in the British Isles before the Roman conquest, to the time when Latin was no longer a language of a conquered nation but a prestigeous and highly reputable feature of the upper class society, reasons for adoption probably cover most of the above mentioned.

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3.4 THE PROCESS OF LEXICAL BORROWING Görlach defines the process of borrowing or the integration process as the “gradual accomodation of a foreign word to the structures of the receiving language“. In many cases, the word is first accepted into a peripheral system and integrated only later. Words that refer to object and concepts restricted to the foreign culture are likely to remain unintegrated. In some cases, the foreigness may be deliberately preserved by retaining foreign graphemes and phonemes. (Görlach 1997: 153) In the context of English-Latin relations this applies to several semantic fields. For instance, in medicine (names of bones in the human body), or in botany (names of plants), were adopted without much change in graphemes. So were some words of everyday communication such as via, recipe, etc., veto or post scriptum. Görlach furher points out that words which are not fully integrated indicate by their form where they were derived from. However, fully accommodated loanwords can also preserve traces of their origin and indicate the direction of the borrowing process. He then mentions the following four directions (Görlach 1997: 153-154): Phonological (OE sealm ← psalmus – cluster reduction) Morphological (cherry, pl. cherries ← cherise – incorrect segmentation) Word-formation (method ← Gr. met + hodos) Meaning (spirit ← spiritus – narrower meaning in receiving language) Once again, it is important to bear in mind that the process of integration is very much dependent on the circumstances under which a word is being incorporated. The social situation as well as intelectual level of people involved play an important role. In addition, the process of borrowing usually tends to be a rather gradual and slow one during which the form of a word adopted might change even several times.

3.5 THE ATTITUDES TOWARDS BORROWING Naturally, the attitudes towards borrowing and loanwords range from one extreme to the other i.e. from the strict opposition to borrowing to its full support. Those, who have chosen resistance to borrowing, argue, that the field is sufficiently supplied with native lexemes, and that the adoption of loanwords may therefore be merely fashionable and not permanent. They also say that greater phonological and

8 morphological differences make the adoption difficult, and should therefore be avoided. The history of English serves well to illustrate stages in which loanwords were being adopted quite freely and frequently to those time periods when the rendering of foreign concepts with native material predominated. Discussions about the value of admissibility of loanwords in connection with Latin words that were being adopted became particularly topical in the sixteenth century. The proponents of loanwords claimed that the emancipation and expansion of the vernacular needed foreign words for both lexical gaps and rhetorical ornament. However, at the same time, excessive use of unnecessary loanwords was frequently criticized, and the borrowings were often derogatively referred to as ‘inkhorn terms’ by language puritans. Some of the famous defenders of English of that time were Sir Thomas Elyot, Roger Ascham, George Puttenham, Richard Mulcaster, Sir John Cheke and Thomas Wilson. (Baugh & Cable 1993: 199, 212-5, Görlach 1997: 147) On the other hand, there have always been those who defended borrowing and felt that their language was being enriched by the adoption of new words rather than discriminated. As John Dryden, an influential English poet, literary critic and playwright, wrote: “We have enough in England to supply our necessity, but if we will have things of magnificence and splendour, we must get them by commerce.“ (Baugh & Cable 1993: 215) And it is not just English which has borrowed frequently; Latin and Greek had enriched themselves in this way as well.

4. LOANWORDS

4.1 THE DEFINITION OF A LOANWORD Loanwords are one of the possible outcomes of the process of borrowing. Görlach defines a loanword as „ a foreign item that is borrowed at word level or above“ (as a loan phrase). He goes on to say that both form and content are affected in the process of borrowing and in later integration, mainly by adaptation to the formal categories of the receiving language and by selection of a meaning (that has to coexist with indigenous equivalents). (Görlach 1997: 145)

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4.2 THE FUNCTIONS OF LOANWORDS The functions of loanwords and the reasons for borrowing new words are closely connected. There are four main functions of loanwords. (Görlach 1997: 151) a. Loanwords serve to designate foreign objects and concepts for which a descriptive paraphrase would be clumsy or ambiguous. b. They serve to fill lexical gaps for concepts not properly named. c. They contribute to a more precise differentiation. d. They facilitate international communication. If we were to apply these functions of loanwords to the Latin-English relations, all of the four functions would be applicable to Latin loans. Let us look at each particular function more closely. Ad a. The first Latin loanwords were of military character. Naturally, the first contact between the two nations was the period of Roman rule in Europe, therefore there was a necessity to establish terms for new weapons, armor, battling techniques etc. Later, when the conquered nation began to accomodate to the new culture of its conquerors and businesses started to take up, new terms for dresses, textiles, vessels, plants and agriculture were in social demand. In the Middle Ages and later on, in Rennaissance, there was another wave of demand for words that would give names to new concepts from the field of science, religion, music, poetry etc. Most of these words have been preserved in the English languge till today. Ad b. The second point is very much connected to the first one. Once again, there were words for which the term was not an apposite one. These had to be replaced with more suitable terms which were very often of Latin origin. Ad c. This function applies to situations when there is a need for a more precise distinguishing of similar concepts. New loans are adopted because new semantic or stylistic contrasts have to be taken into account. This function of loanwords has repeatedly been praised as a great advantage of the English language due to its ability to reflect the smallest nuances in meaning. Ad d. Latin has been, until the present day, a great facilitator of communication in many fields. Since the very early beginnings of medicine, astrology, zoology and other sciences, Latin has occupied the position of a lingua franca in these sciences making it easier not only communicate more efficiently but also to learn and understand more quickly. The reason why doctors or botanists from distant parts of the world can

10 understand eachother without having a common language is the result of such function of Latin in the historical developement. Jespersen supports this statement by saying that loanwords have not only been the milestones of philology, but also the milestones of general history. That is because they show us the course of civilization and give us valuable information as to the inner life of nations when plain dates and annals can tell us only so much. When a trace of an exanche of loanwords cannot be found in two languages, it implies the two nations most probably have had no substantial contact with each other. However, if they have been in contact, the number of loanwords and moreover their quality will inform us of their reciprocal relations – on which domains of human activity one has been superior to the other etc. (Jespersen 1919: 29-30) J. P. Wild, who has dedicated much of his research to the relationship between a borrowed word and a borrowed item, takes Jespersen’s statement even further. He believes that in the context of Roman Britain a loanword which denotes a concrete object may with fair probability be taken as evidence in itself that the object, too, was borrowed. Having concluded this, Wild establishes the degree of probability of parallel borrowing of noun and object. He further claims that the thesis that loanword implies loan-object is untenable for only a small proportion of loanwords (such as the terminology for parts of the body). (Wild 1976: 57) Wild also believes that loanwords shed light on fields where historical rather than archaeological sources are normally informative. The Roman calendar, Roman legal and administrative practices and the whole spectrum of education and cultural life are reflected in at least seventy loanwords in British. (Wild 1976: 59)

4.3 THE LEXICAL INTEGRATION OF LOANWORDS Having previously demonstrated the complexity of the process of borrowing, it is obvious that that there are several ways of how a word can be adopted. There are words, which having no equivalent in the receiving languge can be adopted fairly easily. However, there are words which have a very similar or even the same meaning as domestic words and have to face eachother in ‘linguistic battles’. Weinreich comments on this issue by saying that except for loans with entirely new content, the transfer of reproduction of foreign words is bound to affect the existing vocabulary in one of the following three ways. First, there can be confusion in usage or full identity of content between the old and the new word. This is usually typical of the early stages of language contact. Second, old words may be discarded as their content becomes fully

11 replaced by the new loanword which occurs both when foreign words are transferred and when they are reproduced. Finally, the third affect that lexical borrowing may have is a clarification and specialization of terms. The content of the clashing old and borrowed words may result in specialization which may lead to the creation of doublets. (Weinreich 1974: 53-5)

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II. THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH AND LATIN LANGUAGES The focus of this chapter is the connection between historical events and the language development in relation to the English and Latin languages. The description of their individual development is important for us to be able to understand the influence Latin has had on the English language. For this reason, a brief introduction to the history of both languages is given the focus being primary the linguistic influence that has shaped the two languages into the form they are in today and the chronological classification of both English and Latin separately which is going to be create a background for the next chapter in which the English-Latin linguistic contact will be dealt with.

1. THE LATIN LANGUAGE

1.1 CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LATIN The Latin language is considered to have gone through several stages of development. These patterns of chronological classifications may vary. I am going to work with Barandovská’s division that distinguishes between seven periods in the development of Latin. Each of these periods represents the role that Latin played at that particular time. LATIN TIME PERIOD Archaic Latin 3rd century B.C. – 1st century B.C. Classical Latin 1. Golden period 1st century B.C. – 14 A.D. 2. Silver period 14 A.D. – 117 A.D. Vulgar Latin 1st century B.C. – 8th century A.D. Christian Latin 2nd century – present Middle Ages Latin 5th century – 15th century Renaissance Latin 14th century – 17th century Modern Latin 17th century – present Table 1 (Barandovská 1995: 18-51)

1.1.1 ARCHAIC LATIN The beginnings of ancient Latin – its birth and early development – are still very much covered in darkness. The only thing that is certain is that Latin separated from the

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Indo-European protolanguage – it was not until the third century B.C. that this was first documented. In the historical period it was merely a dialect in the Rome surroundings and later became the language of the Latini i.e. people living in Latium. (Barandovská 1995: 18-9) It is therefore obvious that Latin has not always held the position of a prestigeous, predominant language. Latin used to be merely one of a number of languages once found in the area of today’s Italy. As for the influences that shaped Latin – Latin adopted language patterns and lexis not only from Greek, but also from Etruscan. For instance, the Latin alphabet that was later adopted by so many languages, had been taken over from Etruscan. Also, architectonical features, some proper names and religious customs were taken over from the Etruscan civilization. Even though Etruscan was an important influence, the greatest influence on Latin was Ancient Greek. Greek, being the main source of Latin lexis, was a significant influence also on its morphology and syntax. The Greek influence on Roman literature, religion, arts, language and many other fields is immense. Naturally, we have to ask ourselves why it is that neither Etruscan nor Ancient Greek surpassed Latin in its use and spread. As for Etruscan, as Barandovská points out, the languge was not of a European character which was reflected in the fact that Latin has not adopted that many words from it compared to other languages. Greek lacked the potential to spread through Europe due to its many dialects which were rather scattered and separated. Rome, on the other hand was an area of one common language, whose spread was amplified by its growing political power and the decision to install Latin in all newly conquered areas. (Barandovská 1995: 18-9)

1.1.2 CLASSICAL AND VULGAR LATIN It is quite natural with all languages that the written and the spoken form of the language differ to a certain extent. In the case of Latin, the two forms are particularly different and the inconsistencies between the spoken and the written language are sometimes connected not only with the ‘correct‘ and ‘incorrect‘ form but rather with the fact that Latin has developed into two separate languages. The written form, which planted its roots in the classical period (1st century B.C. – 14 A.D.) and is therefore called the classical Latin, has become a pattern in fields such as philosophy, oratory and poetry for many future generations and is usually the Latin taught at classical schools. It is noteworthy that it was this relatively short period of

14 time that produced great politicians, writers and poet such as Cicero, Ovid, Vergil and Horatio. The model of classical Latin was based on the use of conscientiously chosen words, stylistic measures, optimal use of word-formation affixes, loanwords and their precise translation. However, it had a rather elaborate and somewhat artificial grammar suitable predominantly for literary purposes. As has been mentioned before, classical Latin is a very independent language pattern much more different from its spoken form that it is usual with contemporary languages. The existence of such a ‘correct‘ form not only proves its high level of language but it also makes the process of grammar creation much easier. The spoken form of Latin is also known as vulgar Latin (vulgus = common people). The records of the existence of the written form simultaneously with the spoken form are not numerous, but some can be found in literature – for example in Plato’s and Petronius’s works. Also, Christian writers tended to accomodate the language of Christianity to the vulgar form as a way of turning a greater number of common people to their cause, therefore some evidence can be found in their works as well. A contemporary way of getting to know vulgar Latin are Romance languages. It is often possible to derive their original form from the phonetic changes that occured. (Barandovská 1995: 24-28) To give a few lexical examples of the differences between the two language forms – in classical Latin the word for horse was equus but the colloquial denomination was caballus. From caballus the French cheval, Provençal caval, Spanish caballo and Italian cavallo were derived. (Baugh & Cable 1993: 27)

1.1.3 CHRISTIAN LATIN Even though, the original language of Christianity is Greek, Latin quickly dethroned its predecessor and in the second century became the liturgical language of Rome. The Christian Latin was divided into two branches – the classical Christian Latin and the vulgar Christian Latin. Therefore, Christian Latin had to function not only as the language of the Church but also as a language of the common people. Latin is still today considered one of the specific characteristics of the Catholic Church. In 1962, pope John XXIII. gave a speech called Veterum sapientia in which he fought for theologists’ active knowledge of the Latin language and he suggested that a theological programme taught in Latin should be established. Despite the fact that later on, it was established that liturgy may be held in national languages, Latin still occupied the position of a referential language in ecclestical law. However, Christian Latin has been gradually

15 replaced by other languages such as Italian, Spanish, English, German and French. (Barandovská 1995: 28-30)

1.1.4 LATIN OF THE MIDDLE AGES Latin of Middle Ages is an umbrella terms for all three forms of Latin – classical, vulgar and Christian. Many monarchs, such as Charles the Great, or Otto I, attempted to reform the declining state of Latin during the Middle Ages. At that time, Latin did no longer hold the place of a mother tongue, rather an internation means of communication – this was the beginning of Latin as an international language as we know it to be today. However, not everybody could speak it. The education system, that was fully in hands of the church, gave the opportunity to study Latin only to scholars and common people were not given the chance to study it respectively understand it any more. A wide range of genres is very typical of Christian Latin – some of the most typical include poetry, legends, theater plays, proverbs, fables, moral songs etc. (Barandovská 1995: 30-2)

1.1.5 RENAISSANCE LATIN The Renaissance period was a time of the revival of ancient values and traditions, which included the rebirth and reintroduction of the Latin language. Renaissance authors would find their inspiration in ancient writers such as Cicero, Sallustius, Terentius or Vergil and Latin, once again, took the position of a language that marked high status and high level of education. In fact, at that time Latin was considered a requirement for studying at a renowned foreign university. However, the trend of keeping the knowledge only within scholarly circles reassumed and Latin continued to be an international language restricted to high class societies. (Barandovská 1995: 32-3)

1.1.6 MODERN LATIN After the Renaissance period, Latin held a strong position of the number one language of science. In the 20th century many Latin university magazines such as Civis Romanus (in Limbach), Scriptor Latinus (in Frankfurt), Praeco Latinus (in Philadelphia) were being published. New communities supporting the revival of Latin were being established. For instance, in 1905 Unione pro Latinino Internationale was established to promote and popularize Latin. It suggested a simplified version of the

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Latin grammar with maximal use of Latin lexis. Organizations such as International Auxiliary Language Association, that supported a creation of an international language, defended Latin enumerating all its good qualities comparing them to English linguistic qualities. Also, many congresses dealing with this topic were held. For instance, in 1966 there was the Latinitas Viva congress held in Rome. Five years later, another important effort to preserve Latin occured - Conventus Neo-Latini Lovaniensi in 1971. The famous Latin society Societas Latina has also been very active. Finally, even Latin games were held e.g. Ludi Latini (in Augsburg, Friesing) and Ludi Horatiani (in Munich). (Barandovská 1995: 37-46)

1.2 THE LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE OF LATIN As Rome was colonizing Spain, Gaul, the district west of the Black Sea, northern Africa, the islands of the Mediterranean and Britain, Latin was spreading to all these regions until its limits became practically co-terminous with those of the Roman Empire. And in the great part of this area it has remained the language, although in an altered form, to the present day. The Romance languages, Italian, French, Spanish and Portuguese, in particular, owe a most of their vocabulary to Latin. In addition to these most spoken languages, there are about a dozen Romance languages that are spoken by smaller populations (such as Catalan on the Iberian peninsula and Corsica, or Rhaeto- Romanic in Switzerland or Walloon – a dialect of French spoken in southern Belgium). (Baugh & Cable 1993: 26-7) Latin has left, directly or indirectly, its mark on most of the languages of the world. It may have been its grammar, syntax, alphabet or its lexis. In fact, Latin, even though most people consider it a dead language nowadays, has been a continuous source of terminology and everyday vocabulary since its very early beginnings. Its international character allows people from different parts of the world and different language groups make oneselves understood in the field of medicine, law, music, botany, astronomy, biology etc. and many more. Furthemore, from personal experience, the linguistic value of Latin cannot be compared to any other language. If a person is acquainted with Latin grammar and Latin basic lexis, the horizons that this knowledge brings are immensely broad. Not only does the knowledge of Latin make it easier to learn a foreign language, it enriches a person in various other ways that are better experienced that described. Latin may be a dead

17 language, but, in my opinion, it is the most alive of all the dead languages in the history of the world.

2. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

2.1 CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH The development of the English language is conventionally divided into three time periods: Old, Middle and Modern English. A further division into Early and Late stages of development, as often made, is too detailed to be considered here. For the purposes of this thesis, the following division will suffice. The following text is draws on Robertson’s chronological classification, which, based on my research, is also the most common one. It is as follows: ENGLISH TIME PERIOD Old English 449 – 1100 Middle English 1100 – 1500 Modern English 1500 – present Table 2 (Robertson 1934: 39)

2.1.1 OLD ENGLISH The Old English period, as the term is usually understood, starts in the beginning of the Germanic tribes’ (Jutes, Saxons and Angles) invasions to Britain in 449 and goes until the year 1100. (Francis 1965: 39) After the Germanic conquest, each tribe settled a part of the British Isles which explains the division of Old English into dialects that have left their trace in the provincial speech of England until the present day. (Robertson 1934: 41) To outline the general development of the language in this period requires us to go back to pre-Saxon Britain. When the Germanic invaders came, Britain had been inhabited by the Celts. Celtic Britain was invaded by the Romans in 55 B.C. and 54 B.C. by Julius Caesar’s troops, but any attempt to conquer the island was postponed for almost a century. The Roman occupation lasted until the early fifth century when the Romans began to withdraw from the provinces in order to defend the capital leaving Britain defenseless against the attacks of the Picts and Scots of the north and west. After appealing in vain to Rome for help, the Celts finally called in the aid of Germanic sea- rovers. The Germanic tribes who came to help eventually coveted the island for

18 themselves and turned against their Celtic allies who were driven to the corners of the island. (Robertson 1934: 42) There are three major language influences on Old English – Celtic, Danish and Latin. The Latin influence will be developed later on, in chapter four. The Celtic influence and its deposit in Old English is curiously and almost inexplicably small. The words (apart from place-names) known to have been borrowed from the Celts in the Old English period do not amount to more than a dozen (e.g. bannock, brock, crock, dun, slough). Names of places stand on a different footing: hundreds of towns and cities (such as Carlisle and Dundee) retain their old Celtic names. One of the plausible ways of explaining the small number of words borrowed from Celtic is that the relation of the conquerors and the conquered people made it unnatural for the former to use the words of the latter. (Jespersen 1919: 37, 39, Robertson 1934: 43-4) Francis ascribes the scarce borrowing to the fact that the invading English had little of the kind of contact that would produce any extensive borrowing. He says that instead, the Germanic tribes often simply killed the Celts, or drove them into the mountains. (Francis 1965: 135) Another foreign contact of that period was with the Danes. They began to settle on the island in the late eighth century and by the time of Alfred the Great, they commanded all the territory north of the Thames. The Scandianvians were on the whole at much the same stage of civilization as the English – especially at handicrafts such as arts of war and shipbuilding. Undoubtedly, many very familiar words have reached us in Scandinavian rather than through the language of the Germanic tribes: sister, for example, is from the Old Norse syster rather than the Old English sweoster. (Robertson 1934: 45-6) The Danes seem to have adopted English, but they carried over into it many words from their native Norse. Many of them, like sky, take, window, want and even the pronouns they, their, them and the preposition till have since become standard English. (Francis 1965: 79, Wardale 1937: 21-3) It is a small, but significant fact that in the glorious patriotic war-poem celebrating the battle of Maldon (993) we find for the first time one of the most important Scandinavian loanwords – to call. This shows how early the linguistic influence of the Danes began to be felt in the English language. An enormous number of words were then identical in the two languages, so that we should now have been utterly unable to tell which language they had come from, if we had had no English literature before the invasion – nous such as man, wife, father, mother, house, thing, life, winter, summer, verbs like will, can, meet, come, bring, see, stand, sit

19 and adjectives and adverbs such as full, well, better, best with prepositions such as over and under. (Jespersen 1919: 61, 63-4) The resemblance between Old English and German suggests perhaps the readiest way to outline the general characteristics of the former. Not only in its vocabulary, but also in its accidence or inflection does Old English present familiar conceptions to a person who has studied German. Most striking of all, perhaps, is the fact that while Modern English definite article has a single invariable form, the Old English article exhibits an elaborate set of distinctions for gender, number, and case that exactly parallel the German forms. (Robertson 1934: 47-8) There are written records from this period, but very little literature was written in English. With the conservative forces of educated and literary usage in abeyance, the language changed more rapidly than it otherwise would have. By the time it again emerged as a literary language, it was so changed, that we give it a new name – Middle English.

2.1.2 MIDDLE ENGLISH As we have seen, the Old English word-stock is virtually unilingual; the Middle English, however, is clearly bilingual. The French influence began before the Norman Conquest when Edward the Confessor gave many influential posts in the English Church and state to French clergymen and French nobles. Thus it is not surprising that French words begin to enter the English vocabulary even before 1066. The policy of William the Conqueror is believed by recent historians to have been far more liberal in its attitude toward the English language than was long supposed. The king made no attempt to force his new subjects in their relations with one another to speak French. But it was inevitable that French should become at once the language of law, the Church, civil government and of military organization. Most of English legal terminology is to be traced directly to French: suit, plead, judge, jury, cause, court, fee, crime, jail. Ecclesiastical terms like religion, trinity, sacrifice, pray, clergy, cloister and service are also from French. So are terms of national government like parliament, crown, state, council, country and military words like fortress, siege, peace, soldier, troops, force, guard, armor, battle and war. Further followed by words for art, music and literature such as art itself, paint, music, chant, poem, and romance. As a result, the English language was reduced from the status of a literary language to that of a mere spoken dialect. According to Bradley, there is just one class of object for which the

20 native names have remained without any French mixture – that consisting of the external parts of the body. Words like eye, ear, tongue, nose, arm, hand and so forth are purely native. One exception to this rule is the word face which is French. (Bradley 1904: 91) However, it should be remembered that the addition of a French word does not necessarily mean the loss of an English one. Frequently, the two remain as synonyms. For instance, we have table as well as board, labor as well as work. However, as Jespersen says, the native English word usually has the strongest associations with everything that is primitive, fundamental, popular, while the French word is often more formal, more polite, more refined and has a less strong hold on the emotional side of life. Some examples of these synonyms may be the French amity and the English friendship, aid and help, favourite and darling. In some cases the chief difference between the native word and the French one is that the former is more colloquial and the latter more literary e.g. begin and commence, look for and search for, hide and conceal. Another English-French incosistency may be found in the interesting custom of applying Saxon names to animals when alive, but Norman French names when prepared for food which has been prevalent ever since this period and is illustrated in Ivanhoe. Thus, Saxon swine, calf, ox, sheep and deer have their counterparts in Norman pork, veal, beef, mutton and venison. (Bradley 1904: 88, Jespersen 1919: 84- 90, 97-9, Robertson 1934: 51-5, Thoma 1922: 27, Wardale 1937: 35) Latin has been a rich source of borrowing in all periods of the English languge, naturally including the Middle English period. However, its influence, again, will be discussed in detail in the following chapter. Generally speaking, the most important linguistic changes in this period are the two following – a more complex vocabulary which is accompanied by an increasingly simpler inflectional system. Two changes are perhaps most conspicuous: the far- reaching vowel weakening, by which almost every vowel other than e, occurring in an inflectional ending, was changed to e. By the end of that period, even that e has become mute to some extent as in Modern English, in which an earlier dayes has become days. The other change was the loss of final -n in the inflectional forms of several parts of speech. Greater simplicity was achieved also in the structure of the Middle English sentence. (Robertson 1934: 57-8, Wardale 1937: 3) The fourteenth century not only saw English firmly and finally established as a literary language thanks to such figures as John Gower and writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland and the unknown author of Sir Gawain and the Green

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Knight who staked all on English and showed that it could be the vehicle of great poetry) (Francis 1965: 82), but it saw the elevation of one dialect into a commanding position as a literary speech. The East Midland dialect of the capital, the court and the universities assumed a peculiarly favored position among its two other rivals - Northern and Southern dialects. The speech of London and the London area came to be thought of as standard, or at least preferred for cultivated use. Chaucer is sometimes given credit for influencing this choice since he was a Londoner born and bred and he wrote the colloquial and educated speech of his native town, but the truth may be rather different. Another person who substantially contributed to pushing English toward brighter future was Caxton and his invention of the printing press. Its ability to spread copies of English texts over the whole country made a standard writing system in English both desirable and feasible. The fifteenth century saw the standardization of the literary language carried even further and before the end of the fifteen century, it has developed into what we know now as Modern English. (Francis 1965: 83, 86, Robertson 1934: 61- 3)

2.1.3 MODERN ENGLISH In the sixteenth century the English society as well as its language were overwhelmed by the humanistic movement - the revival of learning that put the study of Latin on a new basis and introduced the study of Greek. The general effect of the revival of learning in the context of the English language was twofold: a temporary neglect of the vernacular but later a recognition of the possibility of giving modern languages something of the grace and quality that scholars found in the classics. This twofold division led to a division in society – there were those who believed that English should be “improved“ by borrowings from Latin and those who believed that English should rather develop its own words. These opposite attitudes, of course, do not represent a new notion, simply one amplified by the time period. (Robertson 1934: 65- 6) Throughout the eighteenth century, beginning with the work of men like Swift and Steele, the striving is for simplicity, directness, clarity and accurancy. The Elizabethan exuberance, the joy in language is no longer requested. There is a tendency towards purification and refinement. (Robertson 1934: 67-8) With the dawn of Romanticism a freer and a more liberal atmosphere becomes evident. Obsolete words are being revived, dialectal terms are being introduced.

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Dictionaries begin to have a powerful influence upon Modern English development. (Robertson 1934: 68-9) One of the most interesting aspects of Modern English is its constantly increasing use as an international language. This leadership among the languages of the world has been achieved well within the Modern English period. In the nineteenth century, English came rapidly to the front, largely as a result of the swift increase in the population of the United States and of the British colonies. Probably by the middle of the century, it had outdistanced its competitors. The reason why it had done so is up for discussion. Its spread may be accounted for by external circumstances, or it may have come about because English is the language best fitted to be the international tongue, that Latin once was. Probably it is best to say that both internal and external factors have worked hand in hand here. However, the analogy of the destiny of Latin and English is quite interesting and will be mentioned in the following passage. (Robertson 1934: 87-92)

3. THE ENGLISH-LATIN ANALOGY McArthur presents an interesting suggestion in his book The English Languages. He compares the fate of Latin to the possible destiny of English. He suggests that there are scholars who fear that Standard English might be slowly replaced by various dialects and possibly lead to the death of English as we know it. He then, compares this possible development to that of Latin which was replaced by other languages such as French, Italian and Spanish. Because of this concern about English, the Latin which died under barbarian assault 1,500 years ago offers a suitable dire analogue of mutally intelligible ‘post-English’ languages. McArthur also present the opposite side of the issue. He says that there are those who do not see English as one language but rather as many ‘world Englishes’. From this point of view, the growth of the vernacular Latins of Imperial Rome which led in due course to the Romance languages, is hardly tragic. (McArthur 1998: 181-2) The truth might be somewhere in the middle. There is no way to know to what extent the ‘death‘ of Latin was abrupt or how natural the transfer from Latin to the Romance languages was. Moreover, changing of languages and creation of languages is a natural process that cannot and should not be artificially interrupted. On the other hand, the tendencies toward very different variations of English have become quite numerous recently and we can expect such a trend to continue further in the future.

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III. LATIN LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH Having introduced both languages in the context of their own history and development that was marked by various influences, it is now time to present the two languages in the context of their common history. This chapter has been divided into three parts that correspond with the periods of the linguistic development of English, that is the Old, Middle and Modern English periods. Each part deals with one particular period of the English-Latin contact focusing primarily on the role that the historical development played in the linguistic development. A characterization of the loanwords of the given period is provided and examples of those loanwords that were adopted into English at that particular period are given. The principal languages which have affected the English lexis are Scandinavian, French and Latin. Scandinavian words were borrowed most freely between the ninth and the twelfth century; French words during the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, but Latin words have been making their way into English throughout almost the whole period of English history, first into the spoken language, later into written English. (Serjeantson 1961: 9)

1. LATIN LOANWORDS IN THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD (449-1100) There are numerous ways of dividing the early loan-words period. Skeat’s model defines Latin of the first period as Latin that was present on the British Isles until 600 A.D. After this point, Latin of the Second period comes – the Christian Latin. (Skeat 1887: 432-3) Baugh and Cable devide the history of early Latin loanwords in English into three periods: the Zero period, the First period and the Second period. (Baugh & Cable 1993: 77-82) A different classification was introduced by Alois Pogatscher in his work Lautlehre in 1888, where he included a geographical aspect of division of the early Latin loanwords. (Wollmann 2007: 6) According to his pattern, the early OE loanwords can be divided into two main groups: continental and insular. Later on, he added the period of Christian loanwords. The continental loanwords, originating in the lower Rhine area and mainly in Gaul were those words borrowed by the Germanic tribes from the beginning of the Roman-Germanic contact to 449 A.D. Insular loanwords were words borrowed from the romanized urban British population between the years 450 and 600 A.D. Christian loanwords are those words that were borrowed roughly after the year 600 A.D. (Wollmann 2007: 6) Pogatscher’s geographical division into continental and insular loanwords was later adopted by many scholars, (including

24 linguists such as Hladký (Hladký 2003: 319-21) and Serjeantson (Serjeantson 1961: 11- 4) and became the basic pattern of division of early Latin loanwords in English. This work is going follow Pogatscher in his division into continental, insular and Christian loanwords.

1.1 CONTINENTAL DEVELOPMENT The history of Latin words in English has its beginnings in the period before the Angles, Jutes and Saxons crossed the North Sea to settle the British Isles. From the time of Julius Caesar onwards we have evidence from the Roman historians of contact betwen the Germanic and the Latin peoples which led to the adoption of Germanic words into Latin and vice versa. The number of Germans living within the Roman empire in the fourth century is estimated at several million. Germans usually worked as slaves in the fields or served in the army as soldiers and also as commanders. For instance, Augusta Treverorum in Gaul (now Treves) – an important intersection of eight military roads and a place where all the grandeur of the Roman civilization was shown was practically under the gaze of the Germanic people. As has been indicated before, the first spread of Latin words into Germanic was due to military influence. And after the Roman soldier came the Roman merchant. From the time of the first establishment by Julius Caesar of an imperial province on the Rhine, the trade of Italy turned in this direction and the inhabitants of the new province learnt very quickly to approve the new products, vessels, plants, ornaments and games which came to them from the south. They traded products of Roman handicrafts and articles of luxury for amber, furs, slaves and raw materials. The new words that some of the Germans learned from the Romans then spread to other Germanic tribes. In the beginning, the interchange of words between Germanic and Latin speakers took place in the spoken language i.e. it was not classical Latin but rather vulgar Latin that was the source of new lexis. (Hladký 2003: 319, Serjeantson 1961: 11)

1.1.1 CONTINENTAL LOANWORDS Although, as Hladký states, the number of loanwords from this period is not very high – about 150, they are all very important words. (Hladký 2003: 320) The loanwords adopted in the continental period are very concrete and descriptive. Mainly because there was no need for any abstract terms and as Peprník points out, the Germanic tribes

25 were not yet mature enough to absorb any abstract terms. (Peprník 2006: 81) A few examples from various fields follow (Hladký 2003: 320):

Military actions: battle, javelin, road, wall Measure and distance: inch, mile, pound Trade: bargain, chest, payment, price, market, mint sack, monger, toll Food and drink: butter, cheese, oil, wine Cooking: dish, kitchen, kettle, mill Plants: beet, cherry, cole, lily, mint, palm, pear, pepper, plum Animals: dragon, drake, mule, peacock Building arts: chalk, copper, pitch, pit, tile Education: school Church and religion: angel, ark, bishop, church, church, devil

Finally, it should be noted that there was two-way traffic in loanwords in the Roman period. However, Germanic loanwords adopted into Latin are suprisingly very scarce, as attested by Roman authors. Examples of such loanwords are ganta (goose), sapo (soap), reno (hides) and glaesum (amber). (Wild 1976: 61) These loanwords reveal the reverse side of Roman trade with Germanic tribes confirming Wild’s theory of the introduction of a new word that had been preceded by the introduction of the item itself.

1.2 INSULAR DEVELOPMENT

1.2.1 INSULAR DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE ROMAN CONQUEST The first significant influence of Roman civilization on British Isles took place in years 55 and 54 B.C. when Julius Caesar having completed the conquest of Gaul decided upon an invasion of England. His chief purpose behind the invasion was probably the intention to discourage the Celts of Britain from coming to the assistance of Celts in Gaul. However, the expedition had resulted in no material gain and great disappointment. The resistance of the Celts was unexpectedly spirited. His return the following year was no greater an improvement on the situation. Even though he succeeded in establishing himself in the southeast, after a few encounters with the Celts,

26 he was forced to return to Gaul. Britain was not again troubled by the Roman for nearly a hundred years. (Baugh & Cable 1993: 43) When emperor Claudius decided to undertake the actual conquest of the island in 43 A.D. he did not underestimate the problems involved with it. An army of 40, 000 was sent to Britain and within three years Claudius managed to subjugate the peoples of the central and southeastern regions. Subsequent campaigns soon brought almost all of what is now England under Roman rule. A setback in Roman progress occured in 61 A.D. when Boadicea, the widow of one of the Celtic chiefs, led an uprising against the Romans massacring about 70, 000 of them. The Romans never really penetrated far into the mountains of Wales and Scotland. Eventually, they built Hadrian’s wall to protect the northern boundary against the Scots. The area south of this line was under Roman rule for more than 300 years. (Baugh & Cable 1993: 44) The British Isles have been marked by the Roman rule in various ways. Roman ways were found where Romans lived and ruled. Four great highways spread fanlike from London to the north, the northwest, the west and the southwest. Numerous smaller roads connected important military and civil centers. Small cities and more than a hundred towns with their Roman houses, baths, temples and occasional theaters testify to the introduction of Roman habits of life. The Romans introduced the heating apparatus, the water supply system, paved floors in mosaic, walls of painted stucco and other Roman ornaments, utensils, pottery and glassware. (Baugh & Cable 1993: 44) Naturally, the position of Latin, right after the conquest, was the position of a conquering language. However, the primary feeling of hostility toward the Roman language began to change very early. Tacitus tells us that in the time of Agricola (78-85 A.D.) the Britons who at first despised the language of their conquerors now became eager to speak it. On the whole, many people in Roman Britain habitually spoke Latin, but its use was not sufficiently widespread to cause it to survive, as the Celtic language survived, the upheaval of the Germanic invasions. A number of inscriptions have been found, all of them in Latin. These inscriptions do not in themselves indicate a widespread use of Latin by the native population. They rather suggest that the use of Latin was probably confined to members of the upper class and inhabitants of the cities and towns. The well-to-do inhabitants who occupied fine country houses probably spoke Latin, too. (Baugh & Cable 1993: 44)

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1.2.2 INSULAR DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE GERMANIC CONQUEST When the Roman troops that had settled in Britain were called back home to protect Rome, they left Britain unprotected. The English, constantly harrased by the Picts and Scots were defenseless against these attacks and according to the tradition, invited the Germanic tribes for the purpose of conquering the Picts and Scots. However, when these tribes arrived and fulfilled their goal, they decided to establish kingdoms of their own. The Jutes settled in southeastern England, the Saxons settled largely south of the Thames and the Angles established their kingdoms in the east and central part of England from the Thames to Scotland. By the middle of the sixth century, the invasion had stopped. The Teutonic supremacy on the island naturally resulted in the suppression of the native Celts. The Germanic tribes were not wildly barbarous as the presuming opinion usually is. They were adventurous sea-rovers with high regard for freedom. However, their type of civilization cannot be compared to that of the Romans, whose culture they swept out of England. In the light of Roman civilization the Teutonic tribes were, therefore, fierce and warlike. (Thoma 1922: 25-6) Nevertheless, the Germanic tribes thought of Latin as of a language of a highly regarded civilization, one from which they wanted to learn. Contact with that civilization, at first commercial and military, later religious and intellectual, extended over many centuries and was constantly renewed. (Baugh & Cable 1993: 75)

1.2.3 INSULAR LOANWORDS When the Germanic tribes invaded Britain in the half of the fifth century and conquered the Celtic inhabitants, the Latin language had already preceded them. As I have mentioned before, Britain had been a Roman province for nearly four hundred years. (Skeat 1887: 432) However, we must not expect too many Latin words from this source. The words most likely to be incorporated into English are place-names left by the Romans among the Celts. As Wollmann stresses, there are no loanwords that can for sure be assigned to the insular period in the sense that there is a positive proof that they were borrowed from romanized Celts or some dispersed speakers of British vulgar Latin. Since possible Celtic interference can be probably restricted only to a few cases, we are obliged to state, that a majority of early Latin loanwords were of continental origin since there is no linguistic proof that loanwords were borrowed in Britain and not by way of trade with Gaul. (Wollmann 2007: 21) Serjeantson agrees with this statement and points out that it is sometimes impossible to distinguish between loans of the later

28 continental period and those of the first centuries of the settlement and in some cases, though these are in a minority, words included in the respective lists might be transferred from one to the other with equal probability of correctness. (Serjeantson 1961: 14) Moreover, each author deals with the issue of Latin loanwords differently, which may result in words being classified as continental as well as insular borrowings. The following words, as Emerson presents them in his work, are some of the examples that Kluge and Skeat consider to be insular borrowings (Emerson 1917: 145-6, Skeat 1887: 432-3):

LATIN OLD ENGLISH MODERN ENGLISH castra (pl.) ċeaster Chester, Lancaster, lacus lacu lake montem (akuz.) munt mount portus port port milia (pl.) mil mile strāta (sternere) strǣt street uallum wal wall vīcus wīc Wick (Harwich, Berwick) vīnum wīn wine Table 3 (Emerson 1917: 145-6, Skeat 1887: 432-3)

1.3 CHRISTIAN INFLUENCE AND LOANWORDS The third period of the Latin influence on Old English, according to Potgatscher, is the period of christianization. The English were converted to Christianity in about 596 A.D. It was in that year that Pope Gregory the Great sent Abbot Augustine to England to spread Christianity. Augustine converted the king of Kent and founded the monastery at Canterbury. Furthermore, Scottish missionaries founded Lindisfarne in Northumbria in about 640 A.D. However, it must be noted that the Anglo-Saxons knew about some phenomema of Christianity centuries before they were converted. This is proved by the fact that they learned a few words from the Christian terminology before coming to England e.g. bishop, church, devil, angel (see 1.1.1 Continental loanwords) (Skeat 1887: 433) But, as Thoma points out, some of these words of classical origin existing previous to the introduction of Christianity were used with pagan connotation. 29

For instance, an angel was not a heavenly messenger but a messenger in our sense of the word. (Thoma 1922: 26) During the following four centuries many Latin words were introduced by Roman ecclesiastics, and by English writers who translated Latin words into their own language. (Skeat 1887: 433) Jespersen presents an interesting idea when he says that he is not concerned with the words that were adopted at this period, but with those that were not. He does not find it unusual, considering the historical development, that English borrowed from Latin its religious terminology. What astonishes him is the fact that English has utilized its own resources to such a great extent. The use of native words was also supported by the clergy and missionaries who tended to avoid learned Latin words to make the new faith more accessible to the population. This was done in three ways: by forming new words from the foreign loans by means of native affixes, by modifying the sense of existing English words, and finally by framing new words from native stems. (Jespersen 1919: 42) A great example of how existing native words were largely turned to account to express Christian ideas is the word God. Jespersen gives 23 native compounds that include the word God. These are just some of them: godcundnes (divinity), godsibb (sponsor), godspell (gospel), godsunu (godson), godgimm (divine gem). (Jespersen 1919: 45) Such a list shows how in the old system of nomenclature, everything was native, and, therefore, easily understood even by the uneducated. Modern English, however, has words derived from several bases instead: divine, religious, sacred, pious, evangelical, oracle etc. Such series of terms is, naturally, harder to remember that the Anglo-Saxon series beginning with god-. (This is the usual argument that those against loanwords and borrowing give.) (Jespersen 1919: 45-6, Peprník 2006: 82) As Baugh and Cable say, the result of the christianizing of Britain is some 450 Latin words adopted into English (this number does not include proper names or derivatives). However, about 100 of them were purely ‘learned’ or retained so much of the foreign character and hardly can be considered part of the English vocabulary (e.g. inwit (conscience), houseling (confession)). (Francis 1965: 136) Of the 350 words, some did not find their way into general use until later, when they were reintroduced. On the other hand, a large number of them were fully accepted and thoroughly incorporated into the language since they were introduced (e.g. deacon, bishop, martyr) (Baugh & Cable 1993: 89, Francis 1965: 136)

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A list of a few examples of words adopted in the period of Christian influence follows (Baugh & Cable 1993: 84-5, Emerson 1917: 147, Hladký 2003: 321, Skeat 1887: 441):

Religion and church: abbot, alb, alms, altar, anthem, apostle, balsam, candle, canon, cleric, creed, cummin, deacon, disciple, font, litany, manna, martyr, mass, minster, monk, noon, nun, offer, organ, pall, pasch, pope, priest, prime, provost, psalm, sabath, shrine, temple Household and clothing: candle, cap, cowl, purple, silk, sock, sponge Plants, herbs, trees: box (tree), cedar, chervil, feverfew, gladden, mallow, myrth, periwinkle, pine, plant, rose, rue, savine, spelt Food: fennel, ginger, lentil, lobster, mussel, radish Animals: capon, culver, doe, phoenix, trout, turtle-(dove) Miscellaneous: canker, chapman, circle, coop, copper, coulter, crisp, cup, dight, elephant, fan, fever, fiddle, fork, giant, imp, keep, kiln, lever, linen, mat, mortar, must, pan, paper, phoenix, pilch, pile, pillow, pin, place, plaster, pole, punt, sack, shambles, shoal, shrive, sickle, sole, spend, stop, strap, talent, tippet, title, tun, tunic, verse, zephyr

2. LATIN LOANWORDS IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (1100-1500)

2.1 ENGLISH, LATIN AND FRENCH After 1066, when the Normans, led by William the Conqueror, settled in Britain, English and Latin found themselves having to compete with yet another language, French. The roles of the three languages were given by the official policy of the court. The king’s court, along with major religious communities were sources of the French influence. The kings and the feudal lords were all French-speakers. All legal documents were written in French. Monastic life was also dominated by French-speakers, although

31 the language of the liturgy and of the written documents was Latin. Latin had played an important role as the official written language in England. Part of the literature of medieval England from the twelfth century to the fourteenth was written in Latin. During Middle English, the importance of Latin as the language of religion and learning continued. Chronicles were written in Latin, and the number of ‘learned words’ in history and theology further kept rising. English was the language of ordinary trade and agriculture. The balance between these two languages was upset in 1204 when King John lost Normandy to Philip II of France, and isolated the Normans from their continental lands. This was an encouragement for the aristocracy to use English. This was also something that caused the Latin loans to appear in large numbers in Middle English. In 1362, Edward III issued an act requiring the use of English as the language of the oral proceedings in courts. The written records, however, were still made in Latin. (Berndt 1989: 53, Hladký 2003: 324)

2.2 LOANWORDS An important difference between Old English loanwords and Middle English loanwords is the purpose of their borrowing. In Old English, borrowing was motivated mainly by the need for denotation of new concepts while in Middle English, in many cases, Latin words were taken over even though there were adequate native words already in the English lexis. (Hladký 2003: 319) The area of Middle English loanwords from Latin widens quite considerably with the adoption of new words from scientific fields. The borrowing of religious and ecclesiastical terms continues in this period. However, there are new semantical fields such as medicine, alchemy, mineralogy, zoology that are being enriched with Latin words. Middle English period is also considerably richer in abstract terms, as opposed to the Old English period. A few examples of loanwords from various fields follow (Serjeantson 1961: 260):

Religion: alleluia, apocalypse, collect, diocese, eremite, Exodus, Genesis, gloria, lateran, lector, magnificat, mediator, requiem, redemptor, sabbat, salvator, sanctum

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Law: arbitrator, client, conviction, equivalent, executor, exorbitant, extravagant, gratis, habeas corpus, implement, legitimate, memorandum, pauper, persecutor Education: abacus, abecedary, allegory, et cetera, cause, contradictory, desk, ergo, explicit, finis, formal, incipit, index, item, library, memento, major, minor, neuter, scribe, simile Medicine: diaphragm, digit, dislocate, hepatic, ligament, recipe, saliva Alchemy: aggravate, calcine, concrete, dissolve, distillation, elixir, essence, ether, fermentation, fixation, immaterial, liquable, mercury Astronomy: ascension, comet, conspect, dial, eccentric, equal, equinoxium, equator, intercept, retrograde Botany: cardamon, gladiol, juniper, lupin Zoology: asp, cicade, lacert, locust Mineralogy: adamant, chalcedony, jacinct, lapidary, onyx

Abstract terms: adoption, aggregate, alienate, collision, colony, communicative, complete, concussion, conductor, confederate, conflict, depression, determinate, exclamation, expedition, imaginary, immortal, implication etc. Latin is also responsible for the adoption of a number of prefixes and suffixes into English. A list of prefixes is given at the end of this work. Latin nouns, adjectives and pronouns have usually been adopted in the nominative case (circus, consul) but inflected forms are occasionally found, too (folio, requiem). To these we may add various Latin verbal forms which have become crystallized in the same way through some frequent construction and are now used as nouns (exit, veto, deficit, interest). Latin prepositions and adverbs were adopted directly less commonly than nouns, adjectives and verbs, but some do occur in English (alias, extra, item, verbatim). (Serjeantson 1961: 263-4) Serjeantson points out that, in this period, it is quite difficult to know which language a word was adopted from. For example, the words exemption, impression or

33 discipline could have been taken over either directly from Latin or later on from French. Another problem is that, often, a word which was adopted from Old French, is either in Middle English or later, reborrowed from Latin or at least refashioned on the model of Latin (in pronunciation, spelling or both). These include words such as adventure (earlier aventure), confirm (conferm), debt (dette). The matter is further complicated by the fact that in the adoption of words from Latin the common Latin suffixes are replaced with common French suffixes. For instance, the OFr. suffix -ie represents the Latin suffix -ia, hence the Latin words custodia, familia were modified into custodie, familie (now custody, family) Sometimes, however, the French form has deviated so far from the Latin form, that there is no doubt which language is the source of the corresponding English word. In fact, English has often two terms – doublets – one adopted directly from Latin and one adopted directly from French. (Serjeantson 1961: 261-2)

2.3 AUREATE TERMS The fifteenth century introduced a rather unusual linguistic feature – aureate terms. It became a conscious stylistic device extensively used by poets and occasionally by writers of prose. By means of words such as abusion, dispone, diurne, equipolent and tenebrous, poets attempted what has been described as a kind of stylistic gilding, and this feature of their language is accordingly known as ‘aureate diction’. The poets who affected aureate terms have been described as tearing up words from Latin. Even though, this effort was rather artificial and most of the words created in this way disappeared from the English language quite early, there were words which were considered ‘aureate’ in Chaucer, like laureate, mediation, oriental and prolixity and did become part of the common speech. However, this source of words is merely a small stream of Latin words flowing into English in the period of Middle Ages. (Francis 1965: 181-2)

3. LATIN LOANWORDS IN THE MODERN ENGLISH PERIOD (1500 – PRESENT) The period of Modern English stretches from 1500 until the present day. And even though the beginnings of Renaissance are usually considered to be in the 14th century, its direct impact on English was the greatest in the 16th and 17th century; therefore, the period of Renaissance has been included in the Modern English period rather than in the Middle English. Moreover, Francis points out that the influx of classical borrowings

34 that entered English in Renaissance was a phenomenon of the period roughly from 1550 to 1675. Direct borrowing from Latin during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries far surpassed that from any other foreign language, including French. The following eighteenth century was a period of stabilization of the vocabulary crowned by the publication of Johnson’s great dictionary in 1755. (Francis 1965: 110) The Renaissance movement brought about the revival of not only classical literature and art but also of the classical languages. Compared to the Middle English period, when on the whole many of the borrowings adopted from Latin into English are much more likely to be from French than from Latin, in the Modern English period, they are much more likely to be from Latin than from French. (Robertson 1934: 314) Although, it is probably quite impossible to get anything like an accurate estimate of the whole number of Latin loanwords borrowed in English, Professors Greenough and Kittredge have arrived at the conclusion that English “has appropriated a full quarter of the Latin vocabulary, besides what it has gained by transferring Latin meanings to native words.“ (Robertson 1934: 315)

3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LOANWORDS Along with the scientific development, in the Modern English period, Latin became the languge of science (medicine, anatomy, pathology, botany, astronomy, physics, mathematics, philosophy etc.) therefore these are the fields which were supplied with Latin words the most. Other Latin borrowings are broadly assignable to such fields as education, rhetoric, prosody, literature etc. Among the large number of Latin loans difficult to classify are words which are of a rather formal style as well as others which have found their ways to the everyday speech of the average educated man (Berndt 1989: 56) Latin also served as the channel through which most of the loans from Greek passed into English. The process of borrowing abstract terms rather than concrete words also continues in the Modern English period. This suggests the social progress that started in the Middle English period which is demonstrated through language. An interesting course of development occured during this period. Since the prestige of Latin was so great, many French words were being adapted back to their Latin originals: such as avril – april, doute – doubt, egal – equal, langage – language. (Berndt 1989: 56)

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3.1.1 THE ENGLISHING OF LATIN WORDS Apart from the assimilation of prefixes and suffixes that has been mentioned before, English has managed to modify Latin words in other ways. For instance, Wrenn mentiones that Latin technical terms and law phrases were commonly shortened or abbreviated. Such as status quo which was taken originaly from ‘status quo ante’ or bona fide (as in ‘bona fide traveller’) or mob (as in ‘mobile vulgus’). Indeed many Latin words have acquired such an English feeling that almost no-one knows what their origins are. Thus, we have recipe in cookery which originally was the Latin imperative in the sense of take (take that amount of ingredience) similarly the word item is properly the Latin for ‘likewise’ used in such lists as accounts, prescriptions or recipes. (Wrenn 1949: 114-6) Substantial changes also occured in the field of pronunciation. Latin, as the language of the educated classes in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries developed in pronunciation on the same lines as English, therefore common Latin terms came to have a real speech-tradition among the cultivated classes. However, in the nineteenth century a new way of pronouncing Latin brought over from the Continent arose in schools. The spreading of this new and foreign-sounding pronunciation has grown with the decline of general knowledge of Latin which led to changes in pronunciation. Wrenn gives examples of this – the traditional stratum [streitəm] becomes [stratəm], and one even hears occasionally cinema [sinima] spoken as [kinima] or [kainima] because the word was made from a Greek formation kinēma. Wrenn adds, that often rhymes in English verse depending on the traditional English-Latin pronunciation are falsified by this practice. (Wrenn 1949: 117-8)

3.2 LOANWORDS As Serjeantson says, the period of Renaissance added very many Latin words to the English vocabulary but it also introduced many which failed to receive general approval. Serjeantson agrees with Francis on the period of the greatest influx of Latin loanwords by saying that since 1500, the largest number of words have been introduced during the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth while the smallest number during the last half of the eighteenth century. (Serjeantson 1961: 264).

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3.3 THE LATIN-ENGLISH CONTROVERSY The revival of Latin in the sixteenth century was viewed twofold. On one hand, Latin was taken as a highly regarded language, a rich source of vocabulary and a linguistic universal currency. On the other hand, Latin was viewed as a threat to the emerging vernaculars. As Baugh and Cable say, in the Renaissance period, vernaculars had to face three great problems (Baugh & Cable 1993: 198): 1. Recognition in the fields where Latin had for centuries been supreme. 2. The establishement of a more uniform orthography. 3. Enrichment of the vocabulary so that it would be adequate to meet the demand that would be made upon it in its wider use. Having said that, Latin was one of the possible sources of troubles that vernaculars had to deal with. At that time, many scholars argued that compared to Latin, the vernacular languages seemed immature, unpolished, and limited in resource. (Berndt 1989: 55) English also came under attack in the sixteenth century by various writers who called the language uneloquent in such terms as base, simple, rude, gross, barbarous and vile. For this reason, it was thought that serious compositions about theology, medicine, philosophy, law etc. should be written in Latin. (Peters 1968: 269) The early modern period was, on the other hand also the time when, as a result of socioeconomic changes, the monopoly of Latin as the universal languagege of philosophy, theology, and science was being challenged, and English came to be employed more and more for purposes for which Latin had for centuries either exclusively or predominantly been used. There were many scholars who defended English against Latin such as Elyot, Wilson, Puttenham, or Mulcaster. (This issue is also referred to in chapter 3.5.) In conclusion, I think it is safe to say that the scholars who at that time were in favor of borrowing from Latin still outnumbered those who were against it and that is why the word-stock of Latin loanwords in the Modern English period is the largest of all three periods in the history of the English language.

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IV. CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LOANWORDS The core of this thesis is the following chronological classification of Latin words in the English language. However, a few words need to be said to explain the focus of the text that follows. First, the following enumeration of words is based on one major source that was used, that is Hoad’s Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology (A). Other sources were consulted, when the origin of words was not clear, especially when a word was said to be of either French or Latin origin. In that case, two more sources were consulted, that is Skeat’s Concise Dictionary of English Etymology (B) and Onions’s The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (C). The letters in the brackets – that is A, B, and C – were used to state which of the three book sources the origin of the word was taken from. That is, if a headword is followed by A152, it means that the origin of the word can be found in Hoad’s Dictionary on page 152. If a word was said to be adopted either from Latin or French in Hoad’s work whereas Skeat claims that its origin is Latin, the word is included in the list and both sources are stated. Second, for practical reasons, the number of words is limited to the headwords of Hoad’s dictionary. Therefore, derivatives and related words are not included in the classification. However, all headwords that are stated to be clearly of Latin origin have been written down, along with their various meanings. The development of meaning is always reflected in the chronological classification, i.e. one word may be included in several centuries as it was adopted several times with different meanings or the meaning has changed throughout history. Not all headwords are provided with a definition of meaning. Definitions have not been provided for words whose senses have undergone no major change in English, and whose meanings are likely to be ascertainable by most readers. Third, the headword (with its English definition) is always followed by its origin. Words from other languages that are part of the trail of etymological history of the English headword are written in italics. The first word given is always Latin, if not stated otherwise. If the word had been adopted into Latin from some other language before it was adopted from Latin into English, the chain of origin is also given. The following signs were used in explaining the course of the adoption of words: – adoption, borrowing from one language into another f. formed on, a word was formed on another word = means, meaning

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Further abbreviations that were used are listed at the end of this chapter along with a list of the most common prefixes that occur in English (with stress on Latin prefixes). A list of suffixes is not included due to its complexity that transcends the limits of this thesis. The words are divided according to the century they were adopted in. However, the earliest loanwords usually cannot be assigned to a particular century. For this reason, words that were adopted approximately from 700 to 1100 are simply included in one group of loans – Old English Loanwords. This applies also to several Middle English loanwords whose precise date of adoption is not known, and which are therefore put in another group of loans – Middle English Loanwords. Following these two groups, there are 10 groups of words listed according to the century they were adopted in – from the 11th century until the 20th century. A list of words that entered English via Latin whose time of adoption, however, is not given by any of the consulted dictionaries, concludes the enumeration of Latin loanwords in English. The final part of this chapter explains why the highest number of loanwords were adopted in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and why other periods were less rich in Latin loans.

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1. OLD ENGLISH LOANWORDS

ALBION Britain OE. Albion – L. Albiōn, Gr. Alouíōn – Celtic A10 Albio, -on- (albus = white) ALTAR OE. altar, alter – L. altar, altāre, altārium for altāria, n. pl. burnt offerings, altar, prob. A12 rel. to adolēre = burn in sacrifice AMPULLA vessel for holy oil OE. – L. dim. of ampora, var. of amphora A14 ANCHOR appliance for OE. ancor, -er, ancra – L. anc(h)ora – Gr. mooring vessel to ágkūra A15 the bottom ANTHEM OE. antef(e)n – L. antiphona for antiphōna = A18 antiphon APOSTLE OE. apostol – L. apostolus – Gr. apóstolos = one sent forth, f. apostéllein, f. apo- + A19 stéllein = place, make ready AUGUST eight month of the OE. – L. Augustus, f. base of augēre = year increase; so named after the first Roman A28 emperor, Augustus Caesar BEELZEBUB the Devil OE. Belzebub - L. Beelzebub, rendering Heb. A37 = lord of flies and Gr. Beelzeboúb of the N.T. BRITISH pert. to ancient OE. Brettisċ, Brit-, Bryt-, f. Bret, pl. Brettas, Britons based on L. Brittō (or OCelt. Britto or A50 Brittos) BUTTER OE. butere – L. būtȳ rum – Gr. boútūron A56 CALTROP (usu. pl.) name of OE. calcatrippe – L. calcatrippa various plants that A59 entangle the feet CANDLE OE. candel – L. candēla, -della, f. candēre = A60 glisten CANON rule, law (of the OE. canon – L. canōn – Gr. kanón = rule A61 Church) CAP OE. cæppe – L. cappa, poss. f. caput = head A61 CHEESE food made of OE. ċēse, ċīese, ċȳ se – L. cāseus A72 pressed curds CHERVIL garden herb OE. ċerfille, -felle – L. chærephylla, -um – A73 Gr. khairéphullon CHEST box, coffer OE. ċest, ċist – L. cista – Gr. kístē = box, A73 chest COCKLE plant growing OE. coccul, -el – L. cocculus, f. coccus, A82 among corn earlier coccum = kermes – Gr. kókkos COOK preparer of food OE. cōc – L. cōcus, for coquus A96 COPPER metal of reddish copor, coper – L. cuprum, for cyprium (æs) = colour (metal) of Cyprus; so named from its most A97 noted ancient source COULTER OE. culter – L. culter = knife, plough-share 40

A100 COWL hooded garment OE. cug(e)le, cūle – L. cuculla, f. cucullus = A101 worn by religious hood of a cloak CREED OE. crēda – L. crēdō = I believe A104 CRISP curly OE. crisp, crips – L. crispus = curled A105 CUP OE. cuppe – L. cuppa, var. of cūpa = tub A108 DEACON OE. diacon – diāconus – Gr. diákonos = A113 servant, messenger, Christian minister DEVIL the supreme spirit OE dēofol – L. diabolus – Gr. diábolos = of evil; malignant prop. accuser, slanderer, f. diabállein = being slander, traduce, f. diá = across + bállein = A122, B122 throw DISCIPLE OE. discipul – L. discipulus = learner, f. A127 discere = learn ET CETERA OE. – L., et = and, cētera = the rest, n. pl. of A156 cēterus = remaining over FALSE wrong; untrue, OE. fals adj. in false ġewihta = wrong deceitful; spurious weights, falspening = counterfeit penny – L. falsus adj. and falsum n. sb., prop. pp. of A165 fallere = deceive FAN instrument for OE. fann – L. vannus A165 winnowing grain FENNEL OE. finugl, finule fem., fenol, finul m. – L. fēnuclum, -oclum of fæniculum, dim. of A169 fænum = hay FEVER OE. fēfor m. – L. febris fem., of obscure orig. A170 FEVERFEW OE. feferfuge – L. febrifuga, -fugia, f. febris A170 = fever + fugāre = drive away FIDDLE stringed musical OE. fiðele – L. vidula, fidula, vitula instrument played A170 with a bow FORK pronged OE. forca, force – L. furca = pitchfork, instrument for forked stake A179 digging FULLER one who cleanses OE. fullere – L. fullō or fullāre and thickenes cloth by treading A184 or beating GENESIS first book of the L. – Gr. génesis = generation, creation, O.T.; (mode of) nativity, f. gen-, base of gígnesthai = be born origin (7th) or produced A191 GREEK native of Greece OE. Grēcas – L. Græcus (applied by the Romans to the people who called themselves A200 Hellēnes) – Gr. Graikós HUN OE. (pl.) Hūne, Hūnas – L. Hunnī, Hūnī, Gr.

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A222 Hounnoi – Sogdian χwn INBORN †native OE. inboren – L. innātus = innate A231 INCH twelfth part of a OE. ynċe – L. uncia = twelfth part A232 foot INDIA OE. India, Indea – L. – Gr. Indía, f. Indós = A233 the river Indus – Pers. hind ISRAEL OE. in g. pl. Israela folc – L. Isrāēl – Heb. = A243 he that striveth with God (patriarch Jacob) JESUS, JESU the Founder of not used in OE., in which it was rendered by Christianity Hǣlend = Saviour, in ME repr. L. Iēsūs, obl. cases Iēsū – Gr. Iēsous, Iēsou – Heb. or A247 Aramaic KEEP †seize, hold, watch OE. cēpan, pt. cēpte, of which no cogns. are (for); pay regard known; its sense-development has been infl. A251 to, observe by its being used to render L. servāre KENTISH OE. Centisċ, f. Cent – L. Cantium, Gr. Kántion, f. OCelt. kanto- = rim, border; A252 white KITCHEN OE. cyċene – L. cocīna, pop. var. of coquīna, A253 f. coquere = cook LILY OE. lilie – L. līlium A266 LINE 1 flax; flax thread or OE. lín – L. līnum = flax, rel. to Gr. līnon, Ir. A267 cloth lín, Lith. linaī LINE 2 cord, string; string, OE. līne = rope, line, series, rule – L. līnea A267 row, series LOBSTER OE. loppestre, lopystre, lopustre – L. locusta A269 = crustacean, locust LUCIFER morning star; OE. – L. lūcifer, f. lūx, lūc- = light + -fer = A272 Satan bearing (ferre = carry, bear) MALLOW plant of genus OE. mealuwe, -(e)we – L. malva, rel. to Gr. A278 Malva malákhē, molókhē MANDRAGORA plant of S. Europe OE. – L. mandragora – Gr. mandragóras and the East having emetic and A279 narcotic properties MASS Eucharistic service OE. mæsse, messe – L. missa, f. pp. stem A284 miss- of mittere = send, send away MASTER man having OE. mæġister, maġister – L. magistrum, control or nom. magister, usu. referred to magis = more A284 authority; teacher MAT piece of coarse OE. m(e)atte – L. matta fabric of plaited A284 fibre MILE Roman measure of OE. mīl fem. – mīl(l)ia, pl. of mīl(l)e = 1,000 paces thousand estimated at 1,618 yards; unit of measure derived

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from this, viz. 1,760 yards in English-speaking A293 countries MILL bulding fitted with OE. mylen m. and fem. – mulino, -ina, for apparatus for molīnus, -īna, -īnum, f. and repl. mola = A293 grinding corn grindstone, mill MINSTER †monastery; OE. mynster – L. monisterium for church originating monastērium = monastery in a monastic

establishment; A294 large church MINT aromatic plant OE. minte – L. ment(h)a – Gr. mínthē A294 MONK OE. munuc – L. monicus for monachus – Gr. mónakhos, sb. use of adj. single, solitary, f. A299 mónos = alone MUSSEL bivalve mollusc OE. mus(c)le, muxle – L. muscula, alt. f. A305 musculus, dim. of mūs = mouse NOON †ninth hour of the OE. nōn – L. nōna, fem. sg. of nōnus = ninth day reckoned from sunrise, 3 p.m.; A314 †office of nones NUN OE. nunne – L. nonna, fem. of nonnus = A316 monk, orig. titles given to elderly persons OCTOBER tenth (formerly OE. – L. octōber, -bris, f. octō = eight eighth) month of A320 the year PALL (arch.) cloth, esp. OE. pæll – L. pallium = Greek mantle, rich cloth; (arch.) philosopher’s cloak A331 robe, mantle PALM tree of the (chiefly OE. palm(a), palme – L. palma = palm (the tropical) family palmleaf was likened to the hand with the Palmae: leaf or fingers extended) branch of a palm A332 tree PATERNOSTER the Lord’s Prayer L. pater noster = our Father, the first words A340 of the Lord’s prayer PEAR OE. pere, peru – L. pira, fem. sg. repl. A341 pirum PEASE (arch. or dial.) pea OE. pise, pl. pisan – L. pisa, pl. pisæ, for A341 plant or its seed earlier pisum, pl. pisa – Gr. píson, pl. písa PENTECOST the Jewish Feast of OE. penteconsten – acc. of L. Pentēcostē – Weeks; Christian Gr. Pentēkosté, sb. use of fem. ordinal adj. of feast observed on pentékonta = fifty the seventh Sunday after Easter, A344 Whitsunday PEPPER OE. piper, -or – L. piper – Gr. péperi 43

A345 PHARISEE OE. fariseus – L. pharīsæus, -ēus – Gr. A349 pharīsaios – Aram. PHOENIX mythical bird of OE. fenix – L. phœnix – Gr. phoínix gorgeous plumage living for centuries in the Arabian desert, then burning itself to ashes, from which it emerged with A350 renewed youth PILCH outer garment of OE. pileċe, pyl(e)ċe – L. pellicia = cloak, for skin dressed with pellicea, f. pellis = skin the hair or of A352 woollen stuff PILE †dart, shaft, spike OE. pīl – L. pīlum = javelin A352 PIN peg OE. pinn – L. pinna = applied to varous A353 objects likened to a wing or feather PINE 1 tree of the OE. pīn – L. pīnus coniferous genus A353 Pinus PINE 2 †afflict, torment OE. pīnian – L. pēna, pœna A353 PIT hole in the ground OE. pytt – L. puteus = well, pit, shaft A355 PITCH black or dark OE. piċ – L. pix, pic- resinuous A355 substance PLASTER curative OE. plaster – L. plastrum, for emplastrum – application Gr. émplastron, f. em- + plastós = daubed, cohesive to the plastered, f. emplássein, f. em- + plássein = A356 skin fashion, form PLUM (fruit of) tree of OE. plūme – L. prūna, orig. pl. of prūnum = A358 the genus Prunus plum POPE the Head of the OE. pāpa – L. pāpa = bishop – Gr. pápas, R.C.Ch. papas = bishop, patriarch, later form of A362 páppas = father POPPY OE. popæġ, papæġ, later popiġ – papāg, popāg, for pāpau – L. papāuum, alt. of A362 papāver PORT harbour, haven; OE. – L. portus, rel. to porta town having a A362 harbour POST stout piece of OE. – L. postis, perh. f. por- = pro- + base of A363 timber set upright stāre = stand POUND measure of weight; OE. pund – L. pondō = pound weight, orig. English money of abl. of pondos, rel. to pondus = weight A365 account

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PRIME earliest of the day OE. prīm – L. prīma = (fem.) first hours of the A369 Western Church PROVOST official set over OE. profost, prafost – L. prōpositus, used others alongside præpositus, sb. use of pp. of præpōnere = place in front, set in authority, A375 f. præ- = pre-, pro- + pōnere = place PSALM OE. (p)s(e)alm – L. psalmus – Gr. psalmós = plucking with the fingers, sounding of the harp, song sung to the harp, f. psállein = A376 pluck, sing to the harp PURPLE (orig.) of crimson OE. purple, reduced and dissimilated form of or other red purpuran, obl. case of purpure = purple colour; (later) of a clothing or garment – L. purpura – Gr. colour obtained by porphúrā = shellfish that yielded the Tyrian mixing red and purple dye, dye itself, cloth dyed therewith A379 blue PURSE money-bag of OE. purs – L. bursa – Gr. búrsa = leather, A379 leather, etc. bag RADISH OE. rædiċ – L. rādīx, rādīc- = root A386 ROSE plant and flower of OE. rōse – L. rosa, rel. obscurely to synon. A408 the genus Rosa Gr. rhódon RUSH marsh or waterside OE. rysċ(e), possible connections in L. restis A411 plant SABBATH seventh day of the OE. sabat – L. sabbatum – Gr. sábbaton – week observed by Heb. šabbāth, f. šābath = rest Jews as a day of A412 rest SACK large oblong bag OE. sacc – L. saccus = bag, sack, sackcloth A412 open at one end SADDUCEE member of one of OE. sad(d)ucēas – L. Saddūcæus – Gr. the three Jewish Saddoukaios, f. Heb. = Zadok, the highest sects of the time of priest of David’s time from whom the Christ priesthood of the Captivity and later periods A413 claimed to be descended SATAN the Devil OE. – L. Satān (Vulg.) – Gr. Satán – Heb. = A417 adversary, plotter SATURDAY seventh day of the OE. Sætern(es)dæġ, Sæterdæġ, tr. of L. A418 week Sāturnī diēs = day of (the planet) Saturn SATURN Italic god of OE. Sæternes steorra – L. Sāturnus, poss. of A418 agriculture Etruscan orig. SCHOOL place or OE. scōl, scolu – L. scōla, for schola – Gr. establishment for skholé = leisure, employment of leisure in instruction; body disputation, lecture, school of teachers of a subject in a A422 university SCOT (hist.) one of a OE. Scot, only in pl. Scottas – L. Scottus Gaelic-speaking

45

people first known in Ireland, and later settled in north Britain A423 (Scotland) SCUTTLE †dish, trencher OE. sċutel – L. scutula or scutella, rel. to A425 scutra = dish, platter SERAPHIM the living creatures OE. seraphin, seraphim – L. seraphim, -in – with six wings of Heb. Isaiah 6, in early Christian interpretation taken to be a class A430 of angels SHRINE †box, chest; OE. sċrīn – L. scrīnium = case or chest for repository for a books or papers A437 saint’s relics SICKLE OE. sicol, sicel – L. sicila of secula, f. secāre A438 = cut SOCK †light shoe OE. socc – L. soccus – Gr. súkkhos, sukkhás A447 SOT †fool OE. sott – L. sottus A450 SOUTER (Sc. and north.) OE. sūtere – L. sūtor = shoemaker, f. suere = shoemaker, sew, stitch A451 cobbler SPEND give or pay out OE. spendan – L. expendere = expend A453 SPONGE sb. OE. sponge – L. spongia – Gr. spoggiá, f. A455 spóggos, sphóggos STOLE (arch.) long robe; OE. stole fem., stol n. – L. stola – Gr. stolé = vestment equipment, clothing, garment, f. stol- stel- = consisting of a place, array, lead, send narrow strip of stuff worn over and hanging from A463 the shoulders STREET paved road, OE. strǣt – L. strāta, sb. use of fem. pp. of highway; road in a sternere = throw or lay down A466 town or village TAPER wax candle OE. tapor, -er, -ur – L. papyrus A482 TILE thin slab of burnt OE. tiġele (tiġule) – L. tēgula, f. IE. tég- = clay for roofing, cover A494 paving, etc. TROUT OE. truht – L. tructa A507 TUN large cask OE. tunne – L. tunna A508 TURN vb. of extensive OE. tyrnan, turnian – L. tornāre, f. tornus = sense-development lathe – Gr. tórnos = lathe, circular 46

the basic notions movement, taken to be cogn. with terere = of which are rub rotation and deviation from a A509 course TURNIP turnep(e), the first el. is unexpl.; the second A509 is neep – OE. nǣp – L. nāpus = turnip TYMPAN †tympanum OE. timpana – L. tympanum = tympanum A511 VENUS ancient Roman L. Venus (goddess of the ancient Romans) = goddess of beauty venus, vener- = love A523 and love VERSE metrical line; OE. fers – L. versus = turn of the plough, versicle furrow, row, line of writing, verse, f. vers-, A524 pp. stem of vertere = turn VIRAGO †name given by L. virāgō, obscurely f. vir = man Adam to Eve, after the use in Vulg. A527 Gen. 2:23 WALL rampart; defensive OE. wall, weall – L. vallum = rampart, orig. structure enclosing palisading, f. vallus = stake a town, etc.; lateral or vertical division A532 of a building WICK †dwelling; (dial.) OE. wīc – L. vīcus = row of houses, quarter town, hamlet of a town, street, village, cogn. with Gr. A541 oikos = house WINE OE. wīn – L. vīnum, rel. to Gr. = wine A542 ZION, SION one of the hills of OE. Sion – L. Siōn, Gr. Seón, Seión – Heb. Jerusalem on which the city of David was built; (hence) house of God, the Christian Church, place of A551 worship

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2. MIDDLE ENGLISH LOANWORDS

APOSTLE ME. apostel – L. apostolus – Gr. apóstolos = one sent forth, f. apostéllein, f. apo- + stéllein A19 = place, make ready BEELZEBUB the Devil ME. Beelzebub, rendering Heb. = lord of flies A37 and Gr. Beelzeboúb of the N.T. CALTROP star-thistle Trapa ME. calketrappe – L. calcatrippa A59 natans JESUS, JESU the Founder of in ME. usu. written in full, but almost always Christianity in the abbreviated Gr. forms ihu(s), ihs, etc,; repr. L. Iēsūs, obl. cases Iēsū – Gr. Iēsous, A246 Iēsou – Heb. or Aramaic JOHN one of the ME. Io(ha)n, Ihon, Iohn, John – L. Iōannēs – commonest Jewish N.T. Gr. Iōánnēs – Heb. and Christian A248 names PILLOW ME. pilwe – OE. pylw-, obl. stem of pyle, A353 later pylu – L. pulvīnus = cushion, bolster

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3. THE ELEVENTH CENTURY

CASTLE castellum, dim. of castrum = entrenchment, A65, B75 fortified place, fort CLERK ordained minister clēricus = cleric A79 of the Church PILE pointed stake or pīlum = javelin post, esp. for driving into soft ground for support A353 of a structure SEPTEMBER ninth month of the September, f. septem = seven year, formerly seventh month of the year beginning A429, B447 in March WICK farm vīcus = row of houses, quarter of a town, A541 street, village, cogn. with Gr. oikos = house

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4. THE TWELFTH CENTURY

AMEN āmēn – Gr. āmén – Heb. āmēn = certainty, A13 truth ANGEL angelus – Gr. ággelos = messenger A16, B12 CELL dependent cella = store-room, chamber, small A68, B79 religious house apartment, rel. to cēlāre = conceal CREDO creed 1st pers. pres. sg. ind. of crēdere = believe A104 JUNE Iūnius, var. of Iūnōnius = sacred to the A249, B241 goddess Juno KEEP take care of, guard OE. cēpan, pt. cēpte, of which no cogns. are known; its sense-development has been infl. A251 by its being used to render L. servāre NOON †midday meal nōna, fem. sg. of nōnus = ninth (orig. ninth A314 hour of the day reckoned from sunrise, 3 p.m) PIER one of the AL. pera or pēra supports of the A352 spans of a bridge SHINGLE piece of wood scindula, later form of scandula after Gr. used as a house skhídax, skhindalmós A435 tile TRIFORIUM (archit.) gallery in AL. the wall over the arches at the side of nave and choir (taken up by antiquaries in the A504 18th cent.) VERSE section of a psalm versus = turn of the plough, furrow, row, line or canticle of writing, verse, f. vers-, pp. stem of vertere A524 = turn

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5. THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

AFTERNOON f. after- + noon; cf. late L. post-meridiem A8 ALLELUIA ecclL. allēluia – Gr. allēloūia A11 AMICE (eccl.) linen amicia, amisia, f. amictus = outer garment, vestment covering cloak neck and A14 shoulders ANNIVERSARY anniversārius, f. annus = year + versus = A17 turning, f. vertere = turn BARNACLE wild goose (Anas bernaca,-eca A34 leucopsis) BREVE brevis = short A49 BUGLE plant of the genus bugula A53 Ajuga BURSAR treasurer bursārius, f. bursa = purse A55 CANON central portion of canōn – Gr. kanón = rule A61 the Mass CARDINAL chief, principal cardinālis, f. cardō, cardin- = hinge A63 CATMINT the plant Nepeta f. cat + mint, after herba catti, h. cataria cataria, which A66 attracts cats CHIME †cymbal cymbalum = cymbal A74 CINQUEFOIL plant Potentilla quinquefolium, f. quinque = five + folium = reptans, with leaf leaves of five A77 leaflets CIRCUMSTANCE (pl.) adjuncts of circumstantia, f. prp. of circumstāre = stand A77, B489 an action around, surround, f. circum- + stāre = stand CLERK learned man, clēricus = cleric A79 scholar COBLE (Sc.) boat used AL. cobellum, poss. of Celtic orig. esp. for salmon- fishing, sea A82 fishing-boat COLLECT (liturg.) short collēcta = collection, sb. use of fem. pp. of prayer, varying colligere = collect with the day or A84, B257 season COOP †basket cūpa, also cōpa = tun, barrel A96 CURTANA pointless sword AL. curtāna = fem. – AN. curtain, OF. used at English cortain, naame of Roland’s sword, so called coronations because it had broken at the point when

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thrust into a block of steel, f. cort, curt = A109 short DIRGE office of matins (dirige) - imper. of dīrigere (direct); the first for the dead word of the L. antiphon to the first psalm in the office: Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam! = Direct, O Lord A126 my God, my way in thy sight! DOLPHIN delphīnus – Gr. delphís, -īn-, dalphyn – OF. A132 daulphin DYSENTERY inflammation of dysenteria – Gr. dusenteríā, f. dusénteros, f. A139, B136 the large intestine dys- + éntera = bowels EPISTLE apostolic letter of epistola – Gr. epistolé, f. epistéllein = send, A152 the N.T. f. epi- + stéllein = send FRANKLIN landholder of free AL. francālānus, f. francālis, f. francus = A181 but not noble birth free, frank FRY †offspring; young frium – ON. frío, frjó = seed A184 of fish GLORIA short for the liturgical Gloria Patri (et Filio et Spiritui Sancto) = Glory be to the Father (and to the Son and to the Holy Ghost), Gloria in excelsis Deo = Glory to God in the highest, and Gloria tibi Domine = Glory be A195 to thee, O Lord INCEST incestus, or incestum, sb. use of n. of incestus = impure, unchaste, f. in- + castus = A232 chaste INTERVAL period between intervallum, f. inter- + vallum = rampart, A240, A532 two events orig. pallisading, f. vallus = stake JULY Iūlius, so named after Julius Caesar, who A249, B241 was born in this month JUPITER supreme deity of in earliest use Iubiter; corr. to Skr. dyaús the ancient pitá = heaven father Romans; largest A248, A250 of the planets MASTER title of rank or magistrum, nom. magister, usu. referred to A284 compliment magis = more NOON midday nōna, fem. sg. of nōnus = ninth (orig. ninth hour of the day reckoned from sunrise, 3 A314 p.m) PATERNOSTER rosary, or a bead pater noster = our Father, the first words of A340 of this the Lord’s prayer PILLORY sb. sb. AL pillorium – OF. pilori, †pillori, A353 †pellori – Pr. espilori PINE †cause to languish pēna, pœna A353 or waste away PIT hell; hollow in a puteus = well, pit, shaft A355 surface PRIME (arch.) first hour prīma = first A369 of the day

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PROCURATOR orig. form of prōcūrātor = manager, agent, deputy, proctor, surviving collector in a province, f. prōcūrāre = in Sc. p. fiscal, procure public prosecutor A371, B111 of a district RHINOCEROS rhīnocerōs – Gr. rhīnókerōs, f. rhís, rhīnó- A403 = nose + kéras = horn ROMAN pert. to ancient Rōmānus, f. Rōma = Rome A407, B427 Rome SECULAR sb. secular cleric sæculāris, f. sæculum = generation, age A427 SIBYL woman Sibilla, Sibylla, Sibulla – Gr. Síbulla possessing powers A438, B458 of divination SPEND use, use up expendere = expend A453 STATE condition; †status, status = manner of standing, condition, f. A459 (high) rank base of stāre = stand TESTAMENT covenant between testāmentum, f. testārī = bear witness, make God and man; a will, f. testis = witness each of the two divisions of the Holy Scripture or A488 Bible TRANSLATE remove from one translātus, functioning as pp. of transferre place to another; = transfer, f. trans- + ferre = carry, bear turn from one language into A501 another TRANSMIGRATION †removal of the transmigrātiō, -ōn- = change of country, f. Jews into transmigrāre, prob. based on mei-, change captivity at A501 Babylon TUN †tub, vat, etc. OE. tunne – L. tunna, prob. of Gaul. orig. A508 VENITE invitatory psalm venīte, imper. pl. of venīre = come A522 at matins VENUS †venery; (astron.) Venus (goddess of the ancient Romans) = second planet in venus, vener- = love distance from the A523 sun VERSE metrical versus = turn of the plough, furrow, row, composition line of writing, verse, f. vers-, pp. stem of A524 vertere = turn

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6. THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY A ABSOLUTE free from absolūtus = freed, pp. of absolvere = imperfection or absolve, free, f. ab- + solvere = solve A2 qualification ABSTRACT adj. abstractus, pp. of abstrahere = to draw A2, B542 away, f. abs- + trahere = draw ACACIA acacia - Gr. akakía A3 ACCIDENCE part of grammar accidentia, n. pl. of accidēns = accident, dealing with taken as fem. sg. A3 inflexions ACT deed āctus = doing, f. āct, pp. stem of agere = do A4 ACUTE acūtus, pp. of acuere = sharpen A5 ADD unite, say in addere, f. ad- + base of facere = do addition, perform the arithmetical A5 process of addition ADJURE †put (one) to his adiūrāre, f. ad- + iūs, iūr- = oath A5 oath ADMINISTER administrāre = to minister, f. ad- + B301 ministrāre = serve ADMIT let in admittere, f. ad- + mittere = send A6 AFFLICT afflictāre or f. afflict-, pp. stem of afflīgere, f. A7 af- + flīgere = strike ALGEBRA †bone-setting algebra – Arab. al-jabr (jabr = reunion of A10 broken parts) ALKALI †soda ash L. – Arab. al-kily = calcined ashes, f. kalā = A11 fry, roast ALMANAC almanac(h) (Roger Bacon, 1267) A12 ALOE liliaceous genus of aloē – Gr. alóē = plant and drug plants with bitter juice, whence is A12 made a drug ALOPECIA alōpecia – Gr. alōpekíā, f. alōpēx, alōpek- = A12 fox ALTITUDE altitūdō, f. altus = high A12 AMAZON one of a race of Amazōn – Gr. Amazón, -ónos, expl. by the female warriors Greeks as meaning ‘breastless’, f. a- + mazós A13 = breast AMPHITHEATRE oval or circular amphitheātrum – Gr. amphithéātron building round an A14 arena AMPHORA two-handed L. – Gr. amphoreús = lit. born on both sides, vessel; liquid f. amphi- + phor-, pher- = bear

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A14 measure ANAGOGIC mystical anagōgicus – Gr. anagōgikós, f. anagōgé = elevation, mystical sense, f. anágein = lift up, A15 elevate ANIMAL animālis, f. anima = breath, life A17, B13 ANTARCTIC antarcticus – Gr. antarktikós = opposite to A17, B17 the north ANTECEDENT antecēdēns, -ent-, prp. of antecēdere, f. ante- A18, B78 + cēdere = go, cede ANTHRAX †carbuncle L. – Gr. ánthrax = coal, carbuncle A18 APPREHEND apprehendere, f. ap- + prehendere = seize A20, B390 APRIL Aprīlis, prop. adj. A20 APT aptus, pp. of apere = fasten A21 ARAB Arab(u)s – Gr. Áraps, Arab- – Arab = arab A21 ARTERY artēria – Gr. artēríā, prob. f. base ar- = raise A23 ASAFOETIDA resinous gum with L. = lit.‘stinking asa‘, i.e. asa (from Persian a strong smell azā = mastic) + fœtida, fem. of fœtidus, f. A24 fœtēre = stink ASCEND ascendere, f. ad- + scandere = climb A24 ASIAN Asiānus – Gr. Asiānōs A24 ASPECT aspectus, f. aspect-, pp. stem of aspicere = A24 look at, f. ad- + specere = look ASPHALT asphalton, -um – Gr. ásphalton, -os A25 ASSOCIATE pp. joined in associātus, pp. of associāre, f. as- + socius = A25 function or status sharing, allied ATTRITION (theol.) imperfect attrītiō, -ōn-, f. attrīt-, pp. stem of atterere, f. A28 contrition at- + terere = rub AUGUR Roman religious f. base of augēre = increase official with duty of foretelling A28 future events AURORA dawn aurōra A28 AUTUMN autumnus A29 AXIS axis = axle A29 AZIMUTH arc extending from L. – Arab. as-sumūt, i.e. al- + sumūt, pl. of zenith to horizon samt = point of the compass A30

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B BANNS proclamation of pl. of ban, after pl. banna A33 marriage BASILISK fabulous reptile basiliscus – Gr. basilískos, dim. of basileús A34 = king BASIS L. – Gr. básis = step, pedestal A34 BIB vb. drink, tipple bibere = drink A40 BRITISH pert. to Great Brittō or OCelt. Britto, Brittos A50 Britain BUBO inflamed swelling bubō, -ōn- = swelling – Gr. boubón = groin, A52 in groin or armpits swelling in groin BUTT cask for wine, etc. AL. butta, bota – AN., OF. A56

C CANCER zodiacal cancer = crab – Gr. karkínos = crab constellation of the A60 Crab CANON books of the Bible canōn – Gr. kanón = rule accepted as A61 authentic CANOPY canopeum, for cōnōpēum = net over a bed – Gr. kōnōpeion = Egyptian bed with mosquito A61 curtains, f. kónōps = gnat, mosquito CAPTION (arch.) seizure, captiō, -ōn-, f. capere, capt- = take, seize A62 arrest CASTOR beaver, unctuous castor – Gr. kástōr substance obtained from the beaver A65, B75 (used as a drug) CATHOLIC universal catholicus – Gr. katholikós = general, universal, f. katá = in respect of + hólos = A66, B76 whole CAUSTIC corrosive causticus – Gr. kaustikós = capable of A67, B77 burning, f. kaustós = combustible CELL small dwelling or cella = store-room, chamber, small apartment; cavity apartment, rel. to cēlāre = conceal A68, B79 in an organism CEMETERY cœmētērium – Gr. koimētérion = dormitory, A68 burialground, f. koiman = put to sleep CENTAUR fabulous creature, centaurus – Gr. kéntauros half man, half A68 horse CENTAURY plant the medicinal centauria,-ea, f. centaurion, -ēum – Gr. properties of which kentaúr(e)ion, f. kéntauros = centaur were said to have been discovered by A68 Chiron the centaur

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CESSATION cessātīō, -ōn-, f. pp. stem of cessāre = cease A69 CHAMELEON chamæleōn – Gr. khamailéōn, f. khamaí = A70 on the ground + léōn = lion CHARACTER distinctive mark charactēr – Gr. kharaktér = instrument for marking, impress, dinstinctive nature, f. A71, B81 kharássein = scratch, engrave CIRCUMSTANCE condition of circumstantia, f. prp. of circumstāre = stand affairs; formality, around, surround, f. circum- + stāre = stand ceremony; accessory matter, A77, B489 detail CLARION kind of trumpet clāriō, -ōn-, f. clārus = clear A78 CLIENT one under the cliēns, client-, earlier cluēns, sb. use of prp. protection of a of cluere, cluēre = hear, listen A79 patron COACERVATION heaping together coacervātiō, -ōn-, f. coacervāre, f. co- + A81 acervus = heap COLANDER cōlāre = strain A84 COLLATERAL situated or existing collaterālis, f. col- + laterālis, f. latus, later- A84 side by side = side COLLUSION collūsiō, -ōn-, f. collūdere, collūs- = have a secret agreement, f. col- + lūdere = play, f. A85, B274 lūdus = play, sport COLOPHONY dark or amber- (rēsīna) colophōnia = resin of Colophon, a A85 coloured resin town in Lydia COLOSSUS gigantic statue colossus – Gr. kolossós A85 COMMEND give in trust or commendāre, f. com- + mandāre = commit, charge; approve entrust conduct or A86 character of COMMENSAL (one) who eats at commensālis, f. com- + mensa = table A86 the same table COMMISARY (eccl.) officer commissārius = officer in charge, f. representing commiss-, pp. stem of committere = commit A86 another COMMIT entrust committere = join, join (battle), practise, perpetrate, place with another for safety, A86 entrust, f. com- + mittere = put, send COMMON WEAL, the body politic, rendering rēs commūnis COMMONWEAL state, community A87 COMPACT closely packed or compactus, pp. of compingere = put closely A87 knit together together, f. com- + pangere = fasten COMPEL constrain compellere, f. com- + pellere = drive A88 COMPLEMENT accomplishment, complēmentum, f. complēre = fill up, finish, A88 57

consummation fulfil, f. com- + plēnus = full COMPLETE entire, finished, complētus, pp. of complēre = fill up, finish, A88, B376 perfect fulfil, f. com- + plēnus = full COMPREHEND comprehendere, f. com- + prehendere = A89, B390 seize COMPRESS press together compressāre, or f. pp. stem compress- of A89, B390 comprimere CONCLUDE †enclose, include; conclūdere, f. con- + claudere = shut bring or come to a close, settlement, decision; infer, A90 prove CONCRETE †united, concrētus, pp. of concrēscere = grow composite; opp. to together, f. con- + crēscere = grow A90, B106 abstract CONFEDERATE leagued, allied confœderātus, f. con- + fœder- crude form of A91 fœdus = a treaty CONFUSED †discomfited, confūsus, pp. of confundere = pour together, A91, B175 confounded confound CONGREGATION meeting, assembly; congregātiō, -ōn-, f. congregāre = gather orig. in biblical language, in O.T. assembly of A92, B195 Israelites CONSANGUINITY consanguinitās, f. consanguineus = of the same blood, f. con- + sanguis, sainguin- = A92 blood CONSTRUE (gram.) analyse the construere, f. con- + struere = build construction of; A94 expound, interpret CONSUL supreme magistrate consul - related to consultāre, frequent. f. in the ancient consult-, pp. stem of consulere = take A94 Roman republic counsel CONSUME consūmere, f. con- + sūmere = take A94 CONTAGION contagious disease, contāgiō, -ōn-, f. con- + base of tangere = A94 infecting influence touch CONTEMPT contemptus, f. contempt-, pp. stem of A94 contemnere = contemn CONTINGENT liable to happen contingēns, -ent-, prp. of contingere = be contiguous, in connection or in contact, A95 befall CONVENTICLE †meeting, conventiculum = (place of) assembly, in assembly, esp. of a form dim. of conventus = meeting clandestine or illegal kind, at first political, later A96 religious CONVICT prove guilty f. convict-, pp. stem of convincere = A96 convince

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CONVOCATION convocātiō, -ōn-, f. con- + vocāre = call A96 CORDIAL pert. to the heart; cordiālis, f. cor, cord- = heart A97 sb. CORNEA (anat.) horny short for cornea tēla or tunica = horny tissue covering of the or coating, f. cornū = horn A98 eyeball CORPORAL bodily; †corporeal, corporālis, f. corpus = body A98, B101 material CORPULENT †material, gross; corpulentus, f. corpus = body A98 bulky of body CORPUS pl. corpora, body corpus = body A98 CORRECT vb. f. correct-, pp. stem of corrigere, f. cor- + A98 regere = lead straight, direct CORRODE corrōdere, f. cor- + rōdere = gnaw A99 CORRUPT †as pp. corrupted; corruptus, pp. of corrumpere = destroy, ruin, unsound, rotten, falsify, seduce, f. cor- + rumpere = break A99, B431 debased, venal CRISP wrinkled, rippled crispus = curled A405 CRUDE in a raw state crūdus = raw, rough, cruel A106 CUBIT †forearm; measure cubitum = elbow, distance from the elbow to of length derived the finger-tips A107 from this CUPID Cupīdō, personification of cupīdō = desire, f. A108 cupere = desire, long for CURATE (arch.) one having cūrātus, f. cūra = cure A108 the cure of souls

D DACTYL †date (fruit); dactylus – Gr. dáktulos = finger, date, dactyl A111 (pros.) the foot DAFFODIL †asphodel; plant affodillus, prob. a book-perversion of of the genus asfodillus, var. of aspohodilus, -elus = A111 Narcissus asphodel DAMASCENE pert. to the city of Damascēnus – Gr. Damaskēnós, f. Damaskós Damascus, famous – Sem. name for its steel and its silk fabrics; also A111 sb. DAMSON damascēnum = plum of Damascus A112 DECLARE †manifest; state dēclārāre = make clear, f. de- + clārāre, f. publicly or clārus = clear A115 explicitly DECOCTION liquor in which a dēcoctiō, -ōn-, f. pp. stem of dēcoquere = substance has been boil down, f. de- + coquere = cook

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A115, B99 boiled DELEGATE person chosen to dēlēgātus, pp. of dēlēgāre, f. de- + lēgāre = A117 act for another send on a commission DELICATE †delightful, dēlicātus = luxurious, rel. to delicia = elegant, dainty; pleasure, delight, f. delicere = amuse, allure, indolent, f. de- + lacere = entice †fastidious A117, B119 DESK desca, prob. based on Pr. desc(a) = basket or It. desco = table, butcher’s block – L. discus A121 = quoit, dish, disc DESOLATE left alone; deserted dēsōlātus, pp. of dēsōlāre = abandon, f. de- + A121 sōlus = alone DESTITUTE †abandoned, dēstitūtus = forsaken, pp. of dēstituere, f. de- A121 forsaken, forlorn + statuere = set up, place DIABOLIC diabolicus, f. diabolus = devil A123, B122 DIAPASON (mus.) †octave diapāsōn – Gr. diapāson, i.e. dia pāson = A123 through all (the notes) DIATESSARON (mus.) †interval of diatessarōn, f. Gr. dia tessárōn = through, A123 a fourth i.e. composed of, four (téssares = four) DIFFICULT back-formation from difficulty – difficultās, A124 f. dif- + facultās = faculty DIGEST methodical or dīgesta = matters methodically arranged, n. systematic pl. of dīgestus, pp. of dīgerere = divide, A124 compendium distribute, digest, f. di- + gerere = carry DIMISSORY dīmissōrius, f. dīmiss-, pp. stem of dīmittere A125 DIRECT address (a letter or dīrectus, pp. of dīrigere, dē- = straighten, message) direct, guide, f. di-, de- + regere = put A126 straight, rule DISCONSOLATE disconsōlātus, f. dis- + consōlātus, pp. of A127 consōlārī = console DISCOURSE †reasoning discursus = running to and fro, intercourse, argument, f. discurs-, pp. stem of discurrere = run to and fro, speak at length, f. dis- + A127 currere = run DISCRETE distinct, separate discrētus, pp. of discernere = separate, A127 discern DISCUSS investigate, f. discuss-, pp. stem of discutere = dash to decide; †dispel, pieces, disperse, dispel, in Rom. investigate, A127 disperse f. dis- + quatere = shake DISSOLVE loosen the parts of, dissolvere, f. dis- + solvere = loosen, solve spec. †melt, fuse, diffuse in liquid; release from life; A129 undo DISTEMPER †disturb or distemperāre, f. dis- + temperāre = derange the proportion or mingle duly, temper condition of; put 60

out of humour; derange the physical or bodily A129 condition of DISTEND †stretch out or distendere, f. dis- + tendere = stretch, extend A129 apart DISTIL(L) (let) fall in minute distillāre, for dēstillāre, f. de- + stillāre, f. drops; vaporize by stilla = drop heat and condense; A129 also intr. DINSTINCT distinctus, pp. of distinguere = distinguish A129 DISTRACT draw away or in f. distract-, pp. stem of distrahere, f. dis- + A129 different directions trahere = draw, drag DIVIDE dīvidere = cleave, apportion, separate, f. di- + A130 videre = see DUODENUM short for intestinum duodenum digitorum = of twelve digits, f. duodēnī, distributive of A138 duodecim = twelve

E ECHINUS (zool.) sea-urchin L. – Gr. ekhinos = hedgehog, sea-urchin A141 ECHO sb. ēchō – Gr. ēkhó, cf. ēkhe, ekhos = noise A141, B138 ECLIPTIC pert. to an eclipse; eclīpticus – Gr. ekleiptikós, f. ekleípein = be sb. great circle of eclipsed, f. ek = out, away, ex- + leípein = the celestial leave sphere, the apparent orbit of the sun, so called because eclipses happen only when the moon is on or A141 very near this line EDEN abode of Adam Ēden, Gr. Ēdén – Heb. ēdhen = delight A142 and Eve EDIFICATION building up the ædificātiō, -ōn-, f. ædificāre = build church, of the soul in holiness; mental or moral A142 improvement EFFEMINATE effēminātus, pp. of effēmināre = make A142 feminine, f. ef- + fēmina = woman ELECAMPANE composite plant, enula campāna, i.e. enula for inula – Gr. A144 Inula helenium helénion, and campāna = of the fields ELECTUARY medicinal ēlectuārium – Gr. ekleiktón, f. ekleíkhein = A144 conserve or paste lick up ELIXIR alchemist’s L. – Arab. al-‘iksīr, perh. f. al- + Gr. xērion = preparation for desiccative powder for wounds, f. xērós =

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changing metals to dry gold or prolonging A145 life EMBOLISM intercalation of a embolismus – Gr. embolismós, f. embállein = day or days in a throw in, insert, f. em- + bállein = throw A146 calendar ENCAENIA †dedication (of a L. – Gr. egkaínia n. pl. = festival of renewal, A147 temple) f. en- + kainós = new EPISTLE (gen.) letter epistola – Gr. epistolé, f. epistéllein = send, f. A152 epi- + stéllein = send EQUAL æquālis, f. æquus = level, even A152 EQUINOX æquinoctium, -noxium, f. æqui- = equi- + A153 nox, noct- = night ERECT upright ērectus, pp. of ērigere = set up, f. e- + regere A154 = direct ERGO therefore L. – as prep. = in consequence of , absol. A154 consequently EXCEPT †pp. excepted; exceptus, pp. of excipere, f. ex- + capere = prep. if one leaves take A159 out of account EXCLUDE exclūdere, f. ex- + claudere = shut A159 EXORCISM expulsion of an exorcismus – Gr. exorkismós, f. exorkízein, f. evil spirit by ex- + hórkos = oath A160 adjuration, etc. EXPEL expellere, f. ex- + pellere = drive, thrust A161 EXTEND stretch out extendere, f. ex- + tendere = strech, tend A162 EXTRAVAGANT epithet of certain prp. of extrāvagārī, f. extra- + vagārī = papal decrees not wander contained in particular A162 collections

F FAN instrument for OE. fann – L. vannus A165 agitating the air FANE (poet.) temple fānum A166 FAUN ancient rural deity Faunus = god or demi-god worshipped by shepherds and farmers and identified with A167, B154 Pan; perh. rel. to favēre = be favourable FICTION something fictiō, -ōn-, f. fict-, pp. stem of fingere = A170 feigned, invention fashion FINIAL †adj. final; sb. AL. finiālis, f. fin, fīnis = end (archit.) terminal ornament of an A172 apex or corner

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FLAGITIOUS flāgitiōsus, f. flāgitium = noisy protest against a person’s conduct, scandal, shameful act, crime, f. flāgitāre = demand earnestly or A173 vociferously FLAMEN †supposed grade flāmen of priest in A173 heathen Britain FLUVIAL fluviālis, f. fluvius = river, based on fluere = A176 flow FOETUS fētus = giving birth, young offspring, abstr. sb. parallel to adj. fētus = pregnant, A177 productive FORK divergence into furca = pitchfork, forked stake branches, A179 bifurcation

G GALBANUM gum resin from L. – Gr. khalbánē, of Sem. orig. A187 species of ferula GEMINI the twins Castor L., pl. of geminus = double, twin A191 and Pollux GENTIAN gentiāna, so called, acc. to Pliny, after A191 Gentius, a king of Illyria GENTILE non-Jewish, gentīlis = of the same family or nation, A192 †pagan heathen, pagan, f. gēns, gent- = race, people GEOMANCY divination from geōmantīa, f. ge = earth + mancy, f. mantīa – signs derived from Gr. manteíā = divination A192 the earth GIBBOUS convex; hump- gibbōsus, f. gibbus = hump A193 backed GLEBE soil, earth; field; glēba, glǣba = clod, land, soil portion of land attached to a A195 benefice GLOSSARY glossārium, f. glōssa = gloss A195 GREEK language of Græcus (applied by the Romans to the people Greece; adj. who called themselves Hellēnes) – Gr. A201 Graikós GYMNOSOPHIST ascetic Hindu pl. gymnosophistæ – Gr. gumnosophistaí, f. philosopher who gumnós = gymno- + sophistés = sophist wore little or no A206 clothing

H HADDOCK AL. haddocus – AN., hadoc, var. of OF. A207 HALCYON bird fabled to (h)alcyon – Gr. alkuón = kingfisher A208 breed on the sea HAMADRYAD wood-nymph Hamādryas, -ad-, Gr. Hamādruas, -ad-, f.

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A208 háma = together + drus = tree HEMISPHERE in the form hēmisphærium – Gr. hēmisphaírion †(h)emisperie, A214 -sphery HERNIA L. A215 HERO man of hērōs, pl. hērōēs – Gr. hérōs, pl. hērōes superhuman A215 qualities, demigod

I IBIS L. – Gr. ibis, of Egyptian orig. A226 ILEX L. A228 IMMATERIAL incorporeal f. im- + māteriālis, māteria = matter A229 IMMORTAL immortālis, f. im- + mortālis = mortal A229 IMPUDENT †immodest impudēns, -ent-, f. im- + pudēns = ashamed, modest, orig. prp. of pudēre = feel ashamed, A231 shame IMPUGN assail impugnāre, f. im- + pugnāre = fight A231 INANITION †emptying of a inānītiō, -ōn-, f. inānīre, f. inānis = empty, A231 body vain INCARNATE embodied in flesh incarnātus, pp. of incarnārī = be made flesh, A232 f. in- + carō, carn-= flesh INCOMPREHENSI- not to be f. in- + comprehendere, f. com- + prehendere BLE circumscribed; = seize not to be grasped by the A232 understanding INCORPORATE put into the body f. pp. stem of incorporāre, f. in- + corporāre of something = fashion into or with a body, collect, f. A232 corpor- = body INCUBUS demon incubus, earlier incubo, f. incubāre, f. in- + descending upon cubāre = lie persons in their A232 sleep INDICTION declaration or indictiō, -ōn-, f. indīcere, f. in- + dīcere = A233 proclamation pronounce, utter INDIVISIBLE indīvisīsibilis, f. in- + dīvidere = divide A233 INDUCE lead to some indūcere, f. in- + dūcere = lead A234 action, etc. INFAMOUS infamōsus, for infāmis A234 INFECT affect with f. infect-, pp. stem of inficere = dip in, stain, disease; taint, taint, spoil, f. in- + facere = put, do A234 deprave

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INFINITE (arch.) unlimited infīnītus, f. in- + fīnītus, pp. of fīnīre = finish A235 in number INFIRM †weak, unsound infirmus, f. in- + firmus = firm A235 INFLEXIBLE in- + flectere = bend A235 INORDINATE irregular; inordinātus, f. in- + ordinātus, pp. of ordināre A237 immoderate = ordain INSOLENT †haughty, insolēns, -ent- = unusual, excessive, arrogant, A237 arrogant f. in- + prp. of solēre = be accustomed INTERLUDE light or humorous interlūdium, f. inter- + lūdus = play dramatic representation, A239 comedy, farce INTESTATE intestātus, f. in- + testātus, pp. of testārī = A240 bear witness, make a will, f. testis = witness INVOLVE wrap around, lit. involvere, f. in- + volvere = roll and fig.; implicate A241 trouble, etc. IRIS species of crystal īris – Gr. iris = rainbow, coloured circle, etc., iris (plant), female messenger of the gods, A242 whose sign was a rainbow ITEM adv. likewise, L. = just so, in like manner, moreover, f. ita = A244 moreover so, based on the pronominal stem i-

J JACOBITE member of a f. Jacōbus = James monophysite sect taking its name from Jacobus Baradaeus, of A254 Edessa JANUARY Iānuārius, sb. use of adj. of Iānus, name of an ancient Italian deity figured with faces A245 looking forwards and backwards JUBILATION iūbilātiō, -ōn-, f. iūbilāre = call, halloo, shout A249 for joy JUDICIAL pert. to judgement iūdiciālis, f. iūdicium = judgement, f. iūdex, A249 or a judge iūdic- = judge JUNIPER iūniperus A249 JUPITER (alch.) †tin L. corr. to Skr. dyaús pitá = heaven father A250

K KEEP preserve, OE. cēpan, pt. cēpte, of which no cogns. are maintain; known; its sense-development has been infl. A251 withhold, restrain; by its being used to render L. servāre reside, dwell (in)

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L LAPIDARY sb. who cuts stones lapidārius, f. lapis, lapid- = stone A258 LAPIS LAZULI silicate producing f. lapis = stone + lazulī, g. of lazulum, ultramarine varying wiht lazur, lazurius, f. Pers. A258 pigment lāzhward = azure LATITUDE †breadth; angular lātitūdo, f. lātus = broad distance on a A260 meridian LAUREATE worthy of the laureātus, f. laurea = laurel tree, laurel laurel crown, as an crown, sb. use of fem. of adj. laureus, f. A260 eminent poet laurus LAVATORY vessel for washing lavātorium, f. lavāt-, pp. stem of lavāre = A260 wash, lave LAX (of the bowels) laxus = loose A261 loose LAZAR (arch.) poor or lazarus, use of Lazarus, name of the beggar diseased person, in the parable, full of sores A261 esp. leper LEAGUE distance of three leuge – leuca, leuga, late Gr. leúgē A261 miles LEGIBLE legibilis, f. legere = read A263 LEVIATHAN large aquatic L. – Heb. liwyāthān animal in the Bible; †Satan; used by Hobbes for the commonwealth A264 1651 LIBATION lībatiō, -ōn-, f. lībāre = taste, pour as an offering, rel. to Gr. leíbein = pour drop by A265 drop LIBERTINE †freedman lībertīnus, f. lībertus = made free, f. līber = A265 free LIGAMENT short band of ligāmentum, f. ligāre = bind, tie A266 animal tissue LIGN-ALOES aloes, aloes wood lignum aloēs = wood of the aloe A266 LIMBO region on the orig. in phr. in, out of limbo, rerp. in, ē limbō; A266 border of Hell abl. of limbus = hem, selvage, fringe LIMIT sb. līmes, līmit- = frontier A266 LINK loop of a chain, AL. linkum – ON. A267 etc. LIQUID adj. neither solid liquidus, f. liquēre = be fluid A268 nor gaseous LONGITUDE length longitūdō, f. longus = long A271 LOOP opening in a wall AL. loupa = loop-hole

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to look or shoot A271 through LOTION liquid preparation lōtiō, -ōn- = washing, f. lōt-, laut-, pp. stem A272, B253 for external use of lavāre = lave LUPIN lupīnus, -um, prob. rel. to lupus = wolf A273 LUSTRE period of five lūstrum, prop. quinquennial purification A274 years LYNX feline animal L. – Gr. lúgx, rel to OE. lox credited with very A274 keen sight

M MAGISTRATE officer concerned magistrātus = magistracy, magistrate, f. with the magistr- = master administration of A276 laws MAGNESIA (alch.) mineral magnēsia – Gr. (hē) Magnēsía (líthos) = the ingredient of the Magnesian stone, loadstone, stone with philosopher’s silvery sheen A276 stone MAGNITUDE greatness magnitūdō, f. magnus = great, large A276 MAGUS in pl. magi = the L. – Gr. mágos – OPers. maguš wise men who came from the East to worship the A276 child Jesus MANIA highly excited mani – Gr. maníā, rel. to maínesthai = be A280 form of madness mad MANICHEE heretic holding Manichæus, f. name of the founder of the dualistic belief in sect, Manes or Manichæus A280 God and Satan MARGIN margō, margin-, rel. to mark A282 MASTER one who has magistrum, nom. magister, usu. referred to received an magis = more academic degree orig. conveying authority to teach; title of presiding A284 officer MECHANIC pert. to manual mēchanicus – Gr. mēkhanikós, f. mēkhané = A287 work machine MERCENARY sb. mercēnārius, earlier mercennārius, f. mercēs, A289 merēd- = reward, wages MERCURY (M-) Roman divinity Mercurius, orig. god of commerce, f. merx, identified with the merc- = merchandise Gr. Hermes, god of eloquence,

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messenger of the gods, patron of traders, roads, guide of departed souls; planet nearest the sun; quicksilver; plant A290 name MILLER molīnārius, f. molīna = mill A293 MISSAL missāle, use of n. sg. of missālis = pert. to the A296 Mass, f. missa = mass MODE †tune, melody modus = measure, size, manner, method, tune A297 MODERATE avoiding extremes, moderātus, pp. of moderārī, -āre = reduce, of medium abate, control A297 quantity or quality MORAL pert. to character mōrālis, f. mōs, mōr- = custom, pl. mōrēs = A300 or conduct manners, character MULBERRY mōrum = mulberry, mōrus = mulberry-tree A304 MUSK odoriferous muscus – Pers. mušk – Skr. muská = scrotum substance secreted (the shape of the musk-deer’s musk-bag A305 by the musk-deer being similar) MUTABLE mūtābilis, f. mutāre = change A306 MYRMIDON one of a warlike l. pl. Myrmidones – Gr. Murmidónes, acc. to A306 race of Thessaly legend created orig. from ants (múrmēkes) MYRTLE †myrtle-berry myrtilla, -us, dim. of myrta, -us – Gr. múrtos A306 MYSTERY †phr. in (a) m., mystērium – Gr. mustérion = secret thing or mystically; ceremony religious truth or

doctrine; hidden or A307 secret thing MYSTERY occupation, misterium, contr. of ministerium = ministry, A307 handicraft, art by assoc. with mystērium

N NARD aromatic unguent nardus – Gr. nárdos, of Sem. orig. A309 NATAL pert. to birth or nātālis, f. nāt-, pp. stem of nāscī = be born A309 nativity NEUTER neither masculine neuter, f. ne- + uter = either of two A312, B323 nor feminine NOTARY †clerk, secretary; notārius = shorthand writer, clerk, f. nota = one authorized to note A315 draw up deeds

O

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OBJECT † objection, obiectum, sb. use of the pp. of obicere = obstacle; throw towards, place in front of, f. ob- + something iacere = throw presented to the A318 sight or observed OBSECRATION earnest entreaty obsecrātiō, -ōn-, f. obsecrāre = entreat, A319 beseech, f. ob- + sacrāre = hold sacred OBSTINATE obstinātus, pp. of obstināre = persist, f. ob- + A319 -stan-, rel. to stand OBTUND obtundere = beat against, blunt, dull, f. ob- + A319 tundere = beat OCTAD group of eight octas, octad- - Gr. oktás, f. októ = eight A320 OESOPHAGUS L. – Gr. oisophágos, of which the first el. is unknown and the second appears to be – A321 phagos = eating OLIBANUM aromatic gum- L. – Gr. líbanos = frankincense tree, incense A322 resin ONAGER wild ass L. – Gr. ónagros for ónos ágrios (ónos = ass, A322 ágrios = wild) OPIUM L. – Gr. ópion, dim. of opós = vegetable juice A323 OPOPANAX fetid gum-resin L. – Gr. opopánax, f. opós = juice + pánax, n. from the root of of panakés = all-healing Opopanax A323 chironium OPPILATION obstruction oppīlātiō, -ōn-, f. oppīlāre = stop up, f. op- + A324 pīlāre = ram down, stop up OPPROBRIOUS opprobriōsus, f. opprobrium = infamy, A324 reproach, f. op- + probrum = shameful deed, disgrace ORYX species of L. – Gr. órux = stonemason’s pickaxe, antelope applied to an antelope or gazelle having A327 pointed horns

P PAGEANT †scene acted on a AL. pagina A331 stage PALATE palātum A331 PALLADIUM image of Pallas in L. – Gr. palládion, f. Pallás, -ad- = epithet the citadel of Troy, of the goddess Athene on which the safety of the city A332 depended PALM branch or sprig of a palma = palm (the palmleaf was likened to tree substituted for the hand with the fingers extended) the palm in Palm A332 Sunday processions PALPABLE tangible, sensible palpābilis, f. palpāre = touch soothingly

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A332 PANTHEON sacred building in pantheon – Gr. pántheion, f. pan- = all + ancient Rome theios = divine, f. theós = god dedicated to all the A334 gods PAPACY office of pope pāpātia, f. pāpa = pope A334 PAPYRUS kind of sedge from papȳ – Gr. pápūros = paper-rush which ancient writing material A334 was made PARTAKER one who takes a f. part- sb. + taker, agent-noun of take, after part, participator particeps, f. pars, part- = part + capere = A338 take PARTICLE small or minute particula, dim. of pars, part- = part A338 part PATERNOSTER form of words used pater noster = our Father, the first words of A340 as a charm the Lord’s prayer PEAT AL. peta, also in petamora = peat-moor; A341 petaria, -er(i)a = peat-bog PEDAGOGUE pædagōgus – Gr. paidagōgós = slave who took a boy to and from school, f. pais, paid- A342 = boy + agōgós = leading, ágein = lead PENTANGLE pentangulum, alt. of pentaculum = pentacle, A344 f. penta- = five + angulus = angle PERCEIVE †receive, collect perceptiō, -ōn- = collecting, perceiving A345 PERIPHERY †layer of air (once) peripherīa – Gr. periphéreia, f. peripherés = A346 revolving round, f. peri- + phérein = bear PERMUTE †exchange permūtāre, f. per- + mūtāre = change A347 PERPENDICULAR situated or having a perpendiculāris, f. perpendiculum = direction at right plummet, plumb-line, f. per- + pendēre = A347 angles hang PERSPECTIVE †optics; †optical perspectīva, sb. use of fem. of perspectīvus, instrument f. perspect-, pp. stem of perspicere = look at A347 closely, f. per- + specere = look PESSARY †suppository pessārium, f. pessum, -us – Gr. pessós, -ón = draught-board, oval stone used in a game, A348 medicated plug PICT one of an ancient Pictī, indentical in form with pictī = painted people of N. or tattooed people A352 Britain PIER solid structure AL. pera or pēra extending into the A352 sea, etc. PIGMENT pigmentum, f. pig-, base of pingere = paint A352 PIMPLE nasalized form of OE pípel – L. papula = B371 pimple

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PIN pointed lenght of pinna = applied to varous objects likened to stiff wire used as a a wing or feather A353 fastener PLAGUE †blow, wound; plāga = stroke, wound, pestilence, infection, affliction; prob. – Gr. plāgá, plēgé, f. plag- = strike malignant epidemic, A355 pestilence PLASTER plastic composition plastrum, for emplastrum – Gr. émplastron, to be spread on a f. em- + plastós = daubed, plastered, f. surface emplássein, f. em- + plássein = fashion, A356 form POLE each of the two polus = end of an axis – Gr. pólos = pivot, points in the axis A360 celestial sphere POLLUTE render impure f. pollūt-, pp. stem of polluere, f. por- = pro A360 + base of lutum = mud POLYPUS (path.) tumour usu. L. – Gr. pólupos, var. of Attic polúpous = having tentacle-like cuttle-fish, f. polús = poly + poús = foot A361 ramifications PONDEROUS physically weighty ponderōsus, f. pondus, ponder- = weight, A361 rel. to pendere = weigh POPPET small person or pūpa, puppa = girl, doll A362 human figure, pet PORISM geometrical porisma – Gr. pórisma = deduction, proposition in corollary, problem, f. porízein = carry, ancient Gr. deduce, f. póros = way, passage A362 mathematics PORPHYRY three types: porfurie, -firie; purfire, porphire; porphyry – L. porphyreum, for porphyrītēs – Gr. porphurítes, f. pórphuros A362 = purple PRECEPT general command, præceptum = maxim, order, sb. use of n. pp. esp. of divine of præcipere = take beforehand, warn, origin instruct, enjoin, f. præ = pre- + capere = A366 take PREDESTINATION prædestinātiō, -ōn-, f. prædestināre = appoint beforehand, f. præ = pre- + A366 destināre = destine PREDICAMENT category of prædicāmentum, f. prædicāre = preach, f. A367 predication præ = pre- + dīcāre = say, speak PREPOSITION præpositiō, -ōn- = putting before, preposition, f. præpōnere, præ = pre- + A368 ponēre = put PREPUCE foreskin præpūtium, f. præ = pre- + an el. of A368 unknown. orig. PREVAIL †become strong prævalēre = have greater power A369 PRICKET spike on which to AL. prikettus, -um, dim. f. prick stick a candle,

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A369 candle itself PRIME golden number; prīma = first beginning, earliest A369 time PRIMORDIAL prīmōrdiālis, f. prīmōrdium, sb. use of n. of prīmōrdius = original, f. prīmus = first, A370 prime + base of ordīrī = begin PRIVATE †applied by Wyclif prīvātus = withdrawn from public life, to the first friars peculiar to oneself, sb. man in private life, prop. pp. of prīvāre = bereave, deprive, f. A370 prīvus = single, individual, private PROCONSUL governor of an prōconsul, for prō consule = (one acting) for ancient Roman the consul A371 province PROJECT †design, scheme prōiectum, n. of pp. of prōicere = throw A372 forth, expel, f. pro- + iacere = throw PROMISE sb. prōmissum, sb. use of n. pp. of prōmittere = send or put forth, promise, f. pro- + mittere A373 = send PROMOTE advance in position f. prōmōt-, pp. stem of prōmovēre = move A373 forward PRONE naturally inclined, prōnus, f. prō = forward A373 disposed PROPINQUITY nearness, proximity propinquitās, f. propinquus = neighbouring, A373, B394 f. prope = near PROSELYTE prosēlytus – Gr. proséluthos = strange, sojourner, convert to Judaism, f. 2nd aorist A374 stem of prosérkhesthai = come to, approach PROSTRATE prōstrātus, pp. of prōsternere = throw in A374 front, cast down, f. pro- + sternere = lay low PUBERTY pūbertās, f. pūbēs, -er- = adult A376 PUBLISH make publicly pūblicāre = make public, f. pūblicus = A376 known public PULPIT pulpitum = scaffold, platform, stage, pulpit A377 PYGMY, PIGMY pl. pygmeis, pygmæī, pl. of pygmæus – Gr. pugmaios = dwarf(ish), f. pugmé = measure A379 of length from elbow to knuckles, fist PYX vessel for the pyxis – Gr. puxís = box reservation of the A380 Host

Q QUADRANT †fourth part, quadrāns, -ant- = quarter, orig. of the as quarter, now only of a quarter-circle; instrument used for making angular A381 measurements

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QUADRAT †square quadrātum, sb. use of n. of quadrātus, pp. of A381 quadrāre = square QUAESTOR (Rom. antiq.) quæstor, f. quæs-, old form of stem of official having quærere = seek, inquire charge of public A381 finances QUATERNION group of four quaternārius, f. quaternī = four together, f. quater = four times, f. base of quattor = A382 four QUINQUAGESIMA †period beginning sb. use of fem. of quinquāgēsimus = fiftieth, on the Sunday f. quinquāgintā = fifty immediately preceding Lent and ending on Easter A384 Eve QUODLIBET question proposed quodlibetum, f. quodlibet, f. quod = what, in scholastic libet = it pleases disputation; scholastic debate or A384 exercise QUOTE †mark with quotāre = number, f. quot = how many, or numbers or quota = quota (marginal) A385 references

R RABBI (title of respect rabbi – Heb. rabbī = my master, f. rabh = given to) a Jewish master A386 doctor of the law RADICAL pert. to the radicālis, f. rādīx, rādīc- = root moisture inherent in animals and A386 plants RAPE turnip; plant rāpum, rāpa = turnip A388 producing oil-seed RAPT taken and carried raptus, pp. of rapere = seize A388 up to heaven, etc. RATIONAL endowed with ratiōnālis, f. ratiō, -ōn- = reckoning, reason judgment, understanding, reasoning, method, motive, f. rat-, pp. stem of rērī = think, A389 reckon REALGAR native disulphide L. – Arab. rahj al-gar = powder of the cave A391 or arsenic or mine RECIPE †(imper.) take recipe, imper. sg. of recipere = receive A392 RECOMMEND commend or recommendāre, f. re- + commendāre = commit to God; commend A392 †praise, commend REDUCE †bring or lead redūcere = bring back, restore, replace, f. re- A394 back + dūcere = lead, bring

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REGRESS return, re-entry regressus, f. pp. stem of regredī = go back, f. A396 re- + gradī = step, go RELENT †melt, dissolve relentāre, f. re- + lentāre = bend, soften, f. A397 lentus = flexible REMIT forgive (sin); remittere = send back, slacken, relax, abstain from postpone, f. re- + mittere = put, send exacting (a penalty); give up, desist from; refer for consideration, A397 etc. REPREHEND reprehendere, f. re- + prehendere = seize A399 REPRESS f. repress-, pp. stem of reprimere, f. re- + A399 premere = press REPUTATION †opinion, reputātiō, -ōn- = computation, consideration, estimation; f. reputāre, f. re- + putāre = reckon †general estimate; high esteem or A400 credit REQUIEM Mass for the requiem, acc. of requiēs = rest, first word of departed the introit of the Mass, (Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine = Rest eternal grant unto A400 them, O Lord) RESIN, ROSIN adhesive substance resīna, rosīna A400 secreted by plants RETINA f. rēte = net A402 RETRIBUTION recompense, retribūtiō, -ōn-, f. retribuere, f. re- + tribuere A402 requital = assign RETROGRADE (astron., of retrōgradus, f. retro- + gradus = step planets) moving apparently in a direction contrary to the order of the A402 signs REVOLVE †turn or roll back revolvere, f. re- + volvere = roll, turn A403 or round RHETOR professor of rethor, var. of rhētor – Gr. rhétōr A403 rhetoric RITE formal procedure rītus = (religious) usage A406, B425 or act ROGATION (pl.) litanies used in pl. rogātiōnēs, f. rogāre = ask on the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday before A407 Ascension Day ROSARY base coin current rosārius (coin) in England in the A408 13th century

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ROSE rose-shaped figure rosa, rel. obscurely to synon. Gr. rhódon A408

S SABAOTH in phr. Lord of S. Sabaōth (Vulg.) – Gr. Sabaóth – Heb. = in Eng. N. T. and army, host A412 Te Deum SAGITTARIUS zodiacal sagittārius = archer, f. sagitta = arrow A413 constellation SAL-AMMONIAC ammonium sal ammōniacus, f. sal armōniacum = salt + A414 chloride ammoniac SANDAL 1 covering for the sandalium – Gr. sandálion, dim. of sándalon A416 sole of the foot = wooden shoe SANDAL 2 scented wood of sandalum species of A416 Santalum SARDINE precious stone of sardinus – Gr. sárdinos, var. reading for A417 Rev. 4:3 sárdios = sardius SARDIUS precious stone, L. – Gr. sárdios, prob. f. Sardó = Sardinia A417 sard SARDONYX variety of onyx L. – Gr. sardónux, presumably f. sárdios = A417 sardius + ónux = onyx SATURN (astron.) one of the Sāturnus, poss. of Etruscan orig. A418 primary planets SAVORY herb of the genus ME. saverey – L. satureia, fem. sg. and n. pl. A418 Satureia SCABIOUS plant of the genus scabiōsa, fem. of scabiōsus, f. scabiēs = Scabiosa roughness, itch, f. scabere = scratch, scrape (formerly of repute for the cure of skin A419 diseases) SCALE set of graduations scāla usu. pl. steps , staircase, ladder, f. base for measuring of scandere = climb A419 distances SCAN analyse the metre scandere = climb, measure (verses) A420 of SCILICET abbrev. scil., sc. contr. of scīre licet = it is permitted to know that is to say, to A422 wit SCOT native of Scotland Scottus A423 SCRIBE doctor on the scrība = official or public writer, f. scrībere A424 Jewish law = write, trace characters SCROFULA disease scrōfulæ, dim. f. scrōfa = breeding-sow characterized by (supposed to be subject to the disease) degeneration of the lymphatic A424 glands SCULPTURE art of carving in sculptūra, f. pp. stem of sculpere, var. of hard material, scalpere = scratch, carve

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A425 products of this SCUTTLE (dial.) cornbasket, scutula or scutella, rel. to scutra = dish, A425 grain-shovel platter SEBESTEN plum-like fruit of sebestēn – Arab . – Pers. A426 the genus Cordia SECRETARY †confidant sēcrētārius = confidential officer, sb. use of A426 adj. f. sēcrētus = secret SENIOR person superior by senior, compar. of senex = old reason of age or A429 station SENSE meaning, sēnsus = faculty of feeling, sensibility, mode signification of feeling, thought, meaning, f. sēns-, pp. A429 stem of sentīre = feel SERPIGO creeping skin f. serpere = crawl A430 disease SETON thread, etc. drawn sētō, -ōn-, app. f. sētā = bristle, silk through a fold of the skin to A431 maintain an issue SHINGLES eruptive disease cingulus, var. of cingulum = girdle often extending round the middle A435 of the body SHRINE casket for a dead scrīnium = case or chest for books or papers A437 body, tomb SISTRUM jingling instrument L. – Gr. seístron, f. seíein = shake or rattle used by A441 ancient Egyptians SLAV Sclavus, corr. to Gr. Sklábos; later after A443 Slavus, F., G. Slave SOCK half-hose soccus – Gr. súkkhos, sukkhás A447 SOKE right of local sōca – OE. sōcn = attack, resort, right of juristiction; area of prosecution or jurisdiction, administrative A448 this district SOL sun; (alch.) gold sōl = sun A448 SOLITARY sōlitārius, f. sōlitās = solitariness, f. sōlus = A448 sole SPERM sperma – Gr. spérma, -at-, f. base of speírein A453 = sow SPIKE ear of corn spīca, -us, -um A453 SPIKENARD spīca nardī A453 SPOLIATION spoliātiō, -ōn-, f. spoliāre = spoil A455 SPONDEE (pros.) metrical spondēus – Gr. spondeios sb. use of adj. f. foot of two long spondé = libation, the spondee being a foot syllables characteristic of melodies accompanying

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A455, B482 libations SPUME foam, froth spūma, gen. connected with pūmex = pumice A456 SQUILL (root of) the sea- squilla, var. of scilla – Gr. skílla A457 onion STACTE fragrant spice of L. – Gr. stakté, sb. use of fem. staktós = the ancients distilling in drops, f. stag-, base of stázein = A457 flow, drip STATE solemn pomp; status = manner of standing, condition, f. A459 estate of the realm base of stāre = stand STATER ancient weight and statēr – Gr. statér, f. sta-, base of histánai = A460 coin stand STAVESACRE plant Delphinium staphisagria – Gr. staphis agríā = wild staphisagria raisin, i.e. staphís = raisin, agríā, fem. of A460 ágrios = wild STRICTURE (path.) morbid strictūra, f. strict-, pp. stem of stringere = A466 narrowing touch, stroke, blame STROP (naut.) band of struppus, stroppus A467 rope, etc. STUDIOUS studiōsus, f. studium = study A467 STUPE piece of steeped stuppa = tow – Gr. stúppē tow, etc. for fomenting a A468 wound STYPTIC having contracting stypticus – Gr. stuptikós, f. stúphein = A468 properties contract STYRAX storax L. – Gr. stúrax A468 SUBDEACON subdiaconus, subdiacon – Gr. hupodiákonos A469 SUBMIT (refl. and intr.) submittere, f. sub- + mittere = send place oneself under control; so A469 trans. SUBURB suburbium, f. sub- + urbs = city A470, B559 SUFFRAGE pl. (intercessory) suffrāgium, partly through F. suffrage A471 prayers SUPERSCRIBE inscribe on the top superscrībere, f. super- + scrībere = write A473 or surface of SUPPLEMENT supplēmentum, f. supplēre = supply A473 SUPPRESS put down by force f. suppress-, pp. stem of supprimere, f. sub- + A474 or authority premere = press SUSURRATION whispering susurrātiō, -ōn-, f. susurrāre, f. susurrus = A475 whisper SYNOD synodus – Gr. súnodos = meeting, f. syn- + A479 hodós = way, travel

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T TARTAR deposit of acid tartarum – Gr. tártaron potassium tartrate adhering to the sides of wine A483 casks TE DEUM opening words of the canticle beginning Te Deum laudamus = Thee God we praise, recited mainly at matins in the Western A484 Church TEMPER †due mixture of f. temperāre = mingle, restrain oneself A485 elements TEPID tepidus, f. tepēre = be warm A486 TEREBINTH tree Pistacia terebinthus – Gr. terébinthos terebinthus, the source of A487, B522 turpentine TERNARY threefold, triple ternārius, f. ternī = three at a time, three by A487 three, f. ter = thrice TERTIAN (of a fever) of tertiānus, f. tertius = third which the paroxysms occur every third day; A487 sb. TESTAMENT will disposing of testāmentum, f. testārī = bear witness, make a property and will, f. testis = witness appointing an A488 executor TESTER canopy over a bed testerium, testrum, testura, f. Rom. testa = A488 head TESTIFY testificāre, -ārī, f. testis = witness A488 TESTIMONY testimonium, f. testis = witness A488 TETRARCH ruler of one of tetrarcha, - Gr. tetrárkhēs, f. tetra- + -arkhēs four divisions of a = ruling country, A488 subordinate ruler THESIS, PL. (pros.) thesis – Gr. thésis = placing, setting, f. the-, THESES unaccented or base of tithénai = place unstressed A490 element TINCTURE †dye, pigment tinctūra = dyeing, f. tinct-, pp. stem of tingere A494 = dye, tinge TITTLE point of dot over titulus = title A495 or under a letter TRACT (liturg.) item tractus, spec. use of tractus, f. pp. stem of replacing the trahere = draw Alleluia in the

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Mass from Septuagesima to A500 Easter Eve TRADITION that which is trāditiō, -ōn-, f. trādere = hand over, deliver, handed down as f. trans- + dāre = give A500, B116 belief or practice TRANSCEND pass (a limit) or tran(s)scendere = climb over, surmount, f. A501, B439 the limits of trans- + scandere = climb TRANSFER convey from transferre, f. trans- + ferre = bear A501 place to place TRANSMIGRATION passage from one transmigrātiō, -ōn- = change of country, f. A501 place to another trans- + migrāre, prob. based on mei-, change TRANSMIT send across a transmittere, f. trans- + mittere = send A502 space TRANSUBSTAN- change of tran(s)substantiātiō, -ōn-, f. TIATION substance tran(s)substantiāre A502 TREPAN (surg.) saw for trepanum – Gr. trúpanon = borer, f. trupan = cutting out pieces pierce, bore A503 of bone TRIBUNE officer in the tribūnus, prob. orig. sb. use of adj. f. tribus = administration of tribe A504 ancient Rome TRIBUTE tax paid to a tribūtum, sb. use of n. of trībūtus, pp. of superior tribuere = assign, allot, grant, prop. to divide A504 among the tribes, f. tribus = tribe TRIPARTITE tripartītus, f. tri- + pp. of partīrī = divide, part A505 TROPIC †each of the two tropicus – Gr. tropikós = pert. to the turning solstitial points of the sun at the solstice, fig. f. tropé = turning, putting to flight, defeat, rel. to trépein A506 = turn TURPETH cathartic drug turbit(h)um, turpetum – Pers. , Arab. A509 TYMPANITES (path.) distension L. – Gr. tumpanítēs, f. túmpanon = tympanum of the abdomen A511 by gas

U UNCTION anointing as a rite unctiō, -ōn-, f. unct-, pp. stem of ung(u)ere = or symbol; anoint A514 spiritual influence UNDERWRITE write underneath tr. subscrībere = subscribe, f. sub- + scrībere A514 = write URN vessel in which to urna – urcnā, rel. to urceus = pitcher preserve the ashes A517 of the dead UVULA fleshy part of the ūvula, dim. of ūva = grape A518 soft palate

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V VALVE either of the leaves valva = leaf of a door A520 of a folding door VENTRICLE (anat.) any of the ventriculus, dim. of venter = belly cavities of the A523 heart, brain, etc. VENUS †(alch.) copper Venus (goddess of the ancient Romans) = A523 venus, vener- = love VERSE stanza versus = turn of the plough, furrow, row, line of writing, verse, f. vers-, pp. stem of vertere A524 = turn VESTA (Rom. myth.) L., corr. to Gr. Hestíā, personification of goddess of the hestíā = heart, house, household A525 household VICTOR victor, f. vict-, pp. stem of vincere = conquer A526, B569 VILLOUS covered with villōsus, f. villus = growth of hair numerous thick-set stout hairlike A527 projections VIRAGO man-like or heroic virāgō, obscurely f. vir = man woman, female warrior; bold or A527 violent woman VIRGO constellation lying L. = virgin between Leo and Libra; sixth sign of A527 the zodiac VOLUNTARY adj. voluntārius, f. voluntās = will, for voluntitās A529 VOMIT sb. vomitus, f. vomere = vomit, rel. to Skr., Gr. A529, B574 VULGAR adj. that is in vulgāris, f. vulgus, volgus = the common common or people A530 ordinary use

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7. THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

A ABBACY abbācia, var. of abbātia, f. abbāt- = abbot A1 ABBREVIATE f. pp. stem of abbreviāre = to shorten, f. ab- A1 = put for or ad- = to + brevis = short) ABHOR abhorrēre, f. ab- + horrēre = shudder A1 ABJECT †pp. rejected; adj. abiectus, pp. of abicere, f. ab- + iacere = downcast, throw A1 degraded ABJURE abiurare = deny, swear away from, f. ab- + A1, B242 iurāre = swear ABLATIVE (gram.) of a case ablatīvus, f. ab- + lātum, pp. stem of ferre = expressing carry, take = auferre = to take away removal, source, A1, B1 agent, etc. ABSORB absorbēre = to suck up, f. ab- + sorbēre = to A2, B2 swallow ABUT border upon AL. abuttāre, f. a- = ad- + butta = strip of A3 land ACCEDE accēdere, f. ac- + cēdere = go A3 ACCESSARY accessārius, f. access-, pp. stem of accēdere A3 = accede ACT legislative degree āctus = doing, f. āct-, pp. stem of agere = do A4 ADDUCE addūcere, f. ad- + dūcere = lead, bring A5 ADJACENT adiacēns, -ent-, prp. of adiacēre, f. ad- + A5 iacēre = lie down ADJURE charge solemnly adiūrāre, f. ad- + iūs, iūr- = oath A5 ADMIT allow the truth admittere, f. ad- + mittere = send A6 ADOPT adoptāre = choose for oneself A6, B334 ADVERB word that qualifies adverbium, f. ad- + verbum = word an adjective, a verb, or another A6, B566 adverb AFFECT †aspire to affectāre, f. affect-, pp. stem of afficere = act A7, B150 upon, influence, f. ad- + facere = do AGARIC kind of fungus agaricum – Gr. agarikón A8 AGENT agēns, agent-, sb. use of prp. of agere = do A8 AGGREGATE collected into one aggregātus, pp. of aggregāre, f. ag- + grex, body; sb. sum greg- = flock A8 81

total, entire mass AGRICULTURE agricultūra A9, B6 AGRIMONY plant of the genus agrimōnia, misreading for argemōnia – Gr. Eupatorium or argemónē = poppy, f. árgemon = white spot Agrimonia on the eye, which the plant was reputed to A9 cure ALACRITY alacritās, f. alacer, alacr- = brisk A10 ALLEVIATE f. pp. stem of alleviāre, f. al- + levis = light A11 ALPHABET alphabētum, f. Gr. álpha + beta, first two letters of the Gr. alphabet taken to repr. the A12 whole AMICABLE amīcābilis, f. amīcus = friend A14 ANCHORITE, -RET religious recluse an(a)chorīta, -rēta – Gr. anakhōrētés, f. A15 occupying a cell anakhōrein = retire, retreat ANGULAR angulāris, f. angulus = angle A16 ANTIMONY antimōnium A18 ANTIPHON antiphōna – Gr. antíphōna, n. pl. of antíphōnos = responsive, f. anti- + phōné = A18 sound ANTITHESIS L. – Gr. antíthesis, f. anti- + tithénai = set, A18 place ANUS ānus = orig. ring A18 APERTURE apertūra, f. apert-, pp. stem of aperīre = A19 open APPEND appendere, f. ap- + pendēre = hang A20 APPLAUD applaudere, f. ap- + plaudere = clap A20 APPROXIMATE very near in approximātus, pp. of approximāre, f. ap- + A20 position or nature proximus = nearest AQUATIC aquāticus, f. aqua = water A21, B16 ARBITER arbiter = witness, judge, umpire A21, B16 ARUM cuckoo-pint, Arum arum – Gr. áron A23 maculatum ASCRIBE ascrībere, f. ad- + scrībere = write A24 ASPERITY asperitās, -tāt-, f. asper = rough A24 ASPERSE besprinkle f. aspers-, pp. stem of aspergere, f. ad- + A24 spargere = sprinkle ASSIMILATE make like; absorb f. pp. stem of assimilāre, f. as- + similis = A25 and incorporate similar (based on IE)

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ASSUME take to or upon assūmere, f. as- + sūmere = take A25 oneself ASYLUM sanctuary, place of asȳ lum – Gr. ásūlon, sb. use of n. of ásūlos refuge = inviolable, f. a- + sūlé, sulon = right of A26 seizure ATLANTIC Atlanticus – Gr. Atlantikós, f. Átlās, Atlant-, name of the Titan who was supposed to hold up the pillar of the universe; also the mountain in Libya which was held to support A27 the heavens ATTRACT f. attract-, pp. stem of attrahere, f. at- + A28 trahere = draw ATTRIBUTE attribūtum, sb. use of n. pp. of attribuere, f. A28, B547 at- + tribuere = allot ATTRITION rubbing away attrītiō, -ōn-, f. attrīt-, pp. stem of atterere, f. A28 at- + terere = rub AUREATE golden aureātus, f. aureus, f. aurum = gold A28 AURICLE cavity of the heart auricula, dim. of auris = ear A28

B BALSAM balsamum – Gr. bálsamon, perh. of Sem. A32 orig. BAWL †bark; cry baulāre = bark A35 vociferously BELLICOSE warlike bellicōsus, f. bellicus, f. bellum = war A38 BINARY bīnārius = two together A41 BITUMEN L. A42 BREVE (mus.) the brevis = short shortest note of A49 the series BREVIARY book containing breviārium = summary, abridgement, f. the Divine Office breviāre = abridge, abbreviate A49 for the year BRITISH pert. to Great based on Brittō or OCelt. Britto, Brittos Britain A50

C CALUMNY calumnia = false accusation A59 CALX powder resulting L. = lime(stone) – Gr. khálix = pebble, from calcination limestone A59 of a mineral CANTHARIDES pl. of cantharis – Gr. kantharís = blister fly A61 CARNAL carnālis, f. carō, carn- = flesh

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A63 CARUCATE as much land as car(r)ūcāta, f. car(r)ūca = orig. coach, can be tilled with chariot, in Gaul applied to the wheel-plough, one plough in one rel. to carrus = car A64 year CASEMENT (archit.) hollow cassimentum = casement (of window) A64 moulding CATARACT †(pl.) floodgates cataracta – Gr. katar(r)háktēs = down-rush, A66 of heaven waterfall, portcullis CATECHIZE give systematic catēchīzāre – Gr. katēkhízein, f. katēkhein = oral instruction sound through, instruct orally, f. cata- + A66 ēkhein = sound CATHOLIC sb. member of the catholicus – Gr. katholikós = general, Catholic Church universal, f. katá = in respect of + hólos = A66 whole CELEBRATE celebrātus, pp. of celebrāre, f. celeber, A68 celebr- = frequented, frequent, renowned CERE wax-like cēra = wax membrane at the base of a bird’s A68 beak CERECLOTH waxed cloth used cērāre, f. cēra = wax as a winding- A69, B80 sheet CERTIORARI (leg.) writ from a certiōrāre = inform, f. certior, compar. of higher court for certus = certain the production of records from a A69 lower CERTITUDE certitūdō, f. certus = certain A69 C(H)ALCEDONY precious stone c(h)alcēdonius – Gr. khalkēdón (stone of A69 Chalcedon) CINNABAR vermilion cinnabaris – Gr. kinnábari A77 CIRCUMJACENT lying around circumiacent, prp. stem of circumiacēre, f. circum = round + adjacent, f. adiacēns, -ent-, A77 prp. of adiacēre, f. ad- + iacēre = lie down CIRCUMLOCUTION circumlocutiō, -ōn-, lit. rendering of Gr. A77, B272 períphrasis = periphrasis CIRCUMSCRIBE draw a line circumscrībere, f. circum = around + scrībere round; describe = write about another; A77 delimit CIRCUMSPECT circumspectus = well considered, considerate, cautious, pp. of circumspicere = look round, A77 f. circum = round + specere = look CIRCUMVENT encompass with circumvent-, pp. stem of circumvenīre = evil or hostility; surround, beset, deceive, f. circum = round + A77 overreach, outwit venīre = come

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CIRCUMVOLUTION revolution, circumvolvere = wind round A77 rotation CLAUSTRAL of a cloister claustrālis, f. claustrum = cloister A79 CLAVICHORD string-and-key clāvichordium, f. clāvis = key + chorda = A79 instrument string, chord CLEMENT clēmēns, -ent-, of unknown orig. A79 CLIENT one for whom an cliēns, client-, earlier cluēns, sb. use of prp. A79 advocate pleads of cluere, cluēre = hear, listen CODICIL supplement to a cōdicillus, dim. of cōdex, cōdic- = block of A83 will wood, block split into leaves or tablets, book COGNITION action or faculty cognitiō, -ōn-, f. cognit-, pp. stem of of knowing cognōscere = get to know, investigate, f. co- A83 + gnōscere = know COMBINE vb. combīnāre = join two and two, f. com- + bīnī A85, B41 = two together COMMENT †commentary; commentum = invention, interpretation, explanatory note comment, f. comment-, pp. stem of comminiscī = devise, contrive, f. com- + men- A86 , base of mēns = mind COMMINATION threatening of comminatiō, -ōn-, f. comminārī = menace punishment or A86 vengeance COMMISARY official having commissārius = officer in charge, f. commiss- charge (esp.) of , pp. stem of committere = commit A86 supplies COMMISURE juncture, seam commissūra, f. commiss-, pp. stem of A86 committere = put together COMMIT perpetrate committere = join, join (battle), practise, perpetrate, place with another for safety, A86 entrust, f. com- + mittere = put, send COMMODIOUS †advantageous, commodiōsus, f. commodus = of due serviceable measure, convenient, f. com- + modus = A86, B305 measure COMMON WEAL, the general good, rendering rēs commūnis COMMONWEAL public welfare A87 COMPEL drive or force compellere, f. com- + pellere = drive A88 together CONCAVE concavus, f. con- + cavus = hollow A89 CONCUR †collide, concurrere, f. con- + currere = run converge; fall together, coincide; agree in A90 action or opinion CONCUSSION violent agitation concussiō, -ōn-, f. concuss-, pp. stem of concutere = dash together, shake violently, f. A90 con- + quatere = shake

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CONDENSE increase the condensāre, f. condensus = very dense A90, B120 density of CONDIMENT condīmentum, f. condīre = preserve, pickle, A90 by-form of condere = preserve CONDUCE †lead condūcere = bring together, f. con- + dūcere A90 = lead CONDUCT guiding, leading; conductus, f. condūcere, f. con- + dūcere = A90 management lead CONFEDERATE sb. accomplice confœderātus, f. con- + fœder- crude form of A91 fœdus = a treaty CONFIDE put faith in confīdere, f. con- + fīdere = trust A91 CONFLICT conflīctus, f. conflīct-, pp. stem of conflīgere, A91 f. con- + flīgere = strike CONGRUENT conforming, congruēns, -ent-, prp. of congruere = meet accordant, together, agree, correspond, f. con- + gruere, A92 agreeable ruere = fall, rush CONJUNCT coniunctus, pp. of coniungere, f. con- + A92 iungere = join CONSCRIPT enrolled or conscriptus, pp. of conscrībere = enrol, f. elected as a con- + scrībere = write A93 senator CONSECRATE devote to a sacred consecrāre, -āt-, f. con- + sacrāre = dedicate, A93 purpose f. sacer, sacr- = sacred CONSTITUTE set up, establish constitūt-, pp. of constituere = establish, A94 appoint, f. con- + statuere = set up CONSTRICTION compression constrictiō, -ōn-, f. constrict-, pp. stem of A94 constringere = bind tightly together CONSUL applied to various consul, rel. to consultāre (consulere = take magistrates or counsel) chiefs officials, spec. head of a merchant company resident in a foreign A94 country CONSUMMATE †completed; adj. consummātus, f. consummāre, -āt-, f. con- + complete, perfect summa = sum, summus = highest, utmost, A94 supreme CONTAMINATE f. pp. stem of contamināre, f. contāmen-,- min- = contact, pollution, for contagment, f. A94 con- + tangere = touch CONTENT what is contentum, pl. -ta = things contained, sb. use contained; of n. of contentus, pp. of continēre = contain containing A94 capacity or extent CONTEXT †construction, contextus, f. context-, pp. stem of contextere A95 composition = weave together, f. con- + textere = weave CONTORT f. contort-, pp. stem of contorquēre, f. con- + A95 torquēre = twist 86

CONTUSE bruise f. contūs-, pp. stem of contundere, f. con- + A96 tundere = beat CONVALESCE convalēscere, f. con- + valēscere = grow A96 strong, f. valēre = be strong or well CONVENE come together convenīre = assemble, f. con- + venīre = A96 come COOP cage for poultry cūpa, also cōpa = tun, barrel A96 CORDIAL stimulating to the cordiālis, f. cor, cord- = heart A97 heart; hearty CORPORATE forming a corporātus, pp. of corporāre = fashion into or A98 corporation with a body, collect, f. corpor- = body CREATE creātus, pp. of creāre = bring forth, produce, A103 cause to grow, prob. rel. to crēscere = grow CRISIS turning-point of a L. – Gr. krísis = decision, event, turning-point A105 disease of a disease, f. krínein = decide CUBICLE †bedchamber cubiculum, f. cubāre = recline, lie in bed A107 CURVE †curved curvus, app. rel. to Gr. kurtós = curved A109 CUSTODY safe-keeping custōdia, f. custōs, custōd- = guardian, keeper A109 CYCLOPS (Gr. myth.) one Cyclōps – Gr. Kúklōps = round-eyed, f. of a race of one- kúklos = circle A110 eyed giants

D DATIVE appointed by the datīvus = pert. to giving, f. dat-, pp. stem of king or the dare = give commissary; (gram.) case A113 denoting to or for DEBENTURE voucher for a sum dēbentur = are owing or due, 3rd pl. pres. A114 due ind. pass. of dēbēre = owe DEBIT †debt dēbitum = debt A114 DECREPIT dēcrepitus, f. de- + crepitus, pp. of crepāre = A115 rattle, creak DEDICATE devote to the f. pp. stem of dēdicāre = proclaim, devote, service of a deity consecrate, f. de- + dic-, weak var. of dīc- = A115 say DEDUCE †bring, convey; dēdūcere, f. de- + dūcere = lead †derive; trace the course of; draw as A115 a conclusion DEFALCATE †lop off, retrench, f. pp. stem of dēfalcāre, f. de- + falx, falc- = A116 deduct sickle, scythe DEFECT shortcoming, dēfectus, f. dēfect-, pp. stem of dēficere = A116 deficiency leave, desert, fail, f. de- + facere = make, do DEGENERATE that has declined dēgenerātus, pp. of dēgenerāre = depart from

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in character or its race or kind, f. dēgener = debased, A117 qualities ignoble, f. de- + genus, gener- = kind DEJECT †cast down f. dēiect-, pp. stem of deicere, f. de- + iacere A117 = throw DELIBERATE adj. dēlīberātus, pp. of dēlīberāre, f. de- + lībrāre A117 = weigh, f. lībra = scales DELUDE dēlūdere = play false, mock, f. de- + lūdere = A117 play, f. lūdus = play, game DEMON inferior divinity, dēmōn, dæmōn – Gr. daímōn = divinity, genius, attendant genius spirit; evil spirit, A118 devil DENSE thick, crowded dēnsus A119, B120 DENUDE dēnūdāre, f. de- + nūdāre = bare, f. nūdus = A119 nude DEPONENT (gram.) dēpōnēns, -ent-, prp. of dēpōnere = lay aside, put down, deposit, testify, f. de - + pōnere = A119 place, lay DEPRECIATE lower in value or f. pp. stem of dēpretiāre, f. de- + pretium = A120 estimation price DEROGATE †abrogate in part; f. pp. stem of dērogāre, f. de- + rogāre = ask, †detract from, question, propose disparage; take A120 away a part from DESCRIBE dēscrībere = write down, copy off, f. de- + A120 scrībere = write DESOLATE distitute of life, dēsōlātus, pp. of dēsōlāre = abandon, f. de- + A121 joy, or comfort sōlus = alone DESPERATE dēspērātus = despaired of, pp. of dēspērāre = A121 despair, f. de- + spērāre = hope DESTITUTE devoid of dēstitūtus = forsaken, pp. of dēstituere, f. de- A121 + statuere = set up, place DESUETUDE dēsuētūdō, f. dēsuēscere, dēsuēt- = disuse, become unaccustomed, f. de- + suēscere = be A121, B112 wont DETECT †uncover, expose dētect-, pp. stem of dētegere, f. de- + tegere A121 = cover DETRACT f. dētract-, pp. stem of dētrahere = draw off, A122 take away, disparage, f. de- + trahere = draw DEVOLVE †roll down dēvolvere = roll down, f. de- + volvere = roll A122 DIAPHORETIC sudorific diaphorēticus – Gr. diaphorētikós, f. diaphórēsis = perspiration, f. diaphorein = throw off by perspiration, f. dia- + phorein = A123 carry DIATESSARON medicine of four diatessarōn, f. Gr. dia tessárōn = through, A123 ingredients i.e. composed of, four (téssares = four) DIFFUSE †confused, diffūssus = extensive, ample, prolix, pp. stem A124, B175 indistinct of diffundere = pour out, f. dif- + fundere = 88

pour DIGIT any numeral from digitus = finger, toe A124 0 to 9 DILATORY tending to cause dīlātōrius, f. dīlātor = delayer, f. dīlāt-, pp. A125 delay stem of differre = defer DIMIDIATION halving dīmidiātiō, -ōn-, f. dīmidiāt-, pp. stem of dīmidiāre, f. dīmidium = half, f. di- + medius A125 = middle, mid DIMITY stout cotton fabric dimitum – Gr. dímitos, f. di- + mítos = thread A125, B125 of the warp DIRECT instruct dīrectus, pp. of dīrigere, dē- = straighten, direct, guide, f. di-, de- + regere = put A126 straight, rule DISCREPANT discrepāns, -ant-, prp. of discrepāre = be discordant, f. dis- + crepāre = make a noise, A127 creak DISCUSS examine by f. discuss-, pp. stem of discutere = dash to argument pieces, disperse, dispel, in Rom. investigate, A127 f. dis- + quatere = shake DISJUNCTIVE disiunctīvus, f. disiunct-, pp. stem of A128 disiungere DISSIMULATE dissemble f. pp. stem of dissimulāre, f. dis- + simulāre, A129 f. similis = similar DISSIPATE scatter, dispel f. pp. stem of dissipāre, f. dis- + supāre, A129 sipāre = throw DISSUADE advise against dissuādēre, f. dis- + suādēre = advise, urge A129 DISTRIBUTE f. distribūt-, pp.stem of distribuere, f. dis- + A130 tribuere = grant, assign DIURNAL occupying a day; diurnālis, f. diurnus, f. diēs = day A130 occuring daily DIVULGE †publish abroad dīvulgāre = make commonly or publicly known, f. di- + vulgāre = publish, propagate, A131 f. vulgus = common people DOCILE teachable docilis, f. docēre = teach A131 DUPLICATE adj. duplicātus, pp. of duplicāre, f. duplus, f. duo A138 = two + plic- = fold DURA MATER outermost L. = lit. hard mother, tr. Arab.; so called envelope of brain because it was thought to be the source of A138 and spinal cord every other membrane in the body

E ECCLESIASTIC adj. ecclēsiasticus – Gr. ekklēsiastikós, f. ekklēsiastés = member of the ecclesia or public assembly of citizens, f. ekklēsiázein = hold or summon to an assembly, summon to church, f. ekklēsíā = assembly, church, f. ekklētós, pp. adj. of ekkalein, f. ek = out, ex- A141, B138 + kalein = call, summon

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ECLOGUE pastoral dialogue ecloga = short poem – Gr. eklogé = selection, esp. of poems, f. eklégein, f. ek = A141 out, ex- + légein = choose EDICT ēdictum, sb. use of n. pp. of ēdīcere = A142 proclaim, f. e- + dīcere = say, tell EDIFICATION †building ædificātiō, -ōn-, f. ædificāre = build A142 EDUCATE f. pp. stem of ēducāre, rel. to ēdūcere = A142 educe EDUCE †lead or draw ēdūcere, f. e- + dūcere = lead A142 forth EJECT f. ēiect-, pp. stem of ēicere, f. e- + iacere = A143 throw ELECT chosen, select ēlectus, pp. of ēligere, f. e- + legere = choose A144 ELEVATE f. pp. stem of ēlevāre, f. e- + levāre = A144 lighten, raise, rel. to levis = light ELOCUTION †literary or ēlocūtiō, -ōn-, f. ēlocūt-, pp. stem of ēloquī = A145 oratorical style speak out, f. e- + loquī = speak EMBLEM †allegorical emblēma = inlaid work, raised ornament – picture Gr. émblēma, -at- = insertion, f. emblē-, embállein = throw in, insert, f. em- + bállein A146 = throw EMBROCATION †fomentation; f. embrocāre, f. embroc(h)a – Gr. embrokhé liniment = lotion, f. embrékhein = steep, foment, f. A146 em- + brékhein = wet EMEND correct ēmendāre, f. e- + menda = fault A146 EMINENT conspicuous, f. prp. stem of ēminēre, rel. to mōns = mount A146 signal ENEMA L. – Gr. énema, f. eniénai = send or put in, A149 inject, f. en- + hiénai = send EPICENE (gram.) of epicœnus – Gr. epíkoinos, f. epi- + koinós = A152 common gender common EQUATE average f. pp.stem of æquāre, f. æquus = even A152 ERUDITE ērudītus, pp. of ērudīre = instruct, f. e- + A154 rudis = rude ERUPTION ēruptiō, ōn-, f. ērumpere, ērupt- = burst A154, B431 forth, f. e- + rumpere = break ETHIC adj. ēthicus – Gr. ēthikós, f. ethos = usage, A156, B146 character, personal disposition EUNUCH eunūchus – Gr. eunoukhos, f. euné = bed; lit. A157 bedchamber guard EUPHRASY the plant eye- euphrasia – Gr. euphrasíā = cheerfulness, f. bright euphraínein = be cheerful, f. eu- + phrén = A157 mind EVACUATE f. pp. stem of ēvacuāre, f. e- + vacuus = A157 empty EVICT recover (property) f. ēvict-, pp. stem of ēvincere = conquer,

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obtain by conquering, recover, overcome and A158 expel, eject judicially, prove EXALT exaltāre, f. ex- + altus = high A158 EXCEL excellere = be eminent, rise, raise, f. ex- + cellere, rel. to celsus = high, columna = A159 column EXCEPT 1 leave out of f. except-, pp. stem of excipere, f. ex- + A159 account capere = take EXCEPT 2 †conj. unless exceptus, pp. of excipere, f. ex- + capere = A159 take EXCOMMUNICATE f. pp. stem of excommūnicāre, f. ex- + commūnis = common, after commūnicāre = A159 communicate EXCORIATE remove the skin f. pp. stem of excoriāre, f. ex- + corium = A159 from, flay hide EXCRESCENCE excrēscentia, f. prp. of excrēscere = grow A159 out, ex- + crēscere = grow EXEUNT stage direction for L. = they go out, 3rd pers. pl. pres. ind. of certain actors to exīre = go out A160 leave the stage EXHIBIT †offer, furnish, f. exhibit-, pp. stem of exhibēre, f. ex- + A160 administer habēre = hold EXORBITANT deviating from the prp. of exorbitāre, f. ex- + orbita = orbit right or normal A160 path EXPAND expandere, f. ex- + pandere = spread A160 EXPEND expendere, f. ex- + pendere = weigh, pay A161 EXPLAIN unfold (a matter), explānāre, f. ex- + plānus = plain A161 give details of EXPORT †carry away exportāre, f. ex- + portāre = carry A161 EXQUISITE †ingenious, exquīsītus, pp. adj. of exquīrere = search out, A162 abstruse, choice f. ex- + quærere = search, seek EXSICCATE make dry, dry up f. pp. stem of exsiccāre, f. ex- + siccāre, f. A162 siccus = dry EXTINCT that has burned out ex(s)tinctus, pp. of extinguere, f. ex- + A162 stinguere = quench EXTOL †lift up; praise extollere, f. ex- + tollere = raise A162 highly, boast of EXTRACT †pp. derived, f. extract-, pp. stem of extrahere, f. ex- + A162 descended trahere = draw

F F(A)ECES dregs pl. of fæx = dregs A164 FALLACY deception fallācia, f. fallāx, fallāc-, f. fallere = deceive A165

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FALLIBLE fallibilis, f. fallere = deceive A165 FAMILY familia = household, f. famulus = servant A165 FASCICLE bundle, cluster fasciculus, dim. of fascis = bundle A166 FASTIDIOUS †disdainful, fastīdiōsus, f. fastīdium = loathing A167 scornful FECULENT turbid, as with fēculentus, f. fæx, fæc- = dregs A168 dregs FERMENT leaven; fermentum, f. fervēre = boil A169, B156 fermentation FERULE †giant fennel ferula A169 FIGMENT figmentum, f. fig-, base of fingere = fashion A171 FILIAL fīliālis, f. fīlius = son, fīlia = daughter A171, B159 FORK pronged furca = pitchfork, forked stake instrument for A179 eating FORTALICE fortress, small fortalitia, -itium, f. fortis = strong A180 outwork FORUM (Rom. antiq.) forum, rel. to forēs = (outside) door market-place; spec. in ancient Rome a place of assembly for judicial and other A180 business FRANGIBLE frangibilis, f. frangere = break A181, B169 FRANKPLEDGE system by which franciplegium, latinization of AN. each member of a frauncplege, f. franc = frank + plege = tithing was pledge responsible for A181 every other FRATERNAL frāternālis, f. frāternus, f. frāter = brother A182 FRIVOLOUS f. frīvolus = silly, trifling A183 FRUSTRATE vb. f. frustrate – frustrātus, pp. of frustrāre, f. A184 frustrā = in vain, rel. to fraus = fraud FRY young or frium – ON. frío, frjó = seed insignificant A184 creatures FULGENT (arch.) glittering fulgēns, -ent-, prp. of fulgēre = shine A184 FULMINATE thunder forth; orig. f. pp. stem of fulmināre, f. fulmen, -min- = a rendering of lightning fulmināre, used

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spec. of formal censure by eccl. A184 authority

G GENUFLEXION, genuflexiō, -ōn-, f. genuflectere, f. genu = -FLECTION knee + flectere = bend A192 GERMANDER germandr(e)a, alt. of gama(n)drea, for chamedreos – Gr. khamaídruon, -drūs = ground-oak, f. khamaí = on the ground + drus A192 = oak GESTURE †bearing, carriage gestūra, f. gest-, pp. stem of gerere = carry A192 GLADIATOR gladiātor, f. gladius = sword A194 GRATIS for nothing, freely grātīs, reduction of grātiīs, abl. pl. of grātia = A200 favour, grace

H HABEAS CORPUS (leg.) writ first words of the writ beginning Habeas requiring a person corpus ad subiiciendum (etc.) = You shall to be brought produce the body (of the person concerned, before the court in court) to undergo (what the court may award) – habeās, 2nd pers. sg. pres. subj. of A207 habēre = have, corpus = body HEPATIC pert. to the liver, hēpaticus – Gr. hēpatikós, f. hepar, hēpat- = A214 liver-coloured liver HEREDITAMENT hērēditāmentum, f. hērēditāre, f. hērēs, A215 hērēd- = heir HERMAPHRODITE hermaphrodītus – Gr. hermaphródītos, orig. proper name of a son of Hermes and Aphrodite, who grew together with the nymph Salmacis while bathing in her fountain and so combined male and female A215 characters HISTORY †story, tale; historia – Gr. historíā = learning or knowing methodical by inquiry, narrative, history, f. hístōr = narrative of knowing, learned, wise man events, branch of knowledge A217 dealing with these

I IMMACULATE immaculātus, f. im- + maculāre, f. macula = A229 spot IMMUNE †free, exempt immūnis = exempt from a service or charge, A229 f. im- + mūnis = ready for service IMPEL impellere, f. im- + pellere = drive A229

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IMPERTURBABLE f. im- + perturbāre, f. per- + turbāre = A229 disturb IMPLEMENT (pl.) equipment, implēmenta = (pl.) noun of instrument corr. outfit to implēre = employ, spend A230 IMPORT carry as its importāre = mean, imply purport, signify, A230 imply IMPORTUNATE persistent in asking f. importūnus A230 INCENTIVE that incites to incentīvus = that sets the tune, that provokes action or incites, f. incent-, var. of incant-, f. A232 incantāre, f. in- + cantāre = sing INCLUDE shut in; comprise inclūdere, f. in- + claudere = shut, close A232 INCREMENT increase incrēmentum, f. stem of incrēscere, f. in- + A232 crēscere = grow INDISCREET †without indiscrētus A233 discernment INDIVIDUAL †indivisible indīviduālis, f. indīviduus = indivisible, inseparable, f. in- + dīviduus = divisible, f. A233 dīvidere = divide INDUCE †introduce; give indūcere, f. in- + dūcere = lead A234 rise to, lead to INEBRIATE f. inebriate ppl. adj. or pp. of inēbriāre, f. in- A234 + ēbriāre = intoxicate, f. ēbrius = drunk INEVITABLE f. in- + ēvitābilis, f. ēvītāre, f. e- + vītāre = A234 avoid INFECT imbue esp. f. infect-, pp. stem of inficere = dip in, stain, injuriously; †dye, taint, spoil, f. in- + facere = put, do A234 stain INFERIOR lower compar. of inferus = low A234 INFINITE having no limit or infīnītus, f. in- + fīnītus, pp. of fīnīre = finish A235 end INFLECT bend inflectere, f. in- + flectere = bend A235 INFUSE pour in f. infūs-, pp. stem of infundere, f. in- + A235 fundere = pour INGREDIENT prp. of ingredī = enter, f. in- + gradī = step, A236 go INGRESS ingressus, f. pp. stem of ingredī = enter, f. A236 in- + gradī = step, go INHIBIT (eccl. law) forbid, f. inhibit-, pp. stem of inhibēre = hold in, A236 interdict hinder, f. in- + habēre = have, hold INNATE innātus, pp. of innāscī A237 INOCULATE set in (a bud or f. pp. stem of inoculāre = engraft, implant, f. scion), bud (a in- + oculus = eye A237 plant)

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INSCRUTABLE inscrūtābilis, f. in- + scrūtārī = search, A237 examine INSTINCT †impulse instinctus = instigation, impulse, f. instinct-, pp. stem of instinguere = incite, impel, f. in- A238 + stinguere = prick INSTRUCT impart knowledge f. instruct-, pp. stem of instruere = set up, fit A238 to out, teach, f. in- + struere = pile up, build INTACT untouched, intactus, f. in- + tāctus, pp. of tangere = A238 unblemished touch INTEMPERATE intemperātus, f. in- + temperātus, pp. of A238 temperāre = mingle, restrain oneself INTERIOR situated (more) compar. adj. f. inter = within A239 within INTERLINE interlīneāre, inter- + lineāre, f. līnea = line A239 INTERROGATE f. pp. stem of interrogāre, f. inter- + rogāre A240 = ask INTERRUPT f. interrupt-, pp. stem of interrumpere, f. A240 inter- + rumpere = break INTERVAL space between two intervallum, f. inter- + vallum = rampart, A240 things orig. palisading f. vallus = rampart INTONE intonāre, f. in- + tonus = tone A240 INTRICATE intrīcātus, pp. of intrīcāre = entangle, perplex, f. in- + trīcæ = trifles, tricks, A240 perplexities INTROMIT intrōmittere = introduce, f. intrō- + mittere = A240 send INTUITION †contemplation, intuitiō, -ōn-, f. in- + tuitiō, -ōn- = A241 view protection, f. tuērī = look after INVADE make a hostile invādere, f. in- + vādere = go A241 attack INVEIGHT †bring in, invehere = carry in, invehī = be borne into, introduce attack, assail with words, f. in- + vehere = A241 carry INVENT †come upon, find f. invent-, pp. stem of invenīre, f. in- + A241 venīre = come INVINCIBLE invincibilis, f. in- + vincibilis, f. vincere = A241, B570 conquer INVIOLATE inviolātus, f. in- + pp. of violāre = violate A241 IRIS rainbow īris – Gr. iris = rainbow, coloured circle, etc., iris (plant), female messenger of the A242 gods, whose sign was a rainbow IRRATIONAL ir- + ratiōnālis, f. ratiō = reason A242

J JUDAICAL Iūdaicus – Gr. Ioudaikós, f. Ioudaios = Jew A249

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JURAT municipal official iūrātus, f. iūrāre = swear or magistrate in the Cinque Ports, the Channel Islands, and some A250 French towns, etc.

K --- L LABILE lābilis, f. lābī = fall A256 LASCIVIOUS lascīviōsus, f. lascīvia = licentiousness, f. A259 lascīvus = sportive, lustful, wanton LAUREATE of laurel laureātus, f. laurea = laurel tree, laurel crown, sb. use of fem. of adj. laureus, f. A260 laurus LAX slack, not strict laxus = loose A261 LEGITIMATE lawfully begotten lēgitimātus, pp. of lēgitimāre = declare to be lawful, legitimize, f. lēgitimus, f. lēx, lēg- = A263 law LENTISK mastic tree lentiscus, prob. of alien orig. A263 LIBIDINOUS libīdinōsus, f. libīdō, -din- = lust A265 LICIT licitus, pp. of licēre = be lawful A265 LIMB †limbo of Hell limbus = hem, selvage, fringe A266, B264 LINEAMENT distinctive feature līneāmentum, f. līneāre = make straight, f. A267 līnea = line LINIMENT †grease linimentum, f. linere = smear, annoint A267 LONGANIMITY long-suffering longanimitās, f. longanimis (f. longus = long, A271 animus = mind)

M MACULATE spotted maculātus, pp. of maculāre, f. macula = spot A275 MAGMA †dregs of a semi- L. – Gr. mágma = thick unguent, f. base mag- A276 liquid substance of mássein = knead MAGNATE pl. magnātēs, f. magnus = great A276 MAGNET †magnetic oxide magnēta, acc. of magnēs – Gr. mágnēs, for A276 of iron ho Mágnēs líthos = the Magnesian stone MALTHA kind of cement L. – Gr. máltha, málthē = mixture of wax and A278 pitch MANSE †mansion house mansus, -a,-um = dwelling, house, measure of land, f. māns, pp. stem of manāre = A280 remain, stay

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MARCASITE marcasīta – Arab. – Pers. A281 MAT piece of material L. matta laid on a surface A284 for protection MATURE fully developed or mātūrus = timely, early, f. mātu-, rel. to māne A285 ripened = early, in the morning MEDICK plant of the genus mēdica – Gr. mēdiké = Median A287 Medicago MELLIFLUOUS sweet as if flowing mellifluus, f. mel = honey + flu-, f. fluere = A288 with honey flow MEMENTO either of two mementō, imper. of meminisse = remember prayers beginning with memento = remember in the A288 canon of the Mass MENDICANT sb. beggar pp. of mendīcāre = beg, f. mendīcus = A289 beggar, f. mendum = fault, blemish METEOR †atmospheric meteōrum of Gr. metéōron, sb. use of n. of phenomenon metéōros = raised up, lofty, f. metá = meta- + A291 eōr-, var. of base of aeírein = raise MINIM (mus.) note half ellipt. or absol. uses of minimus, -a, -um = the value of a least A294 semibreve MINUS with the deduction L. = less, n. of minor A294 of MINUTE †chopped small minūtus, pp. of minuere = lessen, diminish A295 MISSIVE letter m. , (orig. missīvus, f. miss-, pp. stem of mittere = let techn.) letter sent go, send by a superior A296 authority MITIGATE appease; alleviate, f. pp. stem of mītigāre, f. mītis = mild, gentle lessen the violence A296 or burden of MITTIMUS (leg.) warrant to L. = we send, the first word of the writ; 1st the keeper of a pers. pl. pres. ind. of mittere = let go, send prison to hold the A297 person sent MIXTURE mixtūra, f. mixt-, pp. stem of miscēre = A297, B304 mingle, mix MODICUM moderate amount modicum = little way, short time, n. sg. of modicus = moderate, f. modus = measure, A297 mode MONASTERY monastērium – Gr. monastérion, f. monázein A298 = live alone, f. mónos = alone MYSTERY trade guild or misterium, contr. of ministerium = ministry, A307 company by assoc. with mystērium

N

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NICENE pert. to Nicaea in Nīcēnus, Nīcænus Bithynia (coucils of the Church held A312 there)

O OBDURATE obdūrātus, pp. of obdūrāre, f. ob- + dūrāre = A318 harden OBLONG oblongus = somewhat long, oblong, elliptical, A319 f. ob- + longus = long OBLOQUY obloquium = contradiction, f. ob- + loquī = A319 speak OBSEQUIOUS readily compliant obsequiōsus, f. obsequium, f. obsequī = A319 comply with, f. ob- + sequī = follow OMIT omittere, f. ob- + mittere = send, let go A322 OPAQUE (arch.) dark, dull opācus A323 OPPUGN †assault, besiege oppugnāre = fight against, f. op- + pugnāre = A324 fight ORPHAN (one) deprived of orphanus – Gr. orphanós, rel. to orbus = A326 parents bereft, Arm. orb = orphan

P PAGEANT †stage on which AL. pagina scenes were acted, esp. in the open-air performances of A331 the miracle plays PALL cloth spread on a pallium = Greek mantle, philosopher’s cloak, coffin or hearse; papal pallium; mantle of cloud, A331 mist, smoke PALPABLE plainly observable palpābilis, f. palpāre = touch soothingly A332 PANIC millet pānīcum, rel. to pānus = stalk of a panicle A333 PARADIGM pattern, example paradīgma – Gr. parádeigma = example, f. paradeiknúnai = show side by side, f. para- A335 + deiknúnai = show PARLIAMENT parliamentum, based on ME parliment = talk, conference, deliberative assembly, A337 Great Council of the realm PARSIMONY (arch.) care in the parsimōnia, f. pars-, pp. stem of parcere = A338 use of money refrain, spare PATERFAMILIAS male head of a f. pater = father + arch. g. of familia = family or family A340 household PECULIAR that is one’s own pecūliāris = not held in common with others,

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A342 f. pecūlium = property, f. pecu = herd PENURY indigence, want; pēnūria, pænūria, perh. rel. to pæne = almost A345 dearth PERAMBULATION travelling through perambulātiō, -ōn-, f. perambulāre a place, tour; spec. for the purpose of recording A354 boundaries PERMEABLE permeābilis, f. permeāre, f. per- + meāre = A347 pass, go PERMISSION permissiō, -ōn-, f. pp. stem of permittere = A347, B303 surrender, allow, f. per- + mittere = let go PERMUTE †change, permūtāre, f. per- + mūtāre = change A347 transmute PERQUISITE †property acquired perquīsītum = acquisition, sb. use of n. of pp. otherwise than by of perquīrere = search diligently for, f. per- A347 inheritance + quærere = seek PERUSE †use up; go AL. perūsāre, perūsitāre = use up, f. per- + through so as to ūsāre, ūsitārī = use often, frequent. f. ūs- = examine, revise, use A348 etc. PICTURE †pictorial pictūra = painting, f. pict-, pp. stem of representation; pingere = paint, embroider individual painting A352 or drawing PILE 1 (her.) charge of the pīlum = javelin A352 form ˄ PILE 2 haemorrhoid pila = ball A353 PINE become wasted pēna, pœna A353 PIRATE sea-robber pīrāta – Gr. peirātés, f. peiran = attempt, attack, peira = attempt, trial, f. per- as in A354 peril PISCARY right of fishing piscāria = fishing rights, n.pl. use sb. of A354 piscārius, f. piscis = fish PLACABLE †agreeable plācābilis, f. plācāre = be pleasing, pp. stem A355, B376 of plācāt- PODAGRA gout L. – Gr. podágrā, f. poús, pod- = foot + ágrā A359 = seizure, trap POLITE †polished polītus, pp. of polīre = polish A360 PORRECT (techn.) stretch out f. porrect-, pp. stem of porrigere, f. por- = A362 pro- + regere = stretch, direct PORTEND portendere, f. por- = pro- + tendere = stretch A363 POTENT powerful pōtēns, -ent-, prp. of potēre, posse = be A364 powerful or able PRAECIPE (leg.) writ the opening words of the writ, præcipe quod requiring reddat = enjoin that he render; imper. of

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something to be præcipere A365 done PRAEMUNIRE (leg.) in full p. præmunīre = fortify or protect in front, pacias = name of a forewarn, admonish writ derived from a formula in the A365 text of it PRAETOR, U.S. magistrate of prætor, f. præitor = one who goes before, f. PRETOR ancient Rome præ = pre + pp. stem of īre = go A365, B235 PRECEPT writ, warrant præceptum = maxim, order, sb. use of n. pp. of præcipere = take beforehand, warn, A366 instruct, enjoin, f. præ = pre- + capere = take PRECINCT space enclosed by præcinctum, also pl. præcincta, sb. uses of n. boundaries; district pp. of præcingere = gird about, encircle, f. or province of præ = pre- + cingere = gird A366 government PRECONIZE proclaim publicly præcōnīzāre, f. præcō, -ōn- = public crier, A366 herald PRESCRIBE †hold by præscrībere, f. præ = pre- + scrībere = write A368 prescription PREVAIL be superior, gain prævalēre = have greater power A369 the ascendant PREVENT †act in anticipation f. prævent-, pp. stem of prævenīre = precede, of anticipate, hinder, f. præ = pre- + venīre = A369 come PRICKET buck in its second AL. prikettus, -um, dim. f. prick year, having straight A369 unbranched horns PRIMA FACIE prīmā fāciē, i.e. abl. of fem. prīmus = first, A369 prime and of faciēs = face PRIMARY earliest, original prīmārius = chief, principal, f. prīmus = A369 prime PRIMUM MOBILE supposed L. = first moving thing, n. of prīmus = first, outermost sphere prime and mōbilis = mobile added to the Ptolemaic system, carrying with it other spheres in its A370 revolution PRISTINE pert. to the earliest pristinus, f. base of priscus = early, prīmus = A370 period first, prime PRIVATE not open to the prīvātus = withdrawn from public life, public; not holding peculiar to oneself, sb. man in private life, a public position prop. pp. of prīvāre = bereave, deprive, f. A370 prīvus = single, individual, private PROBATE official proving of probātum = thing proved, sb. use of n. pp. of A371 a will probāre = prove PRODUCE bring forward prōdūcere, f. pro- + dūcere = lead 100

A371 PROFUSE liberal to excess prōfūsus, adj. use of pp. of prōfundere = A372 pour forth, f. pro- + fundere = pour PROGRESS onward march; prōgressus, f. pp. stem of prōgredī = go visit of state forward, f. pro- + gradī = step, walk, go, f. A372 gradus = step PROHIBIT f. prohibit-, pp. stem of prōhibēre = hold back, prevent, forbid, f. prō = in front of, A372 pro- + habēre = hold PROLOCUTOR spokesman of an prōlocūtor = pleader, advocate, agent-noun A372 assembly of prōloquī = speak out PROLONG extend in duration prōlongāre, f. pro- + longus = long A372 PROPEL †expel prōpellere, f. pro- + pellere = drive A373 PROPRIETARY adj. proprietārius, f. proprietās = property A374 PROSECUTE follow up, go on f. prōsecūt-, pp. stem of prōsequī = pursue, A374 with accompany, f. pro- + sequī = follow PROSODY prosōdia = accent of a syllable – Gr. prosōidíā = song sung to music, tone of a A374 syllable, f. prós = to + ōidé = ode PROSPECT view afforded by a prōspectus = look-out, view, f. prōspicere, f. A374 position pro- + specere = look PROVIDE †(intr.) exercise prōvidēre = foresee, attend to, f. pro- + foresight; furnish vidēre = see A375 for use; fit out PROXY action of a prōcūrātia, repl. prōcūrātiō = procuration substitute or A375 deputy PURPLE sb. purpura – Gr. porphúrā = shellfish that yielded the Tyrian purple dye, dye itself, A379 cloth died therewith

Q QUARRY open-air quarreia, shortened var. of quareria = OF. excavation from quarriere, f. quarre – L. quadrum = square which stone is A382 obtained QUASI as it were reduced form of quansei, f. quām, acc. sg. A382 fem. of the base of who, what + sei, sī = if QUATERNARY sb. set of four quaternārius, f. quaternī = four together, f. things quater = four times, f. base of quattuor = A382 four QUIDDITY essence of a thing quidditās, f. quid = what A383 QUINQUENNIAL lasting five years f. quinquennis, f. quinque- + annus = year A384 QUITS †clear, discharged prob. colloq. use of quittus = quit A384 QUORUM justice of the g. pl. of quī = who; taken from the wording 101

peace whose of commissions designation such persons, presence was quorum vos...duos (etc.) esse volumus = of necessary on the whom we will that you be...two (etc.) A385 bench, later gen. QUOTIENT result obtained by quotiēns = how many times (f. quot = how dividing one many), taken as a prp. in –ēns quantity by A385 another

R RADIANT shining brightly radiāns, -ant-, prp. of radiāre = radiate, f. A386 radius = ray RAPT carried away by raptus, pp. of rapere = seize force; carried A388 away in spirit RARE †not thick or rārus closely set; few and widely separated; of A389 unusual merit RECEDE retire from a place recēdere, f. re- + cēdere = go, cede A391 RECLINE †lay down reclīnāre = bend back, lay aside, recline, f. A392, B229 re- + clīnāre = lean RECOGNITION (Sc. leg.) recognitiō, -ōn-, f. recognit-, pp. stem of resumption of recognoscere = examine, recognize, f. re- + lands by a feudal congnoscere = get to know, investigate, f. A392 superior co- + gnōscere = know RECREATE restore to a good f. pp. stem of recreāre, f. re- + creāre = or wholesome create A393 condition, refresh REDINTEGRATE restore to f. pp. stem of redintegrāre, f. red- + completeness or integrāre = integrate A394 unity REDUCE bring or restore to redūcere = bring back, restore, replace, f. re- a condition; bring + dūcere = lead, bring into subjection, A394 bring down REFLECT divert, deflect reflectere, f. re- + flectere = bend A394 REJECT refuse to have, f. reiect-, re- + pp. stem of iacere = throw A396 recognize, etc. RELAX loosen relaxāre, f. re- + laxus = lax A396 REMAND send back remandāre = send back word, repeat a command, f. re- + mandāre = command, A397 send word REMISS †diluted, weak, remissus, adj. use of pp. remittere = slacken, mild; slack, lax, relax, remit A397 loose

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REMOTE remōtus, pp. of removēre = remove A398 REPEL repellere, f. re- + pellere = drive A399 REPOSE †replace f. re- + pose, after repōnere, re- + ponere = A399 place RESOLUTE †determine, resolūtus, pp. of resolvere, f. re- + solvere = absolute; of fixed solve A400 resolve RESPLENDENT resplendēns, -ent-, prp. of resplendēre, f. re- A401 + splendēre = shine RESULT arise as a resultāre = spring back, reverberate, re-echo, consequence or f. re- + saltāre = leap A401 effect RETRACT draw back f. retract-, pp. stem of retrahere, f. re- + A402 trahere = draw REVOLVE turn over in the revolvere, f. re- + volvere = roll, turn A403 mind, consider RITE general use or rītus = (religious) usage practice, esp. in A406, B425 religion ROGATION (Rom. hist.) rogātiō, -ōn-, f. rogāre = ask submission by consuls, etc. of a proposed law to A407 the people ROSARY rose-garden rosārium = rose-garden, sb. uses of n. and m. A408 of adj. f. rosa = rose ROSEMARY evergreen shrub rōs marīnus = sea-dew; rōsmarīnum A408 RUSTIC pert. to the country rūsticus, f. rūs = country A411

S SALINE pert. to salt salīnum, f. sāl = salt A411 SANDAL half-shoe for sandalium – Gr. sandálion, dim. of sándalon A416 ceremonial wear = wooden shoe SAPOR taste sapor, f. sapere = have a taste A417 SAURIAN pert. to reptiles of f. Sauria, f. Gr. saúrā, saúros = lizard A418 the order Sauria SCALE †ladder scāla usu. pl. steps, staircase, ladder, f. base A419 of scandere = climb SCAPULAR monastic garment scapulāre, f. scapula = shoulder covering the A420 shoulders SCRIBBLE write carelessly or scrībillāre, dim. f. scrībere = write A424 hastily SCUTAGE (hist.) tax levied on scūtāgium, f. scūtum = shield

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knight’s fees, esp. in lieu of military A425 service SCUTTLE wide-mouthed scutula or scutella, rel. to scutra = dish, A425 basket platter SECLUDE shut off or away sēclūdere, f. se- + claudere = shut A426 SECRETARY one employed to sēcrētārius = confidential officer, sb. use of conduct adj. f. sēcrētus = secret correspondence, A426 keep records, etc. SEDUM (bot.) genus the L. British species of which are known A427 as stonecrop SEMINARY †seed-plot sēminārium, sb. use of n. of sēminārius, f. A428 sēmen, sēmin- = seed SENIOR adj. older, elder senior, compar. of senex = old A429 SEPARATE vb. f. pp. stem of sēparāre, f. se- + parāre = A429 make ready, prepare SESAME E. Indian plant, sēsamum, sīsamum, sēsama, -ima – Gr. A431 Sesamum indicum sésamon, sēsámē SHAMBLES (dial.) meat-market scamellum, dim. of scamnum = bench A433 SINISTER marked by †ill- sinister = left will, †suspicion, dishonesty; situated on, or directed to, the left A440 side SOLAR sōlāris, f. sōl = sun A448 SOLVE †loosen, unbind solvere = unfasten, free, pay, for seluere, f. A449 se- + luere = pay SPARTAN native of Sparta Spartānus, f. Sparta (Gr. Spartā) A452 SPERMACETI fatty substance spermacētī, f. sperma = sperm + cētī, g. of obtained from the cētus – Gr. ketos = whale A453 sperm whale STANNARY the Stannaries, the stannāria n. pl., f. stannum = tin, properly districts stagnum = alloy of silver and tin comprising the tin mines and smelting works of Cornwall A459 and Devon STUDENT studēns, -ent-, prp. of studēre = be eager or A467 diligent, study SUBDIVIDE subdīvīdere, f. sub- + dīvīdere = divide A469 SUBJUGATE f. pp. stem of subiugāre, f. sub- + iugum = 104

A469 yoke SUBORDINATE adj. subordinātus, pp. of subordināre, f. sub- + A469 ordināre, f. ōrdō, ōrdin- = order SUBPOENA (leg.) writ issued sub pœnā = under penalty, being the first by a court words of the writ commanding the appearance of a A469 person SUBSCRIBE write (one’s name) subscrībere, f. sub- + scrībere = write A469 on SUBSEQUENT subsequēns, -ent-, prp. of subsequī, f. sub- + A469, B448 sequī = follow SUCCINT †pp. girded, girt succintus, pp. of succingere, f. sub- + A470 cingere = gird SUMMARY comprising the summārius, f. summa = sum chiefs points or A472 substance SUPERFINE †extremely subtle superfīnus, f. super- + fīnus = fine A473 SUPERFLUOUS f. superfluus, f. super- + fluere = flow A473 SUPINE adj. lying on one’s supīnus, f. sup- repr. in super = above, A473 back superus = higher, superior SUPPLICATE beg humbly f. pp. stem of supplicāre, f. sub- + plic- = A473 bend SURREPTITIOUS obtained by f. surreptītius, īcius, f. surrept-, pp. stem of fraudulent surripere = seize secretely, make false A475 misrepresentation suggestions, f. sub- + rapere = seize SUSPIRE (arch.) sigh (for) suspīrāre, f. sub- + spīrāre = breathe A475 SYMBOL summary of symbolum – Gr. súmbolon = mark, token, Christian belief, watchword, f. sym- + bol-, as in bolé, bólos A478 creed = a throw SYRINGE sb. syringa, f. syrinx – Gr. surigx = pipe, tube, A479 channel

T TAMARISK plant of the genus tamariscus, var. of earlier tamarix A481 Tamarix TEDIOUS tædiōsus, f. tædium = weariness, disgust A484, B518 TEGUMENT covering, envelope tegumentum, f. tegere = cover A485 TEMPER chiefly in various f. temperāre = mingle, restrain oneself senses of temperament and A485 temperature TERRESTRIAL earthly, mundane f. terrestris, f. terra = earth A487 TERRITORY territōrium, f. terra = land

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A487 TESTICLE testiculus, dim. of testis = witness (the organ A488 being evidence of virility) TEXTURE †weaving textūra, f. text-, pp. stem of texere = weave A488 THURIBLE censer t(h)ūribulum, f. t(h)ūs, t(h)ūr- = incense – Gr. A492, B531 thúos = sacrifice, offering, incense TINCTURE hue, colour (spec. tinctūra = dyeing, f. tinct-, pp. stem of A494 in her.) tingere = dye, tinge TINGE impart a slight tingere = dip in liquid, moisten change of colour A494 to TITAN the sun-god Tītan, -ān-, elder brother of Kronos – Gr. A495 Tītán, pl. Tītanes TITTLE smallest part or titulus = title A495 amount TRACT tractate, (later) poss. shortening of tractātus = tractate A500 short pamphlet TRACTATE tractātus, f. tractāre = treat A500 TRANSCEND rise above, surpass tran(s)scendere = climb over, surmount, f. A501, B439 trans- + scandere = climb TRANSFUSE pour from one transfūs-, pp. stem of transfundere, f. trans- A501 place to another + fundere = pour, melt, found TRANSPLANT transplantāre, f. trans- + plantāre, perh. orig. A502 = thrust in with the sole of the foot (planta) TRIVIAL pert. to the trivium triviālis, f. tri- + via = way of medieval A506 learning TRUNCATED f. truncātus, f. truncus = trunk A507 TUN measure of wine, OE. tunne – L. tunna etc. equiv. to 4 A508 hogsheads

U UNGUENT ointment, salve unguentum, f. unguere = anoint A515 UNITE trans. make one f. ūnīt-, pp. stem of ūnīre = join together, f. A515 ūnus = one

V VENEREAL pert. to sexual f. venerus, f. venus, vener- = love desire or A522 intercourse VENERY indulgence of veneria, f. venus, vener- = love A522 sexual desire VENTILATE †blow away f. pp. stem of ventilāre = brandish, fan, winnow, agitate, discuss, air a subject, f. A523 ventus = wind

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VERSUS (leg.) against versus = towards, in the sense of adversus = A524 against VICTIM living creature victima, perh. rel to Goth. weihan = A526 offered in sacrifice consecrate VIDELICET that is to say, vidēlicet, f. vidē-, stem of vidēre = see + licet A526 namely = it is permissible VIDIMUS (leg.) copy of a vīdimus = we have seen, 1st pers. pl. perf. of document bearing vidēre = see an attestation that A526 it is authentic VINTNER wine merchant AL. vintenārius, var. of vini-, vin(e)tārius – AN., OF – L. vīnātārius, -ētārius, f. vīnētum A527 = vineyard, f. vīnum = wine VIOLA †violet viola = violet A527 VIOLATE infringe, f. pp. stem of violāre, f. vīs, vi- = force transgress; ravish, rape; desecrate, A527 profane VISUAL proceeding from vīsuālis, f. vīsus = sight, f. vīs A528 the eye VULGAR sb. †the vernacular vulgāris, f. vulgus, volgus = the common A530 people

W ---

X ---

Y ---

Z ZEDOARY (root of) species of zedoārium – Arab. zadwār A551 Curcuma

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8. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY A ABACUS abacus, f. Gr. ábax, abak- = table A1 ABDICATE f. pp. stem of abdicāre, f. ab- + dicāre = A1 proclaim ABDOMEN abdōmen = lower part of the belly A1 ABERRATION aberrātiō, ōn, f. aberrāre = to wander from, A1 f. ab- + errāre ABJECT sb. outcast abiectus, pp. of abicere, f. ab- + iacere = A1 throw ABORIGINES sg. aborigine 19th aborīginēs = pl. the first inhabitants of Latin century and Italy; usu. expl. as f. ab- + origine (abl. A2 of origo) = from the beginning ABORTION abortiō = an untimely birth, from abortus, pp. of aborīrī = to fail, from ab- + orīrī = to A2 grow, arise ABROGATE f. pp. stem of abrogāre, f. ab- + rogāre = A2 propose (a law) ABRUPT †broken away or abruptus, pp. of abrumpere, f. ab- + rumpere off; sudden = break A2 ABSCOND abscondere, f. abs- + condere = put together, A2 stow ABSTRUSE abstrūsus = difficult, concealed, pp. of abstrūdere = thrust away, f. abs- + trūdere = A2, B232 thrust ABSURD absurdus A2, B504 ABYSS abyssus – Gr. ábussos = unfathomable A3 ACCELERATE f. pp. stem of accelerāre, f. ac- + celer = A3 swift ACCOMMODATE f. pp. stem of accommodāre = to fit, suit, A3 adapt, f. ac- + commodus = fit ACCUMULATE f. pp. stem of cumulāre = to heap up, f. ac- + A3 cumulus = heap ACROSTIC acrostichis – Gr. akrostikhís, f. ákros = A4 endmost ACTOR stage-player āctor, f. āct-, f. āctus = doing A4 ACTUARY †registrar āctuārius = shorthand writer, keeper of A4 accounts, f. āctus = doing ACTUATE f. pp. stem of āctuāre, f. āctus, pp. stem of A4 agere = do ACUMEN acūmen, f. acuere = sharpen A5 ADDICT devote or apply addictus, pp. of addīcere, f. ad- + dīcere = habitually, mainly appoint, allot 108

A5 in pp. addicted ADHERE adhærēre, f. ad- + hærēre = stick A5, B213 ADJUNCT adiunctus, -um, pp. of adiungere = adjoin A5 ADULT adj. adultus, pp. of adolēscere = grow up A6 ADULTERATE †commit adultery; f. pp. stem of adulterāre = corrupt †debauch; falsify, A6 debase ADUMBRATE shadow forth, f. pp. stem of adumbrāre, f. ad- + umbra = A6 prefigure shade, shadow AERY aerial;etherial āerius, f. āer = air A7 AETIOLOGY, U.S. doctrine of cause ætiologia – Gr. aitiologíā, f. aitíā = cause ETIOLOGY or causation

A7 AFFECT †have a liking for affectāre, f. affect-, pp. stem of afficere = act A7, B150 upon, influence, f. ad- + facere = do AFFECTED †sought after, affectus, pp. of afficere = act upon, influence, cherished; f. ad- + facere = do assumed; full of affection; having disposition or A7 affection AFFOREST convert into forest afforestāre, f. af- + foresta = forest A7 AFRICAN adj. Āfricānus, f. Āfrica, f. Āfrī (sg. Āfer) A8 AGGLUTINATE unite as with glue f. pp. stem of agglutināre, f. ag- + glūten = A8 glue AGGRAVATE †burden; add f. pp. stem of aggravāre, f. ag- + gravis = weight or gravity heavy A8 to AGITATE f. pp. stem of agitāre = move to and fro, A8 frequent. of agere = do AGNATE kinsman by the f. agnātus, f. ad- + (g)nātus = born A8 father’s side ALBUMEN white of egg albūmen, f. albus = white A10 ALECOST the plant f. ale + cost; costum – Gr. kóstos = plant used Chrysanthemum as a spice balsamita, formerly used for giving a flavour to A10 ale ALGA pl. algae alga = seaweed A10 ALGEBRA branch of algebra – Arab. al-jabr, jabr = reunion of A10 mathematics broken parts

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ALIAS otherwise named aliās = at another time, otherwise, f. alius = A10 other ALIQUOT aliquot = some several A11 ALKALI salwort, Salsola L. – Arab. al-kily = calcined ashes, f. kalā = A11 kali fry ALLUDE †play upon; refer allūdere, f. al- + lūdere = play, f. lūdus = A11 to game ALTERNATE alternātus, pp. of alternāre = do things by turns, f. alternus, f. alter = one or other of A12 two, second AMARANTH mythical fadeless amaranthus, alt. after names in -anthus (Gr. flower; genus of ánthos = flower) A13 ornamental plants AMATORY amātōrius, f. amātor = lover, f. pp. stem of A13 amāre = love AMBIDEXTER ambidexter, f. ambi-, comb. form of ambō = A13 both + dexter = righ-handed AMBIENT ambient-, prp. stem of ambīre = go round, f. A13, B11 amb- + īre = go AMBIGUOUS ambiguus, f. ambigere = go round, f. ambi- + A13 agere = drive AMBIT ambitus – circuit, f. ambīre = go round A13 AMBROSIA fabled food of the ambrosia – Gr. ambrosíā = immortality, Greek gods elixir of life, ámbrotos = immortal A13 AMERICAN Americānus, f. America, f. L. form, Americus Vesputius, of the name of the It. navigator A13 Amerigo Vespucci ANAPAEST (pros.) foot anapæstus – Gr. anápaistos = reversed A15 ANAPHORA (rhet.) repetition L. – Gr. anaphorá = carrying back, f. anaphérein = carry up or back, f. aná = ana- A15 + phérein = bear ANARCHY anarchia – Gr. anarkhiā, f. an- + arkhós = A15 leader ANATHEMA curse, accursed anathema – Gr. anáthema = accursed thing A15 thing ANEMONE genus of plants anemōnē – Gr. anemōnē, perh. f. ánemos = A16 wind ANGELICA short for herba angelica = angelic plant A16 ANGINA †quinsy angina = quinsy – Gr. agkhónē = strangling A16 ANIMADVERT observe animadvertere, i.e. animum advertere = turn A16 the mind to ANIMALCULE †tiny animal animalculum, dim. of animal A17 ANIMATE vb. f. pp. stem of animāre = give life to, f. anima A17 110

= air, breath, life, soul ANNO DOMINI abl. of annus = year and gen. of dominus = A17 lord ANNULAR ring-shaped, annulāris, f. annulus, late form of ānulus, A17, B14 ringed dim. of ānus = ring ANODYNE (med.) assuaging anōdynus – Gr. anódynos = free from pain, f. A17 pain an- + odúnē = pain ANTICIPATE f. pp. stem of anticipāre, f. ante- + capere = A18 take ANTINOMY contradiction antinomia – Gr. antinomíā, f. anti- + nómos = A18 law ANTIRRHINUM L. – Gr. antírrhīnon, f. antí = counterfeiting, A18 anti- + rhís, rhīn = nose AORTA L. – Gr. aorté, f. aeírein = raise A19 APOCOPE (gram.) cutting off L. – Gr. apokopé, f. apokóptein = cut off A19 the end of a word APOLOGY defence, apologia – Gr. apologíā = speech in defence justification, acknowledgement A19, B269 of offence given APOSIOPESIS (gram.) sudden L. – Gr. aposiópesis, f. aposiōpan = be silent, breaking-off in f. apo- + siōpé = be silent the middle of A19 speech APOSTROPHE (rhet.) L. – Gr. apostrophé = turning away exclamatory A19 address APPENDIX pl. –ices, ixes appendix, -ic-, f. appendere, f. ap- + pendēre A20 = hang APPLICABLE †compliant applicāre , f. ap- + plicāre = fold A20 AQUEDUCT aquæductus, i.e. aquæ, g. of aqua = water, A21 ductus = conveyance ARCADIAN f. Arcadius, f. Gr. Arkadíā – district in the A21 Peloponnese ARCANA mysterious secrets n. pl. of arcānus = hidden, secret, f. arca = A21 chest ARDUOUS difficult, laborious f. arduus = high, steep, difficult A22, C48 AREA clear open space; ārea = vacant piece of ground A22 superficial extent ARSY-VERSY back-foremost, f. arse + versus = turned, f. vertere = turn A23 upside-down ARTHRITIS inflammation of a arthrītis – Gr. arthritis, f. árthron = joint A23 joint ARTICULATE adj. articulātus = joined, pp. of articulāre, f. articulus, dim. of artus = joint, f. base ar- = A23 join ASPARAGUS L. – Gr. aspáragos

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A24 ASPHODEL liliaceous plant asphodelus – Gr. asphódelos A24 ASSEVERATION assevērātiō, -ōn-, f. assevērāre, f. as- + A25 sevērus = grave, severe ASSIDUOUS assiduus, f. assidēre = attend or apply oneself A25 to ASSOCIATE sb. companion, associātus, pp. of associāre, f. as- + socius = A25 colleague sharing, allied ASSUME claim, take for assūmere, f. as- + sūmere = take A25 granted ASTRINGENT causing astringēns, -ent-, f. astringere, f. ad- + contraction of stringere = bind, draw tight A26, B22 bodily tissues ASYNDETON (gram.) L. – Gr. asúndeton, n. of asúndetos = construction in unconnected which a conjunctive A26 element is omitted ATOMY (arch.) atom, tiny prob. f. atomī, pl. of atomus – Gr. átomos, f. A27 being a- + tomos = cutting ATTENUATE f. pp. stem of attenuāre, f. at- + tenuāre, f. A27 tenuis = thin ATTIC of Attica, Atticus – Gr. Attikós A27 Athenian AUCTION auctiō, -ōn-, f. auct-, pp. stem of augēre = A28 increase AUDACIOUS audāx, audāc-, f. audēre = dare A28 AUDIBLE audībilis, f. audīre = hear A28 AVERSE opposed, āversus, pp. of āvertere, f. ā-, ab- + vertere = A29 disinclined turn AVIARY aviārium, f. avis = bird A29

B BACCHANAL pert. to Bacchus baccānālis, f. Bacchus – Gr. Bákkhos = god A31 of wine BALLISTA ancient missile L., f. Gr. bállein = throw A32 engine BARNACLE marine bernaca, -eca A34 crustacean BASILICA L. – Gr. basiliké, sb. use of fem. of basilikós A34 = royal, f. basileús = king BASILISK large cannon basiliscus – Gr. basilískos, dim. of basileús = A34 king BATTELS (pl.) college batillī account at Oxford A35 for board etc.

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BELLIGERENT waging war belligerant-, prp. stem of belligerāre, f. A38 bellum = war + gerere = carry BIB sb. cloth to bibere = drink protect the front A40 of a child’s dress BINOMIAL (math.) having binōmius, f. bi- + nōmen = name A41, B324 two terms BISSEXTILE leap(-year) bis(s)extilis (sc. annus = year) = year of the bissextus – intercalary day inserted in the Julian calendar every fourth year after the sixth day before the calends of March (24 A41 Feb.), f. bis = twice + sextus = sixth BONA FIDE L. = with good faith, abl. of bona – fem. of A45 bonus = good + abl. of fīdēs = faith BREVIARY †epitome breviārium = summary, abridgement, f. A49 breviāre = abridge, abbreviate BRIONY climbing plant of bryōnia – Gr. bruōníā A52 genus Bryonia BUCKTHORN shrub Rhamnus tr. L. cervi spina = stag’s horn A52 catharticus BUCOLIC pastoral, rustic; būcolicus – Gr. boukolikós, f. boukólos = sb. pl. pastoral herdsman, f. bous = ox A52 poems BULB †onion bulbus = Gr. bólbos = onion, bulbous root A53

C CADAVER cadāver, prop. = fallen thing, f. cadere = fall A57 C(A)ESURA (pros.) division of cæsūra = lit. cutting, f. cæs-, pp. stem of a foot between cædere = cut A58 two words CALAMARY squid, pen-fish calamārium = pen-case, n. of calamārius, f. A58 calamus = pen – Gr. kálamos CALCULATE f. pp. stem of calculāre, f. calculus = stone, A58 pebble CALLOUS hardened callōsus, f. callus = hardened skin A59 CAMP place where campus = level field, place for games and troops are lodged military exercises, field of battle B65 in tents CANON (mus.) canōn – Gr. kanón = rule A61 CANT (sl.) speak, talk, cantāre = sing esp. in the whining fashion A61 of beggars CANTOR L. = singer, f. canere, cant- A61 CAPITULATE †specify as under f. pp. of capitulāre = draw up under distinct

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heads; †propose heads, f. capitulum = head of a discourse terms, make A62 terms about CAPTIVATE †make captive, pp. stem of captivāre, f. captīvus, f. capt-, pp. A62 capture, enthral stem of capere = take CARTHUSIAN one of an order of Carthusiānus, f. Chart(h)ūsia = Chartreuse, monks founded near Grenoble, France by St. Bruno in A64 1084 C(H)ARTULARY place where c(h)artulārium, f. c(h)artula, dim. of c(h)arta records are kept; = paper collection or register of A64 records CASEMENT (archit.) window cassimentum = casement (of window) frame opening on A64 hinges CASSIA kind of cinnamon cas(s)ia – Gr. kasíā – Heb. = bark resembling A65 cinnamon CATACHRESIS improper use (of catachrēsis – Gr. katákhrēsis, f. katakhresthai A65 word) = use amiss, f. cata- + khresthai = use CATAMITE sodomite’s catamītus – (through Etruscan catmite) Gr. A66 subject Ganumédēs = Ganymede, cup-bearer of Zeus CATAMOUNTAIN leopard, panther, cat of the mountain – first used to render A66 etc. pardus, Gr. párdos = pard CATAPULT (mil.) missile catapulta – Gr. katapéltēs, f. cata- + pel-, var. A66, B76 engine base of pállein = hurl CATARACT †waterspouts; cataracta – Gr. katar(r)háktēs = down-rush, (sg.) waterfall; waterfall, portcullis opacity of the A66 lens of the eye CAVEAT 3rd sing. pres. subj. of cavēre = beware A67 CECITY blindness cæcitās, f. cæcus = blind A67 CENSOR supervisor of cēnsor, f. cēnsere = pronounce as an opinion, A68 morals assess, judge CENTENARY sb. †100 pounds centēnārius – containing a hundred, f. centēnī A68 = hudred each, f. centum = hundred CENTURY group of 100 centuria = assemblage of 100 things, division A68 of the Roman army, f. centum = hundred CHART charta – Gr. khártēs, perh. of Egypt. origin A71 CHEST thorax cista – Gr. kístē = box, chest A73 CHILIAD 1,000 esp. 1,000 chīliās, -ād- – Gr. khīliás, -ad-, f. khílioi = A74 years 1,000 CHIM(A)ERA (Gr. myth.) fire- chimæra – Gr. khímaira = she-goat, monster, breating monster; f. khímaros = he-goat horrible

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phantasm; wild A74 fancy CHIME set of bells or of cymbalum = cymbal sounds produced A74 by them CHORAL pert. to a choir chorālis – Gr. khorós = dance, band of A75 dancers, choir CHORD †tendon; line chorda joining extremities of an arc; string of musical A75 instrument CHORUS in Greek drama L. – Gr. khorós = dance, band of dancers, and dramatic choir pieces modelled A75 thereon CINCTURE †girding cinctūra, f. cinct-, pp. stem of cingere = gird A77 CINERARIA genus of fem. of cinerārius, f. cinis, ciner- = ashes A77 composite plants CINNABAR red sulphide of cinnabaris – Gr. kinnábari A77 mercury CIRCUMFLEX circumflexus, pp. of circumflectere = bend round, tr. Gr. perispómenos = drawn round, f. A77 perí = around + span = draw CIRCUMVOLUTION winding or circumvolvere = wind round A77 rolling round CIRCUS building circus = circle, circus = Gr. kírkos, kríkos = surrounded with ring, circle rising tiers of A77 seats CITHERN, instrument of the cithara – Gr. kithárā, crossed with gittern CITTERN guitar kind A78 CLANG imit. formation parallel to (O)HG. klang – A78 partly clangere = resound CLANGO(U)R clangor, f. clangere = resound A78 CLARITY †lustre, splendour clāritās, f. clārus = clear A78 CLEMATIS clēmatis – Gr. klēmatís, f. klema = vine- A79 branch CLERK lay officer of a clēricus = cleric church; one having charge of records, correspondence, A79 or accounts CLIMAX (rhet.) ascending clīmax – Gr. klīmax = ladder

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series of A80 expressions CLIME (now arch.) clīma, clīmat- – Gr. klíma, klímat-, f. klínein A80 = slope COALESCE coalēscere, f. co- + alēscere = grow up, f. A81 alere = nourish COHABIT cohabitāre, f. co- + habitāre = live A83 CO-HEIR cohērēs, f. co- + hērēs = heir A83 COHERE cohærēre, f. co- + hærēre = stick A83 COITION †conjunction coitiō, -ōn-, f. coit-, pp. stem of coīre, f. co- + A84 īre = go COLCHICUM genus of plants L. – Gr. kolkhíkón, sb. use of n. of Kolkhikós – pert. to Colchis, ancient name of a region A84 east of the Black Sea COLLATE †confer f. collāt-, stem of the form used as pp. of A84 conferre = confer COLLIGATE bind together f. pp. stem of colligāre, f. col- + ligāre = bind A84 COLLOCATE place side by side collocāre, -āt-, f. col- + locāre = place A84 COLLOQUY conversation colloquium, f. col- + loquī = speak A84 COLON member of a cōlon – Gr. kolon = limb, clause sentence; the A85 punctuation mark COLONY colōnia = farm, landed estate, settlement, f. colōnus = cultivator, settler, f. colere = A85 cultivate COLUMBRINE snake-like columbrīnus, f. coluber = snake A85 COLURE each of the great colūrī pl. – Gr. kólourai, pl. of kólouros = circles truncated, f. kólos = docked + ourá = tail intersecting at right angles at the A85 poles COMIC pert. to comedy cōmicus – Gr. kōmikós, f. komos = revel A86 COMITY courtesy cōmitās, f. cōmis = courteous A86 COMMA phrase smaller L. – Gr. kómma = piece cut off, short clause, than a colon; the f. kop-, stem of kóptein = strike, cut punctuation mark; minute A86 interval COMMEMORATE f. pp. stem of commemorāre, f. com- + A86 memorāre = relate, f. memor = mindful COMMENSURABLE commensurābilis, f. com- + mensurābilis = A86 measurable

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COMMODIOUS conveniently commodiōsus, f. commodus = of due roomy measure, convenient, f. com- + modus = A86, B305 measure COMMONPLACE †passage of tr. locus commūnis, tr. Gr. koinos tópos general application, leading text, theme; notable passage stored up for use in a book of common places or commonplace book; ordinary

A87 topic, stock theme or subject COMMUNICATE give a share of, f. pp. stem of commūnicāre, f. commūnis = share in; receive, common administer Holy Communion; hold intercourse A87 with COMPACT convenant, compactum, sb. use of n. of pp. of compascī = A87 contract make an agreement COMPLEMENT something which complēmentum, f. complēre = fill up, finish, completes a fulfil, f. com- + plēnus = full whole; †adjunct, personal accomplishment; †observance of ceremony, tribute A88 of courtesy COMPORT †bear, endure; comportāre, f. com- + portāre = carry, bear A88 agree with COMPURGATOR witness who compurgātor, f. com- + purgātor = purger swears to the credibility of an accused person when he purges A89 himself by oath CONCATENATE link together f. pp. stem of concatēnāre, f. con- + catēna = A89 chain CONCH shell(-fish) concha = bivalve, mussel, pearl oyster A90 CONCILIATE gain goodwill of, f. pp. stem of conciliāre = unite, procure, win over; win, f. concilium = council A90 reconcile CONCINNITY congruity; concinnitās, f. concinnus = skillfully put elegance of together, elegant, neat A90 literary style

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CONCOCT †digest (food) concot-, pp. stem of concoquere = digest, etc., f. con- + coquere = cook, f. coquus = A90 cook CONCUSSION injury due to the concussiō, -ōn-, f. conduss-, pp. stem of shock of a blow concutere = dash together, shake violently, f. A90 con- + quatere = shake CONDOLE †sorrow greatly; condolēre, f. con- + dolēre = suffer pain, †trans. grieve grieve with or over A90 CONDUCE †engage, hire; condūcere = bring together, f. con- + dūcere contribute, lead = lead A90 or tend to CONFEDERATE ally confœderātus, f. con- + fœder- crude form of A91 fædus = a treaty CONFER †bring together, conferre, f. con- + ferre = bring, bear collect; compare, collate; converse, take counsel; A91 bestow CONFIGURATION (astron.) relative configūrātiō, -ōn-, f. configūrāre = fashion A91 position after a pattern CONFISCATE appropriate to the confiscāre, -āt-, f. con- + fiscus = chest, A91 public treasury treasury CONFLAGLATION †consumption by conflagrātiō, -ōn-, f. conflagrāre = burn up A91 fire; great fire CONFLUENCE flowing together, confluentia, f. confluēns, -ent-, prp. of junction of confluere, f. con- + fluēre = flow A91 streams CONFUSED thrown into confūsus, pp. of confundere = put together A91 disorder, mixed CONFUTE prove to be confūtāre = check, restrain, answer wrong or false conclusively, f. con- + fūt as in refūtāre = A92 refute CONGLOMERATE †massed together conglomerātus, pp. of conglomerāre, f. con- A92 + glomus, glomer- = ball CONGRATULATE f. pp. stem of congrātulārī, f. con- + grātulārī A92 = manifest one’s joy, f. grātus = pleasing CONGREGATION in N.T. body of congregātiō, -ōn-, f. congregāre Christians; body assembled for A92, B195 worship CONGRESS meeting, congressus, f. congress-, pp. stem of congredī assembly = go together, meet, f. con- + gradī = step, A92 walk CONJUGAL coniugālis, f. coniu(n)x, coniug- = spouse, f. A92 con- + iungere = join CONSECRATE dedicate consecrāre, -āt-, f. con- + sacrāre = dedicate, A93 f. sacer, sacr- = sacred CONSECUTION logical sequence consecūtiō, -ōn-, f. consequī, consecūt- = 118

A93 follow closely CONSIST consistere = stand still, remain firm, exist, f. A93 con- + sistere = place, stand firm or still CONSOLIDATE f. pp. stem of consolidāre, f. con- + solidāre, A93 f. solidus = solid CONSPICUOUS conspicuus, f. conspicere = look attentively, A93 f. con- + specere = look CONSTIPATE †pack or bind f. pp. stem of constīpāre, f. con- + stīpāre = close together; press, cram confine the A94 bowels CONSTITUTE make up, form constitūt-, pp. of constituere = establish, A94 appoint, f. con- + statuere = set up CONSUL representative consul; related to consultāre (consulere = agent of a state in take counsel) commercial relations with a A94 foreign country CONTEMPLATE f. comtemplārī, -āt-, f. con- + templum = A94 open space for observation CONTEST †bear witness to contestārī = call to witness, introduce by calling witnesses, set on foot, f. con- + testārī A94 = bear witness CONTEXT connected contextus, f. context-, pp. stem of contextere structure of a = weave together, f. con- + textere = weave composition or passage, parts immediately before and after a A95 given passage CONTINGENT dependent upon contingēns, -ent-, prp. of contingere = be or subject to contiguous, in connection or in contact, befall condition; sb. †accident, A95 possibility CONTRADICT contrādict-, pp. stem of contrādīcere, orig. A95 contrā dīcere = speak against CONTRAVENE contravenīre, i.e. contrā = against + venīre = A95 come CONTRIBUTE f. contribūt-, pp. stem of contribuere = bring A95 together, f. con- + tribuere = bestow CONUNDRUM †whim, crotchet prob. based on some L. formula (involving A96 quoniam or quin) CONVENE call together convenīre = assemble, f. con- + venīre = A96 come CONVENTICLE meeting or conventiculum = (place of) assembly, in form meeting-place of dim. of conventus = meeting Protestant A96 Dissenters CONVERSE proposition or conversus, pp. of convertere, f. con- + vertere 119

relation turned = turn round or upside A96 down CONVEX convexus = vaulted, arched A96 CONVINCE †overcome in convincere = convict of error, prove clearly, argument; f. con- + vincere = overcome A96 †convict; †prove COOP place of cūpa; also cōpa = tun, barrel A96 confinement CORNUCOPIA cornūcōpia, earlier cornū cōpiæ = horn of plenty, the horn of the goat Amalthea placed in heaven, emblem of fruitfulness and A98 abundance CORONA member of a corōna = crown A98 cornice CORROBORATE strengthen, f. pp. stem of corrōborāre, f. cor- + rōborāre A99 confirm = strengthen, f. rōbur = strength COWL hood of the habit cuculla, f. cucullus = hood of a cloak A101 or of a cloak CRANIUM crānium – Gr. krāníon, rel. to kárā = head A102 CRAPULOUS grossly excessive crāpulōsus, f. crāpula = introxication – Gr. A103 in drink or food kraipálē = result of a drunken debauch CRASS coarse, gross crassus = solid, thick fat A103 CRISP brittle but hard or crispus = curled A105 firm CRITIC criticus – Gr. kritikós, sb. use of adj. f. krités A105 = judge CRUCIFER cross-bearer f. crux, cruc- = cross A106 CRUDE ill-digested, not crūdus = raw, rough, cruel A106 matured CRURAL pert. to the leg crūrālis, f. crūs, crūr- = leg A106 CUMULATE f. pp. stem of cumulāre, f. cumulus = heap A108 CURATE assistant to a cūrātus, f. cūra = cure A108 parish priest CURIA (Rom. antiq.) cūria = division of the Roman people, its A108 place of assembly, senate CUSP (astrol.) entrance cuspis, -id- = point, pointed weapon A109 of a house CUSTODY the keeping of an custōdia, f. custōs, custōd- = guardian, keeper officer of justice; A109 imprisonment CUTANEOUS cutāneus, f. cutis = skin A110 CYCLAMEN cyclamen, for cyclamīnos, -on- – Gr. kuklámīnos, perh. f. kúklos = circle,cycle, 120

A110 with rel. to its bulbous roots CYLINDER cylindrus – Gr. kúlindros = roller, f. kulíndein A110 = roll CYNIC sect of ascetic cynicus – Gr. kunikós = dog-like, churlish, philosophers in Cynic, f. kúōn, kun- = dog ancient Greece; A110 sneering critic

D DECORATE †adorn f. decorate pp. or its source decorātus, -āre = beautify, f. decus, decor-, rel. to decēns, A115 decent-, pp. of decēre = be fitting DEDICATE assign to an end or f. pp. stem of dēdicāre = proclaim, devote, purpose consecrate, f. de- + dic-, weak var. of dīc = A115 say DEDUCE †deduct dēdūcere, f. de- + dūcere = lead A115 DEFECATE clear from dēfæcātus, -āre, f. de- + fæx, fæces = dregs A116 impurities DEFICIENT wanting in dēficiēns, -ent-, prp. of dēficere = undo, take A116 something oneself away, fail, f. de- + facere = make, do DEFUNCT dēfunctus = discharged, deceased, pp. of dēfungī = discharge, perform, finish, f. de- + A117 fungī = perform DEJECT depress in spirits f. dēiect-, pp. stem of deicere, f. de- + iacere A117 = throw DELICATE fine, not coarse or dēlicātus = luxurious, rel. to delicia = robust pleasure, delight, f. delicere = amuse, allure, A117, B119 f. de- + lacere = entice DELINEATE f. pp. stem of dēlīneāre, f. de- + līnea = line A117 DELIRIUM dēlīrium, f. dēlīrāre = deviate from a straight line, be deranged, f. de- + līra = ridge A117 between furrows DEMENTED f. dēmentātus, pp. of dēmentāre, f. dēmēns, - A118 ent-, f. de- + mēns, ment- = mind DEMOSTRATE †indicate, exhibit; f. pp. stem of dēmonstrāre, f. de- + make evident by monstrāre = show A118 proof DENARIUS ancient Roman ellipt. for dēnārius nummus = coin containing A118 coin ten asses, f. dēnē = by tens, distributive of ten DENIGRATE blacken, lit. and pp. stem of dēnigrāre, f. de- + nigrāre, f. A119 fig. niger, nigr- = black DENOMINATE f. pp. stem of dēnōmināre, f. de- + nomināre, A119 f. nōmen, nōmin- = name DENTAL dentālis, f. dēns, dent- = tooth A119 DENUNCIATE denounce f. pp. stem of dēnuntiāre = denounce A119 DEPILATE remove hair from f. pp. stem of dēpilāre, f. de- + pilāre =

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A119 deprive of hair DEPONENT one who makes a dēpōnēns, -ent-, prp. of dēpōnere = lay aside, deposition put down, deposit, testify, f. de - + pōnere = A119 place, lay DEPOPULATE †lay waste; f. pp. stem of dēpopulāre, -ārī, = ravage, f. deprive of de- + populāre, -ārī = lay waste A119 population DERIDE dērīdēre, f. de- + rīdere = laugh A120 DESICCATE f. pp. stem of dēsiccāre, f. de- + sīccāre = A121 make dry, f. siccus = dry DESULTORY shifting from one dēsultōrius = pert. to a vaulter, superficial, f. place or thing to dēsultor, f. dēsult-, pp. stem of dēsilīre = leap A121 another down, f. de- + salīre = leap DETECT expose the secrecy dētect-, pp. stem of dētegere, f. de- + tegere A121 of = cover DETER dēterrēre, f. de- + terrēre = frighten A122 DETERIORATE make worse f. pp. stem of dēteriōrāre, f. dēterior = worse A122 DETEST †excrate; have dētestārī = denounce, renounce, f. de- + abhorrence of testārī = bear witness, call to witness, f. testis A122 = witness DEVIOUS lying out of the dēvius, f. de- + via = way A122 way DEVOLVE pass or cause to dēvolvere, f. de- + volvere = roll pass to or fall upon A122 another DEVOTE f. dēvōt-, pp. stem of dēvovēre, f. de- + A122 vovēre = vow DEXTER (her.) right-hand dexter, compar. formation, f. IE. base A122 DIABETES disease marked by diabētēs – Gr. diabétēs, f. diabaínenin = go immoderate through discharge of urine A123 containing glucose DIAGONAL diagōnālis, f. Gr. diagónios, f. dia- + gōníā = A123 angle DIALYSIS †statement of L – Gr. diálusis, f. dialúein = part asunder, f. disjunctive dia- + lúein = set free propositions, A123 asyndeton DIAPASON (mus.) harmonious diapāsōn – Gr. diapāson, i.e. dia pāson = or melodious through all (the notes) succession of notes or parts; foundation stop in A123 an organ DIARRHOEA L. – Gr. diárrhoia, f. diarrhein = flow A123 through, f. dia- + rhein = flow

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DIARY diārium = daily allowance, journal, in form A123 sb. use of n. of diārius = daily, f. diēs = day DIASTOLE (physiol.) L. – Gr. diastolé = separation, expansion, f. A123 dilatation diastéllein, f. dia- + stéllein = place DICTIONARY dictiōnārium, -us, f. dictiō = phrase, word A124 DIGIT one twelfth of the digitus = finger, toe diameter of sun or A124 moon DIGRESS f. dīgress-, pp. stem of dīgredī, f. di- + gradī A125 = step, walk, f. gradus = step DILAPIDATE f. pp. stem of dīlapidāre, f. di- + lapis, lapid- A125 = stone DILEMMA form of argument L . – Gr. dílēmma, f. di- + lemma = involving the assumption, premiss opponent in the choice of alternatives; choice between two equally unfavourable A125 alternatives DILUTE f. dīlūt-, pp. stem of dīluere = wash away, dissolve, f. di- + luere – comb. form of A125 lavāre = wash, lave DIRE dīrus, rel. to Gr. deídein = to fear A126 DIRGE song of mourning imper. of dīrigere = direct; ME. dirige, the first word of the L. antiphon to the first psalm in the office: Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam = Direct, A126 O Lord my God, my way in thy sight DIRIGIBLE that can be f. dīrigere = = straighten, direct, guide, f. di- A126 directed or steered + regere = rule, put straight DISCOURSE conversation, talk; discursus = running to and fro, intercourse, treatment of a argument, f. discurs-, pp. stem of discurrere subject; †course = run to and fro, speak at lenght, f. dis- + A127 currere = run DISCURSIVE passing rapidly discursīvus, f. discurs-, pp. stem of from one thing to discurrere = run to and from, speak at length, A127 another f. dis- + currere = run DISSIDENT at variance dissidēns, -ent-, prp. of dissidēre = dissagree, A129, B445 f. dis- + sedēre = sit DISSIMULATE pretend not to see f. pp. stem of dissimulāre, f. dis- + simulāre, A129 f. similis = similar DISSUADE seek to divert from dissuādēre, f. dis- + suādēre = advise, urge A129 DISTICH pair of verse lines distichon – Gr. dístikhon, sb. use of n. of dístikhos = of two rows or verses, f. di- + A129 stíkhos = stich

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DISTORT f. distort-, pp. stem of distorquēre, f. dis- + A129 torquēre = twist DIVAGATION f. dīvagārī, -āt-, f. di- + vagārī = wander A130 DOME (arch.) house, domus = house A132 mansion DUBIOUS dubiōsus, f. dubium = doubt, sb. use of n. of A137 dubius = doubtful, obscurely f. duo = two DUPLE duplus, f. duo = two + plic- = fold A138 DUPLICATE sb. duplicātus, pp. of duplicāre, f. duplus, f. duo A138 = two + plic- = fold

E EBULLIENT boiling, bubbling ēbulliēns, -ent-, prp. of ēbullīre, f. e- + bullīre A141 over = boil ECHINUS (arch.) ovolo L.- Gr. ekhinos = hedgehod, sea-urchin moulding next A141 below the abacus ECUMENICAL pert. to the f. œcumenicus – Gr. oikoumenikós, f. hē universal church oikouménē = the inhabited world, pp. fem. of A141 oikein = inhabit, f. oikos = house EDEN delightful abode, Ēden, Gr. Ēden – Heb. ēdhen = delight A142 paradise EFFICACIOUS f. efficāx, -āc-, f. efficere= = work out, f. ef- + A143 fic-, facere = make, do EGREGIOUS eminen; gross, f. ēgregius = surpassing, illustrious, f. e- + A143 flagrant grex, greg- = flock EGRESS going out ēgressus, f. ēgress-, pp. stem of ēgredī, f. e- + A143 gradī = step EJACULATE eject (fluid) f. pp. stem of ēiaculārī, f. e- + iaculārī = dart, A143 f. iaculum = dart, javelin, f. iacere = throw ELABORATE †produced by ēlabōrātus, pp. of ēlabōrāre, f. e- + labor = A143 labour labour ELATE †elevate f. ēlāt-, pp. stem of efferre. ef- + ferre = bear A143 ELECT theol. ēlectus, pp. of ēligere, f. e- + legere = choose A144 ELIDE †annihilate; annul ēlīdere, f. e- + lædere = injure, harm A144 ELIMINATE f. pp. stem of ēlīmināre = thrust out of doors, A144 expel, f. e- + līmen, līmin- = threshold ELLIPSIS †ellipse ellīpsis – Gr. élleipsis = defect, ellipse, grammatical ellipsis, f. elleípein = leave out, A145 fall short, f. en = in + leípein = leave ELONGATE †remove; f. pp. stem of ēlongāre = remove, prolong, f. lengthen e- + longē = far off, later taken as if f. e- + A145 longus = long ELUCIDATE f. pp. stem of ēlūcidāre, f. e- + lūcidus = A145 lucid

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ELUDE †delude, baffle ēlūdere,f. e- + lūdere = play A145 ELYSIUM state or abode of L. – Gr. Elýsion A145 the blessed dead EMBODY put into a body f. em- + body, after incorporāre = incorporate A146 EMBRYO embryō, alt. of embryon – Gr. émbruon = new-born animal, foetus, f. em- + brúein = A146 swell, grow EMERGE come to light, ēmergere, f. e- + mergere = dip, merge A146 arise EMINENT lofty, prominent f. prp. stem of ēminēre, rel. to mōns = mount A146 EMPHASIS intensity of emphasis = use of language to imply more statement than is said – Gr. émphais = appeareance, f. A146 em- + phaínein = show EMPIRIC sb., member of empīricus – Gr. empeirikós, f. empeiríā = the sect of experience, f. émpeiros = skilled, f. em- + ancient peira = trial, experiment physicians called Empirici; untrained

practitioner, A146 quack EMPORIUM L. – Gr. empórion, f. émporos = merchant, f. A147 em- + IE. por- EMULATE strive to equal or f. pp. of æmulārī, f. æmulus= rival, A147 rival EMUNCTORY cleaning by ēmunctōrius, f. ēmunct-, pp. stem of excretion; ēmungere = wipe or blow the nose, f. e- + cleansing organ base rel. to mucus A147 or canal ENCHIRIDION manual L. – Gr. egkheirídion, f. en- + kheír = hand A148 ENCOMIUM encōmium – Gr. egkómion, sb. use of n. of A148 adj., f. en- + komos = revel ENCYCLOP(A)EDIA †general course L. – spurious Gr. egkuklopaideíā, for A148 of instruction egkúklios paideíā = general education ENDORSE write, put one’s indorsāre, f. in- + dorsum = back signature, etc. on A148 the back on ENIGMA riddle in verse ænigma, -mat- – Gr. aínigma, f. base of ainíssesthai = speak allusively or obscurely, A149 f. ainos = fable ENORMOUS †abnormal, f. ēnormis, f. e- + norma = pattern monstrous; †irregular, outrageous; of A150 excessive size ENS (pl. entia = being, L. sb. use of n. of prp. f. esse = be

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A150 entity) ENTHYMEME syllogism in enthȳ mēma – Gr. enthumēma, f. which one enthūmeisthai = consider, infer, f. en- + premiss is thūmós = passion, mind A150 suppressed ENTITY entitās, f. ens, ent- A151, B143 EPHOR Spartan ephorus – Gr. éphoros, f. epi- + base of A152 magistrate horan EPIC adj. epicus – late Gr. epikós, f. épos = word, song A152 EPICURE †Epicurean; epicūrus = one whose chief happiness is in †glutton, carnal pleasure; appellative use of Ēpicūrus, sybarite; one who Gr. Epíkouros – name of an Athenian is choice in philosopher eating and A152 drinking EPITHET epitheton, sb. use of n. of Gr. epíthetos = attributed, pp. adj. of epitithénai = put on or A152, B527 to, f. epi- + tithénai = place EPITOME abridgement, epitomē – Gr. epitomé, f. epitémnein = cut A152 summary into, cut short, f. epi- + témnein = cut ERADICATE pull up by the f. pp. stem of ērādicāre, f. e- + rādix, rādic = A154 roots root ERYSIPELAS disease with red L. – Gr. erusípelas, perh. f. base of eruthrós A155 inflammation = red + pel- = skin ESSENE member of a pl. Essēnī – Gr. Essēnoí, presumably of Heb. Jewish ascetic or Aram. orig. A156 sect ESTUARY æstuārium = tidal part of a shore, tidal A156 channel, f. æstus = swell, surge, tide EULOGY eulogium, app. blending of ēlogium = inscription on a tomb, etc., and eulogia – Gr. eulogíā = praise, f. phr. eu légein = speak A157 well of EVAPORATE f. pp. stem of ēvaporāre, f. e- + vapor, -ōr- = A157 steam, heat EVENT outcome, issue; ēventus, f. ēvent-, pp. stem of ēvenīre = come anything that out, result, happen, f. e- + venīre = come A158 happens EVICT expel (a person) f. ēvict-, pp. stem of ēvincere = conquer, by judicial obtain by conquering, recover, overcome and process; expel, eject judicially, prove †conquer, A158 overcome; prove EXACT exactus, pp. of exigere = complete, bring to a perfection, examine, ascertain, f. ex- + agere A158 = perform EXAGGERATE †accumulate, pile f. pp. stem of exaggerāre, f. ex- + aggerāre = up heap up, f. agger = heap, prob. f. ag- + gerere

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A158 = carry EXARCH governor of a exarchus – Gr. éxarkhos = leader, chief, f. province under exárkhein = take the lead, f. ex- + árkhein = the Byzantine rule emperors; metropolital in the Eastern A159 Church EXASPERATE f. pp. stem of exasperāre, f. ex- + asper = A159 rough EXCAVATE f. pp. stem of excavāre, f. ex- + cavāre, f. A159 cavus = hollow EXCEPT otherwise than exceptus, pp. of excipere, f. ex- + capere = A159 take EXCISE cut out f. excīs-, pp. stem of excīdere, f. ex- + cædere A159 = cut EXCREMENT †dregs; faeces excrēmentum, f. excrē-, pp. base of A159, B96 excernere, f. ex- + cernere = sift EXCRUCIATE torture f. pp. stem of excruciāre, f. ex- + cruciāre = A159 torment, f. crux = cross EXCURSION †escape; sally, excursiō, -ōn-, f. excurs-, pp. stem of sortie excurrere = run out, issue forth, f. ex- + A159 currere = run EXEAT †stage direction L. = let him go out, 3rd pers. sg. pres. subj. of A159 repl. by exit exīre = go out EXECRATE express or feel f. pp. stem of ex(s)ecrārī = curse, f. ex- + abhorrence of sacrāre = devote religiously, f. sacer, sacri- A159 = religiously set apart EXHAUST draw off or out, f. exhaust-, pp. stem of exhaurīre, f. ex- + A160 drain haurīre = draw, drain EXHIBIT submit to view, f. exhibit-, pp. stem of exhibēre, f. ex- + A160 display habēre = hold EXHILARATE f. pp. stem of exhilarāre, f. ex- + hilaris = A160 cheerful, gay EXIT (theatr.) direction repl. exeat; 3rd pers. sg. pres. ind. of exīre = to a player to go out, f. ex- + īre = go leave the stage, departure from A160 the stage EXONERATE †unload, relieve f. pp. stem of exonerāre, f. ex- + onus, oner- of a burden; = burden relieve or free from an obligation, A160 reproach, etc. EXORDIUM beginning of a f. exordīrī, f. ex- + ordīrī = begin, rel. to ordō A160 discourse = order EXOTIC foreign, not exōticus – Gr. exōtikós, f. éxō = outside A160 indigenous EXPATIATE (arch.) walk ex(s)patiārī, -āt-, f. ex- + spatiārī = walk, f. 127

A160 about at large spatium = space EXPECT †wait, wait for; ex(s)pectāre, f. ex- + spectāre = look look for in A161 anticipation EXPIATE †bring to an end f. pp. stem of expiāre, f. ex- + piāre = seek to A161 appease, f. pius = devout, pious EXPLICATE unfold, †lit. and f. pp. stem of explicāre, f. ex- + plicāre = fold A161 fig. EXPLODE †reject explōdere = drive out by clapping, hiss off A161 the stage, f. ex- + plaudere = clap the hands EXPONENT interpreting expōnēns, -ent-, prp. of expōnere = expound A161 EXPOSTULATE †demande, urge, f. pp. stem of expostulāre, f. ex- + postulāre, complain of; prob. f. base of poscere make friendly A161 objections EXQUISITE †accurate, exact; exquīsītus, pp. adj. of exquīrere = search out, carefully f. ex- + quærere = search, seek elaborated; highly cultivated, A162 consummate EXTANT †standing out or ex(s)tāns, -ant-, prp. of exstāre = be forth; existing prominent or visible, exist, f. ex- + stāre = A162 stand EXTEMPORE adv. f. phr. ex tempore = on the spur of the moment, i.e. ex = out of, tempore = abl. of A162 tempus = time EXTEND enlarge the scope extendere, f. ex- + tendere = stretch, tend of; stretch forth, A162 hold out EXTENUATE †make thin, f. pp. stem of extenuāre, f. ex- + tenuis = thin diminish, †disparage the magnitude of; underrate, seek to lessen the A162 importance of EXTERIOR L., compar. formation on exterus = that is A162 outside EXTERMINATE †expel, banish f. pp. stem of extermināre, f. ex- + terminus = A162 boundary EXTINCT that has died out ex(s)tinctus, pp. of extinguere, f. ex- + A162 stinguere = quench EXTIRPATE root out f. pp. stem of ex(s)tirpāre, f. ex- + stirps = A162 stem or stock of a tree EXTORT f. extort-, pp. stem of extorquēre, f. ex- + A162 torquēre = twist EXTRACT draw out or forth f. extract-, pp. stem of extrahere, f. ex- + A162 trahere = draw EXTRAORDINARY exceptional extrāordinārius, f. phr. extrā ordinem = out 128

A162 of course, in an unusual manner EXTRAVAGANT exceeding due prp. of extrāvagārī, f. extra- + vagārī = A162 bounds wander EXTRINSIC †exterior, extrinsecus = adj. outer, f. extrinsecus = adv. external outwardly, f. extra- + im + secus = alongside A162 of EXTRUDE extrūdere, f. ex- + trūdere = thrust A162 EXUDE ex(s)ūdāre, f. ex- + sudāre = sweat A162 EXULT †leap up; rejoice ex(s)ultāre, frequent. of exsilīre, f. ex- + A162 exceedingly salīre = leap EYRIE, AERIE nest of a bird of airea, eyria, etc. A163 prey

F FACT deed; something factum, sb. use of n. pp. of facere = do that has occurred, what has happened; truth, A164 reality FACTORY factorship, agency; factōria, f. factor, f. fact-, f. facere = do; manufactory, factōrium (recorded in the sense ‘oil-press‘) A164 words FACTOTUM factōtum, f. fac, imper. of facere = do + A164 tōtum = the whole FALLACY logical flaw, fallācia, f. fallāx, fallāc-, f. fallere = deceive A165 delusive notion FASCINATE cast a spell over, f. pp. stem of fascināre, f. fascinum = spell, A166 bewitch witchcraft FERULE rod used for ferula A169 punishment FETIC, FOETID stinking fētidus, fœt-, f. fētēre, fœt- = stink A169 FLAGELLANT flagellāns, -ant-, prp. of flagellāre = whip, f. A173 flagellum, dim. of flagrum = scourge FLAMEN priest of a flāmen particular deity in A173 ancient Rome FLEX bend f. flex-, pp. stem of flectere = bend A174 FLORA (F-) goddess of f. flōs, flōr- = flower A175 flowering plants FLUENT flowing freely or fluēns, fluent-, prp. of fluere = flow easily; ready in A176 speech FOLIO leaf of paper, abl. of folium = leaf, foil A177 parchment, etc. FRUGAL sparing in the use frūgālis, back-formation from frūgālior, - of things issimus, compar. and super. of frūgī –

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indeclinable adj., d. of flux, chiefly pl. frūgēs A184 = produce of the soil FUCUS †cosmetic fūcus = rock-lichen, red dye or cosmetic - Gr. A184 phukos FULIGINOUS sooty fūlīginōsus, f. fūlīgō, fūlīgin- = soot, prob. A184 rel. to fūmus = smoke, fume FUNGUS mushroom or the fungus, perh. connected with Gr. sp(h)óggos A185 like = sponge FUSION melting fūsiō, -ōn-., f. fūs-, pp. stem of fundere = A186 pour FUTILE fūtilis, better futtilis = that pours out, f. fud-, A186 base of fundere = pour

G GAUDY rejoicing; annual gaudium = joy or gaudē, imper. of gaudēre A190 college feast GEMINATION geminātiō, -ōn-, f. gemināre = vb. double, f. A191 geminus = twin GENERATE produce (orig. f. pp. stem of generāre, f. genus, gener- A191 offspring) GENIAL (arch.) nuptial, geniālis = nuptial, productive, joyous, A191 generative pleasant, f. genius = genius GENIUS tutelary deity or genius = attendant spirit, inclination, spirit; demon; appetite, intellectual capacity characteristic or prevalent disposition or A191 spirit GENTILE pert. to a tribe or a gentīlis = of the same family or nation, A191 nation heathen, pagan, f. gēns, gent- = race, people GENUINE †natural, native genuīnus, f. genu = knee (the orig. ref. was to the recognition of a new-born child by the A192 father placing it on his knees) GENUS (techn.) kind, class genus = birth, race, stock, kin A192 GEOGRAPHY geōgraphia – Gr. geōgraphíā, f. ge = earth, A192 graphein = write GERANIUM genus of plants L. – Gr. geránion, f. géranos = crane with fruit shaped A192 like a crane’s bill GERMAN pert. to Germania Germānus, perh. of Celt. orig. A192 or Germany GERUND gerundium, f. gerundum, var. of gerendum, A192 gerund of gerere = carry on GESTATION †carrying, being gestātiō, -ōn-, f. gestāre, frequent. f. gest-, A192 carried pp. stem of gerere = carry GESTURE †attitude, posture; gestūra, f. gest-, pp. stem of gerere = carry movement of the A192 body GLADIOLUS dim. of gladius = sword 130

A194 GLOSS interlinear or glōssa = gloss marginal explanation; sophistical A195 interpretation GLOTTIS L. – Gr. glōttīs, f. glotta, var. of glossa = A195 tongue GNOMON indicator, esp. of a gnōmōn – Gr. gnómōn = inspector, indicator, sundial; †nose; carpenter’s square, f. IE gnō- = know part of a parallelogram remaining after similar one is taken from one A196 corner GONORRHOEA L. – Gr. gonórrhoia, f. gónos = semen + A197 rhoía = flux, rel. to rhein = flow GORGON terrible- or Gorgō, -ōn- – Gr. Gorgó, f. gorgós = terrible repulsive-looking A197 person GRADATION †(rhet.) climax; gradātiō, -ōn-, f. gradus = step †gradual progress; A198 series of stages GRANARY grānārium, f. grānum = grain A199 GRANDILOQUENT grandiloquus, f. grandis = great, grand + A199 loquus = speaking, f. loquī = to speak GRATEFUL pleasing, thankful f. grātus (in the same sense) A200 GRAVID pregnant gravidus = laden, pregnant, f. gravis = heavy A200 GREEK cheat, sharper Græcus (applied by the Romans to the people who called themselves Hellēnes) – A201 Gr. Graikós GREMIAL (hist.) internal, gremiālis, -āle, f. gremium = lap, bosom A201 resident (member) GUAIACUM tree, wood, and L. f. Sp. guayaco, guayacán, of Haitian resin of the West origin A204 Indies GURGITATION †swallowing gurgitātiō, -ōn-, f. gurgitāre = engulf, f. A205 gurges, gurgit- = gulf, abyss GUSTATION tasting, taste gustātiō, -ōn-, f. gustāre, f. gustus = taste A205 GYMNASIUM L. – Gr. gumnásion, f. gumnázein = train, f. A206 gumnós = naked

H HALO circle of light halō, for halōs, -ōn-, – Gr. hálōs = threshing- A208 round the sun, etc. floor, disk of the sun, moon, or a shield

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HEBETATE make blunt f. pp. stem of hebetāre, f. hebes, hebet- = A213 blunt HECATOMB sacrifice of many hecatombē – Gr. hekatómbē, f. hekatón = A213 victims hundred + bous = ox HEGIRA, HEJIRA Muslim era hegira – Arab. hijra = departure, f. hajara = A213 separate, go away HELIX helix, helic- – Gr. hélix, -ik-, f. IE. wel- = roll A214 HELOT serf in ancient (H)īlōtæ, Hēlōtes pl. – Gr. Heílōtes, Heílotai A214 Sparta HEMISTICH (pros.) half-line hēmistichum – Gr. hēmistíkhion, f. stíkhos A214 HERO illustrious warrior hērōs, pl. hērōēs – Gr. hérōs, pl. hērōes A215 HESPERIAN western f. hesperius, Gr. hespérios, f. Hesperia, Gr. Hespería (poet.) land of the west, f. Hesperus, Hésperos, adj. western, sb. A215 evening star HIATUS gap, chasm hiātus = gaping, opening, f. hiāre = gap A216 HIEROGLYPHIC pert. to ancient hieroglyphicus – Gr. hierogluphikós, f. Egyptian writing; hierós = sacred + gluphé = carving sb. character in such picture- writing; symbolic A216, B214 or enigmatic figure HIPPOPOTAMUS L. – Gr. hippopótamos, for earlier híppos ho potámio = the horse of the river (potámos = A217 river) HISTORY methodical historia – Gr. historíā = learning or knowing account of natural by inquiry, narrative, history, f. hístōr = A217 phenomena knowing, learned, wise man HOM(O)OUSIAN (theol.) homoūsiānus, f. homoūsius – Gr. consubstantial hom(o)oúsios, f. homós = same + ousíā = A219 essence HUMILIATE †humble f. pp. stem of humiliāre, f. humilis = humble A222 HUNGARIAN f. Hungary, medL. – Hungaria, f. (H)ungarī, U(n)grī, Gr. Oúggroi, foreign name of the A222 people called by theselves Magyar HYDRA fabulous many- L. – Gr. húdrā = water-serpent headed snake whose heads grew again as fast as A223 they were cut off HY(A)ENA hyæna – Gr. húaina, f. hus = swine, sow A224 HYPALLAGE (rhet.) figure of hypallagē – Gr. hupallagé, f. hupó = hypo- + speech in which allag-, stem of allásein = exchange, f. állos = two elements are other A224 interchanged 132

HYPERICUM hyperīcum – Gr. hupéreikon, f. hupér = A224 hyper- + ereíkē = heath HYSTERON figure of speech L. – Gr. hústeron próteron = latter (put as) PROTERON reversing the former proper order of A225 words

I IAMBUS L. – Gr. íambos A226 ICHNEUMON N. Afr. mongoose ichneumōn – Gr. ikneúmōn = tracker, f. which destroys ikhneúein = track, f. íkhnos = track, footstep A226 crocodiles’ eggs ICON, IKON †image, picture īcōn – Gr. eikón = likeness, image A227 ICTERIC pert. to jaundice ictericus – Gr. ikterikós, f. íkteros = jaundice A227 IDEA archetype, idea – Gr. idéā = look, form, nature, ideal conception, form design; †form, figure; mental A227 image, notion IDENTITY quality of being identitās, f. idem = same A227 the same IGNIS FATUUS will-o’-the-wisp L. = foolish fire; so named from its erratic A228 flitting from place to place IGNORAMUS †endorsement L. = we do not know, in legal use we take no made formerly by notice, 1st per. pl. pres. ind. of ignorāre = a grand jury on a ignore bill returned as A228 not a true bill ILLATIVE (gram.) inferential illātīvus, f. illātus, used as pp. of inferre = A228 infer ILLEGITIMATE not born in lawful f. illegitimus, after legitimate A228 wedlock ILLITERATE f. il- + lit(t)erālis, f. li(t)era = letter A228 ILLUMINATE light up, give f. pp. stem of illumināre, f. il- + lūmen, lūmin- A228 light to = light ILLUSTRATE throw light or f. pp. stem of illustrāre, f. il- + lustrāre = lustre on; illuminate, rel. to lūmen = light A228 elucidate IMBIBE drink in, absorb imbibere, f. im- + bibere = drink A228 IMBUE saturate, imbūtus, pp. of imbuere = moisten, stain, A228, B228 impregnate imbue IMITATE f. pp. stem of imitārī = copy, rel. to imāgō = A228 image and æmulārī = emulate IMMANENT prp. of immanēre, f. im- + manēre = remain, A229 dwell

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IMMINENT imminēns, -ent-, prp. of imminēre = project, A229 be impending IMMOLATE sacrifice f. pp. stem of immolāre = sprinkle with A229 sacrificial meal, f. im- + mola = meal IMMURE †wall in; shut immūrāre, f. im- + mūrus = wall A229 within walls IMPECCABLE not liable to sin impeccābilis, f. im- + peccāre = sin A229 IMPECUNIOUS f. im- + pecunia = money A229 IMPEND hang impendēre, im- + pendēre = hang A229 threateningly IMPERATIVE (gram.) imperātīvus, f. imperāt-, pp. stem of imperāre expressing = command command; commanding, A229 peremptory IMPERIOUS †imperial; imperiōsus, f. imperium = command, empire †sovereign, majestic; A229 overbearing IMPERSONAL (gram.) impersōnālis, f. im- + personālis = personal A229 IMPETIGO f. impetere = assail, f. im- + petere = seek A229 IMPETRATE obtain by entreaty f. pp. stem of impetrāre, f. im- + patrāre = A229 bring to an end IMPINGE †thrust upon impingere, f. im- + pangere = fix, drive in A230 IMPIOUS impius, f. im- + pious A230 IMPLEMENT apparatus, set of implēmentum = filling up, noun of action of utensils, tools implēre = employ, spend A230 IMPLICATE (arch.) intertwine, f. pp. stem of implicāre, f. im- + plicāre = A230 entangle; involve fold IMPLICIT implied but not implicitus, later form of implicātus, pp. of A230, B379 plainly expressed implicāre, f. im- + plicāre = fold IMPORT be of significance importāre, f. im- + portāre = bring, carry or importance; bring from A230 outside IMPRECATION invocation of evil imprecātiō, -ōn-, f. imprecārī, f. im- + precārī A230 = pray IMPROPRIATE annex to a person f. pp. stem of impropriāre, f. im- + proprius = A231 or corporation proper IMPUDENT ublushingly impudēns, -ent-, f. im- + pudēns = ashamed, presumptuous modest, orig. prp. of pudēre = feel ashamed, A231 shame IMPUNITY exemption from impūnitās, f. impūnis = unpunished, f. im- + A231 134

punishment pœna = penalty IMPURE f. im- + pūrus = pure A231 INADVERTENCE lack of attention inadvertentia, f. in- + advertere = turn A231 towards INANIMATE f. in- + animus = spirit A231 INBORN after innātus = innate A231 INCARCERATE f. pp. stem of incarcerāre, f. in- + carcer = A231 prison INCARNATE flesh-coloured incarnātus, pp. of incarnārī = be made flesh, A232 f. in- + carō, carn- = flesh INCESSANT incessāns, -ant-, f. in- + cessāns, prp. of A232 cessāre = cease INCHOATE inchoātus, pp. of inchoāre, incohāre = begin A232 INCINERATE f. pp. stem of incinerāre, f. in- + cinis, ciner- A232 = ashes INCOMMENSURA- (math.) having no f. in- + commensurābilis = commensurable BLE common measure A232 INCORPORATE combine or form f. pp. stem of incorporāre, f. in- + corporāre into one body, = fashion into or with a body, collect, f. A232 adopt into a body corpor- = body INCUBUS nightmare incubus, earlier incubo, f. incubāre, f. in- + A232 cubāre = lie INCULCATE impress upon a f. pp. stem of inculcāre = stamp in with the A232 person heel, press in, f. in- + calcāre = tread INCUMBENT falling as a duty prp. of incumbere = lie or lean upon, apply or obligation oneself to, f. in- + cumbere, f. nasalized stem A232 corr. to cubāre = lie INCUR †intr. run, fall; tr. incurrere , f. in- + currere = run run or fall into, A233 become liable to INDEFINITE f. in- + dēfīnītus, pp. of dēfīnīre, f. de- + fīnīre A233 = finish INDEX pl. indexes, f. in- + -dex, dic-, f. IE deik-, dik- = point out indices = forefinger; pointer; guiding principle; †table of contents; alphabetical list of subjects appended to a A233 book INDIGNANT indignāns, -ant-, prp. of indignārī = regard as unworthy, f. indignus, f. in- + dignus = A233 worthy

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INDISCREET injudicous, indiscrētus A233 unwary INDISPENSABLE (eccl.) that cannot f. in- + dispensāre = weigh out, disburse, be allowed or administer, dispose, frequent. of dispendere, A233 condoned f. dis- + pendere = weigh INDUCE infer indūcere, f. in- + dūcere = lead A234 INDURATE harden f. pp. stem of indūrāre A234 INEPT †(leg.) void ineptus, f. in- + aptus = apt A234 INFATUATE †turn (a thing) to f. pp. stem of infatuāre, f. in- + fatuus = folly; make fatuous foolish, possess with an extravagant A234 passion INFER †bring about, inferre = bear or bring in, f. in- + ferre = bear induce; †bring in, introduce; draw as a conclusion; A234 imply INFERIOR of lower or low compar. of inferus = low A234 degree, sb. INFIRM not firm, infirmus, f. in- + firmus = firm A235 irresolute INFLATE inflātus, pp. of inflāre, f. in- + flāre = blow A235 INFLICT f. inflict-, pp. stem of inflīgere, f. in- + flīgere A235 = strike INFLORESCENCE inflōrēscentia, f. inflōrēscere = come into A235 flower INFRINGE infringere, f. in- + frangere = break A235 INFUSE instil; steep f. infūs-, pp. stem of infundere, f. in- + A235 fundere = pour INGEMINATE utter twice, f. pp. stem of ingemināre = redouble, repeat, A236 reiterate f. in- + gemināre = geminate INGENUOUS †noble-minded; ingenuus = native, free-born, noble, frank, f. honourably in- + gen-, base of gignere = beget A236 straightforward INGURGITATE swallow greedily f. pp. stem of ingurgitāre, f. in- + gurges, A236 gurgit- = whirlpool, gulf INHERE exist as an inhærēre, f. in- + hærēre = stick A236 attribute in INHIBIT restrain f. inhibit-, pp. stem of inhibēre = hold in, A236 hinder, f. in- + habēre = have, hold INITIAL pert. to a or the initiālis, f. initium = beginning, f. init-, pp. beginning stem of inīre = enter upon, begin, f. in- + īre = A236 go

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INJUNCTION iniuctiō, -ōn-, f. iniunct-, pp. stem of A236 iniungere = enjoin INNOVATE †renew, f. pp. stem of innovāre = renew, alter, f. in- + †introduce as novāre = make new, f. novus = new new; bring in something new A237 INSANE insānus, f. in- + sānus = sane A237 INSCRIBE write in or on; inscrībere, f. in- + scrībere = write (geom.) delineate A237 within a figure INSERT set or put in f. insert-, pp. stem of inserere, f. in-+ serere = A237 plant, join, put into INSIDIOUS insidiōsus, f. insidiæ = ambush, trick, rel. to insidēre = sit in or upon, be settled, f. in- + A237 sedēre = sit INSINUATE f. pp. stem of insinuāre, f. in- + sinuāre = A237 curve, f. sinus = curve INSIST †continue insistere = stand upon, persist, f. in- + sistere steadfastly in; = stand dwell A237 emphatically on INSTALL invest with or installāre, f. in- + stallum = stall place in an office, orig. by placing in A237 an official stall INSTIGATE spur or urge on f. pp. stem of instīgāre, f. in- + stīgāre = A238 prick, incite INSTIL put in by drops; instillāre, f. in- + stillāre, f. stilla = drop A238 infuse gradually INSTINCT innate impluse or instinctus = instigation, impulse, f. instinct-, propensity, pp. stem of instinguere = incite, impel, f. in- + A238 intuition stinguere = prick INSTITUTE †purpose; institūtum = design, ordinance, precept, sb. established usage; use of n. of pp. of instituere = establish, principle or ordain, teach, f. in- + statuere = set up element of A238 instruction INSTRUCT direct, command f. instruct-, pp. stem of instruere = set up, fit A238 out, teach, f. in- + struere = pile up, build INSULT †glory or triumph insultāre, f. in- + saltāre, iterative-intensive f. A238 over salīre = leap, jump INTEGER integer = intact, entire A238 INTERCEPT f. intercept-, pp. stem of intercipere, f. inter- A239 + capere = take, seize INTERCOMMUNI- AL. inter- + communicāre, f. commūnis = CATE common A239 INTERIM (arch.) L. = in the meantime 137

meanwhile; intervening time, A239 interval of time INTERLOCUTOR f. interloquī, -locūtiō, f. inter- + locutiō, -ōn-, A239 f. locūt-, pp. stem of loquī = talk, speak INTERMIT leave off, intermittere, f. inter- + mittere = let go, send A239 discontinue INTERNAL f. comtemp. †intern or its source, internus = A240 inward, internal INTERPELLATION †pleading, interpellātiō, -ōn-, f. interpellāre = interupt by intercession speaking, f. inter- + -pellāre = thrust or direct A240 oneself INTERREGNUM †temporary f. inter- + regnum = reign authority exercised during a vacancy; period intervening between a ruler A240 and his successor INTERSPERSE f. interspers-, pp. stem of interspergere, f. A240 inter- + spargere = strew INTERVENE intervenīre, f. inter- + venīre = come A240 INTESTINE intestīnus, f. intus = within, sb. lower part of the alimentary canal; intestīnum, sb. use of n. A240 of adj. INTINCTION †dipping, infusion intinctiō, -ōn-, f. intingere, f. in- + tingere = A240 dye, tinge INTOXICATE †poison; stupefy f. pp. stem of intoxicāre, f. in- + toxicum = with a drug or poison A240 strong drink INTRODUCE intrōdūcere, f. intro- + dūcere = lead, bring A240 INTRUDE intrūdere, f. in- + trūdere = thrust A241 INTUITION †regard, intuitiō, -ōn-, f. in- + tuitiō, -ōn-, = protection, reference; f. tuērī = look after (philos.) immediate knowledge or A241 apprehension INVALID not valid invalidus, f. in- + validus = strong, powerful, A241 effective, f. valēre = be strong INVEIGHT give vent to invehere = carry in, invehī = be borne into, denunciation attack, assail with words, f. in- + vehere = A241 carry INVENT devise, esp. by f. invent-, pp. stem of invenīre, f. in- + venīre way of original = come A241 contrivance INVESTIGATE f. pp. stem of investīgāre, f. in- + vestīgāre =

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A241 track, trace out INVETERATE established by age inveterātus, ppl. adj. of inveterāre = make or long standing; old, f. in- + vetus, veter- = old obstinately A241 embittered INVIGILATE keep watch f. pp. stem of invigilāre, f. in- + vigilāre = A241 watch, f. vigil = watchful INVOLUNTARY f. in- + voluntārius, f. voluntās = will A241 IRIS flat circular īris – Gr. iris = rainbow, coloured circle, etc., coloured iris (plant), female messenger of the gods, membrane in the whose sign was a rainbow aqueous humour of the eye; genus of tuberous or A242 bulbous plants IRONY figure of speech īrōnia – Gr. eirōneíā, f. eírōn = disembler in which the intended maning is the opposite of A242 that expressed IRRATIONAL (math.) ir- + ratiōnālis, f. ratiō = reason A242 IRREFRAGABLE incontrovertible, irrefrāgābilis, f. ir- + refrāgārī = oppose, A242 undeniable contest IRRELEVANT ir- + relevāns, -ant-, prp. of relevāre = raise A242 up, relieve IRRITATE †incite; excite to f. pp. stem of irrītāre A242 anger, fret IRRUPTION bursting in irruptiō, -ōn-, f. irrupt-, pp. stem of A242 irrumpere, f. in- + rumpere = break ISTHMUS narrow neck of L. – Gr. isthmós = narrow passage, isthmus A243 land ITEM †maxim, hint; L. = just so, in like manner, moreover, f. ita = article in an so, based on the pronominal stem i- A244 enumeration ITERATE do or say again f. pp. stem of iterāre = repeat, f. iterum = again, compar. formation on the pronominal A244 base i- ITINERANT prp. of itinerārī, -āre, f. iter, itiner- = journey, A244 f. IE. i- = go

J JACTATION boasting iactātiō, -ōn-, f. iactāre = toss about, discuss, A245 boast, frequent. of iacere = throw JESUIT Iēsuīta, f. Iēsūs + īta = -ite A246, B238 JOT least part or point iōta – Gr. iota = iota A248 JUDICATURE action or office of iūdicātūra, f. pp. stem of iūdicāre = judge

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a judge; body of A249 judges JUDICIAL giving judgement iūdiciālis, f. iūdicium = judgement, f. iūdex, A249 iūdic- = judge JUGULAR pert. to the neck or iugulāris, f. iugulum = collar-bone, dim. of A249 throat iugum = yoke JUPITER † azure L. corr. to Skr. dyaús pitá = heaven father A250 JURIDICAL iūridicus, f. iūs, iūr- = law + -dicus = saying, A250 f. dīcere = say

K KIT (arch.) small cithara, Gr. kithárā = cither A253 fiddle KYRIE short for kyrie L. – repr. of Gr. Kúrie eléēson = Lord, have A255 eleison (14th) mercy

L LABDANUM med. form of lādanum – Gr. ládanon, A256 lēdanon, f. ledon = mastic LABIAL labiālis, f. labia = lips A256 LABURNUM L. prob. of foreign origin A256 LACERATE f. pp. stem of lacerāre, f. lacer = mangled, A256 torn LACHRYMAL pert. to tears lachrymālis, lacrimālis, f. lacrima, earlier A256 lacruma = tear LACONIC (L-) Lacedaemonian, Lacōnicus – Gr. Lakōnikós, f. Lákōn = Spartan; brief of member of the Spartan race, renowned for A256 speech brevity of speech LADANUM lādanum – Gr. ládanon, lēdanon, f. ledon = A256 mastic LAIC lāicus = lay A257 LAMENT sb. lāmentum A257 LAPSE slip of the lapsus, f. laps-, pp. stem of lābī = glide, slip, memory; fall from fall rectitude, grace; termination of a A258 right LAR, PL. LARES household god(s); lār, pl. lārēs; prob. orig.‘infernal divinities’ A258 heart, home and hence rel. to lārva = spectre, ghost LARYNX L. – Gr. lárugx A259 LATERAL pert. to or at the laterālis, f. latus, later- = side A259 side LATITUDE (arch.) extent, lātitūdo, f. lātus = broad A260 scope

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LATRIA worship that may L. – Gr. latreíā = service, worship, rel. to be paid only to latreúein = serve A260 God LAUDANUM laudanum, Paracelsus’s name for a medicament of which he gives a pretended prescription of costly ingredients but which A260 was early suspected to contain opium LAVATORY lavabo lavātorium, f. lavāt-, pp. stem of lavāre = A260 wash, lave LAVER (edible) seaweed laver = a water-plant A260 LECTION reading; liturgical lectiō, -ōn-, f. lect-, pp. stem of legere = read A262 lesson LEMMA, PL. (math.) subsidiary L. – Gr. lemma, pl. lémmata = something LEMMATA, proposition taken for granted or assumed, theme, LEMMAS argument, title, f. lab- = base of lambánein = A263 take LEVITY levitās, f. levis = light A264 LIBERTINE antinomian, free- lībertīnus, f. lībertus = made free, f. līber = thinker; licentious free A265 man LICTOR officer in ancient L. A265 Rome LIGAMENT ligature ligāmentum, f. ligāre = bind, tie A266 LIMB edge or boundary limbe or its source limbus = hem, selvage, of a surface or fringe A266, B264 instrument LIMBO prison, orig. in phr. in, out of limbo, repr. in, ē A266 confinement limbō; abl. of limbus = hem, selvage, fringe LINEAMENT †line, outline līneāmentum, f. līneāre = make straight, f. A267 līnea = line LINGUIST f. lingua = language A267 LINIMENT embrocation linimentum, f. linere = smear, anoint A267 LIQUID pure, clear (of air, liquidus, f. liquēre = be fluid A268 sound, light) LITIGATION †disputation lītigātiō, -ōn-, f. lītigāre, -āt-, f. līs, līt- = A268 strife, lawsuit + agere = do LOBBY †(perh.) monastic lobium, lobia = lobby cloister; passage or corridor attached A269 to a building LOBE roundish lobus – Gr. lobós = lobe of ear or liver, pod projecting part of A269 an organ LOOSESTRIFE tr. lysimachia (– Gr. lusimákheion), erron. taken to be directly f. Gr. lusi-, comb. form

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A271 of lúein = loose + mákhē = strife LOTION †washing lōtiō, -ōn- = washing, f. lōt-, laut-, pp. stem A272, B253 of lavāre = lave LOTUS plant yielding a lōtus – Gr. lōtós soporific fruit; A272 water-lily of Asia LUCUBRATION (nocturnal) study lūcubrātiō, -ōn-, f. lūcubrāre = work by A273 or its product lamplight, f. lūx, lūc- = light LUPUS (path.) ulcerous L. = wolf A273 disease of the skin LYCANTHROPY lycanthrōpia – Gr. lukanthrōpíā, f. lukánthrōpos, f. lúkos = wolf + ánthrōpos = A274 man LYCEUM the garden in Lycēum – Gr. Lúkeion, n. of lúkeios = epithet Athens where of Apollo, to whose temple the Lyceum was A274 Aristotle taught adjacent

M MACERATE soften by steeping; f. pp. stem of mācerāre = steep, soften, cause to waste weaken A275 away MAENAD Bacchante Mænas, -ad- – Gr. Mainás, -ad-, f. A276 maínesthai = rave MAGNANIMOUS magnanimus, f. magnus = great + animus = A276 mind MAGNITUDE size magnitūdō, f. magnus = great, large A276 MAGUS member of an L. – Gr. mágos – OPers. maguš ancient Persian A276 priestly caste MAJOR greater māior, compar. of magnus = great A277 MAMMON (personification mam(m)ōna, mam(m)on – N.T. Gr. of) riches mam(m)ōnás – Aram. māmónā, māmon = A279 riches, gain MANDAMUS (leg.) writ L. = we command, 1st. pers. pl. pres. ind. of directing the mandāre = enjoin, commit, f. manus = hand performance of a + dāre = give A279 certain act MANDATE command, spec. mandātum, sb. use of n. pp. of mandāre = legal or judicial enjoin, commit, f. manus = hand + dāre = A279 give MANDIBLE mandibula, -ulum, f. mandere = chew A279, B283 MANDUCATION eating mandūcātiō, -ōn-, f. mandūcāre, f. mandūcō A279 = guzzler, f. mandere = chew MANIPLE (eccl.) vestment manipulus = handful, troop of soldiers, f. worn suspended manus = hand from the left arm; subdivision of the

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A280, B285 Roman legion MANNA miraculous food of L. – Hellenistic Gr. mánna – Aram. mannā – Exodus; juice from Heb. mān the bark of Fraxinus ornus A280 (manna ash) MANSE (hist.) measure of mansus, -a,-um = dwelling, house, measure land sufficient to of land, f. māns , pp. stem of manāre = support a family; remain, stay ecclesiastical A280 residence MANUSCRIPT adj. written by manūscrīptus, i.e. manū = with the hand, hand; sb. writing; scrīptus, pp. of scrībere = write A281 codex MARITIME maritimus, f. mare = sea + -timus, as in fīnitimus = neighbouring, lēgitimus = A282 legitimate MATRICULATE insert (a name) in a f. pp. stem of mātrīculāre, f. mātrīcula, dim. register, admit into of mātrīc- = matrix A285 a university, etc. MATRIX uterus; place or mātrix, -īc- = pregnant animal, female used medium of for breeding, parent stem, womb, register, f. A285 production māter, mātr- = mother MAUSOLEUM mausōlēum – Gr. mausōleion = the magnificent tomb of Mausōlus, king of Caria at Halicarnassus, accounted one of the A285 seven wonders of the world MEANDER (pl.) windings, mæander – Gr. maíandros, appellative use †intricacies of the name of a river in Phrygia famous for A287 its notoriously winding course MECHANIC handicraftsman, mēchanicus – Gr. mēkhanikós, f. mēkhané = A287 artisan machine MEDIAL †(math.) mean mediālis, f. medius = mid A287 MEDIASTINUM (anat.) sb. n. of mediastīnus = medial, f. medius = membranous mid septum between A287 cavities MEDIATE †halve; effect by f. pp. stem of mediāre, f. medius = mid A287 intercession MEDIOCRE mediocris = of middle height, f. medius = A287 mid + ocris = rugged mountain MEDITATE f. pp. stem of meditārī, frequent. f. IE. med- A287 mēd- mod- = measure MEDITERRANEAN (of water) land- mediterrāneus = inland, in late L. applied to locked the Mediterranean Sea, Mare Mediterraneum, in which the orig. notion may have been in the middle of the earth rather than enclosed by land, f. medius = A287 mid + terra = land, earth

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MEDIUM middle degree or medium = middle, midst, sb. use of n. of condition; †middle medius = mid term, mean; intervening A287 substance MEDUSA (M-) one of the three Medūsa – Gr. Médousa Gorgons, having snakes for the hair A287 of the head MELIORATE f. pp. stem of meliorāre, f. melior = better A288 MEMBRANE membrāna = skin covering a part of the A288 body, f. membrum = member MEMENTO reminder, warning mementō, imper. of meminisse = remember A288 MENDICANT adj. begging pp. of mendīcāre = beg, f. mendīcus = A289 beggar, f. mendum = fault, blemish MENSES monthly discharge mēnsēs, pl. of mēnsis = month A289 from the womb MENSTRUUM uterine secretion mēnstruum, in class. L. only pl. menstrual A289 blood, sb. use of n. mēnstruus, f. mēnsis = month MENSURATION mensuring mēnsūrātiō, -ōn-, f. mēnsūrāre = measure A289 MERCENARY adj. mercēnārius, earlier mercennārium, f. A289 mercēs, merēd- = reward, wages MERCIAN pert. to, native of, Mercia, f. OE. M(i)erce = lit. people of the the Anglo-Saxon march, borderers A290 kingdom of Mercia MESENTERY (anat.) fold of mesenterium – Gr. mesentérion, f. mésos = A290 peritoneum mid + énteron = intestine METEMPSYCHOSIS transmigration of L. – Gr. metempsúkhōsis, f. metá = meta + A291 the soul en = in + psūkhé = soul METEOR fireball, shooting meteōrum of Gr. metéōron, sb. use of n. of star metéōros = raised up, lofty, f. metá = meta + A291 eōr-, var. of base of aeírein = raise METICULOUS †timid metīculōsus, f. metus = fear A291 METONYMY (rhet.) substitution metōnymia – Gr. metōnumíā, f. metá = meta for the name of a + ónoma, ónuma = name thing the name of A291 an attribute of it METOPE (arch.) square metopa – Gr. metópē, f. metá = between, space between meta + opaí = holes in a frieze to receive the triglyphs of the beams ends A291 Doric frieze METROPOLIS (hist.) seat of the mētropolis – Gr. mētrópolis, f. métēr = bishop of a mother + pólis = city province; chief A292 city

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MILL aparatus for molīnus, īna, īnum, f. and repl. mola = grinding corn; grindstone, mill building in which an industry or manufacture is A293 carried on MINATORY minātōrius, f. mināt-, pp. stem of minārī = A293 menace MINIM friar of the Ordo ellipt. or absol. uses of minimus, -a, -um = Minimorum least Eremitarum; thing of the least size or A294 importance MINUS verbal rendering of L. = less, n. of minor A294 the sign – MINUTE †lesser minūtus, pp. of minuere = lessen, diminish A295 MISER †wretch miser = wretched A295, B302 MISSION †sending, esp. missiō, -ōn-, f. miss- stem of mittere = let go, A296 abroad send MISSIVE †missile; sb.letter missīvus, f. miss-, pp. stem of mittere = let A296 go, send MODE †mood in grammar modus = measure, size, manner, method, A297 and logic tune MODULATE †make melody f. pp. stem of modulārī = measure, adjust to rhythm, make melody, f. modulus, dim. of A297 modus = mode MOLAR grinding (tooth) molāris = of a mill, sb. millstone, grinder A298 tooth, f. mola = millstone MOLY fabulous herb mōly – Gr. molu A298 MOMUS captious critic L. – Gr. Momos = god of ridicule A298 MONOPOLY exclussive monopōlium – Gr. monopōlion, -pōlíā, f. possession of the mónos = alone + pōlein = sell trade in some A299 article MONSTRANCE (eccl.) vessel in mōnstrantia, f. prp. stem of mōnstrāre = which the Host is show, f. mōnstrum = something marvellous exposed or prodigious, orig. divine portent, f. monēre A299 = warn MORA (leg.) delay L. A300 MOROSE mōrōsus = peevish, wayward, fastidious, f. A301 mōs, mōr- = manner MOTOR agent or force mōtor = mover, f. mōt-, movēre = move A302 producing motion MUNICIPAL †pert. to the mūnicipālis, f. mūnicipium = Roman city of internal affairs of a which the inhabitants had Roman

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state; pert. to local citizenship, f. mūniceps, -cip-, f. mūnia = self-govenment, civic offices + capere = take A304 esp. of a town MUNIFICENT f. mūnificent- used as stem of of mūnificus, A305 f. mūnus = office, duty, gift MUREX shell-fish yielding mūrex A305 a purple dye MURRHINE (Rom. antiq.) pert. murr(h)inus, f. murra to murra = fine earth of which precious vases, etc. A305 were made MUTILATE deprive of a limb f. pp. stem of mutilāre = cut or lop off, f. A306 or principal part mutilus = maimed MYRIAD ten thousand; mȳ rias, mȳ riad- – Gr. mūriás, mūriad-, f. countless number mūriós = countless, innumerable, pl. mūríoi A306 = ten thousand MYRTLE plant of genus myrtilla, -us, dim. of myrta, -us – Gr. múrtos A306 Myrtus MYSTERY religious rite mystērium – Gr. mustérion = secret thing or A307 ceremony

N NAPHTHA inflammable oil L. – Gr. náphtha, also náphthas, of oriental A308 from coal orig. NARCISSUS L. – Gr. nárkisson, the termination of which A308 suggests a Mediterranean orig. NARD derived from the nardus – Gr. nárdos, of Sem. orig. A309 plant so named NATATION natātiō, -ōn-, f. natāre = swim A309 NAUSEA feeling of sickness nausea, nausia – Gr. nausíā, nautíá = A309 seasickness, nausea, f. naus = ship NAUTICAL f. nauticus – Gr. nautikós, f. naútēs = sailor, A309 f. naus = ship NAVAL nāvālis, f. nāvis = ship A309 NECTAR drink of the gods; L. – Gr. néktar delicious drink, A310 sweet fluid NEFARIOUS f. nefārius, f. nefās = wrong, wickedness, f. A310 ne- + fās = divine permission or law NEGLECT vb. f. neglēct-, pp. stem of neglegere = disregard, A310 slight, f. neg- + legere = choose NEGOTIATE hold conference f. pp. stem of negōtiārī = carry on business, f. with negōtium = business, f. neg- + ōtium = A310 leisure NENUPHAR water-lily L. – Arab. and Pers. nīnūfar, nīlūfar – Skr. nīlōtpala = blue lotus, f. níla- = blue + A311 utpala- = lotus

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NEOPHYTE neophytus – N.T. Gr. neóphutos = newly A311 planted, f. neós = neo- + phutón = plant NEOTERIC recent, modern neotericus – Gr. neōterikós, f. neóteros, A311 compar. of néos = new NEPHRITIC affecting the nephrīticus – Gr. nephrītikós, f. nephrītis, f. A311 kidneys nephrós = kidney NERVE sinew, tendon nervus = sinew, bowstring A311 NEUTER intransitive, neuter, f. ne- + uter = either of two A312, B323 neutral NO. (read as number) abbr. of numerō = in number, abl. of numerus A313 = number NODE complication, nōdus = knot, etc. A314 entaglement NOMINATE f. pp. stem of nōmināre, f. nōmen, nōmin- = A314 name NONPLUS state in which no f. phr. nōn plūs = not more, no further more can be said or done, esp. in phr. be at, put to, a A314 nonplus NOTION nōtiō, -ōn- = becoming acquainted, examination, idea, f. nōt-, pp. stem of A315 nōscere = know NOTORIOUS well or generally nōtōrius, f. nōtus = known known; noted for A315 some bad quality NUDE (leg.) not formally nūdus f. now(e)dos, nogwedos = naked attested; bare, A316 mere NULL not valid (n. and nūllus, -a = no, none, f. ne + ūllus = any, f. A316, B324 void) ūnus = one NUMERAL adj. pert. to numerālis, f. numerus = number number; sb. figure A316 denoting a number NUNCUPATIVE (leg.) oral, not nūncupātīvus, f. pp. of nūncūpāre = name, written (as a will) declare, f. nōmiceps or -capos = name-taking, A316 f. nōmen = name + capere = take NUTRIMENT nūtrīmentum, f. nūtrire = nourish A317 NUX VOMICA seed of an E. nux = nut and fem. of vomicus, f. vomere = Indian tree from vomit which strychnine A317 is obtained

O OBELISK tampering column obeliscus = small spit, obelisk – Gr. of stone; any of obelískos, dim. of obelós = spit, pointed A318 the signs ‚, ‒ , † pillar OBFUSCATE f. pp. stem of obfuscāre, f. ob- + fuscāre =

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A318 darken, fuscus = dark OBITER by the way f. phr. ob iter, i.e. ob- + iter = journey, road A318 OBLITERATE f. pp. stem of oblit(t)erāre = strike out, erase, A319 f. ob- + lit(t)era = letter OBNOXIOUS †exposed to harm; obnoxiōsus or f. obnoxius = exposed to harm, †subject to subject, liable, f. ob- + noxa = hurt, injury authority; †hurtful, injurious; offensive, highly A319 objectionable OBSCENE offensive to the obscēnus, obscænus = ill-omened, senses, etc. ; disgusting, indecent offensive to A319, B329 decency OBSESS beset, as a f. obsess-, pp. stem of obsidēre = sit down A319 besieging force before, f. ob- + sedēre = sit OBSOLETE fallen into disuse obsolētus = grown old, worn out, pp. of obsolēre, f. ob- + solēre = be accustomed or A319 used OBSTREPEROUS clamorous, noisy obstreperus, f. obstrepere = shout at, oppose A319 noisily, f. ob- + strepere = make a noise OBTRUDE obtrūdere, f. ob- + trūdere = thrust A319 OBVIATE f. pp. stem of obviāre = meet in the way, A319 prevent, f. ob- + via = way OCCIPUT back of the head occiput, -pit-, f. oc- + caput = head A320 OCCLUDE occlūdere, f. oc- + claudere = close A320 OCCULT hidden, secret, occultus, pp. of occulere, f. oc- + base of A320 recondite cēlāre = conceal OCCUR †meet with; occurrere = run to meet, present itself, present itself to the befall, f. oc- + currere = run mind, in the course A320 of events, etc. OEDEMA (path.) swelling L. – Gr. oídēma, -mat-, f. oidein = swell produced by A321 serous fluid OFFICIOUS †eager to please or officiōsus, f. officium = office A321 serve; †dutiful OLEAGINOUS oleāginus, f. oleum = oil A322, B332 OLEANDER oleander, oliandrum A322 OMEN ōmen, ōmin- = name A322 OMENTUM (anat.) caul L. A322 OMNIUM gathering of all omnium g. pl. of omnis = all + mock-L. GATHERUM sorts, formation on gather for ‘a gathering‘ 148

miscellaneous A322 assemblage ONOMATOPOEIA word-formation L. – Gr. onomatopoiíā = making of words, f. based on imitation onomatopoiós, f. ónoma, -mat- = name + A323 poios = making OPTHALMIA inflammation of L. – Gr. ophthalmíā, f. opthalmós = eye the eye A323 OPIATE containing opium, opiātus A323 narcotic OPPONENT one who maintains oppōnēns, -ent-, prp. of oppōnere = set a contrary against, f. op- + pōnere = place A324 argument OPPUGN assail in speech or oppugnāre = fight against, f. op- + pugnāre A324 action = fight ORATORY art of the orator, ōrātōria, sb. use of fem. of ōrātōrius, f. A325 eloquent speaking ōrātor ORB †(old astron.) orbis = ring, round surface, disc hollow sphere surrounding the earth; †circle, ring; A325 heavenly body ORBIT eye-socket orbita = wheel-track, course, path, eye- cavity, sb. use of fem. of orbitus = circular, f. A325 orbis, orb- = orb ORC †ferocious orca = kind of whale – Gr. óruga, acc. of (sea-)monster; órux = oryx cetacean of the A325, B335 genus Orca OREAD mountain nymph Orēas, -ad- – Gr. Oreiás, -ad-, f. óros = A325 mountain ORIGANUM wild marjoram L. – Gr. oríganon A326 ORTHODOX according with orthodoxus – Gr. orthódoxos, f. orthós = accepted opinion straight, right + dóxa = opinion, f. base of A326 dokein = seem, rel. to decet OVAL egg-shaped ōvālis, f. ōvum = egg A328 OVATION (in ancient Rome) ovātiō, -ōn-, f. ovāre = celebrate a (lesser) lesser triumph triumph, perh. f. Gr. euoi = exultant cry at A328 the Bacchanalia

P PAEAN song of triumph pæän – Gr. paián = hymn to Apollo invokend or exultation by the name Paián, Doric var. of Ionic Paiéōn, Attic paión, orig. the Homeric name of the physician of the gods, afterwards A330 Apollo PAGEANT †tableau of series AL. pagina A331 of tableaux

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PALAESTRA wrestling-school palæstra – Gr. palaístrā, f. palaíein = wrestle A331 PALLADIUM safeguard, L. – Gr. palládion, f. Pallás, -ad- = epithet of A332 protection the goddess Athene PALLIATE †cloak, conceal; f. pp. stem of palliāre, f. pallium, rel. to palla A332 alleviate = long wide outer garment of Roman ladies PALLIUM large cloak pallium, rel to palla = long wide outer A332 garment of Roman ladies PANACEA universal remedy panacēa – Gr. panákeia, f. panakós = all- A333 healing, f. pan- + base of ákos = remedy PANICLE compound pānicula, dim. of pānus = stalk of a panicle A333 inflorescence PANTHEON habitation of all pantheon – Gr. pántheion, f. pan- + theios = the gods, deities divine, f. theós = god A334 collectively PAPACY papal system pāpātia, f. pāpa = pope A334 PARABOLA (geom.) plane L. – Gr. parabolé = juxtaposition, application curve formed by the intersection of alone by a plane parallel to a side A335 of the cone PARADIGM (gram.) example paradīgma – Gr. parádeigma = example, f. of the inflexions paradeiknúnai = show side by side, f. para- + of a class of deiknúnai = show A335 words PARADOX statement or tenet paradoxum, -doxon, sb. use of n. of contrary to paradoxus – Gr. parádoxos, f. para- + dóxa = received opinon; opinion proposition on the face of it self- A335 contradictory PARALYSIS L. – Gr. parálusis, f. paralúesthai = be loosened or disabled at the side, pass. of A335 paralúein, f. para- + lúein = loosen PARASITE one who obtains parasītus – Gr. parásītos = one who eats at hospitality etc. by the table of another, toady, f. para- + sitos = A336 obsequiousness food PARENTHESIS qualifying matter L. – Gr. parénthesis, f. parentithénai = place introduced into a in besides A336 passage PARIETAL (anat.) pert. ot the parietālis, f. pariēs, pariet- = wall, partition wall of the body wall A337, B350 or a bodily organ PARODY sb. parōdia or Gr. parōidíā = burlesque poem or A337 song, f. para- + ōidé = song, poem PARONOMASIA L. – Gr. paronomasíā, f. para- + onomasíā = naming after paronomázein = alter slightly in A337 naming, f. para- + ónoma = name

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PARSIMONY stinginess parsimōnia, f. pars-, pp. stem of parcere = A338 refrain, spare PARTIBLE divisible partībilis, f. partīrī = divide, part A338 PARTICIPATE f. pp. stem of participāre, f. particepts, -cip- = taking part, f. pars, part- = part + cip-, A338 weakened form of cap- of capere = take PARTICLE (gram.) particula, dim. of pars, part- = part A338 PARTURIENT about to bring parturiēns, -ent-, prp. of parturīre = be in forth labour, inceptive, f. part-, pp. stem of parere A338 = bring forth PATENT (gen.) open, patēns, -ent-, prp. of patēre = lie open A340 manifest PAUPER pauper = poor A341 PECULIAR individual, pecūliāris = not held in common with others, particular; sb. f. pecūlium = property, f. pecu = herd parish or church independent of the jurisdiction of the A342 ordinary PECUNIARY pecūniārius, f. pecūnia = money, orig. riches A342 in cattle, f. pecu = herd PENATES household gods of Penātēs, pl. f. penus = provision of food A343 the Romans PENETRATE f. pp. stem of penetrāre = place within, enter within, f. penitus = inner, inmost, into the A344 inmost recesses PENINSULA pæninsula, f. pæne = almost + insula = island A344 PENTAMETER L. – Gr. pentámetros, -on, sb. uses of m. and A344 n. of adj., f. penta- = five + métron = metre PENTATEUCH the first five pentateuchus – Gr. pentáteukhos, sb. use of books of the O.T. adj. , f. penta- = five + teukhos = implement, A344 vessel, book PERCUSSION striking of one percussiō, -ōn-, f. pp. stem of percutere = body by another strike or thrust through, f. per- + quatere = A345, B405 strike, dash, shake PEREGRINATE travel (abroad) f. pp. stem of peregrīnārī = sojourn or travel A345 abroad, f. peregrīnus = foreign PEREGRINE foreign, peregrīnus = foreign, f. pereger = that is outlandish abroad or on a journey, f. per- + ager = A345 territory, country PERFIDY perfidia, f. perfidus = treacherous, f. per- + A346 fīdēs = faith PERFORATE make a hole f. pp. stem of perforāre, f. per- + forāre = A346 through bore, pierce PERFUNCTORY done or acting perfunctōrius = careless, negligent, f. merely by way of perfunct-, pp. stem of perfungī = perform,

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duty discharge, get rid of, f. per- + fungī = perform A346 PERICARDIUM L. – Gr. perikárdion = pod, husk, shell, f. A346 peri- + kárdiā = heart PERICRANIUM L. – Gr. perikránion, sb. sue of n. of A346 perikránios = round the skull PERIPATETIC (member) of the peripatēticus – Gr. peripatētikós, f. peripatein school of = walk up and down, f. peri- + patein = tread philosophy founded by Aristotle, who taught in a perípatos = walking place in the Lyceum at A346, B363 Athens PERIPHERY boundary of a peripherīa – Gr. periphéreia, f. peripherés = A346 rounded surface revolving round, f. peri- + phérein = bear PERIPHRASIS L. – Gr. períphrasis, f. peri- + phrázein, f. A346 peri- + phrázein = declare PERITONEUM peritonæum, -ēum – Gr. peritōnaion, -eion, sb. use of n. of peritónaios, f. perítonos = A346 stretched around, f. peri- + tonos = stretched PERLUSTRATE travel through and f. pp. stem of perlūstrāre, f. per- + lūstrāre = A347 survey purify, pass in review, f. lūstrum = lustre PERNICIOUS perniciōsus, f. perniciēs = destruction, f. per- A347 + nex, nec- = death, destruction PERPEND (arch.) ponder perpendere = weigh exactly, consider, f. per- A347 + pendere = weigh PERPETRATE f. pp. stem of perpetrāre = perform, f. per- + patrāre = bring about, lit. perform or execute A347 as father, f. pater, patr- = father PERQUISITE casual profits or perquīsītum = acquisition, sb. use of n. of pp. emoluments of perquīrere = search diligently for, f. per- + A347 quærere = seek PERSIST continue firmly in persistere, f. per- + sistere = stand A347 a state, etc. PERSPECTIVE art of drawing so perspectīva, sb. use of fem. of perspectīvus, f. as to give the perspect-, pp. stem of perspicere = look at effect of sollidity closely, f. per- + specere = look A347 and relative size PERSUADE induce to believe persuādēre, f. per- + suādēre = advise, or act in a certain recommend way; †induce belief in or practice of, A348 commend PERUSE read through AL. perūsāre, perūsitāre = use up, f. per- + ūsāre, ūsitārī = use often, frequent. f. ūs- = A348 use

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PETROLEUM mineral oil, f. petra = rock + oleum = oil A348 occurring in rocks PHALANX line of battle L. – Gr. phálagx A349 PHAROS lighthouse appelative use of Pharos – Gr. Pháros = name of an island of Alexandria on which A349 stood a famous lighthouse PHILIPPIC (pl.) name of the philippicus – Gr. Philippikós, f. Phílippos orations of Demosthenes against Philip II, king of Macedon; hence applied to Cicero’s orations against Mark Anthony, and gen. to any invective or denunciatory A349 speech PHRASE style of phrasis – Gr. phrásis = speech, manner of expression, speaking, f. phrázein = indicate, declare, tell diction; small group of words in a sentence; pithy A350 expression PIA MATER delicate innermost L. tr. Arab. al-umm ar-rakīka = the thin or of the three tender mother meninges of the brain and spinal A351 cord PICA (typogr.) size of transf. use of pica = almanac for the A351 printing type recitation of divine service PICTURE visual impression, pictūra = painting, f. pict-, pp. stem of mental image; pingere = paint, embroider graphic A352 description PILCH saddle pad pellicia = cloak, for pellicea, f. pellis = skin A352 PIN (pl.) legs; skittles pinna = applied to varous objects likened to a A353 wing or feather PINASTER pine tree of south- pīnaster, f. pīnus = pine A353 western Europe PINE be consumed with pēna, pœna A353 longing PIRATE marauder pīrāta – Gr. peirātés, f. peiran = attempt, A354 attack, peira = attempt, trial, f. per- as in peril PLACABLE capable of being plācābilis, f. plācāre = be pleasing, pp. stem A355, B376 appeased, mild of plācāt- PLACET vote of assent placet = it pleases, 3rd sg. pres. ind. of A355 placēre = please

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PLAGAL (mus.) pert. to an plagālis, f. plaga = plagal mode, f. plagius – ecclesiastical Gr. plágios = oblique, f. plágos = side mode having its sounds comprised between the dominant and its A355 octave PLAGIARY †adj. plagiarizing plagiārius = kidnapper, literary thief, f. plagium = man-stealing, kidnapping – Gr. A355 plágion PLAINSONG music composed tr. cantus plānus = plain song in the medival modes and in free rhythm; simple A356 musical theme PLATONIC pert. to Plato, Platōnicus – Gr. Platōnikós, f. Plátōn A357 Greek philosopher PLAUSIBLE †laudable; plausibilis, f. plaus- pp. stem of plaudere = †acceptable, clap hands in approval agreeable; having an appearance of A357 truth or value PLEBEIAN pert. to, a member plēbēius, f. plēbs, plēb- = commonalty of of, the Roman ancient Rome A357 plebs PLENARY plēnārius, f. plēnus = full A357 PLETHORA (path.) condition plēthōra – Gr. plēthórē = fullness, repletion, marked by f. pléthein = be full overfullness of A357 blood, etc. PLUPERFECT f. plūs quam perfectum = more than perfect A358 PLUS verbal rendering plūs = more A359 of the sign + POLE each extremity polus = end of an axis – Gr. pólos = pivot, (north and south) axis of the earth’s axis; each of two opposite points on surface of magnet at which magnetic forces are A360 manifested POLITE refined polītus, pp. of polīre = polish A360 POLLEN †fine flour pollen = flour, fine powder, rel. pulvis = A360 powder POLYPUS †hydra, octopus, L. – Gr. pólupos, var. of Attic polúpous = A361 etc. cuttle-fish, f. polús = poly + poús = foot

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POMACE mash of crushed pōmācium = cider (f. pōmum = apple) apples in cider- A361 making POPPET †puppet pūpa, puppa = girl, doll A362 POSSE potentiality (often posse = be able; from scholastic terminology in phr. in p. = A363 potential(ly) POSTERIOR latter; sb. posterior, compar. of posterus = following, A364 †descendants future, f. post = after POSTULATE †demand postulātum, sb. use of n. pp. of postulāre , A364 prob. f. base of poscere = demand POULTICE soft mass of pl. pultes, later taken as sg. puls, pult- = bread, etc. applied pottage, pap as an emollient, A365 etc. PRAXIS practice, exercise L. – Gr. praxis = doing, action, f. prāk- , base A366 of prássein = do PRECESSION (astron.) of the præcessiō, -ōn-, f. præcēdere = precede A366 equinoxes PRECURSOR præcursor, f. præcurrere , f. præ = pre + A366 currere = run PREDATORY prædātōrius, f. prædātor = plunderer, f. A366 prædārī = plunder, f. præda = booty, plunder PREDIAL pert. to land or prædiālis, f. prædium = farm, estate, f. præs, A367 farms præd- = surety, bondsman PREDICAMENT class, category, prædicāmentum, f. prædicāre = preach A367 situation PREDICANT sb. preacher prædicāns, -ant-, prp. of prædicāre = preach A367 PREDICATE (logic and gram.) prædicātum, n. pp. of prædicāre = proclaim, that which is declare; predicate also præ = pre- + dīcāre = asserted of the say, speak A367 subject PRE-EMPTION purchase before præemptiō, -ōn-, f. præemere, -empt-, f. præ an opportunity is = pre- + emere = buy A367 offered to others PRELECTION public lecture in a prælectiō, -ōn-, f. præ = pre- + lectiō, -ōn-, f. college or lect-, pp. stem of legere = read, orig. gather, A367 university choose PREMATURE occurring before præmātūrus = very or too early, f. præ = pre- A367 the time + mātūrus = mature PREMEDITATE f. pp. stem of præmeditārī, f. præ = pre- + meditārī, frequent. f. IE. med- mēd- mod- = A367 measure PREOCCUPY occupy or engage f. pre- + occupy, after præoccupāre = seize A367 in advance beforehand PREPOSTEROUS inverted in præposterus = before-behind, reserved, out of position; contrary order or season, f. præ + posterus = to nature or following, future, f. post = after

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A368 reason PRESBYTER elder in the early presbyter – Gr. presbúteros = in N. T. elder Christian church; of the Jewish sanhedrin, elder of the apostolic Christian minister church of the second A368 order PRESCRIBE lay down as an præscrībere, f. præ = pre- + scrībere = write injunction; order the use of (a A368 medicine) PRETEXT prætextus = outward display, f. prætext-, pp. stem of prætexere = weave in front, border, A369 disguise, f. præ = pre- + textere = weave PREVARICATE †swerve from the f. pp. stem of prævāricārī = go crookedly, right course deviate from the right path, practise collusion, transgress, f. præ = pre- + vārīcāre = spread the legs apart, straddle, f. vārus = knock- A369 kneed PREVENT anticipate with f. prævent-, pp. stem of prævenīre = precede, guidance; forstall anticipate, hinder, f. præ = pre- + venīre = by previous come A369 measures, hinder PRIMARY of the first rank prīmārius = chief, principal, f. prīmus = A369 prime PRIME choicest or finest prīma = first A369 part, time, etc. PRISM (geom.) solid prisma – Gr. prisma, -mat- = lit. thing sawn, figure of which f. prízein = saw the two ends are similar, equal, and parallel rectilinear figures and the sides A370 parallelograms PROBE blunt instrument proba = proof, examination, f. probāre = test, for exploring prove A371 wounds, etc. PROCLIVITY prōclīvitās, f. prōclīvis = inclined, f. pro- + A371 clīvus = slope PROCRASTINATE f. pp. stem of prōcrāstināre, f. pro- + crāstinus = belonging to tomorrow, f. crās = A371 tomorrow PROCREATE f. pp. stem of prōcreāre, f. pro- + creāre = A371 create PRODIGAL prōdigālis, f. prōdigus = lavish, rel. to prōdigere = drive forward, cast before one, squander, f. prōd-, var. of pro- + agere = A371 drive PRODIGY †omen, portent prōdigium, f. prōd-, var. of pro- + an el. of A371 uncert. orig. 156

PRODUCE bring into prōdūcere, f. pro- + dūcere = lead existence; extend A371 in length PROFICIENT † making prōficiēns, -ent-, prp. of prōficere = advance, progress; that has pro- + facere = do made progress in A372 learning PROFLIGATE †overthrown; prōflīgātus = ruined, dissolute, pp. of abandoned to vice prōflīgāre = cast down, ruin, f. pro- + base A372 glīg- = beat PROGRESS forward prōgressus, f. pp. stem of prōgredī = go movement forward, f. pro- + gradī = step, walk, go, f. A372 gradus = step PROJECT †conception, prōiectum, n. of pp. of prōicere = throw A372 notion forth, expel, f. pro- + iacere = throw PROLEPSIS anticipation, esp. prolēpsis – Gr. prólepsis, f. prolambánein = as techn. device in anticipate, f. pro- + lambánein = take A372 reth. and gram. PROLONG lengthen in space prōlongāre, f. pro- + longus = long A372 PROMINENT projecting prōminēns, -ent-, prp. of prōminēre = jut out, A373 f. pro- + base of mōns = mount PROMONTORY prōmontōrium, alt. of prōmunturium, gen. considered to be f. prō = pro and deriv. of A373 mōns PROMOTE further in growth f. prōmōt-, pp. stem of prōmovēre = move A373 forward PROMULGATE f. pp. stem of prōmulgāre = expose to public view, f. pro- + base of mulgēre = milk, cause A373 to issue forth, bring to light PRONE bending forward prōnus, f. prō = forward A373 and downward PROPAGATE multiply f. pp. stem of prōpāgāre = multiply by specimens of; means of layers or slips cause to increase A373 or spread PROPENSITY prōpensus = inclining, inclined, pp. of A373 prōpendēre, f. pro- + pendēre = hang PROSCRIBE post up the name prōscrībere = publish in writing, f. pro- + (of a person) as scrībere = write A374 condemned PROSECUTE carry on; institute f. prōsecūt-, pp. stem of prōsequī = pursue, legal proceedings accompany, f. pro- + sequī = follow A374 against PROSOPOPOEIA (rhet.) figure by L. – Gr. prosōpopoiíā = representaion in which an human form, f. prósōpon = face, person + imaginary or poiein = make absent person is represented as acting;

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A374 personification PROSTHESIS (philol.) addition L. – Gr. prósthesis, f. prostithénai = add, f. of a letter or prós = to syllable at the beginning of a A374 word PROSTITUTE †adj. offered or prōstitūtus, pp. of prōstituere = expose exposed to lust publicly, offer for sale, prostitute, f. pro- + A374 statuere = set up, place PROTECT f. prōtect-, pp. stem of prōtegere = cover in A374 front, f. pro- + tegere = cover PROTEUS (Gr. and Roman L. – Gr. Proteús myth.) sea-god fabled to change his shape, transf. A374 and fig. PROTRACT lengthen out; f. prōtract-, pp. stem of prōtrahere = prolong, A375 draw to scale defer, also f. pro- + trahere = draw PROXIMATE immediately proximātus, pp. of proximāre = approach, f. adjacent proximus = nearest, superl. of proqe, var. of A375 prope = near PROXY document prōcūrātia, rep. prōcūrātiō = procuration authorizing a person to act for A375 another PUBLISH issue copies of (a pūblicāre = make public, f. pūblicus = public book, etc.) to the A376 public PULP fleshy part of pulpa A377 fruit, etc. PULVERIZE reduce to powder pulverizāre, f. pulvis, pulver- = dust, powder A377 PUNGENT pungēns, -ent-, prp. of pungere = prick A378 PURITAN Protestant who pūritāts = purity aimed at further purification of Reformed doctrine and A378 practice PURULENT of the nature of purulentus, f. pūs, pūr- = pus A379 pus PUS pūs, pūr = pus A379 PUSILLANIMOUS pūsillanimis, f. pūsillus = very small, weak (f. pūsus = boy, rel. to puer = boy) + animus = A379 mind PYRAMID monumental (esp. pyramis, -id- – Gr. puramís, - id- Egyptian) structure with

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polygonal base and sloping sides meeting in an apex; pile of this A379 shape PYRETHRUM pellitory of Spain L. – Gr. púrethron = feverfew A379 PYRITES †fire-stone; pyrītēs – Gr. purítēs sb. use of adj. = pert. to A380 sulphide of iron fire, f. pur = fire PYRRHIC war-dance of pyrricha or Gr. purrhíkhē, said to be named A380 ancient Greeks from the inventor, Púrrhikhos PYTHON (Gr. myth.) huge Pȳ thōn – Gr. Púthōn serpent slain by Apollo near A380 Delphi PYX box at the Royal pyxis – Gr. puxís = box Mint in which gold and silver coins are deposited to be A380 tested

Q QUAERE one may ask, it is a L. imper. of quærere = ask, inquire question; question, A381 query QUARTO size of paper orig. in phr. in quarto = in a fourth produced by folding a whole sheet twice so as to form four leaves A382 (8 pages) QUERULOUS querulus or querulōsus, f. querī = complain A382 QUIDDITY subtlety, quibble quidditās, f. quid = what A383 QUID PRO QUO (in apothecaries’ quid = something, prō = for, quō (abl. of language) one quid) = something thing in place of another; one thing in return for A383 another, tit for tat QUIETUS discharge or short for quiētus est = he is quit A383 acquittance QUIP sharp or sarcastic prob. abbrev. of †quippy, perh. quippe = A384 remark indeed, forsooth QUONDAM former adj. use of quondam = formerly (orig. ‘at any given moment’), f. quom = when + A385 generalizing particle -dam QUOTE cite or refer to; quotāre = number, f. quot = how many, or

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A385 †note quota = quota

R RADIAL radiālis, f. radius A386 RADICAL (math., philol. radicālis, f. rādīx, rādīc- = root etc.) pert. to a root or radix; inherent, A386 fundamental RADIUS †staff of a cross radius = staff, spoke, ray, radius of a circle, A386 of the arm RADIX (chiefly techn.) rādīx = root of a plant A386 root, basis RAMPION species of bell f. some var. of the Rom. forms derived from A388 flowers rapuncium, rapontium RANUNCULUS crowfoot, rānunculus = little frog, tadpole, medicinal A388 buttercup plant, dim. of rāna = frog RAPT transported with raptus, pp. of rapere = seize emotion, plunged A388 in thought RARE uncommon rārus A389 RATIOCINATION ratiōcinātiō, -ōn-, f. ratiōcinārī = calculate, deliberate, f. ratiō, -ōn- = reckoning, judgment, understanding, reasoning, method, motive, f. rat-, pp. stem of rērī = think, A389 reckon RATIONAL based on or pert. ratiōnālis, f. ratiō, -ōn- = reckoning, to reason judgment, understanding, reasoning, method, motive, f. rat-, pp. stem of rērī = think, A389 reckon REAL actually existing reālis, f. rēs = thing or present that is truly what its A391 name implies RECANT recantāre = recall, revoke, f. re- + cantāre = A391 sing, chant RECAPITULATE f. pp. stem of recapitulāre, f. re- + capitulum A391 = section of a writing, chapter RECIPE sb. formula for a recipe, imper. sg. of recipere = receive medical A392 prescription RECIPROCAL done in return; reciprocus = moving backwards and inversely related forwards, alternating recoprocos, f. recos + A392 procos, f. re- and pro = RECLINE (of a dial) incline reclīnāre = bend back, lay aside, recline, f. A392, B229 from the vertical re- + clīnāre = lean RECOGNITION acknowledgement recognitiō, -ōn-, f. recognit-, pp. stem of as true or valid recognoscere = examine, recognize, f. re- + congnoscere = get to know, investigate, f. co-

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A392 + gnōscere = know RECOLLECT call back to one’s f. recollect-, pp. stem of recolligere = collect mind; †collect; again, f. re- + colligere = collect A392 collect again RECTUM rēctum, n. of rēctus = straight A393 RECUPERATE †recover, regain f. pp. stem of recuperāre, f. re- + cup- (as in A393 occupāre = occupy) RECUSANT Roman Catholic recūsāns, -ant-, prp. of recūsāre = refuse, f. who refused to re- + causa = cause attend services of the Church of A393 England REDUCE diminish redūcere = bring back, restore, replace, f. re- A393 + dūcere = lead, bring REDUPLICATE make double or f. pp. stem of reduplicāre, f. re- + duplicāre = A394 twofold duplicate REFRIGERATE cause to become f. pp. stem of refrīgerāre, f. re- + frīgus, A395 cold frīgor- = cold REFULGENT prp. of refulgēre, f. re- + fulgēre = shine A395 REFUTE †refuse; prove in refūtāre = repel, rebut, f. re- + fūt- A395 error, disprove REGENERATE cause to be born f. pp. stem of regenerāre, f. re- + generāre, f. again or genus, gener- = genus A395 reproduced REGULUS (astron.) bright dim. of rēx, rēg- = king star in Leo; †metallic antimony, app. so called from its ready combination with gold; metallic part of a A396 mineral REHABILITATE restore to former f. pp. stem of rehabilitāre, re- + habilitāre, f. A396 status habilitās = ability REITERATE f. reiterāt-, f. re- + iterāre = repeat A396 RELAPSE vb. relaps-, pp. stem of relabī, f. re- + labī = slip A396 RELATE give an account f. stem of relātus, fuctioning as pp. of referre of; (leg.) refer = refer A396 back RELAX free from legal relaxāre, f. re- + laxus = lax A396 restraint RELEGATE send into exile f. pp. stem of relēgāre = send away, refer, f. A397 re- + lēgāre = send RELENT grow gentle or relentāre, f. re- + lentāre = bend, soften, f. A397 forgiving lentus = flexible

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RELEVANT pertinent to relevāns, -ant-, prp. of relevāre = raise up, A397 relieve RELICT †relic; pl. remains relictus, n. sg. -um, n. pl. -a, pp. of relinquere A397 = leave behind, relinquish REMAND send a prisoner remandāre = send back word, repeat a into custody command, f. re- + mandāre = command, send A397 word REMANET †remainder L. = there or it remains, 3rd sg. pres. ind. of A397 remanēre = remain REMINISCENCE reminiscentia, f. reminiscī = remember, f. re- A397 + men- = revolve in the mind, think REMIT put back remittere = send back, slacken, relax, A397 postpone, f. re- + mittere = put, send REMONSTRATE †demonstrate f. pp. stem of remōnstrāre = demonstrate, f. A398 re- + mōnstrāre = show REMORA sucking-fish remora = delay, hindrance, f. re- + mora = A398 delay REMUNERATE f. pp. stem of remūnerārī, f. re- + mūnerāre, - A398 ārī, f. mūnus, mūner- = gift, reward RENEGUE deny, renounce; renegāre, f. re- + negāre = deny A398 refuse RENOVATE f. pp. stem of renovāre, f. re- + novāre = A398 make new, f. novus = new REPERCUSSION †repulsion, f. re- + percussiō, -ōn-, f. pp. stem of repulse, recoil; percutere = strike or thrust through, f. per- + A399, B405 reverberation quatere = shake, strike, dash REPERTORY †index, list; repertōrium, f. repert-, pp. stem of reperīre = storehouse, find A399 repository REPOSE place (trust) in f. re- + pose, after repōnere, f. re- + ponere = A399 place REPROBATE rejected by God; reprobātus, pp. of reprobāre = disapprove, f. of abandoned re- + probāre = approve, prove A399 chraracter; sb. REPUDIATE put away (a wife); f. pp. stem of repudiāre, f. repudium = A399 reject divorce REPULSE driving back; repulsus, repulsa, f. pp. stem of repellere = A400 refusal, rejection repel RESCRIPT decretal epistle rescriptum = imperial decision, sb. use of n. from the Pope in of pp. rescriptus of rescrībere = reply in reply to a writing to a petition, etc., f. re- + scrībere = question; edict, write A400 decree RESTRICT f. restrict-, pp. stem of restringere = confine, A401 bind fast, f. re- + stringere = draw tight RESURGE rise again resurgere, f. re- + surgere = rise A401 RESUSCITATE f. pp. stem of resuscitāre, f. re- + suscitāre = raise, revive, f. sus- = sub- + citāre = put in A401 motion, excite 162

RETICULAR resembling or f. rēticulum = reticule constructed like a A402 net RETORT repay, requite; f. retort-, pp. stem of retorquēre, f. re- + A402 cast back torquēre = twist RETRACT †restraint, f. retract-, pp. stem of retrahere, f. re- + A402 withdraw trahere = draw RETRIBUTION recompense for retribūtiō, -ōn-, f. retribuere, f. re- + tribuere A402 evil = assign RETROGRADE tending or retrōgradus, f. retro- + gradus = step inclined to go A402 backwards REVERBERATE †beat or drive f. pp. stem of reverberāre, f. re- + verberāre back; re-echo; = strike, beat, f. verbera = rods, scourge A402 intr. RHAPSODY epic poem or part rhapsōdia – Gr. rhapsōidíā, f. rhapsōidós = of one suitable for rhapsodist, f. rháptein = stitch + ōidé = song recitation at one time; †miscellany, A403 medley RHETOR (professional) rethor, var. of rhētor – Gr. rhétōr A403 orator RIGID not pliant or rigidus, f. rigēre = be stiff A405, B423 yielding; strict RISIBLE inclined to risibilis, f. rīs, pp. stem of rīdēre = laugh A406 laughter RIVAL sb. rīvālis = one who uses the same stream with A406 another, f. rīvus = stream ROGUE one of a class of prob. †roger = begging vagabond pretending vagrants; to be a poor scholar from Oxford or unprincipled man; Cambridge; f. rogāre = ask, beg mischievous A407 person ROSTRUM platform for rōstrum = beak, snout, etc. f. rōdere = gnaw public speakers in ancient Rome, adorned with beaks of captured A408 ships RUMINATE meditate (upon); f. pp. stem of rūminārī, -āre, f. rūmen, rūmin- A410 chew the cud = throat, gullet, first stomach of a ruminant RUSTIC sb. countryman, rūsticus, f. rūs = country A411 peasant

S SABBATH the Lord’s Day, sabbatum – Gr. sábbaton – Heb. šabbāth, f. A412 Sunday šābath = rest SABBATICAL pert. to the sabbaticus – Gr. sabbatikós, f. sábbaton – Sabbath; pert. to Heb. = rest the seventh year 163

prescribed by Mosaic law to be observed as a A412 Sabbath SALIENT leaping (first in saliēns, -ent-, prp. of salīre = leap A414 her.) SALUBRIOUS salūbris, f. salūs = health A415 SANDARAC realgar sandaraca – Gr. sandarák(h)ē A416 SANIES saniēs A416 SATIATE †satisfy f. pp. stem of satiāre, f. satis = enough A418 SATURATE †satisfy, satiate f. pp. stem of saturāre, f. satur = full, satiated A418 SCABROUS fig. harsh f. scaber, scabr-, f. scabiēs = roughness, f. A419 scabere = scratch, scrape SCALE (mus.) series of scāla = usu. pl. steps, staircase, ladder, f. base A419 graduated sounds of scandere = climb SCAN †criticize, test; scandere = climb, measure (verses) examine or consider closely; †interpret; A420 †discern SCARAB beetle scarabæus – Gr. kárabos = stag beetle A420 SCENE apparatus for scēna, scæna = stage, scene – Gr. skēné = setting forth the tent, stage, scene, rel. to skiá = shadow action of a play; division of an act of a play; place of an action; †stage A421 performance SCHEME †figure of rhetoric schēma – Gr. schema = form, figure A421 SCHOLASTIC pert. to the scholasticus – Gr. skholastikós = studious, schoolmen learned, sb. scholar, f. skholázein = be at leisure, devote one’s leisure to learning, f. A421 skhlolé = leisure SCHOLIUM, PL. explanatory note, L. – Gr. skhólion, f. skholé = learned -IA comment discussion A422 SCRIBE secretary, clerk; scrība = official or public writer, f. scrībere = copyist, write, trace characters A424 transcriber SCROTUM scrōtum (scrautum = skin sheath for arrows) A424 SCRUTATOR one who scrūtātor, f. scrūtārī = search, examine, f. examines closely scrūta = trash, rubbish; the orig. application being to the rummaging of rag-pickers or the

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A425 searching of persons SCURRILOUS coarsely f. synon. †scurrile, f. scurrīlis, f. scurra = opprobrious or buffoon A425, B443 jocullar SECRETARY minister at the sēcrētārius = confidential officer, sb. use of head of a adj. f. sēcrētus = secret department of A426 state SECTOR plane figure sector (agent-noun of secāre = cut) contained by two radii and the arc of a curve intercepted by them; instrument invented by Thomas Hood for the mechanical solution of mathematical A426 problems SECULAR occurring once in sæculāris, f. sæculum = generation, age A427 an age SECURE (arch.) feeling no sēcūrus, f. se- + cūra = care A427 care; safe, certain SEDULOUS diligent or f. sēdulus = eager, zealous, f. sēdulō = persistent in zealously, carefully, for sē dolō = without A427 application guile, with zeal SEGMENT sb. segmentum, f. sec- stem of secāre = cut A427 SEGREGATE f. pp. stem of sēgregāre, f. se- + grex, greg- = A427 flock SELECT specially chosen, sēlectus, pp. of sēligere = choose out, f. se- + A428 picked legere = collect, choose SELENITE suplhate of lime selēnītēs – Gr. selēnítēs, f. selénē = moon; so or gypsum called because supposed to wax and wane A428 with the moon SEMINARY place of sēminārium, sb. use of n. of sēminārius, f. production, sēmen, sēmin- = seed cultivation, or A428 education SENARIUS (pros.) iambic sēnārius, sb. use of adj., f. sēnī = six each, f. A428 trimeter sex = six SENIOR that ranks higher senior, compar. of senex = old A429 SENNA (leaflets of) the sen(n)a – Arab. sanā A429 cassia plant SENSE faculty of sēnsus = faculty of feeling, sensibility, mode perception or of feeling, thought, meaning, f. sēns-, pp. sensation; actual stem of sentīre = feel perception or

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A429 feeling SEPIA cuttlefish sēpia – Gr. sēpíā A429 SEPS very venomous sēps – Gr. séps, base of sépein = rot A429 serpent SERENE (of weather, etc.) serēnus = clear, fair, calm clear and calm; honorific epithet A430 of a prince SEROUS pert. to serum serōsus, f. serum A430, B449 SERVICE tree of the genus sorbea, f. sorbus = service tree A431 Sorbus SESTERCE ancient Roman sestertius = that is two and a half, f. sēmis = A431 coin half + tertius = third SETON issue created by a sētō, -ōn-, app. f. sētā = bristle, silk thread etc. drawn through a fold of A431 the skin SHAMBLES slaughter-house scamellum, dim. of scamnum = bench A433 SIDERAL pert. to the stars sīderālis, f. sīdus, sīder- = constellation, star A438 SINCERE sincērus A439 SINCIPUT (anat.) front part sinciput, for senciput, f. sēmi- = half, semi- + A439 of the skull caput = head SINE (math.) one of the sinus = bend, fold of toga, bosom three trigonometrical A439 functions SINISTER unlucky, sinister = left A440, B461 unfavourable SINUOUS marked by turns sinuōsus – sinus = semicircular fold, bosom, A440, B461 or bends bay SINUS (path.) abscess, sinus = semicircular fold, bosom, bay A440 etc. SITUATE situated situātus, f. situs = site A441 SOCK shoe worn by soccus – Gr. súkkhos, sukkhás comic actors on the Greek and A447 Roman stage SODA sodium carbonate perh. back-formation f. sodānum = glasswort, A447 based on Arab. = headache SOLIFIDIAN (theol.) one who f. sōli-, comb. form of sōlus = sole + fides = holds that faith faith alone is sufficient A448 for justification SOLVE explain, clear up; solvere = unfasten, free, pay, for seluere, f. se

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A449 clear off (a debt) = se- + luere = pay SOPORIFEROUS producing sleep f. sopōrifer, f. sopor, -ōr- = sleep A450 SORGHUM Indian millet L. – It. sorgo, perh. Rom. syricum A450 SORITES (logic) chain sōrītēs – Gr. sōrítēs, f. sōrós = heap syllogism, in which the conclusion is formed of the first subject and the A450 last predicate SOT habitual drunkard sottus A450 SPARTAN adj. Spartānus, f. Sparta (Gr. Spartā) A452 SPATULA flat elongated var. of spathula, dim. of spatha = spathe A452 implement SPECIES outward form; speciēs, f. spec- of specere = look, behold A452 kind SPHINCTER (anat.) muscular L. – Gr. sphigktēr = band, contractile muscle, ring normally f. sphíggein = bind tight A453 closing an orifice SPHINX (Gr. myth.) L. – Gr. Sphígx, f. sphíggein = bind tight hybrid monster which propounded a riddle; figure of creature having a human head and breast with a lion’s body; A453 inscrutable being SPIGNEL (aromatic root of) spigurnella Meum A453 athamanticum SPIKE inflorescence of spīca, -us, -um sessile flowers on a long axis; A453 lavender SPINAL pert. to the spine spīnālis A453 SPURIOUS illegitimate f. spurius = illegitimate, false A456 SQUALID repulsively foul squālidus, f. squālēre = be dry, rough, dirty A456 STADIUM ancient Greek and L. – Gr. stádion, earlier spádion = racecourse, Roman measure f. span = draw A457 of length STATE commonwealth; status = manner of standing, condition, f. base body politic, of stāre = stand

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territory A459 belonging thereto STELLAR stellāris, f. stella =star A461 STERNUTATION (act of) sneezing sternūtātiō, -ōn-, f. sternūtāre, frequent. of A462 sternuere = sneeze STIGMA (arch.) mark L. – Gr. stígma, -mat- = mark made by a branded pointed instrument, brand, f. stig-, as in stízein A462 = prick STOIC pert. to the school stōicus – Gr. stōikós, f. stoá = the Porch in of philosophers which Zeno taught at Athens founded by Zeno; A463 sb. STOLID stolidus, poss. rel. to stultus = foolish A464, B496 STRAP leather band var. of struppus, stroppus A465 STRENUOUS vigorous; ardently f. strēnuus = brisk, active, valiant A466 energetic STRIA (arch.) fillet stria = furrow, grooving between flutes of A466 columns, etc. STRICT †tight, close; strictus, pp. of stringere = draw tight restricted in space, narrow; (techn.) straight and stiff; in various non- physical senses close, intricate; A466 rigorous, exact STRIGIL instrument for strigilis, f. strig-, base of stringere = touch A466 scraping the skin lightly STRUMA (path.) scrofula strūma = scrofulous tumour A467 STRUMOUS strūmōsus, f. strūma = scrofulous tumour A467 STYGIAN pert. to the river f. Stygius – Gr. Stúgios, f. Stúx, Stug-, rel. to Styx (river of stugein = hate A468 Hell); infernal SUBALTERN of inferior status subalternus, f. sub- + alternus, f. alter = one A469 or other of two SUBJUNCTIVE (gram.) subjunctīvus, f. pp. stem of subiungere = A469, B240 subjoin SUBLIMATE †rise to a high f. pp. stem of sublīmāre, f. sublīmis, -us, f. A469 state sub- + līmen, līmin- = threshold SUBLUNARY existing or f. sublūnāris, f. sub- + lūna = moon situated beneath A469 the moon SUBORN procure by subornāre, f. sub- + ornāre = equip

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underhand or A469 unlawful means SUBSCRIBE intr. write to subscrībere, f. sub- + scrībere = write A469 SUBSIST exist as substance subsistere = stand still or firm, f. sub- + A469 or entity sistere = stand SUBSTITUTE †appoint as f. pp. stem of substituere, f. sub- + statuere = deputy or set up, establish, decree delegate; put one in place of A470 another SUBSUME †bring under, subsūmere, f. sub- + sūmere = take subjoin; state a A470 minor premiss SUBTEND (geom.) extend subtendere, f. sub- + tendere = stretch, under, be opposite extend, aim at A470 to SUBTRACT †withdraw; f. substract-, pp. stem of subtrahere, f. sub- + A470 deduct trahere = draw SUCCINT adj. brief and succintus, pp. of succingere, f. sub- + cingere A470 concise = gird SUCCUBUS demon in female succubus, m. form with fem. meaning; corr. to form having succuba, f. sub- + cub- = lie down intercourse with A470 men SUFFOCATE f. pp. stem of suffocāre, f. suf- = sub- + faucēs A471 = throat SUFFRAGE vote suffrāgium, partly through F. suffrage A471 SUFFUSE overspread as suffūs-, pp. stem of suffundere, f. suf- = sub- + with fluid, colour, fundere = pour A471 etc. SUGGEST f. suggest-, pp. stem of suggerere, f. sug- = A471 sub- + gerere = bear, carry, bring SUMMUM BONUM i.e. summum n. sg. of summus = highest, A472 bonum n. sg. of bonus = good SUMPTUARY pert. to sumptuārius, f. sumptus = expenditure, A472 expenditure expense, f. sūmere, sumpt- = consume, spend SUPERCILIOUS superciliōsus, f. supercilium = eyebrow, f. A473 super- + cilium = eyelid SUPEREROGATION performance of supererogātiō, -ōn-, f. supererogāre, f. super- good works + erōgāre = pay out, f. e- + rogāre = ask beyond what is A473 required SUPERFICIES surface f. super- + faciēs = face A473 SUPERFINE over-refined superfīnus, f. super- + fīnus = fine A473 SUPERNACULUM (drink) to the last tr. G. auf den nagel (trinken) = on to the nail A473 drop

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SUPERNATURAL supernātūrālis, f. super- + nātūra = nature A473 SUPERSUBSTANTI- spiritual; supersubstantiālis, tr. Gr. epioúsions (from AL transcending all the Bible) substance A473 SUPERVISE †survey f. supervīs-, pp. stem of supervidēre, f. super- A473 + vidēre = see SUPPRESS subdue (feelings, f. suppress-, pp. stem of supprimere, f. sub- + A474 etc.); keep secret premere = press SUPPURATE †cause to form f. pp. stem of suppūrāre, f. sub- + pūs = pus A474 pus SUPREME (poet.) loftiest, suprēmus, f. suprā topmost; higest in authority of rank; of the highest A474 quality or degree SURD (math.) irrational surdus = deaf, mute, silent, dull, indistict A474 SYBARITE Sybarīta – Gr. Subarítēs, f. Súbaris, ancient Greek city of S. Italy, noted for its effeminacy A477 and luxury SYCAMINE black mulberry sȳ camīnus –Gr. sūkámīnon, f. Heb. = A477 sycamore SYCOSIS ulcer or eruption sȳ cōsis – Gr. súkōsis, f. sukon A478 resembling a fig. SYLLEPSIS (gram.) figure by syllēpsis – Gr. súllēpsis, f. syl- + lepsis = which one word taking, f. lēb- lāb- lab-, base of lambánein = or form is made take to refer to two or more in the same sentence while strictly applying A478 to only one SYLVAN, SILVAN sb. inhabitant of silvānus, syl-, f. silva = wood the woods; adj. pert. to a wood or A478, B459 woods, wooded SYMBOL something that symbolum – Gr. súmbolon = mark, token, represents watchword, f. sym- + bol-, as in bolé, bólos = A478 something else a throw SYMPATHY affinity; sympathīa – Gr. sumpátheia, f. sumpathés = aggrement; having a fellow-feeling, f. sym- + path-, base conformity, of of páthos = feeling, pathos feelings or A478 temperament SYMPTOM symptōma – Gr. súmptōma = chance, accident, mischance, f. sumpíptein = fall A478 upon, happen to f. sym- + píptein = fall SYNAERESIS contraction of two synæresis – Gr. sunaíresis, f. syn- + hairein =

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A478 vowels take SYNCOPATION (gram.) syncopātiō, -ōn-, f. syncopāre, f. syncopē – contraction of a Gr. sugkhopé, f. syn- + kop- = strike, cut off word by elision of one or more syllables; (mus.) beginning a note on a normally unaccented part of the bar and continuing it into the normally A478 accented part SYNCOPE (path.) failure of syncopē – Gr. sugkhopé, f. syn- + kop- = the heart’s action; strike, cut off grammatical A478 syncopation SYNONYM synōnymum – Gr. sunónumon, sb. use of n. sg. A479 of sunónumos, f. syn- + ónuma = name SYSTOLE (physiol.) regular systolē – Gr. sustolé, f. sy- + stol- stel- = contraction of the place, after sustéllein = contract A479 heart and arteries

T TAENIA, TENIA band, fillet L. – Gr. tainíā A480 TALES writ for tālēs, pl. of tālis, such in phr. tales de summoning circumstantibus = such persons from those jurors; list of standing about persons so A481 summoned TAMARIND fruit of the tree tamarindus – Arab. tamr hidī = date of India Tamarindus A481 indica TANGENT (geom.) adj. tangēns, -ent-, prp.of tangere = touch touching at a A482 point; sb. TANTALIZE f. Tantalus, name of a mythical king of Phrygia condemned to stand in Tartarus up to his chin in water which receded as he stooped A482 to drink TARANTULA large wolf-spider L. – It. Tarantola, f. Taranto, where it is A482 of S. Europe commonly found TARRAGON repr. tragonia and tarchon (Gr. tarkhón – A483 Arab. drákōn) TAUTOLOGY tautologia – Gr. tautologíā, f. tautológos = repeating what has been said, f. tautó = the A484 same + lógos = saying TEMERARIOUS unreasonably bold f. temerārius = fortuitous, rash, f. temere = A485 or venturous blindly, rashly

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TEMPORAL pert. to the temporālis, f. tempus, tempor- = temple A486 temples TENACIOUS tenāx, tenāc-, f. tenēre = hold A486 TENUITY thinness, tenuitās, f. tenuis = thin A486 meagreness TERGIVERSATION desertion of a tergiversatiō, -ōn-, f. tergiversārī, f. tergum = cause; back + vers-, pp. stem of vertere = turn contradictory A487 behaviour TERRESTRIAL pert. to the earth f. terrestris, f. terra = earth A487 TETANUS spasm and L. – Gr. tétanos, f. base of teínein = stretch rigidity of the A488 muscles THEOREM general theōrēma – Gr. theórēma = speculation, proposition theory, proposition to be proved, f. theōrein = demonstrable by look at, f. theōrós = spectator A489, B526 argument THEORY mental theōria – Gr. theōríā = comntemplation, conception, speculation, sight, f. theōrós = spectator, f. scheme of thea-, base of theasthai = look upon, A489 thought contemplate THERIAC (arch.) antidote thēriaca, -cē – Gr. thēriaké, sb. use of fem. of adj. f. thēríon = wild beast, venomous animal, A490 dim. of thér = wild beast THESIS, PL. proposition, thesis – Gr. thésis = placing, setting, f. the- , THESES theme base of tithénai = place A490 THEURGY magic of the theūrgia – Gr. theourgíā, f. theós = god + - Egyptian ergos = working A490 Platonists THOMIST follower of Thōmista, f. Thōmās Thomas Aquinas, scholastic philosopher and A491 theologian THORAX (anat.) part of the thōrāx, – Gr. thórāx, -āk- = breastplate, body between the breast, chest neck and the A491 abdomen THRASONICAL given to boasting f. thrasō, -ōn- – Gr. Thrásōn, name of the braggart soldier in Terence’s Eunuchus, f. A491 thrasús = bold, resolute TIARA conical cap of tiāra – Gr. tiára, tiáras, partly through It. A493 ancient Persians tiara TINCTURE †imparted quality, tinctūra = dyeing, f. tinct-, pp. stem of tingere tinge; †(alch.) = dye, tinge supposed spiritual A494 principle

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TINTINNABULUM small tinkling bell f. tintinnāre, redupl. f. tinnīre = ring, tinkle A495 TITUBATE stagger, totter f. pp. stem of titubāre A496 TOGA rel. to tegere = cover A496 TOPHUS soft porous stone, tōphus esp. deposited by A498 calcareous springs TORPEDO (zool.) electric ray torpēdō, f. torpēre = be stiff or numb A498 TORUS, PL. TORI (archit.) large torus = swelling, round moulding A499 convex moulding TRACHEA (anat.) tube trāchēa, trāchīa – Gr. trākheia, fem. of extending from trākhús = rough the larynx to the A500 bronchi TRACT act of drawing or tractus, f. pp. stem of trahere = draw something drawn in various uses identical with those of trace and tract, now chiefly stretch or extend A500 of territory TRACTABLE tractābilis, f. tractāre = treat A500 TRADITION delivery, trāditiō, -ōn-, f. trādere = hand over, deliver, A500, B116 transmission f. trans- + dāre = give TRADUCE †transport; trādūcere, f. trāns- = trans- + dūcere = lead †translate; †transmit; propagate; speak A500 evil of TRANSACT †do business, f. transact-, pp. stem of transigere = drive treat through, accomplish, f. trans- + agere = A501 drive, do TRANSCEND †go beyond, tran(s)scendere = climb over, surmount, f. A501, B436 climb over trans- + scandere = climb TRANSCRIBE make a copy of transcrībere, f. trans- + scrībere = write A501 TRANSEPT transverse part of transeptum = cross division a cruciform church, either arm A501 of this TRANSFER make over by transferre, f. trans- + ferre = bear A501 legal process TRANSFIX impale upon a f. transfix-, pp.stem of transfigere, f. trans- + A501 sharp point figere = fix, fasten TRANSGRESS go beyond the transgress-, pp. stem of transgredī, f. trans- + bounds prescribed gradī = step 173

A501 by law, etc. TRANSIRE warrant transīre = pass over, f. trans- + īre = go permitting the passage of A501 merchandise TRANSLUCENT †shining through translūcēns, -ent-, prp. of trans- + lūcere = A501 shine TRANSMARINE that is beyond the transmarīnus, f. trans- + marīnus = marine A501 sea TRANSMIGRATION passage of the transmigrātiō, -ōn- = change of country, f. soul at death into trans- + migrāre, prob. based on mei-, change another body, A501 metempsychosis TRANSPIRE emit as vapour transpirāre, f. trans- + spirāre = breathe A502, B482 TRANSUBSTANTI- change of tran(s)substantiātiō, -ōn-, f. ATION substance spec. of tran(s)substantiāre the Eucharistic A502 bread and wine TRAPEZIUM (geom.) irregular L. – Gr. trapézion, f. trápeza = table, for quadrilateral tetra-peza, f. tetra = four; or trapezoidēs – Gr. A502 trapezoeidés TRIBRACH (pros.) foot of 3 tribrachys – Gr. tríbrakhus, f. tri- + brakhús = A504 short syllables short TRIBUTE transf. and fig. tribūtum, sb. use of n. of trībūtus, pp. of tribuere = assign, allot, grant, prop. to divide A504 among the tribes, f. tribus = tribe TRICEPS having three triceps, f. tri- + -ceps, adj. comb. form corr. to heads (of a caput = head muscle) or points A504 of origin TRIDENT three-pronged tridēns, -dent-, f. tri- + dēns = tooth A504 instrument TRIDENTINE pert. to the city of Tridentīnus, f. Tridentum = Trent Trent (Trento) in N. Italy and the Council of the Roman Catholic Church held there A504 1545-63 TRIGLYPH (archit.) in the triglyphus – Gr. trígluphos, f. tri- + gluphé = Doric order, block carving with three vertical A504 grooves TRIMETER (pros.) verse of trimetrus – Gr. trímetros, f. tri- + métron = A505 three measures measure TRIPOS †tripod tripūs = tripod A505 TRITE worn out by use trītus, pp. of terere = rub A505

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TRITON (Gr. and Rom. Trītōn – Gr. Trítōn myth.) sea-god, son of Poseidon A505 and Amphitrite TRIUMVIR (Rom. hist.) one sg. deduced from pl. triumvirī, back- of a board of formation from trium virōrum, g. pl. of trēs A505 three magistrates virī = three men TRIVIAL †such as may be triviālis, f. tri- + via = way met with A506 anywhere TROCHEE (pros.) foot trochæus – Gr. trokhaios = running, tripping, consisting of a f. trókhos = running, course, rel. to trékhein = long followed by run A506 a short syllable TROCHILUS small Egyptian L. – Gr. trokhílos, f. var. stem of trékhein = bird said to have run picked crocodile’s A506 teeth TROGLODYTE cave-dweller trōglodyta – Gr. trōglodútēs, corrupt form of A506 trōgodútēs, after tróglē = hole TROPE (rhet.) use of a tropus = figure of speech – Gr. trópos = turn, word or phrase in rel. to trépein = turn a sense not proper to it, figure of A506 speech TROPIC each of the two tropicus – Gr. tropikós = pert. to the turning circles of the of the sun at the solstice, fig. f. tropé = celestial sphere turning, putting to flight, defeat, rel. to trépein touching of the = turn ecliptic at the A506 solstitial points TRUCULENT truculentus, f. trux, truc- = fierce, savage A507 TUMID swollen tumidus, f. tumēre = swell A508 TURBULENT disorderly, unruly turbulentus, f. turbāre = disturb, agitate, f. A509 turba = disturbance, crowd TURNIP turnep(e), the first el. is unexpl.; the second is A509 neep – OE. nǣp – L. nāpus = turnip TWAYBLADE ordchid of the tr. bifolium, f. tway, clipped form of twain + genus Listera, blade etc., having two A510 broad leaves TYMPAN (typogr.) in a OE. timpana – L. tympanum = tympanum printing press, frame for equalizing A511 pressure TYRIAN pert. to Tyre, f. Tyrius, f. Tyrus = Tyre ancient

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Phoenician city on the Mediterranean, spec. of a purple or crimson dye obtained from A511 molluscs

U ULNA (anat.) larger inner ulna = forearm, ell bone of the A512 forearm ULTRAMARINE applied to a blue ultramarīnus, f. ultra- + marīnus, f. mare = pigment obtained sea orig. from lapis A512 lazuli ULTRAMONTANE (one) representing ultrāmontānus, f. ultra- + montānus the R.C.Ch. beyond (i.e. north of) the Alps and so not favouring extreme views of A512 papal authority UMBEL (bot.) umbella = sunshade, dim. of umbra = inflorescence in shadow which the flowers are borne upon nearly equal pedicels springing from a common A513, B556 centre UMBILICAL pert. to the navel umbilīcālis, f. umbilīcus, f. base of umbō = A513 boss of shield UMBRA phantom, ghost umbra = shadow, shade, phantom A513 UNCTION lubrication, unctiō, -ōn-, f. unct-, pp. stem of ung(u)ere = A514 ointment anoint UNDERWRITE † subscribe (a tr. subscrībere = subscribe, f. sub- + scrībere A514 document) = write UNIT (math.) indivisible ūnus = one, prob. after digit whole regarded as A515 the base of number URBANE †urban urbānus, -āna, f. urbs, urb- = city A517, B559 URGE demand or entreat urgēre = press, drive, compel insistently; press A517 or drive forward URN vessel for holding urna – urcnā, rel. to urceus = pitcher voting-tablets or A517 the like

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URSINE pert. to or like a ursīnus, f. ursus = bear A517 bear UXORIOUS excessively uxōrius, f. uxor = wife devoted to one’s A518 wife

V VACILLATE swing or sway f. pp. stem of vacillāre = sway, totter A519 unsteadily VAGARY †roaming, ramble; vagārī = wander †wandering in speech; †frolic, A519 prank VALE farewell valē, imper. of valēre = be strong or well A519 VALETUDINARY not in robust valētūdinārius = in ill health, f. valētūdō, - health, constantly din- = state of health, f. valēre = be strong or concerned with well A519 one’s ailments VANDAL member of a Gmc. Vandalus – Gmc. Wandal-, -il-, -ul- tribe which invaded Western Europe in the fourth and fifth century and in 455 A520 sacked Rome VARIOUS †variable, f. varius A521 changeable VAST vastus = waste, uncultivated, immense, pp. formation on a base wās-, repr. also by vānus A523 = vain VENTILATE investigate freely; f. pp. stem of ventilāre = brandish, fan, sift by discussion winnow, agitate, discuss, air a subject, f. A523 ventus = wind VENTRILOQUY f. venter, ventr- = belly + loquī = speak A523 VENUS beautiful woman; Venus (goddess of the ancient Romans) = A523 (her.) green venus, vener- = love VERBENA (Rom. antiq., usu. L. pl. verbenae) certain leaves or twigs used in sacred rites; A523 vervain VERNAL pert. to the spring vernālis, f. vernus = of the spring, f. vēr = A524 spring VERSED (math.) in v. sine tr. sinus versus, i.e. sinus = sine, versus = A524 turned, pp. of vertere = turn VERTEX (geom.) point vertex, vertic- = whirl, vortex, crown of the A524 opposite the base head, highest point, f. vertere = turn

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VERTIGO vertīgō, -gin- A524 VETERAN experienced veterānus, f. vetus, veter- = old A525, B568 soldier VIATICUM Holy Communion viāticum = travelling money, provisions for a as administered to journey, sb. use of n. of viāticus, f. via = via the dying; necessaries for a A525 journey VIBRANT †agitated, prp. of vibrāre = move rapidly to and fro, A525 energetic shake, be agitated VICISSITUDE mutation, vicissitūdō, f. vicissim = by turns, f. vic- = A526, B569 mutability turn VIDE see, refer to vidē, imper. sg. of vidēre = see A526 VINCIBLE that may be vincibilis, f. vincere = overcome A527 overcome VINDICATE †set free f. pp. stem of vindicāre = claim, set free, punish, avenge, f. vindex, -dic- = claimant, A527 protector, deliverer, avenger VIRID green viridis, f. virēre = be green A527 VIRUS venom vīrus, rel. to OIr., Gr., Skr. A528 VITIATE render faulty or f. pp. stem of vitiāre, f. vitium = vice A528 corrupt VITUPERATE blame in strong f. pp. stem of vituperāre, f. vitu- for viti-, A528 language stem of vitium = vice VIVARIUM enclosed place for L. = warren, fishpond, sb. use of vīvārius, f. keeping live vīvus = alive A528 animals, esp. fish VIZ. = videlicet repr. viȝ , in which ȝ is the normal symbol A528 for the termination -et VOTARY one bound by vow f. vōt-, pp. stem of vovēre = vow to a religious life or devoted to a A529 pursuit, etc. VOTE sb. vōtum = vow, wish, sb. use of n. pp. of A530 vovēre = desire, vow VULGAR ordinary, common, vulgāris, f. vulgus, volgus = the common commonplace; people †(chiefly pl.) common or vulgar A530 person VULVA (anat.) external vulva, volva = womb, matrix genitals of the A530 female

W ---

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X ---

Y ---

Z ZIBET zibethum A551

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9. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

A ABNEGATE f. pp. stem of abnegāre, f. ab- + negāre = A2 say no, deny ABRADE abrādere, f. ab- + rādere = scrape A2 ABRUPT steep abruptus, pp. of abrumpere, f. ab- + rumpere A2 = break ABSTEMIOUS f. abstēmius, f. abs- + base of tēmētum = A2 intoxicating drink ACANTHUS L. – Gr. ákanthos, f. ákantha = thorn A3 ACCLAIM acclāmāre, f. ac- + clāmāre = call A3 ACCLIVITY ascending slope acclīvitās, f. acclīvis, f. ac- + clīvus = slope, accrēscere, f. ac- + crēscere = grow A3 ACCRETION accrētiō, -ōn-, f. accrēt-, pp. stem of A3 accrēscere, f. ac- + crēscere = grow ACCURATE accūrātus, f. accūrāre, f. ac- + cūra = care A3 ACQUIESCE †remain quiet; acquiēscere, f. ac- + quiēscere = rest †submit; agree A4 tacitly ACT section of a drama āctus = doing, f. āct-, pp. stem of agere = do A4 ADEPT adeptus, f. adept-, pp. stem of adipīscī = A5 attain, acquire, f. apere = fasten ADEQUATE adæquātus, pp. of adæquāre = equalize, f. A5 æquus = equal ADJUTANT adiūtāns, -ant-, prp. of adiūtāre, frequent. of A5 adiūvāre = help AD LIBITUM phr. i.e. ad = according to, libitum = pleasure A5 ADMIXTURE f. admixt-, pp. stem of admiscēre, f. ad- + A6 miscēre = mix ADULT sb. adultus, pp. of adolēscere = grow up A6 ADUMBRATE overshadow f. pp. stem of adumbrāre, f. ad- + umbra = A6 shade, shadow ADVENTITIOUS coming from f. adventitius, medL. sp. of adventīcius, f. without, advent-, pp. stem of advenīre = arrive, f. ad- A6 accidental, casual + venīre = come AEON, EON an age of the L. æon – Gr. aión = age A7 universe AERIAL pert. to or f. āerius, f. Gr. āérios, f. āér, āer- = air resembling air or A7 the atmosphere AFFECT display or assume affectāre, f. affect-, pp. stem of afficere = act

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openly; assume or upon, influence, f. ad- + facere = do pretend falsely, attack, influence, A7, B150 move AFFIDAVIT statement 3rd pers. sing. pt. of affīdāre = declare on A7 confirmed by oath oath, f. af- + fīdāre, f. fīdus = trusty AGGLOMERATE gather into a mass f. pp. stem of agglomerāre, f. ag- + glomus = A8 ball, mass AGGRAVATE incense, provoke f. pp. stem of aggravāre, f. ag- + gravis = A8 heavy AGRARIAN f. agrarius, f. ager, agr- = land A8 ALBATROSS usu. taken to be alt., by assoc. with albus = A10 white, of †alcatras = pelican ALBUM blank book for the album (white tablet on which records were insertion of inscribed, list) A10 collected items ALEATORY depending on āleātōrius, f. āleātor = gambler, f. ālea = A10 chance game of chance ALGID cold, chill algidus, f. algēre = be cold A10 ALIAS another name aliās = at another time, otherwise, f. alius = A10 other ALIMONY alimōnia, f. alere = nourish A11 ALKALI any substance L. – Arab. al-kily = calcined ashes, f. kalā = having the fry A11 properties of soda ALLITERATION allitterātiō, -ōn-, f. al- + littera = letter A11 ALLOCATE f. pp. stem of allocāre, f. al- + locāre = place A11 ALLOCUTION address, allocūtiō, -ōn-, f. allocūt-, pp. stem of exhortation alloquī = address, f. al- + loquī = speak A11 ALLODIUM estate held in al(l)ōdium, f. Frankish alōd = entire property absolute A11 ownership ALLUVIUM deposit left by n. of alluvius = washed against, f. al- + luv- water flowing over of luerre = wash A12 land ALUMNUS f. alere = nourish, bring up A12 AMANUENSIS āmanuēnsis, f. ā manū in servus ā manū = A13 slave at hand, secretary AMBULATORY ambulātōrius, f. pp. stem of ambulāre = walk A13 AMIANTHUS variety of asbestos amiantus – Gr. amíanthos, f. a- + miaínein = A14 defile

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AMNION (anat.) caul. L. – Gr. amníon, dim. of amnós = lamb A14 AMPHIBIAN amphibium – Gr. amphíbion A14 AMPUTATE f. pp. stem of amputāre, f. am- for amb- + A14 putāre = prune, lop ANALECTS literary gleanings analecta – Gr. análekta = things gathered A15 up, f. aná = up, ana- + légein = gather ANCILLARY ancillāris, f. ancilla = hand-maid A15 ANDROGYNOUS hermaphrodite; f. androgynus – Gr. andrógunos A16 spec. in bot. ANECDOTE †(pl.) secret anecdota – Gr. anékdota = things A16 history unpublished ANGLICAN Anglicānus, f. Anglicus, f. Anglus = Angle A16 ANGLICISM English feature or f. Anglicus, f. Anglus = Angle A16 idiom ANGLO-SAXON Anglo-Saxones pl., earlier Angli Saxones A16 ANILE pass criticism on anīlis, f. anus = old woman A16 ANIMADVERT pass criticism on animadvertere, i.e. animum advertere = turn A16 the mind to ANIMALCULE microscopic animalculum, dim. of animal A17 animal ANOMALOUS anōmalus – Gr. anómalos = uneven A17 ANONYMOUS anonymus – Gr. anōnumos, f. an- + ónoma = A17 name ANTEDILUVIAN before the Flood ante- + dīluvium= deluge A18 ANTENNA horn or feeler of antenna, prop. antemna = sail-yard, used in A18 insects pl. to tr. Aristotle’s keraioi = horns of insects ANTERIOR anterior, f. ante- A18, B14 ANXIOUS f. anxius, f. pp. stem anx- of angere = choke, A18 oppress APERIENT f. aperiēns, -ent-, prp. of aperīre = open A19 APEX apex, apic- A19 APIARY apiārium, f. apis = bee A19 APODOSIS (gram.) consequent L. – Gr. apódosis = a giving back clause answering A19 to the protasis APOTHEOSIS deification L. apotheōšis – Gr. apothéōsis, f. apotheoun A19 = deify, f. theós = god APPARATUS apparātus, f. apparāre = make ready, f. ap- A20 + parāre = prepare

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APPLICABLE capable of being applicāre, f. ap- + plicāre = fold A20 applied APPOSITE appositus, pp. of appōnere = apply, f. ap- + A20 pōnere = place APPRECIATE estimate duly; f. pp. stem of appretiāre = set price on, f. ap- A20 esteem highly + pretium = price AQUEOUS f. aqua = water A21 AQUILINE eagle-like, hooked aquilīnus, f. aquila = eagle A21 ARBOREAL f. arboreus, f. arbor = tree A21 ARCHAEOLOGY archæologia – Gr. akrhaiologíā, f. arkhaios A21 = ancient ARCHETYPE archetypum – Gr. arkhétupon, sb. use of n. of adj. ‘first moulded as a model‘, f. arkhe- + A21 túpos = model ARCHIMANDRITE superior of a archimandrīta – ecclGr. arkhimandrītēs, f. A21 monastery archi- + mándrā = monastery AREA enclosed court ārea = vacant piece of ground A22 ARENA arēna, prop. harēna = sand, centre of an A22 amphitheatre ARID āridus, f. ārēre = be dry or parched A22, B18 ARMAMENT armāmentum, f. armāre A22 ASCETIC ascēticus, f. Gr. askētikós, f. askētés = monk, A24 hermit, f. askein = exercise ASININE asinīnus, f. asinus = ass A24 ASPERSE calumniate f. aspers-, pp. stem of aspergere, f. ad- + A24 spargere = sprinkle ASSERT f. assert-, pp. stem of asserere, f. as- + A25 serere = join ASTERISK asteriscus – Gr. asterískos, dim. of astér = A25 star ASTRAL astrālis, f. astrum – Gr. ástron = star A26 ASTUTE astūtus, f. astus = craft, cunning A26, B22 ASYMPTOTE (geom.) line which asymptōta – Gr. asúmptōtos, sb. use of adj. approaches nearer ‘not falling together‘ and nearer to a curve without A26 meeting it ATMOSPHERE atmosphæra, f. Gr. atmós = vapour + A27 sphaira = sphere ATRABILIOUS melancholy, ill- f. ātra bīlis = black bile A27 tempered ATRIUM central court of ātrium 183

A27 Roman house ATROCIOUS f. atrōx, atrōc- = terrible, fierce, f. āter = A27 black + oc- stem of oculus = eye ATROPHY wasting away of atrophia – Gr. atrophíā, f. átrophos = ill- A27 the body nourished, f. a- + tréphein = nourish AUGUST of stately dignity augustus, f. base of augēre = increase A28, B23 AURICLE external ear, lobe- auricula, dim. of auris = ear A28 shaped process AUSCULTATION listening (spec. auscultātiō, -ōn-, f. auscultāre = listen to A28 med.) AUTOMATON automaton, -um – Gr. autómaton, f. autós = A28 auto AUXILIARY auxiliārius, f. auxilium = help A29 AVOCATION †distraction from āvocātiō, -ōn-, f. āvocāre, f. ā-, ab- + vocāre an occupation; task = call to which one is called away, minor A29 occupation AVULSION forcible separation āvulsiō, -ōn-, f. āvuls- pp. stem of āvellere, f. A29 or removal ā- ab- + vellere = pluck

B BASALT basaltēs, var. of basanītēs – Gr. basanítēs, f. A34 básanos = touchstone BENEFACTION doing good; gift for benefactiō, -ōn-, f. beneficere, benefact-, f. a charitable bene = well + facere = do A38 purpose BIBULOUS given to much bibulus, f. bibere = drink A40 drinking BICEPS muscle with double biceps = two headed, f. bi- = -ceps, rel. to head or attachment caput = head A40 BIENNIAL lasting two years; f. biennis = of two years, biennium = space recuring every two of two years A40 years BIFID cleft in two bifidus, f. bi- + fid- base of findere = cleave A40 BIFURCATE f. bifurcāre, f. bifurcus = two forked, f. bi- + A40 furca = fork BIPED bipēs, biped-, f. bi- + pēs = foot A41 BIREME having two banks birēmis, f. bi- + rēmus = oar A41 of oars BISECT bi- + sect-, pp. stem of secāre = cut A41 BISMUTH bisemutum, latinization of G. wismut A41 BLAND blandus A42 184

BOLUS large pill bōlus – Gr. bolos = clod, lump of earth A45 BRONCHIA branches of the L. – Gr. n. pl. brógkhia, f. brókhos = A51 bronchi windpipe BULB root of onion, etc. bulbus = Gr. bólbos = onion, bulbous root A53 BYSSUS fine textile fabric L. – Gr. bússos, of Sem. orig. A56

C CACHINNATION immoderate cachinnātiō, -ōn-, f. cachinnāre, of imit. A57 laughter orig. CACTUS †cardoon L. – Gr. kaktos = cardoon or Spanish A57 artichoke CAESAREAN, -IAN pert. to the delivery Cæsariānus or f. Cæsareus of a child by cutting through the walls of the abdomen, as was done, accorrding to legend, at the birth of Julius Caesar

A58 CALCAREIOUS of the nature of f. calcārius, f. calc-, calx = lime(stone) A58 lime CALCULUS stone in an animal calculus = pebble, etc. body; †gen. (system of) A58 calculation CALEDONIAN f. Calēdonia, Roman name of part of northern Britain, now assoc. with the A58 Scottish Highlands or Scotland in general CALOMEL mercurous chloride calomel(es) – Gr. kalós = beautiful + mélas A59 = black CALYX outer envelope of a L. – Gr. kálux = shell, pod, f. base of A59 flower kalúptein = hide CAMPANULA genus of pants with dim. of campāna = bell bell-shaped flowers A60 CANCER malignant tumour cancer = creeping ulcer – Gr. karkínoma = A60 carcinoma CANDIDATE candidātus = clothed in white, candidate for office (who appeared in a white toga), f. A60, B66 candidus CANINE canīnus, īna, f. canis = dog, hound A60 CANISTER †basket canistrum = basket for bread, fruit etc. – Gr. A60 kánastron = wicker basket, f. kánna = cane CANOROUS melodious canōrus, f. canor = song, f. canere = sing A61 185

CANT (sl.) use the cantāre = sing particular jargon of a class or set, affect religious or pietistic A61 phraseology CAPACIOUS f. capāx, capāc-, f. capere = take A61 CAPILLARY of hair, hair-like capillāris, f. capillus = hair A61 CAPITULAR (eccl.) pert. to a capitulāris, f. capitulum = chapter A62 chapter CAPITULATE †make terms of f. pp. of capitulāre = draw up under distinct A62 surrender heads, f. capitulum = head of a discourse CAPTION (arch.) †cavilling captiō, -ōn-, f. capere, capt- = take, seize A62 objection CARET mark indicating 3rd sing. pres. ind. of carēre = be without, A63 omission taken to mean ‘is lacking’ CARIES (med.) decay of L. = rottenness, decay A63 bones, etc. CARNIVOROUS f. carnivorus, f. carō, carn- = flesh A63 CAROLINE pert. to Charles Carolīnus, f. Carolus = Charles A63 CARTESIAN Cartesiānus, f. Cartesius, latinized form of A64 the surname of René Descartes CASEOUS of cheese caseus = cheese A64 CASTELLATED built like a castle, f. castellātus, f. castellum = castle as with battlements A65 CASTIGATE correct by f. pp. stem of castīgāre = correct, reprove, punishment or chastise, f. castus = pure discipline A65 CASTRATE f. pp. stem of castrāre, f. castrum = knife A65 CATALYSIS †dissolution L. – Gr. katálusis, f. katalúein = dissolve, f. A65 cata- + lúein = loosen CATASTROPHE dénouement of a catastropha – Gr.katastrophé = overturning, drama; disastrous sudden turn, f. katastréphein = overturn end; event subversive of order A66 CATECHIZE question catēchīzāre – Gr. katēkhízein, f. katēkhein = A66 systematically sound through, instruct orally, f. cata- + ēkhein = sound CATECHU astringent catechu, defined as terra japonica substance obtained from various A66 Eastern barks, etc.

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CATHARTIC cleansing, catharticus – Gr. kathartikós, f. kathaírein = A66 purgative cleanse, f. katharós = clean CAUDAL pert. to a tail caudālis, f. cauda = tail A67 CEDE †give way cēdere = go (away), retire, yield A67 CELIBACY cælibātus, f. cælebs, cælib- = unmarried A68 CELT, KELT †a Gaul Celtæ pl. – Gr. Keltoí A68 CENSUS registration of cēnsus, rel. to cēnsēre = assess, judge citizens in ancient A68 Rome CENTENARY adj. of a hudred centēnārius = containing a hundred, f. A68 years; century centēnī = hudred each, f. centum = hundred CENTO †patchwork; centō = patchwork garment, poem made up composition made of verses from other sources A68 up of scraps CENTUPLE hudredfold centuplus, var. of centuplex, f. centum = A68, B79 hundred CENTURY 100 years centuria = assemblage of 100 things, division of the Roman army, f. centum = A68 hudred CERULEAN of a deep blue cæruleus = sky-blue, f. cælolos, f. cælum = A69 sky, heaven CERVICAL cervīcālis, f. cervīx, cervīc- = neck A69, B80 CETACEOUS of the whale kind cētacea, f. cētus – Gr. ketos = whale A69 CHARACTER sum of mental and charactēr – Gr. kharaktér = instrument for moral qualities marking, impress, dinstinctive nature, f. A71 kharássein = scratch, engrave CHASM chasma – Gr. khásma = yawning hollow A72 CHELA (zool.) prehensile chēlē or Gr. khēlé A72 claw CHIME (mus.) concord, cymbalum = cymbal A74 harmony CHORAL pert to a chorus chorālis – Gr. khorós = dance, band of A75 dancers, choir CHORUS band of singers L. – Gr. khorós = dance, band of dancers, A75 choir CHRYSALIS chrȳ sal(l)is – Gr. khrūsallís = gold- A76 coloured sheath of butterflies, f. khrūsós = gold CINCTURE girdle cinctūra, f. cinct-, pp. stem of cingere = gird A77 CIRCUMVALLATI- (construction of) a circumvallātiō, -ōn-, f. circumvallāre, f. ON rampart or circum- = round + vallum = rampart entrenchment round a place 187

A77 CLARITY clearness clāritās, f. clārus = clear A78 CLASS division of persons classis – each of the six ancient divisions of or things the Roman people, body of citizens under A78 arms, spec. fleet CLAVICLE collar-bone clāvicula = key, dim. of clāvis = key A79 CLERIC adj. clerical; sb. clēricus – Gr. klērikós = belonging to the clergyman Christian ministerial order, f. kleros = lot, A79 heritage CLIENT customer cliēns, client-, earlier cluēns, sb. use of prp. A79 of cluere, cluēre = hear, listen CLINIC adj. pert. to the clīnicus – Gr. klīnikós, f. klínē = bed sick-bed; sb. bed- A80 ridden person CLUNIAC per. to (a monk of) Cluaniacus, f. Clun(i)æum = Cluny, France the monastery of A81 Cluny COAGULATE f. pp. stem of coāgulāre, f. coāgulum = A81 rennet, f. coagere = drive together COCCYX (anat.) terminal L. – Gr. kókkux = cuckoo (the bone being bone of the spinal supposed to resemble a cuckoo’s bill) A82 column COCHLEA spiral cavity of the coc(h)lea = snail-shell, screw – Gr. kokhlías A82 internal ear COEFFICIENT coefficiens, f. co- + efficiens, f. efficere A83 COELIAC pert. to the cœliacus – Gr. koiliakós, f. koilíā = belly, A83 abdomen bowels, f. koilos = hollow COERCE coercēre = shut up, restrain, f. co- + arcēre A83 = restrain, ward off COEVAL contemporary f. coævus, f. co- + ævum = age A83 COGENT cōgēns, -ent-, prp. of cōgere = drive A83 together, compel, f. co- + agere = drive COGNATE akin, descended cognātus, f. co- + -gnātus = born from a common A83 ancestor COITION copulation coitiō, -ōn-, f. coit-, pp. stem of coīre, f. co- A84 + īre = go COLLATE appoint to a f. collāt-, stem of the form used as pp. of benefice; compare conferre = confer A84 critically COLLIDE collīdere = clash together, f. col- + lædere = A84 hurt by striking COLLIMATION adjustment of the collimātiō, -ōn-, f. collimāre, erron. reading line of sight of a in some editions of Cicero for collīneāre = A84 telescope aim, f. col- + līnea = line COMA 1 (med.) unnatural L. – Gr. koma, kōmat-, rel. to koítē = bed

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deep and prolonged A85 sleep COMA 2 (bot.) tuft coma – Gr. kómē = hair of the head A85 COMMINUTE reduce to small f. comminuere, comminūt-, f. com- + A86 particles minuere = lessen COMMISERATE commiserārī, -āre,-āt-, f. com- + miserārī = A86 lament, pity, f. miser = wretched COMMIT engage, involve committere = join, join (battle), practise, perpetrate, place with another for safety, A86 entrust, f. com- + mittere = put, send COMMONPLACE adj. tr. L. locus commūnis, tr. Gr. koinos tópos A87 COMMUTE †exchange, change commūtāre = change altogether, exchange, for something else f. com- + mūtāre = change A87 COMPAGES compacted whole, compāges, f. com- + pāg- as in pangere = framework of fasten A87 conjoined parts COMPENSATE f. pp. stem of compensāre = weigh (one) against another, counterbalance, f. com- + A88 pensāre, frequent. of pendere = weight COMPETE competere = strive for (sth) together with A88 another, f. com- + petere = aim at, seek COMPLACENT †pleasing complacēns, -ent-, prp. of complacēre, f. A88 com- + placēre = please COMPLEX complexus, pp. of complectere, complectī = encompass, embrace, comprise; sometimes A88, B379 analysed as com- + plexus = woven COMPLICATE †intertwine; mix up f. pp. stem of complicāre, f. com- + plicāre A88 with = fold COMPONENT composing, componēns, -ent-, prp. of compōnere = A88 constituent compound COMPORT behave oneself comportāre, f. com- + portāre = carry, bear A88 COMPUTE computāre, f. com- + putāre = clear or settle, A89, B401 reckon, think CONCEDE concēdere = withdraw, yield A89, B78 CONCILIAR pert. to a council conciliarius, f. concilium = council A90 CONCOCT compose, devise concot-, pp. stem of concoquere = digest, etc., f. con- + coquere = cook, f. coquus = A90 cook CONCOMITANT prp. of concomitārī = accompany, f. con- + A90 comitārī, f. comes, comit- = companion CONCRETE sb. concreted mass concrētus, pp. of concrēscere = grow A90 together, f. con- + crēscere = grow CONDENSE reduce from vapour condensāre, f. condensus = very dense A90, B120 to liquid

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CONDOLE express sympathy condolēre, f. con- + dolēre = suffer pain, A90 with grieve CONDUCT manner of condūcere = bring together, f. con- + dūcere conducting oneself = lead A90 CONFIGURATION conformation, configūrātiō, -ōn-, f. configūrāre = fashion A91 outline after a pattern CONFLATION blowing or fusing confātiō, -ōn- = fanning, fusion, f. conflāre A91 together = kindle, effect, fuse CONGENIAL of the same f. con- + genius = attendant spirit, disposition or inclination, appetite A92 temperament CONGERIES congeriēs = heap, pile, f. congerere = heap A92 together, f. con- + gerere = carry CONGLOMERATE (physiol.) of conglomerātus, pp. of conglomerāre, f. con- A92 complex glands + glomus, glomer- = ball CONGRESS formal assembly of congressus, f. congress-, pp. stem of delegates, etc. congredī = go together, meet, f. con- + gradī A92 = step, walk CONNATE existing from birth, connātus, pp. of connascī, f. con- + nascī = A92 congenital be born CONNECT connectere, f. con- + nectere = bind, fasten A92 CONNOTE connōtāre = mark in addition, f. con- + A92 notāre = note CONNUBIAL connūbiālis, f. connūbium = marriage, A92 wedlock, f. con- + nūbere = marry CONSECRATE make sacred consecrāre, -āt-, f. con- + sacrāre = A93 dedicate, f. sacer, sacr- = sacred CONSECUTION succession consecūtiō, -ōn-, f. consequī, consecūt- = A93 follow closely CONSTITUENT adj. jointly constituēns, -ent-, prp. of constituere = constituing; sb. establish, appoint, f. con- + statuere = set up who appoints a A94 representative CONSTRUCT f. construct-, pp. stem of construere = pile A94 up, build, f. con- + struere = build CONTACT sb. contāctus, f. contāct-, pp. stem of contingere = touch closely, border on, be contiguous to, A94 f. con- + tangere = touch CONTEMPORARY contemporārius, f. con- + tempus, tempor- = time, after contemporāneus and A94 contemporālis CONTERMINOUS having a boundary conterminus, f. con- + terminus = boundary in common A94 CONTEST contend for, contestārī = call to witness, introduce by dispute calling witnesses, set on foot, f. con- + A94 testārī = bear witness CONTIGUOUS f. contiguus, f. contingere = be contiguous,

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A95 in connection or in contact, befall CONTROVERT contrōversus = disputed, questionable, f. A95 contrō + versus, pp. of vertere = turn CONUNDRUM †pun prob. based on some L. formula (involving A96 quoniam or quin) CONVERGE convergere, f. con- + vergere = bend, incline A96 CONVINCE bring to belief convincere = convict of error, prove clearly, A96 f. con- + vincere = overcome CONVIVAL convivālis, f. convīvium = feast, f. con- + A96 vīvere = live CONVULSE convuls-, pp. stem of convellere = pull violently, wrench, f. con- + vellere = pluck, A96 pull CO-OPERATE f. pp. stem of cooperarī, f. co- + operārī = A97 work, operate CO-OPT cooptāre, f. co- + optāre = choose A97 CO-ORDINATE of equal rank f. co- + ordinātus, pp. of ordināre = arrange, A97 ordain COPPER vessel made of cuprum, for cyprium (æs) = (metal) of metal of reddish Cyprus; so named from its most noted A97 colour ancient source COPULA (gram.) part of a cōpula = connection, linking of words, f. co- proposition + apere = fasten connecting subject A97 and predicate CORIACEOUS leathery coriāceus, f. corium = hide, leather A97 COROLLA †little crown, dim. of corōna = crown A98 garland COROLLARY immediate corollārium = money paid for a garland, deduction or present, gratuity, f. corolla, dim. of corōna A98 consequence = crown CORONA circle or halo of corōna = crown A98 light CORPORATE corporeal, corporātus, pp. of corporāre = fashion into belonging to the or with a body, collect, f. corpor- = body A98 body politic CORPUSCLE minute particle of corpusculum, dim. of corpus = body A98 matter CORRUGATED wrinkled f. pp. of corrūgāre, f. cor- + rūgāre, f. rūga A99 = wrinkle CORTICAL corticālis, f. cortex, cortic- = bark A99 CORVINE of the crow kind corvīnus, f. corvus = raven A99 CRASS grossly stupid crassus = solid, thick, fat A103 CRATER mouth of a volcano crātēr = bowl, basin, aperture of a volcano – A103 191

Gr. krātér = bowl, lit. mixing-vessel CREPUSCULAR pert. to twilight crepusculum = twilight, f. crepus, creper = A104 dark, obscure CRETACEOUS chalky crētāceus, f. crēta = chalk A104 CRISIS vital or decisive L. – Gr. krísis = decision, event, turning- A105 stage in events point of a disease, f. krīnein = decide CROCUS L. – Gr. krókos (of Sem. orig.) A105 CRUSTACEOUS that is or having a crustāceus, f. crusta = crust hard integument; of A106 the crustacea CRYPTIC hidden, secret crypticus – Gr. kruptikós, f. kruptós = A107 hidden CULINARY culīnārius, f. culīna = kitchen A107 CULM (bot.) stalk of a culmus A107 plant CULMINATE f. pp. stem of culmināre = exalt, extol, f. A107 culmen, culmin- = summit, acme CULPRIT in the formula by assoc. with culpa = guilt Culprit, how will you be tried?, formely said by the Clerk of the Crown to a prisoner who pleaded Not Guilty; A107 the accused CULT cultus , sb. of action f. colere = inhabit, A108, B94 cultivate, protect, honour with worship CULTIVATE cultivāre, āt-, f. cultīvus, in cultīva terra = arable land, f. cult-, pp. stem of colere = inhabit, cultivate, protect, honour with A108 worship CUPREOUS of copper cupreus, f. cuprum = copper A108 CURSORY cursōrius, f. cursor = runner A108 CURT short, terse curtus = cut short A108 CURVE sb. short for curve curvus, app. rel. to Gr. kurtós = curved A108 line CUSP point, apex cuspis, -id- = point, pointed weapon A109 CUTICLE epidermis cutīcula, dim. of cutis = skin A110

D DATUM thing given or n. pp. of dare = give granted; chiefly pl. A113 data

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DECENNIAL pert. to a period of f. decennium = decade, f. decennis, f. decem A115 10 years = ten + annus = year DECIDUOUS falling off at a f. dēciduus, f. dēcidere = fall down or off, f. A115 particular season de- + cadere = fall DECIMAL proceeding by decimālis, f. decimus = tenth, f. decem = ten A115 powers of 10; sb. DECIMATE exact tithe from; f. pp. stem of decimāre, f. decimus = tenth, f. put to death one in decem = ten A115 ten of a number DECLIVITY downward slope dēclīvitās, f. dēclīvis = sloping downwards, A115 f. de- + clīvus = slope DECORTICATE strip the bark from f. pp. stem of dēcorticāre, f. de- + cortic- = A115 bark DECREMENT decrease, lessening dēcrēmentum, f. dēcrē-, stem of dēcrēscere A115 DECUMAN (of a wave) very decumānus, var. of decimānus = of the tenth A115 large part, f. decimus = tenth DEFENESTRATION action of throwing dēfenestrātiō, ōn-, f. de- + fenestra = A116 out of a window window DEFLECT dēflectere, f. de- + flectere = bend A116 DELETE †destroy, abolish; f. dēlēt-, pp. stem of dēlēre A117 obliterate DELETERIOUS f. dēlētērius – Gr. dēlētērios, f. dēlétēr = A117 destroyer, f. dēleísthai = injure, destroy DELINQUENT dēlinquēns, -ent-, pp. of dēlinquere = be at A117 fault, offend, f. de- + linquere = leave DELPHINIUM delphinium – Gr. delphínion = larkspur, f. A117 delphís, delphīn- = doplhin DEPICT represent in f. dēpict-, pp. stem of dēpingere A119 colours DEPRECATE pray against; plead f. pp. stem of dēprecārī, f. de- + prēcārī = for the avoidance pray A120 of DERELICT dērelictus, pp. of dērelinquere, f. de- + A120 relinquere = leave DEROGATE fall away from a f. pp. stem of dērogāre, f. de- + rogāre = A120 standard ask, question, propose DESIDERATE feel the want or f. pp. stem of dēsīderāre, f. de- + sīder-, as A121 loss of in consīderāre = consider DESPOND lose heart or dēspondēre = give up, resign, abondon, f. de- A121 confidence + spondēre = promise DETERGE wipe or clear away dētergēre, f. de- + tergēre = wipe A122 DEVASTATE f. pp. stem of dēvāstāre, f. de- + vāstāre = A122 lay waste, f. vāstus = waste DEVIATE f. pp. stem of dēviāre, f. de- + via = way A122 DEVIL printer’s diabolus – Gr. diábolos = slanderer, devil B122 apprentice

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DEVIOUS deviating from the dēvius, f. de- + via = way A122 direct way DIAERESIS (sign ¨ L. – Gr. diaíresis, f. diairein = divide, f. dia- marking)the + hairein = take separation of a vowel from its A123 neighbour DIAGNOSIS L. – Gr. diágnōsis, f. diagignóskein = distinguish, discern, f. dia- + gignóskein = A123 perceive DIAGRAM diagramma – Gr. diágramma, f. diagráphein = mark out by lines, f. dia- + gráphein = A123 write DIAPHANOUS transparent f. diaphanus, f. Gr. diaphanés, f. dia- + A123 phan-, phaínein = show DIPHRAGM partition dividing diaphragma – Gr. diáphragma, f. dia- + the thorax from phrágma = fence A123 the abdomen DICTATE utter aloud; lay f. dictāt-, pp. stem of dictāre = pronounce, down prescribe, f. dīcere = say A124 authoritatively DICTUM L. = thing said, sb. use of n. pp. of dīcere = A124 say DIGAMMA Gr. letter L. – Gr. dígamma – so called from its shape, which suggests two gammas set one above A124 the other DIGIT finger, toe; digitus = finger, toe A124 finger’s breadth DIGITALIS plant of the digitālis = pert. to the finger, after the G. A124 foxglove family name of the foxglove, fingerhut DILATORY given to delaying dīlātōrius, f. dīlātor = delayer, f. dīlāt-, pp. A125 stem of differre = defer DILUVIAL pert. to the Flood dīluviālis, f. dīluvium = flood, deluge A125 DIPLOMA official document diplōma – Gr. díplōma = folded paper, letter of state or church; of recommendation or conveying a license or document privilege, f. diploun = double, fold, f. diplous conferring an = double honour, privilege, A126 or license DIPTYCH two-leaved hinged diptycha – Gr. díptukha, n. pl. of díptukhos = A126 tablet for writing double-folded, f. di- + ptukhé = fold DISC, DISK discus A126, B126 DISCRIMINATE f. pp. stem of discrīmināre, f. discrīmen, - A127 min- = distinction, f. discernere = discern DISCUS L. – Gr. dískos, f. díkskok, f. dikein = throw A127 DISPEL dispellere, f. dis- + pellere = drive A128

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DISRUPTION dispruptiō, -ōn-, f. disrupt-, pp. stem of A129 disrumpere, f. dis- + rumpere = break DISSECT f. dissect-, pp. stem of dissecāre, f. dis- + A129 secāre = cut DISSEMINATE f. pp. stem of dissēmināre, f. dis- + sēmen, A129 sēmin- = seed DISSERTATION †discussion; dissertātiō, -ōn-, f. dissertāre = discuss, spoken or written debate, frequent. of disserere = trat, discourse examine, discourse, f. dis- + serere = join, containing a connect, join words in composition discussion at A129 length DISSIMILAR f. dis- + similar, after similis = similar A129 DISSIPATE squander, distract f. pp. stem of dissipāre, f. dis- + supāre, A129 sipāre = throw DISSOCIATE f. pp. stem of dissociāre, f. dis- + sociāre = A129 join together, f. socius = companion DISTEND swell out from distendere, f. dis- + tendere = stretch, extend A129 within DITHYRAMB Greek choric dīthyrambus – Gr. dīthúrambos hymn in honour of A130 Dionysus DIURNAL of the day diurnālis, f. diurnus, f. diēs = day A130 DIVARICATE stretch or spread f. pp. stem of dīvaricāre, f. di- + varicāre = A130 apart stretch, f. varicus = straddling DIVERGE dīvergere, f. di- + vergere = bend, incline, A130 verge DIVEST refash. on L. models in di- + of earlier devest A130 DIVULGE reveal dīvulgāre = make commonly or publicly known, f. di- + vulgāre = publish, propagate, A131 f. vulgus = common people DOCENT †adj. teaching docēns, -ent-, prp. of docēre = teach A131 DOGMA dogma = philosophical tenet – Gr. dógma, dogmat-, = opinion, tenet, f. dokein = seem A132 (good), think, suppose DOMINICAN pert. to the Order Dominicānus, f. Dominicus, L. form of the of Friars Preachers name of Domingo de Guzman, founder of an A133 order of preaching friars DOMINIE schoolmaster, sp. of domine, orig. term of respectful pedagogue address to clerics, voc. case of dominus = A133 master, lord DORIAN pert. to Doris, a f. Dōrius – Gr. Dórios, f. Dōrís division of ancient Greece; (mus.) name of one of the ancient Gr.

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A133 musical modes DOSSAL ornamental cloth dossāle, n. of dossālis, for dorsālis, for on or at the back dorsuālis, f. dorsum = back of a chair, an altar, A133 etc. DOXOLOGY formal ascription doxologia = Gr. doxologíā, f. doxológos = A134 of praise to God giving glory, f. dóxa = glory DRACONIC pert. to a dragon f. dracō, -ōn- = dragon, Dracō, Gr. Drákón A134 DRAMA drāma – Gr. drama, -at- = deed, action, play, A135 f. dran = do, act DUAL duālis, f. duo = two A137 DUCT †course, direction; ductus = leading, conduct, in aqueduct, f. †stroke drawn; duct-, pp. stem of dūcere = lead tube or canal in an animal or A137 vegetable body DYAD number two dyas, dyad- – Gr. duás, duad, f. dúo = two A139

E ECCLESIASTIC sb. ecclēsiasticus – Gr. ekklēsiastikós, f. ekklēsiastés = member of the ecclesia or public assembly of citizens, f. ekklēsiázein = hold or summon to an assembly, summon to church, f. ekklēsíā = assembly, church, f. ekklētós, pp. adj. of ekkalein, f. ek = out, ex- A138, B141 + kalein = call, summon ECUMENICAL world-wide f. œcumenicus – Gr. oikoumenikós, f. hē oikouménē = the inhabited world, pp. fem. A141 of oikein = inhabit, f. oikos = house EDIBLE edibilis, f. edere= eat A142 EDUCE bring out, develop ēdūcere, f. e- + dūcere = lead from a latent A142 condition EDULCORATE soften f. pp. stem of ēdulcorāre, f. e- + dulcor = A142 sweetness, f. dulcis = sweet EFFETE †that has ceased to effētus = that has brought forth young , bring forth; worn exhausted as by bearing young, f. ef- + fētus A142 out = foetus EJACULATE utter suddenly f. pp. stem of ēiaculārī, f. e- + iaculārī = dart, f. iaculum = dart, javelin, f. iacere = A143 throw ELABORATE highly or minutely ēlabōrātus, pp. of ēlabōrāre, f. e- + labor = A143 finished labour ELAPSE f. ēlaps-, pp. stem of ēlabī = slip away A143 ELASTIC adj. elasticus – Gr. elastikós = propulsive, A143 196

impulsive ELATE encourage, puff up f. ēlāt-, pp. stem of efferre, f. ef- + ferre = A143 bear ELATER †elasticity L. – Gr. elatér = driver A143 ELECT chosen for an ēlectus, pp. of ēligere, f. e- + legere = office (but not yet choose A144 installed) ELECTRIC, -ICAL ēlectricus, f. ēlectrum – Gr. élektron = A144 amber ELEEMOSYNARY pert. to alms eleēmosynārius, f. eleēmosyna = alms A144 ELENCHUS form of syllogism L. – Gr. élegkhos = argument of refutation A144 in refutation ELICIT f. ēlicit-, pp. stem of ēlicere = draw forth, f. A144 e- + lacere = entice, inveigle ELLIPSIS (gram.) omission ellīpsis – Gr. élleipsis = defect, ellipse, of words supposed grammatical ellipsis, f. elleípein = leave out, to be essential to fall short, f. en = in + leípein = leave the complete form A145 of a sentence ELOCUTION oral utterance or ēlocūtiō, -ōn-, f. ēlocūt-, pp. stem of ēloquī A145 delivery = speak out, f. e- + loquī = speak ELONGATE †depart f. pp. stem of ēlongāre = remove, prolong, f. e- + longē = far off, later taken as if f. e- + A145 longus = long ELUDE slip away from ēlūdere, f. e- + lūdere = play A145 EMACIATE f. pp. stem of ēmaciāre, f. e- + maciēs = A145 leanness EMANCIPATE set free f. pp. stem of ēmancipāre, f. e- + mancipium = purchase, f. manus = hand + A145 capere = taked EMASCULATE f. pp. stem of ēmasculāre = castrate, f. e- + A145 masculus = male EMBLEM symbolical emblēma = inlaid work, raised ornament – representation, Gr. émblēma, -at- = insertion, f. emblē-, figured object with embállein = throw in, insert, f. em- + bállein A146 symbolic meaning = throw EMBODY incorporate f. em- + body, after incorporāre = A146 incorporate EMERGE rise out of a liquid ēmergere, f. e- + mergere = dip, merge A146 EMINENT exalted, f. prp. stem of ēminēre, rel. to mōns = A146 distinguished mount EMISSARY ēmissārius = scout, spy, f. ēmiss-, pp. stem A146 of ēmittere = emit EMIT ēmittere, f. e- + mittere = let go, send A146 EMOLLIENT softening f. prp. stem of ēmollīre, f. e- + mollis = soft

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A146 EMPHASIS intensity of emphasis = use of language to imply more feeling, etc. than is said – Gr. émphais = appeareance, f. A146 em- + phaínein = show EMPIRIC adj. empīricus – Gr. empeirikós, f. empeiríā = experience, f. émpeiros = skilled, f. em- + A146 peira = trial, experiment EMPYREAN of the highest f. empyreus, as n. sb. -eum – Gr. empúrios, A147 heaven as n. sb. –ion, f. em- + pur = fire ENCAENIA annual L. – Gr. egkaínia n. pl. = festival of renewal, commemoration of f. en- + kainós = new founders and beneractors at the university of A147 Oxford ENCAUSTIC produced by encausticus – Gr. egkaustikós, f. egkaíein = A148 burning pigments burn ENCLICTIC (gram.) leaning its enclicticus – Gr. egkhlitikós, f. egklínein = accent on the lean on, f. en- + klínein = lean A148 preceding word ENCYCLICAL intended for encyclicus, f. Gr. egkúklios = circular, universal general, f. en- + kúklos = circle A148 circulation ENCYCLOP(A)EDIA †general course of L. – spurious Gr. egkuklopaideíā, for instruction; egkúklios paideíā = general education repertory of information on all branches of A148 knowledge ENERVATE weaken f. pp. stem of ēnervāre, f. e- + nervus = A149 sinew, nerve ENHARMONIC en(h)armonicus – Gr. enarmonikós, f. en- + A149 harmoníā = harmony ENIGMA puzzling problem ænigma, -mat- – Gr. aínigma, f. base of ainíssesthai = speak allusively or obscurely, A149 f. ainos = fable ENTELECHY (philos.) L. – Gr. entelékheia, f. en- + télei d. of télos realization of a = end, perfection + éklein = be in a certain A150 function state ENUMERATE f. pp. stem of ēnumerāre, f. e- + numerus = A151 number ENUNCIATE give expression to f. pp. stem of ēnuntiāre, f. e- + nuntiāre = A151 announce EPENTHESIS (philol.) insertion L. – Gr. epénthesis, f. epenthe-, stem of of a sound between epentithénai = insert, f. epi- + en = in + A151 two others tithénai = place EPIDERMIS L. – Gr. epidermís, f. epi- + dérma = skin A152 EPITHALAMIUM nuptial song L. – Gr. epithalámion, f. epi- + thálamos = A152 bridal chamber

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EPOCH epocha – Gr. epokhé = stoppage, station, fixed point of time, f. epékhein = stop, take up a position, f. epi- + ékhein = hold, intr. be A152 in a certain state EQUABLE æquābilis, f. æquāre = make level or equal, A152 f. æquus = level, even EQUANIMITY †fairness, evenness æquanimitās, f. æquanimis, f. æquus + of temper animāre = give life to, f. anima = air, A152 breath, life, soul; animus = spirit EQUATE make or treat as f. pp.stem of æquāre, f. æquus = even A152 equal EQUESTRIAN f. equestris, eques = horseman, knight, f. A153 equus = horse EQUILIBRIUM æquilībrium, f. æqui- = equi- + lībra = A153 balance EQUIVOCAL †nominal only; f. æquivocus, f. æqui = equi + vocāre = call, capable of twofold name A153 interpretation ERA system of æra, orig. pl. of æs, æris = copper chronology reckoned from a point of time; date from which a A154 period is reckoned ERASE f. ērās-, pp. stem of ērādere, f. e- + rādere = A154 scrape ERUCTATE f. pp. stem of ēructāre, f. e- + ructāre = A154 belch ESCULENT ēsculentus, f. ēsca = food, f. ed- of edere = A155 eat ESURIENT hungry esuriēns, -ent-, prp. of ēsurīre = be hungry, desiderative vb. f. ēs-, pp. stem of edere = A156 eat ETESIAN name of certain f. etēsius – Gr. etésios = annual, f. etes = winds in the year Mediterranean area blowing for a certain period A156 annually ETHER clear sky; (phys.) æthēr – Gr. aithér = upper air, f. base of substance aíthein = kindle, burn, shine A156, B146 permeating space EUPHORBIA the spurge genus euphorbea, f. Euphorbus, name of a physician of Juba II, king of Mauretania, who is said to have named the plant after A157 him EVINCE †overcome, f. ēvincere, f. e- + vincere = conquer †convince, † prove, make A158 evident 199

EVISCERATE f. pp. stem of ēviscerāre, f. e- + viscera, pl. A158 of vīscus = viscus EVOKE call forth ēvocāre, f. e- + vocāre = call A158 EVOLUTION ēvolūtiō, -ōn- = unrolling of a book, f. ēvolūt-, pp. stem of ēvolvere, f. e- + volvere A158 = roll EVULSION forcible extraction ēvulsiō, -ōn-, f. ēvuls-, pp. stem of ēvellere, A158 f. e- + vellere = pluck EXACERBATE increase the f. pp. stem of exacerbāre, f. ex- + acerbus = A158 bitterness of bitter EXAGGERATE make (a thing) out f. pp. stem of exaggerāre, f. ex- + aggerāre grater than it is = heap up, f. agger = heap, prob. f. ag- + A158 gerere = carry EXCERPT sb. excerptum, sb. use of n. pp. of excerpere, f. A159 ex- + carpere = pluck EXCULPATE f. pp. stem of exculpāre, f. ex- + culpa = A159 blame EXCURSION journey from home excursiō, ōn-, f. excurs-, pp. stem of excurrere = run out, issue forth, f. ex- + A159 currere = run EXERT †discharge, emit; f. exert- pp. stem of ex(s)erere = put forth, f. exercise, bring to ex- + serere = bind, entwine, join A160 bear EXIGUOUS f. exiguus = scanty in measure or number, f. A160 exigere = weigh exactly EXIST ex(s)istere = appear, come forward, come into being, f. ex- + sistere = take up a A160 position, redup. formation on sta- = stand EXIT departure from exitus, f. pp. stem of exīre = go out, f. ex- + life, death; egress, īre = go A160 outlet EXODUS departure, spec. of Exodus – Gr. éxodos, f. ex- + hodós = way the Israelites out of A160 Egypt EXORBITANT exceeding proper prp. of exorbitāre, f. ex- + orbita = orbit A160 bounds EXOTERIC exōtericus – Gr. exōterikós, f. exōtérō, A160 compar. of éxō = outside EXPATIATE discourse at length ex(s)patiārī, -āt-, f. ex- + spatiārī = walk, f. A160 spatium = space EXPECTORATE eject (phlegm) f. pp. stem of expectorāre, f. ex- + pectus, A161 pector- = breast EXPEDITE †clear of f. expedīt-, pp. stem of expedīre = extricate, difficulties; help make ready, put in order, f. ex- + pēs, ped- = A161 forward, dispatch foot EXPIATE avert evil from; do f. pp. stem of expiāre, f. ex- + piāre = seek away the guilt of, to appease, f. pius = devout, pious A161 make amends for EXPLAIN †open out, explānāre, f. ex- + plānus = plain 200

smoothe; assign a A161 meaning to EXPLETIVE serving to fill out; explētīvus, f. explēre, f. ex- + plēre = fill sb. A161 expletive word EXPLODE bring into discredit explōdere = drive out by clapping, hiss off A161 the stage, f. ex- + plaudere = clap the hands EXPORT send from one exportāre, f. ex- + portāre = carry A161 country to another EX POST FACTO erron. division of ex postfacto = from what is done afterwards, i.e. ex = from, out of, with abl. of postfactum, i.e. post = after + A161 pp. of facere = do EXPROPRIATE f. pp. stem of expropriāre, f. ex- + proprium A161 = property EXPUNGE expungere = mark for deletion by points set A162 above or below, f. ex- + pungere = prick EXPURGATE f. pp. stem of expurgāre, f. ex- + purgāre = A162 purify, for pūrigāre, f. pūrus = pure EXQUISITE intense, keenly exquīsītus, pp. adj. of exquīrere = search A162 sensitive out, f. ex- + quærere = search, seek EXTEMPORE adj. f. phr. ex tempore = on the spur of the moment, i.e. ex = out of, tempore = abl. of A162 tempus = time EXTERMINATE destroy utterly f. pp. stem of extermināre, f. ex- + terminus A162 = boundary EXTRACT take out of, copy f. extract-, pp. stem of extrahere, f. ex- + A162 out trahere = draw EXTRANEOUS f. extrāneus, f. extra- A162 EXTRICATE unravel, f. pp. stem of extricāre, f. ex- + trīcæ = A162 disentangle perplexities EXTRINSIC pert. to external extrinsecus = adj. outer, f. extrinsecus = aspects or adv. ourwardly, f. extra- + im + secus = A162 conditions alongside of

F FACETIAE pleasantries L. – pl. of facētia = jest A164 FACSIMILE exact copy f. fac, imper. of facere make, do + simile, n. A164 of similis = like, similar FACTITIOUS † made by art; factīcius, f. fact-, f. facere = do made up for the A164 occasion F(A)ECES excrement pl. of fæx = dregs A164 FALDSTOOL movable prayer- faldistolium – WGmc. faldistōl = late OE. desk fældestōl, fyld(e)stōl, f. Gmc. falban = fold A165 + stōlaz = stool FALLACY delusive nature fallācia, f. fallāx, fallāc-, f. fallere = deceive

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A165 FARINACEOUS farīnāceus, f. farīna = flour, f. far = corn A166 FARRAGO medley farrāgo = orig. mixed fodder for cattle, f. A166 far, farr- = corn, spelt FASCICLE part or number of a fasciculus, dim. of fascis = bundle A166 written work FASTIDIOUS easily offended fastīdiōsus, f. fastīdium = loathing A167 FATIDIC(AL) prophetic fātidicus, f. fātum = fate + discus, f. weak A167 var. of base of dīcere = say FATUOUS f. fatuus A167 FEDERAL fœdus, fœdus, fœder- = covenant A168 FELINE fēlīnus, f. fēlēs = cat A168 FELO DE SE one who AL. felo = felon, dē sē = of himself deliberately puts an A168 end to his life FERAL 1 deadly; funeral fērālis, perh. rel. to fēriæ A169 FERAL 2 wild, savage ferus, rel to Gr. thér = wild beast A169 FEROCIOUS f. ferōx, ferōc-, rel. to ferus = feral A169 FERREOUS pert. to iron f. ferreus, f. ferrum = iron A169 FERRUGINOUS of the nature or f. ferrūgō, -gin- = iron rust, dark red, f. A169 colour of iron rust ferrum = iron FEUD (hist.) fief feudum, feodum A170 FIAT authoritative L. = let it be done, 3rd sg. pres. subj. of sanction or fierī, used as passive of facere = do A170 command FIBULA clasp, brooch; long fībula bone on the outer A170 side of the leg FICTILE fictilis, f. fict- pp. stem of fingere = fashion A170 FIDUCIAL fīdūciālis, f. fīdūcia = trust, f. fīdere = to A170 trust, rel. to fidēs = faith FISSILE fissilis, f. fiss-, pp. stem of findere = cleave A172 FLOG prob. imit.; perh. suggested by flagellāre = A175 flagellate FLORET f. flōs, flōr-, = flower A175 FLORID †flourishing, flōridus, f. flōs, flōr- = flower blooming; flowery; A175 ruddy FLORILEGIUM collection of flōs = flower, legere = gather, tr. Gr. 202

A175 literary flowers anthológion = anthology FLORIST flōs, flōr- = flower A175 FLUCTUATE f. pp. stem of fluctuāre, f. fluctus = current, A176 wave, f. fluct-, pp. stem of fluere = flow FLUOR †flux, fluid state; fluor = flow, flux, f. fluere = flow one of a class of minerals used a s A176 fluxes FOCUS point toward which focus = fire-place, domestic heart lines, rays, etc. A176 converge FOLIATION being in leaf, folium = leaf arrangement in A177 leaves FOLLICLE (anat.) small sac folliculus = little bag, dim. of follis = A177 bellows FORAMEN (anat.) opening for forāre = bore A178 the passage of sth FORCEPS L. A178 FORENSIC pert. to courts of f. forēnsis, f. forum, rel. to forēs = (outside) A179 law door FORMULA set form of words fōrmula, dim. of fōrma = form A180 FORTUITOUS fortuītus, f. forte = by chance, abl. of fors = A180 chance FORUM court, tribunal forum, rel. to forēs = (outside) door A180 FRAXINELLA species of dittany dim. of fraxinus = ash A182 FRIGID frīgidus, f. frīgēre = be cold, f. frīgus = cold A183 +- id FRITILLARY plant of the genus fritillāria, f. fritillus = dice-box, presumably A183 Fritillaria applied ot the chessboard FRUGAL sparingly supplied frūgālis, back-formation from frūgālior, - issimus, compar. and super. of frūgī – indeclinable adj., d. of flux, chiefly pl. A184 frūgēs = produce of the soil FRUSTUM L. = piece cut off A184 FUGACIOUS fleeting f. fugāx, fugāc, f. fugere = flee A184 FULCRUM prop, support, spec. fulcrum = post or foot of a couch, f. base of A184 in mechanics fulcīre = support FUND †bottom, refash. of †fond after fundus = bottom, piece foundation, basis; of land, farm, estate source of supply; A185 stock of money FUNEBRIAL fūnebris, f. fūnus = funeral A185

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FUNGUS spongy excrescence fungus, perh. connected with Gr. sp(h)óggos A185 = sponge FUNICULAR pert. to hypothetical fūniculus, dim. of fūnis = rope filament of rarefied matter A185 FURUNCLE boil, inflamed fūrunculus = petty thief, knob on a vine, A185 tumour boil, dim. of fūr = thief FUSCOUS dusky fuscus = dark, dusky A185 FUSE melt with intense fūs-, pp. stem of fundere = pour, melt, found A185 heat FUSTIGATE (joc.) cudgel f. pp. stem of fūstigāre, f. fūstis = cudgel A185

G GALEATED helmet-shaped; f. galeātus, f. galea = helmet A187 helmeted GALENA lead ore L. A187 GALLIC Gaulish, French Gallicus, f. Gallus, Gallia = Gaul A188 GARULOUS f. garrulus, f. garrīre = chatter A190 GELID extremely cold gelidus, f. gelu = frost, intense cold A191 GENIAL conducive to geniālis = nuptial, productive, joyous, A191 growth pleasant, f. genius = genius GENISTA (bot.) broom L. A191 GENIUS innate capacity, genius = attendant spirit, inclination, person as appetite, intellectual capacity A191 possessing this GENUINE not spurious or genuīnus, f. genu = knee (the orig. ref. was counterfeit to the recognition of a new-born child by A192 the father placing it on his knees) GEODE geōdēs – Gr. geódēs = earthy, f. ge = earth A192 GERMINATE f. pp. stem of germināre, f. germen, germin- A192 = sprout GESTATION process of carrying gestātiō, -ōn-, f. gestāre, frequent. f. gest-, A192 young pp. stem of gerere = carry GESTICULATE f. pp. stem of gesticulārī, f. gesticulus, dim. A192 of gestus = action, gesture GIGANTIC f. gigās, gigant- = giant A193 GINGIVAL of the gums gingīvālis, f. gingīva = gum A194 GINGLYMUS (anat.) joint of L. – Gr. gígglumos = hinge which the motion is A194 in only one plane

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GLABROUS smooth f. glaber = hairless, bald A194 GLAUCOMA L. – Gr. glaúkōma, f. glaukós = bluish- A195 green or grey GLAUCOUS dull-green f. glaucus – Gr. glaukós = bluish-green or A195 grey GLUTEUS (anat.) any of the L. – Gr. gloutós = rump three muscles of the A196 buttock GRADATION scale of degrees gradātiō, -ōn-, f. gradus = step A198 GRAMINEOUS grassy grāmineus, f. grāmen, grāmin- = grass A199 GRANULE grānulum, dim. of grānum = grain A199 GRAPHIC †drawn with pencil graphicus – Gr. graphikós, f. graphé = or pen; vividly drawing, writing A200 descriptive GRAVAMEN grievance or its grāvāmen = physical inconvenience, f. presentation gravāre = weigh upon, oppress, f. gravis = A200 heavy, grave GRAVITATE †exert weight or f. pp. stem of gravitāre, f. gravitās = gravity pressure; be affected by the A200 force of gravity GREMIAL pert. to the bosom gremiālis, -āle, f. gremium = lap, bosom A201 of lap GRUME clot of blood grūmus = little heap, rel. to OE crūma = A203 crumb GYPSUM hydrated calcium L. – Gr. gúpsos, of Sem. orig. sulphate, from which plaster of A206 Paris is made

H HABILITATE qualify f. pp. stem of habilitāre, f. habilitās = A207 ability H(A)EMATITE ferric oxide as ore hæmatītēs – Gr. haimatítēs = blood-like, f. A207 haima, haimat- = blood HALLUCINATION hallūcinātiō, -ōn-, late form of ālūcinātiō, f. ālūcinārī = wander in thought or speech – Gr. alússein = be distraught or ill at ease, A208 with ending as in vāticinārī = vaticinate HALO nimbus of a saint halō, for halōs, -ōn- – Gr. hálōs = A208 threshing-floor, disk of the sun, moon, or a shield HEBDOMADAL †lasting seven days hebdomadālis, f. hebdomas, -ad- = group of A213 seven – Gr. hebdomás, f. heptá = seven HELIOTROPE plant of which the hēliotropium – Gr. hēliotrópion, f. hélios = flowers turn sun + -tropos = turning

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towards the sun, e.g. formerly, sunflower, marigold, now the genus Heliotropium A214 HERMETIC pert. to (the hermēticus, f. Hermēs Trísmegistus (Gr. supposed writings Hermes tris mégistos ) = thrice-greatest of) Hermes Hermes, name given by Neoplatonists, Trismegistus; pert. mystics, and alchemists to the Egyptian god to occult science, Thoth, who was identified with the Grecian esp. alchemy; Hermes (god of science, etc.) as the author hermetic seal = of occult science and esp. alchemy A215 airtight closure HERO man admired for hērōs, pl. hērōēs – Gr. hérōs, pl. hērōes his great deeds and A215 noble qualities HERPES herpēs – Gr. hérpēs = shingles, lit. creeping, A215 f. hérpein = creep HESITATE f. pp. stem of hæsitāre = stick fast, stammer, be undecided, f. hæs-, pp. stem of hærēre = A215 stick, adhere HIATUS interruption of hiātus = gaping, opening, f. hiāre = gap A216 continuity HIBERNIAN Irish f. Hibernia = Ireland, alt. of I(u)verna, Iuberna, A216 – Gr. HIERATIC pert. to a priestly hierāticus – Gr. hierātikós = priestly, class, of a style of sacerdotal, f. hierasthai = be a priest, f. ancient Egyptian hiereús = priest, f. hierós = sacred A216 writing HIEROPHANT expounder of hierophanta, -ēs- – Gr. hierophántēs, f. mysteries hierós = sacred + -phan, base of phaínein = A216 reveal HINNY offspring of a she- hinnus – Gr. (g)ínnos A217 ass and a stallion HIPPOCRENE name of a fountain Hippocrēnē – Gr. Hippokrénē, f. hippos = on Helicon, sacred horse + krénē = fountain; so named because to the Muses, fabled to have been produced by a stroke of A217 poetic inspiration Pegasus’ hoof HIRCINE goatish hircīnus, f. hircus = he-goat A217 HIRSUTE hirsūtus, rel to synon. hitrus A217 HISPID bristly, shaggy hispidus A217 HISTRIONIC histriōnicus, f. histriō, -ōn- = actor in stage A217 plays HOCUS POCUS †conjurer, juggler; based ult. on has pax max Deus adimax conjuring formula; (16th), pseudo-L. magical formula coined

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A218 jugglery, trickery by vagrant students HOMUNCULUS dim. of homō = man A219 HONORARIUM L. = gift made on being admitted to a post A219 of honour, sb. use of n. of honōrārius HORARY relating to the hours hōrārius, f. hōra = hour A220 HORRIPILATION ‘goose-flesh‘ horripilātiō, -ōn-, f. horripilāre, f. horrēre = (of hair) stand on end, tremble, shudder + A220 pilus = hair HORTICULTURE hortus = garden A220 HUMERAL pert. to the humerus f. humerus = shoulder or the shoulder(s) A222 HYALINE glass-like, vitreous hyalinus – Gr. húalinos, f. húalos = A223 transparent stone, amber, etc., glass HYBRID sb. and adj. half- hybriada, (h)ibrida = offspring of a tame breed, mongrel; sow and a wild boar, one born of a Roman also fig. father and a foreign mother or of a freeman A223 and a slave HYDATID (path.) watery cyst hydatis, -id- – Gr. hudatís, -id-, f. húdor, A223 hudat- = water HYDRAULIC hydraulicus – Gr. hudraulikós, f. húdor, A224 hudr- = water + aulós = pipe HYMEN hymēn – Gr. humén, f. sjumen-, f. IE. sjū = A224 sew HYPHEN sb. L. – Gr. huphén = the sign ˄, sb. use of huphén = together, f. huph-, hupó = under, A224 hypo- + hén, n. of heis = one

I IB., IBID. abbrevs. of ibidem f. ibī = there + -dem, as in idem, tandem = in the same place, passage, book, etc. A226 IBERIAN f. Ibēria, f. Ibēres – Gr. I’bēres = Spaniards, A226 also a people of the Caucasus IBEX ibex, prob. Alpine word like chamois A226 ICHNEUMON insect of a family ichneumōn – Gr. ikneúmōn = tracker, f. parasitic on the ikhneúein = track, f. íkhnos = track, footstep A227 larvae of others ID. abbr. of idem = the īdem m., idem n., is, id = that one + -dem, as same name, title, in ibidem A227 author, etc. IDYLL short poem īdyllium – Gr. eidúllion, dim. of eidos = descriptive of a form, picture picturesque scene A227 or incident

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IGNEOUS igneus, f. ignis = fire A228 IGNORAMUS ignorant person L. = we do not know, in legal use we take no notice, 1st per. pl. pres. ind. of ignorāre A228 = ignore ILLEGITIMATE unauthorized f. illegitimus, after legitimate A228 ILLICIT f. il- + licitus, pp. of līcere = be lawful A228 ILLUSTRATE exemplify; f. pp. stem of illustrāre, f. il- + lustrāre = elucidate with illuminate, rel. to lūmen = light A228 pictures IMBRICATE (nat. hist.) covered pp. of imbricāre, f. imbrex, imbric- = roof with scales tile, f. imber = rain overlapping like A228 roof tiles IMMATERIAL unimportant f. im- + māteriālis, māteria = matter A229 IMMEMORIAL immemoriālis, f. im- + memoria, f. memor = A229 mindful, remembering IMMERSE f. immers-, pp. stem of immergere, f. im- + A229 mergere = dip, merge IMMIGRATE f. pp. stem of immigrāre, f. im- + migrāre, A229 prob. based on mei- = change IMMURE build into a wall immūrāre, f. im- + mūrus = wall A229 IMPECCABLE faultless impeccābilis, f. im- + peccāre = sin A229 IMPEDE impedīre, f. im- + pēs, ped- = foot A229 IMPEND be imminent impendēre, im- + pendēre = hang A229 IMPERSONAL not personal impersōnālis, f. im- + personālis = personal A229 IMPERSONATE invest with a f. im- + persōna = person A229 personality IMPERVIOUS L., f. im- + pervius, f. per- + via = way A229 IMPINGE strike, dash impingere, f. im- + pangere = fix, drive in A230 IMPLEMENT †essential implēmentum = filling up, noun of action of A230 consituent implēre = employ, spend IMPLICIT †entangled, implicitus, later form of implicātus, pp. of A230, B379 entwined implicāre, f. im- + plicāre = fold IMPREGNATE make pregnant; f. impregnate pp. or its source late imbue, saturate imprægnātus, f. im- + prægnāre = be A230 pregnant IMPRIMATUR licence to print 3rd sg. pres. subj. pass. of imprimere = print given by the L. formula imprimātur = let it be printed

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A230 IMPULSE act of impelling; impulsus, f. pp. stem of impellere = impel stimulation of the A231 mind INANE †empty inānis = empty, vain A231 INCENDIARY adj. and sb. incendiārius, f. incendium = burning, fire A232 INCIPIENT incipiēns, -ent-, prp. of incipere = A232 undertake, begin, f. in- + capere =take INCOMPREHENSI- that cannot be f. in- + comprehendere, f. com- + BLE understood prehendere = grasp A232 INCONGRUOUS incongruus, f. in- + stem of congruere = A232 agree INCREMENT amount of increase incrēmentum, f. stem of incrēscere, f. in- + A232 crēscere = grow INCUBUS oppressive person incubus, earlier incubo, f incubāre, f. in- + A232 or thing cubāre = lie INCUMBENT leaning or resting prp. of incumbere = lie or lean upon, apply with its weight oneself to, f. in- + cumbere, nasalized stem A232 corr. to cubāre = lie INCUS (anat.) anvil bone L. = anvil A233 of the ear INDEX (math.) f. in- + -dex, dic-, f. IE deik-, dik- = point A233 out INDICATE f. pp. stem of indicāre = declare, mention, f. A233 in- + dicāre = proclaim INDIGENOUS f. indigena = native, f. indi-, strengthened form of in- + gena, f. gen-, base of gignere A233 = beget INDISPENSABLE that cannot be f. in- + dispensāre = weigh out, disburse, remitted; that administer, dispose, frequent. of dispendere, cannot be done f. dis- + pendere = weigh A233 without INDIVIDUAL existing as a indīviduālis, f. indīviduus = indivisible, separate entity; inseparable, f. in - + dīviduus = divisible, f. pert. to a single dvidere = divide A233 person or thing; sb. INDOLENT (path.) painless indōlēns, -ent-, f. in- + prp. of dolēre = A233 suffer pain, give pain INDOMITABLE †untameable indomitābillis, f. in- + domitāre , frequent. A233 of domāre = tame INDULGE treat with indulgēre undeserved favour, gratify by compliance; give A234 free course to INELUCTABLE inescapable f. in- + ēluctārī = struggle out A234

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INEPT (arch.) unsuited, ineptus, f. in- + aptus = apt inappropriate; A234 foolish INERT inactive, inanimate iners, inert- = unskilled, inactive, f. in- + A234 ars = skill, art INFIRM weak through age infirmus, f. in- + firmus = firm A235 or illness INFLECT (gram.) vary the inflectere, f. in- + flectere = bend A235 termination of INFLUX influxus, f. in- + fluere = flow A235, B164 INFRACTION infractiō, -ōn-, f. infract- pp. stem of A235 infringere = infringe INGENUOUS free-born ingenuus = native, free-born, noble, frank, f. A236 in- + gen-, base of gignere = beget INGRATIATE †bring into favour; f. phr. in grātiam = into favour refl., get oneself A236 into favour INGUINAL pert. to the groin inguinālis, f. inguen, inguin- = (swelling in A236 the) groin INHERE †remain fixed in inhærēre, f. in- + hærēre = stick A236 INHUME bury inhumāre, f. in- + humus = ground A236 INIMICAL inimīcālis, f. inimīcus, f. in- + amīcus = A236 friend INJECT f. iniect-, pp. stem of inicere = throw in, f. A236 in- + iacere = throw INNUENDO †paranthetical L. = by nodding, pointing to, intimating, explanation or abl. gerund of innuere = nod to, signify, f. specification; in- + nuere = nod oblique hint or A237 suggestion INSCRIBE enrol; mark with inscrībere, f. in- + scrībere = write A237 characters INSECT insectum, sb. use of n. of pp. of insecāre = A237 cut into or up, f. in- + secāre = cut INSIGNIA pl. of insigne = sign, badge of office, sb. use of n. insignis = distinguished, f. in- + A237 signum = sign INSOLATION exposure to the sun insōlātiō, -ōn-, f. insōlāre, f. in - + sōl = sun A237 INSOLENT contemptuous of insolēns, -ent- = unusual, excessive, dignity or authority arrogant, f. in- + prp. of solēre = be A237 accustomed INSPECT f. inspect-, pp. of inspicere,f. in- + specere A237 = look INSPISSATE thicken f. pp. stem of inspissāre, f. in- + spissus = A237 thick, dense INSTRUCT †put in order f. instruct-, pp. stem of instruere = set up,

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A238 fit out, teach, f. in- + struere = pile up, build INSULAR pert. to an island insulāris, f. insula = island A238 INSULT treat with scornful insultāre, f. in- + saltāre, iterative-intensive A238 abuse or disrespect f. salīre = leap, jump INTEGUMENT covering, coating integumentum, f. integere = cover A238 INTERCALARY inserted at intervals intercalāri(u)s, f. intercalāre = proclaim the A239 (in the calendar) insertion of a day, etc. in the calendar INTERLUDE interval in the interlūdium, f. inter- + lūdus = play performance of a A239 play INTERMEDIATE intermediātus, f. intermedius, f. inter- + A239 medius = mid INTERNECINE attended with great internecīnus, f. interneciō = general slaughter slaughter, massacre, extermination, f. internecāre = slaughter, exterminate, f. A240 inter- + necāre = kill INTERPELLATION †interruption interpellātiō, -ōn-, f. interpellāre = interupt by speaking, f. inter- + -pellāre = thrust or A240 direct oneself INTERPOLATE f. pp. stem of interpolāre, f. inter- + polāre, A240 rel. to polīre = polish INTERSTICE interstitium, f. inter- + base of stāre = stand A240 INTIMATE inward, essential, intimātus, pp. of intimāre, f. intimus = intrinsic; pert. to inmost, f. int- of inter- + superl. suffix the inmost thoughts; closely A240 associated INTIMIDATE f. pp. stem of intimidāre, f. in- + timidus = A240 timid INTRANSITIVE f. in- + transitīvus, f. transīre = pass over A240 INTREPID intrepidus, f. in- + trepidus = agitated, A240, B546 alarmed INTROVERT turn (the mind) f. intrōvertere, f. intrō- + vertere = turn A241 upon itself INUNDATE f. pp. stem of inundāre, f. in- + undāre = A241 flow, f. unda = wave INVERSE adj. and sb. inversus, pp. of invertere, f. in- + vertere = A241 turn INVIDIOUS tending to or invidiōsus, f. invidia = ill wit, envy A241 entailing odium INVIGORATE f. in- + vigor = vigour A241 INVOLVE implicate in a involvere, f. in- + volvere = roll A241 charge; include IRONY condition of affairs īrōnia – Gr. eirōneíā, f. eírōn = disembler opposite to that

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A242 expected IRRIGATE f. pp. of irrigāre, f. ir- + rigāre = wet, water A242 IRRITATE excite to morbid f. pp. stem of irrītāre = irritate A242 action ISCHIATIC sciatic ischiaticus, for ischiadicus, f. iskhiás, -ad- = A242 pain in the hip, f. Gr. iskhíon = hip-joint

J

JACOBITE adherent of James f. Jacōbus = James II of England after his abdication, or A245 of his family JACTATION (path.) tossing of iactātiō, -ōn-, f. iactāre = toss about, discuss, A245 the body to and fro boast, frequent. of iacere = throw JANITOR iānitor, f. iānua = door, f. iānus = arched A245 passage JEJUNE unsatisfying, iēiūnus = fasting, barren, meagre A246 meagre JOCOSE iocōsus, f. iocus = word play A248 JOKE sb. iocus = word play, jest A248 JUDAIC Iūdaicus – Gr. Ioudaikós, f. Ioudaios = Jew A249 JUVENILE adj. iuvenīlis, f. iuvenis = young A250

K ---

L LABARUM Roman standard of L. A256 the late Empire LABEFACTION overthrow, f. labefact-, pp. stem of labefacere = weaken, A256 downfall f. lābī = fall + facere = make, do LABORATORY labōrātōrium, f. labōrāre = work A256 LACUNA lacūna = pool, cavity, f. lacus = lake A256 LALLATION †childish f. lallāre = make lulling sounds, such as lalla utterance; pronunciation of r A257 as l LAMBENT (of flame) playing lambēns, -ent-, prp. of lambere = lick lightly upon a surface, shining A257 with soft clear heat LAMELLA thin plate dim. of lamina A257

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LAMINA thin plate or scale lāmina, lammina A257 LANCINATE pierce f. pp. stem of lancināre = tear A257 LANIFEROUS wool-bearing f. lānifer, f. lāna = wool A258 LAODICEAN lukewarm, neither f. Lāodicēa, Gr. Lāodíkeia, name of a city in cold nor hot, like Asia Minor the church of A258 Laodicea LAPSE gliding, flow lapsus, f. laps-, pp. stem of lābī = glide, slip, A258 fall LARVA †spectre, ghost L. = disembodied spirit, ghost, mask A259 LATENT latēns, -ent-, prp. of latēre = lie hid A259 LATITUDE freedom from lātitūdo, f. lātus = broad A260 restriction LAUREATE crowned with laureātus, f. laurea = laurel tree, laurel laurel crown, sb. use of fem. of adj. laureus, f. A260 laurus LAURUSTINUS evergreen shrub laurus tīnus, i.e. laurus = laurel, tīnus = wild A260 laurel LAVATORY apartment for lavātorium, f. lavāt-, pp. stem of lavāre = washing the hands wash, lave A260 and face LEGATEE person to whom a f. legate = bequeath, f. pp. of lēgāre = legacy is depute, delegate A263 bequeathed LEGISLATOR lēgis lātor, i.e. lēgis g. of lēx = law, lātor = proposer, mover, agent-noun f. lātus, pp. of A263 tollere = raise LEGITIMATE lawful, regular lēgitimātus, pp. of lēgitimāre = declare to be lawful, legitimize, f. lēgitimus, f. lēx, lēg- = A263 law LEGUMINOUS pert. to pulse; of legūminōsus, f. legūmen, -min- = pulse, bean the pea and bean A263 family LEMMA, PL. heading, title, L. – Gr. lemma, pl. lémmata = something LEMMATA, theme taken for granted or assumed, theme, LEMMAS argument, title, f. lab- = base of lambánein = A263 take LENIENT softening, relaxing lēniēns, -ent-, prp. of lēnīre = soothe, f. lēnis A263 = soft, mild LENS lens = lentil A263 LENTICULAR lens- or lenti- lenticulāris, f. lenticula, dim. of lēns, lent- = A263 shaped lentil LEPORINE hare-like leporīnus, f. lepus, lepor- = hare A263 LETHAL lethālis, f. lēthum, var. of lētum = death, by 213

A264 assoc. with Gr. léthē = oblivion LEVATOR (anat.) muscle that agent-noun of levāre = raise A264 raises LEVIGATE make smooth f. pp. stem of lēvigāre, f. lēvis = smooth + - A264 ig-, var. of base of agere = do, make LEVITATE f. levis = light A264 LEXICON L. – Gr. lexikón, n. sg. of lexikós = pert. to words, f. léxis = phrase, word, f. légein = A265 speak LIBRATION oscillation, lībrātiō, -ōn-, f. lībrāre = balance, f. lībra = A265 balancing pound, weight, scales LIGNEOUS woody in texture ligneus, f. lignum = wood A266 LIMBO neglect, oblivion orig. in phr. in, out of limbo, repr. in, ē limbō; A266 abl. of limbus = hem, selvage, fringe LITIGATION legal proceedings lītigātiō, -ōn-, f. lītigāre, -āt-, f. līs, līt- = A268 strife, lawsuit + agere = do LITOTES (rhet.) affirmative L. – Gr. lītótēs, f. lītós = single, simple, expressed by the meagre negative of the contrary, as ‘a citizen of no mean A268 city’ LITTORAL adj. pert. to the littorālis, var. of lītorālis, f. lītus, lītor- = A268 shore shore LIXIVIUM lye sb. use of n. of lixīvius, f. lix = ashes, lye A269 LOCHIA L. – Gr. lókhia, sb. use of n. pl. of lókhios = A269 pert. to childbirth, f. lókhos = lying-in LOCOMOTIVE pert. to locōmōtīvus, f. locō, abl. of locus = place + locomotion; mōtīvus = motive, after scholL. in locō moving by its own movērī = movērī locāliter = move by change A270 powers of position in space LOCUM TENENS L. = one holding the place (of another), f. locum, acc. of locus = place, and tenēns, prp. A270 of tenēre = hold LOGARITHM logarithmus, f. Gr. lógos = ratio + arithmós = A270 number LONGEVITY longævitās, f. longævus, f. longus = long + A271 ævum = age LOQUACIOUS loquāx, loquāc-, f. loquī = speak, talk A271 LUBRICATE make slippery or f. pp. stem of lūbricāre, f. lūbricus = slippery A272 smooth LUDICROUS †sportive, jocular; f. lūdicrus, f. lūdicrum = stage play, f. lūdere A273 †frivolous, witty = play LUES plague L. A273 LUGUBRIOUS doleful, mournuful f. lūgubris, f. lūgēre = mourn

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A273 LUMBAGO lumbāgo, f. lumbus = loin A273 LUNAR lūnāris, f. lūna = moon A273 LURID wan and sallow, lūridus, f. lūror = wan or yellowish colour A273 sickly pale LUTEOUS of deep-yellow f. lūteus, f. lūtum = yellow weed A274 colour LYCHNIS L. – Gr. lukhnís = some red flower, f. lúkhnos A274 = lamp LYMPH (rhet.) water; †sap lympha A274, B277

M MACARONIC applied to macarōnicus – It. †macaronico burlesque verse in which vernacular words are mingled with Latin in a A275 latinized form MAGISTERIAL pert. to a master or magisteriālis, f. magisterius, f. magister = A276 magistrate master MAGISTRATE justice of the peace magistrātus = magistracy, magistrate, f. A276 magistr- = master MAGMA thin pasty mixture L. – Gr. mágma = thick unguent, f. base A276 of substances mag- of mássein = knead MAGNESIA †(spec. black m.) magnēsia – Gr. (hē) Magnēsía (líthos) = the manganese Magnesian stone, loadstone, stone with A276 silvery sheen MAGNET †piece of magnēta, acc. of magnēs – Gr. mágnēs, for loadstone; piece of ho Mágnēs líthos = the Magnesian stone iron or steel having the same attractive A276 properties MALTHA bitumen, mineral L. – Gr. máltha, málthē = mixture of wax A278 pitch or tar and pitch MALVACEOUS pert. to the f. malvāceus, f. malva = mallow A278 mallows MAMILLA nipple dim. of mamma = breast, teat A278 MAMMA (anat.) breast in L. = mother, teat, breast A279 mammals MANDATE commission or mandātum, sb. use of n. pp. of mandāre = contract by which enjoin, commit, f. manus = hand + dāre = one acts for give A279 another MANDUCATION chewing mandūcātiō, -ōn-, f. mandūcāre, f. mandūcō A279 = guzzler, f. mandere = chew

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MANES souls of the mānēs pl. perh. f. mānis, mānus = good departed, esp. as A279 beneficent spirits MANIA great enthusiasm, mani – Gr. maníā, rel. to maínesthai = be A280 craze mad MANIPLE †handful manipulus = handful, troop of soldiers, f. A280, B285 manus = hand MANTIS insect which holds L. – Gr. mántis = prophet, diviner its forelegs in a position suggesting hands A281 folded in prayer MANTISSA †unimportant mantissa, -īsa = makeweight A281 addition MARITAL marītālis, f. marītus = husband A282 MARSUPIAL of or resembling a marsūpiālis, f. marsūpium = pouch – Gr. pouch marsúpion, marsípion, dim. of mársipos = A283 purse, bag MASTICATE chew f. pp. stem of masticāre – Gr. mastikhan = A284 grind the teeth MATERIA MEDICA remedies used in L . tr. Gr. húlē iatriké = healing material A285 medicine MATRIARCH māter, mātri- = mother, after patriarch A285 MATRIX enclosing mass mātrix, -īc- = pregnant animal, female used for breeding, parent stem, womb, register, f. A285 māter, mātr- = mother MATUTINAL of the early mātūtīnālis, f. mātūtīnus, f. Mātūta = morning goddess of the dawn, rel. to māturus = early, A285 mature MAXILLA jaw, jawbone maxilla, corr. to māla = cheek, as axila = A286 shoulder-blade to āla = wing MEATUS passage, spec. in L. = passage, course, f. meāre = go, pass A287 anat. MECHANIC pert. to machines; mēchanicus – Gr. mēkhanikós, f. mēkhané = skilled workman, machine esp. having to do A287 with machinery MEDIATE be an intermediary f. pp. stem of mediāre, f. medius = mid A287 MEDICAL medicālis, f. medicus = physician, f. base of A287, B293 medērī = heal MEDITERRANEAN (of land) midland, mediterrāneus = inland, in late L. applied to inland the Mediterranean Sea, Mare Mediterraneum, in which the orig. notion may have been in the middle of the earth rather than enclosed by land, f. medius = mid A287 + terra = land, earth MEDIUM intermediate medium = middle, midst, sb. use of n. of

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A287 agency, means medius = mid MEDULLA marrow, pith medulla, perh. f. medius = mid A287 MELIC pert. to poetry melicus – Gr. melikós, f. mélos = song intended to be A288 sung MENDACIOUS f. mendāx, mendāc- = prob. orig. speaking incorrectly or falsely, f. mendum = defect, A289 fault MENOLOGY calendar, esp. of mēnologium – Gr. mēnológion, f. mén, the Orthodox mēno- = month + lógos = account A289 Church MENSTRUUM solvent mēnstruum, in class. L. only pl. menstrual blood, sb. use of n. mēnstruus, f. mēnsis = month. The sense solvent arose from the alchemists’ view of the transmutation of base metal into gold by a solvent liquid, which they comapred to the action on sperm A289 in womb of the menstrual blood. MEPHITIC offensive to the mephīticus, f. mephītis = noxious, vapour A289 smell, pestilential MERETRICIOUS characteristic of a meretrīcius, f. meretrīx, -trīc- = harlot, f. harlot, showily merēre = earn money, serve for hire A290 attractive MERGE †plunge, immerse mergere = dip, plunge A290 METATARSUS meta- + tarsus (Gr. tarsós = flat of the foot) A291 METATHESIS L .- Gr. metáthesis, f. metatithénai = A291 transpose MILIARY resembling millet milliārius, f. milium = millet A293 seed MILLENNIUM period of 1000 f. mille = thousand A293 years MILLEPEDE millepeda = woodlouse, f. mille = thousand A293 + pēs, ped- = foot MIME jester, buffoon; mīmus – Gr. mimos = imitator, actor farcical drama of the Greeks and A293 Romans MINIFY diminish in f. minor = less, minimus = least A294 estimated size MINIM single down stroke minimus, -a, -um = least A294 of the pen MINUTE very small, very minūtus, pp. of minuere = lessen, diminish A295 precise MISCELLANEOUS f. miscellāneus, f. miscellus = mixed, f. A295 miscēre = mix MISSILE adapted for missilis, f. miss- , pp. stem of mittere = let throwing; sb. go, send

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A296 missile weapon MISSION sending forth on a missiō, -ōn-, f. miss- stem of mittere = let go, service or with send authority; body of persons sent; commission, A296 errand MOB disorderly or shortening of mobile vulgus = the excitable promiscuous or fickle crowd crowd; the common mass of A297 people MODE (mus.) form of modus = measure, size, manner, method, A297 scale; manner tune MODULATE regulate, adjust; f. pp. stem of modulārī = measure, adjust to attune rhythm, make melody, f. modulus , dim. of A297 modus = mode MOLY a wild garlic mōly – Gr. molu A298 MONAD the number one monas, -ad- - Gr. monás = unit, f. mónos = A298 alone MONODY ode sung by a monōdia – Gr. monōidíā, f. mónos = mono- single voice in + ōid- = sing Greek tragedy; mournful song, A299 dirge MORBID pert. to disease morbidus, f. morbus = disease A300 MUCUS viscid or slimy mūcus, also muccus = mucus of the nose A303 substance MURIATIC †pert. to brine; muriāticus, f. muria = brine marine acid, A305 hydrochloric MUSEUM †building devoted mūsēum = library, study – Gr. mouseion = to learning and the seat of the Muses, sb. use of n. of mouseios, arts (regarded as a f. mousa = muse home of the Muses); building for exhibition of objects of art or science (first applied to Mr. Ashmole’s Museum at A305 Oxford) MYRMIDON †soldier of a l. pl. Myrmidones – Gr. Murmidónes, acc. to bodyguard, legend created orig. from ants (múrmēkes) faithful follower; unscrupulously A306 faithful attendant

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N NAIAD water-nymph L. – Gr. Nāiás, Nāiad-, rel. to náein = flow A308 NARRATE f. pp. stem of narrāre (f. gnārus = knowing) A309 or back-formation from narration NARTHEX (archit.) vestibule narthēx – Gr. nárthēx = giant fennel, stick, extending across casket, narthex the west end of a A309 church NASCENT being born or nāscēns, -ent-, prp. of nāscī = be born A309 produced NASTURTIUM genus of L. cruciferous plants having a pungent A309 taste NAUSEA strong disgust nausea, nausia – Gr. nausíā, nautíá = A309 seasickness, nausea, f. naus = ship NAUTILUS cephalopod which L. – Gr. nautílos = sailor, nautilus, f. naútēs has webbed dorsal = sailor arms formerly believed to be A309 used as sails NAVE main body of a spec. use of nāvis = ship A309 church NEBULA film over the eye nebula, rel. to OE., OS., OHG. A310 NEGOTIATE manage; convert f. pp. stem of negōtiārī = carry on business, A310 into money f. negōtium = business, f. neg- + ōtium = leisure NE PLUS ULTRA command to go no L. phr. = not more beyond, said to have been further; utmost inscribed on the Pillars of Hercules (Strait of A311 limit Gibraltar) NEREID sea-nymph Nēreis, Nēreid – Gr. Nērēís, Nērēid-, f. Nēreús = ancient sea-god, f. base of nāre = A311 swim NERVE fibrous connection nervus = sinew, bowstring conveying sensation, etc. between the brain A311 and other parts NESCIENCE lack of knowledge nescientia, f. nesciēns, -ent-, prp. of nescīre = A311 be ignorant, f. ne- + scīre = know NEXUS bond, link f. nex-, pp. stem of nectere = bind A312 NIDIFICATION nest-building nīdificātiō, -ōn-, f. nīdificāre, f. nīdus = nest A312 NIMBUS cloud-like nimbus = rain, cloud, aureole splendour A313 investing a god

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NITID shining, glossy nitidus, f. nitēre = shine A313 NODE hard tumour; point nōdus = knot, etc. A314 of intersection NONDESCRIPT †(nat. hist.) not f. non- + dēscriptus, pp. of dēscrībere = A314 hitherto described describe NORWEGIAN f. Norvegia – ON. Norvegr, f. noror = north A315 + vegr = way, region NOSTRADAMUS seer latinization of the name of Michel de Nostredame, F. physician who published a A315 book of prophecies in rhyme NOSTRUM medicine the n. of noster = our; from the label nostrum = composition of of our own make, formerly attached to such which is not made medicines public; patient A315 remedy NOVERCAL stepmotherly novercālis, f. noverca = stepmother, f. novus A316 = new NOXIOUS f. noxius, f. noxa = hurt, damage, rel. to nex A316 = slaughter, nocēre = injure NUBILE (of women) nūbilis, f. nūbere = take a husband A316 marriageable NUDE naked, unclothed nūdus f. now(e)dos, nogwedos = naked A316 NUGATORY worthless, useless nūgātōrius, f. pp. stem of nūgārī = trifle, f. A316 nūgæ = jests, trifles NUMEN nūmen = divine will, divinity A316 NUMMARY pert. to money or nummārius, f. nummus = coin A316 coinage NUTATION nodding nūtātiō, -ōn-, f. nūtāre, nūtāt- = nod, f. base A317 of –nuere = nod NYCTALOPIA night-blindness L. – Gr. nuktálōps, f. núx, nukt- = night + A317 alaós = blind + óps = eye

O OASIS L. – Gr. óasis, presumably of Egypt. orig. A318 OBESE obēsus = that has eaten himself fat, stout, A318 plump, f. ob- + ēsus, pp. of edere = eat OBJURGATE rebuke severly f. pp. stem of obiurgāre, f. ob- + iurgāre = A318 quarrel, scold, f. iurgium = quarrel, strife OBNOXIOUS †hurtful, injurious, obnoxiōsus or f. obnoxius = exposed to harm, offensive, highly subject, liable, f. ob- + noxa = hurt, injury A319 objectionable OBOL coin of ancient obolus – Gr. obolós, var. of obelós = obelisk A319 Greece OBSEQUIOUS servilely obsequiōsus, f. obsequium, f. obsequī = A319 compliant comply with, f. ob- + sequī = follow OBSIDIAN volcanic glass obsidiānus, in earliest printed editions of

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Pliny’s Natural History, for obsiānus, so named from its resemblance to a stone found A319 in Ethiopia by one Obsius OBSTREPEROUS unruly, turbulent obstreperus, f. obstrepere = shout at, oppose A319 noisily, f. ob- + strepere = make a noise OBSTRUCT f. pp. obstruct-, pp. stem of obstruere = build against, block, up, f. ob- + struere = pile, A319 build OBTURATE f. pp. stem of obturāre, f. ob- + turāre = A319 close up OBVERSE sb. face of a coin obversus, pp. of obvertere = turn towards, f. A319 ob- + vertere = turn OCCULT pert. to early occultus, pp. of occulere, f. oc- + base of sciences held to cēlāre = conceal involve secret and mysterious A320 knowledge OCTANT eight part of a octāns, -ant- = half quadrant, f. octō = eight circle; (spec. astron.) point 45, i.e. ⅛ of 360 distant from A320 another OESTRUS gadfly L. – Gr. oistros A321 OFFICIOUS importunate in officiōsus, f. officium = office offering service; A321 †official OGDOAD the number 8, ogdoas, -ad- – Gr. ogdoás, -ad-, f. ógdoos = A321 group of eight eight, októ = eight OLFACTORY pert. to the sense olfactōrius, f. olfactāre, frequent. of of A322 of smell olfacere = smell, f. olēre ONUS burden of L. = burden A323 responsibility OPAQUE not transparent opācus A323 OPERATE †produce an f. operāt-, pp. stem of operārī = work, effect; effect, bestow labour upon, f. oper- = opus produce, bring A323 about OPEROSE laborious operōsus, f. oper- = opus A323 OPIATE sb. opiātus A323 OPPONENT antagonist oppōnēns, -ent-, prp. of oppōnere = set A324 against, f. op- + pōnere = place OPULENT abundantly opulēns, -ent-, or opulentus, f. ops, pl. opes = A324 wealthy resources, wealth ORAL pert. to the mouth ōrālis, f. ōs, ōr- = mouth A324 or to speech

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ORB eyeball, eye orbis = ring, round surface, disc A325 ORBIT path of a heavenly orbita = wheel-track, course, path, eye- body cavity, sb. use of fem. of orbitus = circular, f. A325 orbis, orb- = orb ORCHESTRA in the ancient Gr. orchēstra – Gr. orkhéstrā, f. orkheisthai = theatre, semi- dance circular area for A325 the chorus ORNITHOLOGY ornithologia, f. Gr. orníthológos = treating of A326 birds, f. órnis, ornītho- = bird ORPHIC pert. to Orpheus or Orphicus – Gr. Orphikós, f. Orpheús mysteries associated with A326 him OSCITANT gaping from prp. of oscitāre = gape, perh. f. ōs = mouth + A327 drowsiness citāre = put in motion OSCULATE kiss; (techn.) bring f. pp. stem of ōsculārī = kiss, f. ōsculum = or come into close little or pretty mouth, kiss, hypocoristic dim. A327 contact of ōs = mouth OSSIFRAGE lammergeyer; ossifragus, -fraga = bone-breaking, f. os, A327 osprey oss- = bone + frag- = break OSSUARY charnel-house, ossuārium, f. ossua, var. of ossa, pl. of ōs = A327 bone-urn bone OVARY ōvārium, f. ōvum = egg A328 OVATION †exultation ovātiō, -ōn-, f. ovāre = celebrate a (lesser) triumph, perh. f. Gr. euoi = exultant cry at A328 the Bacchanalia

P PABULUM food, nutriment pābulum, f. base pā- of pāscere = lead A330 PAEON (pros.) metrical pæōn – Gr. paión foot of four syllables, one long and three short, named, acc. to the position of the long syllable, first, second, third and A330 fourth paeon PALIMPSEST †material prepared palimpsestus – Gr. palímpsestos, f. pálin = for writing on and again + psestós, pp. formation on psen = rub A331 wiping out smooth PALLIATE disguise the f. pp. stem of palliāre, f. pallium, rel. to enormity or palla = long wide outer garment of Roman offensiveness of; ladies A332 †mitigate PALLID pallidus, rel. to pallēre = be pale

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A332 PALLIUM vestment worn by pallium, rel to palla = long wide outer the pope and garment of Roman ladies conferred by him A332 on archbishops PALMARY palmārius = that carries off the palm of A332 victory, f. palma = palm PALMIPED having palmate palmipēs, -ped-, f. palma = palm + pēs = A332 feet foot PALPABLE evident, manifest palpābilis, f. palpāre = touch soothingly A332 PALPITATE f. pp. stem of palpitāre, frequent. of palpāre A332 = stoke PANCRATIUM athletic contest L. – Gr. pankrátion, f. pan- + krátos = combining strength, mastery wrestling and A333 boxing PANDEMONIUM abode of all devils L. f. Gr. pan- + daímōn = demon A333 PAPILIONACEOUS like a butterfly f. papīliō, -ōn- = butterfly A334 PAR equality of value, pār = equal equal footing; recognized value A334 of currency PARADOX phenomenon paradoxum, -doxon, sb. use of n. of conflicting with paradoxus – Gr. parádoxos, f. para- + dóxa preconceived = opinion A335 notions PARAPHERNALIA articles of personal paraphernālis, sb. use of n. pp. of property which the paraphernālia; sb. use of n. pl. of law allows a paraphernālis, f. paraphera – Gr. paráphera married woman to n. pl. = articles of property held by a wife regard as her own besides her dowry, f. para- + pherné = A336 dowry, rel. phérein = bear PAREGORIC assuaging pain parēgoricus – Gr. parēgorikós = encouraging, soothing, f. parēgorein = console, soothe, f. para- = beside + ēgor-, var. of agor- in agoreúein = speak in the A336 assembly PARERGON (in painting) L. = extra ornament in art – Gr. párergon = something subordiante or secondary business subordinate to the main theme; subordinate piece A336 of work PARHELION (astron.) mock sun parēlion – Gr. parélion, f. para- + hélios = A337 sun PARISYLLABIC f. pari-, pār = equal, par + syllaba = syllable A337

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PARNASSIAN of or belonging to f. Parnassus – Gr. Parnassós = Parnassus, A337 Parnassus, poetic mountain anciently sacred to the Muses PATELLA (anat.) knee-cap patella, dim. of patina = shallow dish A340 PATERNAL fatherly; derived paternālis, f. paternus, f. pater = father A340 from one’s father PATRONYMIC patrōnymicus – Gr. patrōnumikós, f. patrónumos = named from the father, f. pater, patr- = father + ónuma, ónoma = A340 name PAVONINE pert. to a peacock pāvonīnus, f. pavō, -ōn- = peacock A341 PECULATION wrongful f. pp. stem of pecūlārī, rle. To pecūlium = appropriation of property,f. pecu = herd A342 property PECULIAR uncommon, odd pecūliāris = not held in common with others, A342 f. pecūlium = property, f. pecu = herd PEDICEL (bot.) small stalk pedicellus, f. pedīculus, dim. of pēs, ped- = A342 of a plant foot PEDIMENT triangular gable- pedament, pedement, refash. of periment, like part crowning prob. deformation of pyramid (L.) A342 a facade PELAGIC pert. to the open pelagicus, f. pelagus = sea – Gr. pélagos A343 sea, oceanic PELLUCID transmitting light pellūcidus, f. pellūcere, perlūcēre = shine A343 through PELVIS pelvis = basin A343 PENDULOUS hanging down pendulus, f. pendēre = hang A344 PENDULUM sb. use of n. of pendulus = pendulous A344 PENETRALIA innermost parts pl. of penetrāle, f. stem of penetrāre = place within, enter within, f. penitus = inner, A344 inmost, into the inmost recesses PENIS pēnis = tail, rel. to Gr. péos, Skr. pása- A344 PENSILE hanging, vaulted pēnsilis, f. pēns-, pp. stem of pendēre = hang A344 PENULTIMATE f. pænultimus, f. pæne = almost + ultimus = A345 last PENUMBRA (astron.) partly f. pæne = almost + umbra = shadow shaded region on the edge of a total A345 shadow PERAMBULATION bounds perambulātiō, -ōn-, f. perambulāre A345 PERCOLATE pass or cause to f. pp. stem of percōlāre, f. per- + colāre = pass through a strain, f. cōlum = sieve, strainer A345 porous substance PERENNIAL f. perennis, f. per- + annus = year

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A345 PERICOPE paragraph pericopē – Gr. perikopé = section, f. peri- + A346 kop- = cut PERNOCTATE pass the night, f. pp. stem of pernoctāre, f. per- + nox, noct- A347 spec. in prayer = night PERSPECTIVE drawing in perspectīva, sb. use of fem. of perspectīvus, perspective f. perspect-, pp. stem of perspicere = look at A347 closely, f. per- + specere = look PERTINACIOUS pertināx, -āc-, f. per- + tenāx, -ac-, f. tenēre A348 = hold PERVADE (arch.) pass pervādere, f. per- + vādere = go through; diffuse A348 itself throughout PERVIOUS pervius, f. per- + via + way A348 PHALANX (anat.) joint of a L. – Gr. phálagx A349 digit PHALLUS L. – Gr. phallós A349 PHARYNX L. – Gr. phárugx A349 PHENOMENON, thing or fact phænomenon – Gr. phainómenon, sb. use of PL. –MENA perceived or prp. pass. of phaínein = show, pass. be seen, A349 observed appear PHILANTHROPY philanthrōpia – Gr. philanthrōpíā, f. A349 philánthrōpos, f. phil- + ánthrōpos = man PHOSPHORUS †morning star; phōsphorus – Gr. phōsphóros = light- phosphorescent bringing, sb. morning star, f. -phos = light + substance; highly -phóros = phore inflammable non- metallic element luminous in the A350 dark PIACULAR pert. to expiation piāculāris, f. piāculum = expiation, f. piāre A351 = appease, f. pius = pious PIER pillar AL. pera or pēra A352 PIOUS faithful to the pius = pious duties owed to God, parents, etc.; practised for the sake of religion or A354 a good object PISCARY fishing-ground piscāria = fishing rights, n. pl. use d sb. of A354 piscārius, f. piscis = fish PITUITARY mucous pītuītārius, f. pītuīta = mucus, gum A355 PLACENTA (anat.) afterbirth; L. – Gr. plakóenta, accus. of plakóeis = flat (bot.) part of cake carpel to which A355 scales are attached 225

PLAGIARY †kidnapper; plagiārius = kidnapper, literary thief, f. plagiarist,; plagium = man-stealing, kidnapping – Gr. A355 plagiarism plágion PLANE plane surface plānum = flat surface, sb. use of n. of plānus A356 = plain PLASTIC characterized by plasticus – Gr. plastikós, f. plastós, ppl. adj. moulding or f. plássein = fashon, form modelling, causing growth or A356, B375 development PLATONIC P. love, tr. amor Platōnicus – Gr. Platōnikós, f. Plátōn platonicus, used synon. with amor socraticus by interest in young men with which Socrates was A357 credited PLAUDIT shortening of plauditē = applaud, 2nd pers. pl. imper. of †plaudite, orig. plaudere = clap the hands in approval appeal for applause at the A357 close of a play PLEBEIAN of low birth or plēbēius, f. plēbs, plēb- = commonalty of A357 rank ancient Rome PLECTRUM plēctrum – Gr. plektron, f. pléssein = strike A357 PLEONASM (rhet.) redundancy pleonasmus – Gr. pleonasmós, f. pleonázein of expression = be superfluous, f. pléon = more, compar. A357 of polú = much PLETHORA excessive quantity plēthōra – Gr. plēthórē = fullness, repletion, A357 f. pléthein = be full PLEURA (anat.) membrane L. – Gr. pleurá = side, rib lining the thorax and enveloping the A357 lungs PLEXUS (anat.) network of plexus, f. plex-, pp. stem of plectere = A357 fibres or vessels interweave, plait PLUM dried grape or prūna, orig. pl. of prūnum = plum A358 raisin PLUMBAGO †yellow and red plumbāgō = lead ore, leadwort, flea-wort, f. A358 oxides of lead plumbum = lead PLUS with the addition plūs = more A359 of PLUVIAL (eccl.) cope pluviāle = rain-cloak, sb. use of n. of A359 pluviālis, f. pluvia, pluere = rain POLEMIC disputatious, polémicus – Gr. polemikós, f. pólemos = war A360 controversial POLITE of refined polītus, pp. of polīre = polish A360 courteous manners

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POSIT (chiefly in pp.) f. posit-, pp. stem of pōnere = place situate, place, assume, lay down A363 as a basis POSSE body of men that a posse = be able; from posse comitātus = sheriff may call to force of the county arms, armed force, A363 strong band POSTERIOR hinder; hinder posterior, compar. of posterus = following, A364 parts, buttocks future, f. post = after POSTHUMOUS born after the f. postumus = last of all, spec. applied as in father’s death; first sense, used as superl. of post = after, appearing or later assoc. with humus = ground, humāre = occurring after bury A364 death POSTULATE (geom.) problem postulātum, sb. use of n. pp. of postulāre, of self-evident prob. f. base of poscere = demand nature; proposition claimed to be A364 granted PRAGMATIC relating to affairs prāgmaticus – Gr. prāgmatikós, f. prāgma, A365 of a state prāgmat- = act, deed, affair PRECARIOUS (leg.) held by f. precārius, f. prex, prec- = entreaty, prayer another’s favour; dependent on A366 chance PRECATORY of the nature of precātōrius, f. pp. stem of precārī = pray A366 entreaty PRECENTOR præcentor, f. præcent-, pp. stem of A366, B68 præcinere, f. præ + canere = sing PRECLUDE præclūdere, f. præ = pre- + claudere = shut A366 PRECOCIOUS flowering or f. præcox, -coc-, f. præcoquere = boil fruiting early; beforehand, ripen fully, f. præ = pre- + prematurely coquere = cook A366 developed PREDICANT adj. preaching prædicāns, -ant-, prp. of prædicāre = preach A367 PREDICT f. prædict-, pp. stem of prædīcere, f. præ = A367 pre- + dīcere = say PREFIX verbal element præfīxum, sb. use of n. præfīxus, pp. of placed before and præfīgere = fix in front in combination A367 with another PREMIUM reward, prize; sum præmium = booty, reward, f. præ = pre- + to be paid in an emere = buy, orig. take insurance policy, A367 etc. PREPONDERATE weigh more or f. pp. stem of præponderāre, f. præ = pre- + A368 heavier pondus, ponder- = weight

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PRESBYTER †presbyterian presbyter – Gr. presbúteros = in N. T. elder of the Jewish sanhedrin, elder of the A368 apostolic church PREVAIL predominate prævalēre = have greater power A369 PREVARICATE act or speak f. pp. stem of prævāricārī = go crookedly, evasively deviate from the right path, practise collusion, transgress, f. præ = pre- + A369 vārīcāre = spread the legs apart, straddle, f. vārus = knock-kneed PREVENIENT preceding, spec. præveniēns, -ent-, prp. of prævenīre = A369 theol. of grace precede, anticipate, hinder, f. præ = pre- + venīre = come PREVIOUS coming or going prævius, f. præ = pre- + via = way A369 before PRIMAL primitive prīmālis, f. prīmus = prime A369 PRIMARY of the first order or prīmārius = chief, principal, f. prīmus = A369 stage prime PRIMEVAL, f. prīmævus, f. prīmus = prime, first -AEVAL A370 PRIMOGENITURE prīmōgenitūra, f. prīmō, adv. of prīmus = A370 prime, first + genitūra = birth PRISM (optics) prisma – Gr. prisma, -mat- = lit. thing sawn, A370 f. prízein = saw PROBOSCIS elephant’s trunk; L. – Gr. proboskís = lit. means of providing elongated part of food, f. pro- + bóskein = cause to feed A371 insect’s mouth PRODIGY marvel; one of prōdigium, f. prōd-, var. of pro- + an el. of A371 precocious genius uncert. orig. PROFUSE very abundant prōfūsus, adj. use of pp. of prōfundere = A372 pour forth, f. pro- + fundere = pour PROGNOSIS forecast of the prognōsis – Gr. prógnōsis, f. progignóskein course of a case of = know beforehand A372 disease PROGRAMME, †Sc. public notice programma – Gr. prógramma = public U.S. PROGRAM written notice, f. prográphein = write A372 publicly, f. pro- + gráphein = write PROJECT proposal for prōiectum, n. of pp. of prōicere = throw A372 execution forth, expel, f. pro- + iacere = throw PROLATE (geom.) prōlātus, used as pp. of prōferre = bring lengthened in the forward, produce, f. pro- + ferre, lātum = direction of the carry A372 polar axis PROLEGOMENA pl. of prolegomenon – Gr. prolegómenon, n. of prp. pass. of prolégein = say beforehand, A372 f. pro- + légein = say PROLETARIAN pert. to the lowest prōlētārius = Roman citizen of the lowest class of the people class under the constitution of Servius

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Tullius, one who served the state not with his property but only with his offspring; common, low, f. prōlētus = provided with A372 offspring, f. prōlēs = offspring PROLIFIC producing prōlificus, f. prōlēs = offspring A372 offspring PROLUSION preliminary prōlūsiō, -ōn-, f. pp. stem of prōlūdere = attempt, essay, or carry out preliminary exercises, f. pro- + A373 dissertaion lūdere = play PROMISCUOUS of mixed or prōmiscuus, f. pro- + miscēre = mix disorderly character A373 PRONE lying flat prōnus, f. prō = forward A373 PROPEL drive forward prōpellere, f. pro- + pellere = drive A373 PROPITIATE render propitious f. pp. stem of propitiāre, f. propitius = A373 favourable, gracious PROPOLIS bee-glue, resinous L. – Gr. própolis = suburb, bee-glue, f. pro- substance with + pólis = city which bees line A373 their hives PROPRIETARY grantee of one of proprietārius, f. proprietās = property certain Amer. colonies; A374 proprietorship PROSCENIUM in the ancient proscēnium – Gr. proskénion, f. pro- + skēné theatre, space = scene between background and A374 orchestra PROSCRIBE denounce, interdict prōscrībere = publish in writing, f. pro- + A374 scrībere = write PROSPECT spectacle, scene; prōspectus = look-out, view, f. prōspicere, f. A374 mental vista pro- + specere = look PROSTITUTE sb. prōstitūtus, pp. of prōstituere = expose publicly, offer for sale, prostitute, f. pro- + A374 statuere = set up, place PROTASIS †first part of a L. – Gr. prótasis = proposition, problem, play; (gram.) etc., f. proteínein = put forward, tender, f. introductory clause pro- + teínein = stretch A374 of a sentence PROTRUDE prōtrūdere, f. pro- + trūdere = press, thrust A375 PROTUBERANT prp. of prōtūberāre, f. pro- + tūber = bump, A375 swelling PROXIMATE coming next proximātus, pp. of proximāre = approach, f. proximus = nearest, super. of proque, var. of A375 prope = near

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PRURIENT itching, having an prūriēns, -ent-, prp. of prūrīre = itch, long, A376 itching desire be wanton PSYCHE soul, spirit, mind psȳ chē – Gr. psūkhé = breath, soul, life, rel. A376 to psúkhein = breathe, blow PUDENDUM, PL. private parts pudenda, sb. use of n. sg. and pl. of –ENDA pudendus, gerundive of pudet = it is A376 shameful PULLULATE sprout f. pp. stem of pullulāre = spring forth, grow, f. pullulus, dim. of pullus = young of an A377 animal, chick PULP soft formless mass pulpa A377 PYLORUS (anat.) opening pylōrus – Gr. pulōrós, pulourós = gate- from the stomach keeper, f. púlē = gate + ouros = watcher, A379 into the duodenum warder PYRE pyra – Gr. purá, f. pur, pur- = fire A379 PYRRHIC (pros.) foot pyrrichium – Gr. purrhíkhios, f. purrhíkhē = consisting of two war dance A380 short syllables

Q QUA in the capacity or quā, abl. sg. fem. of quī = who A381 status of QUADRAGESIMAL (of a fast) lasting quadrāgēsimālis, f. Quadrāgēsima, name of forty das; of Lent, the first Sunday in Lent and reckoned the Lenten fortieth day before Easter, and hence the whole season, sb. use of fem. of quadrāgēsimus = fortieth, ordinal of quadrāgintā = forty, f. quadrā-, repr. old n. of quattuor = four + -gintā, corr. to Gr. - A381 konta QUADRAT small block of quadrātum, sb. use of n. of quadrātus, pp. of metal used for quadrāre = square A381 spacing QUADRENNIAL occuring every f. quadr(i)ennium four years; lasting A381 for four years QUADRUPED quadrupēs, -ped-, f. quadru- = four + pēs = A381, B358 foot QUARANTINE (leg.) period of qua(d)rantēna, f. quadranta, for quadrāgintā forty days during = forty which a widow had the right to remain in her husband’s chief A382 mansion house QUARTO book made up of orig. in phr. in quarto = in a fourth paper produced by folding a whole

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sheet twice so as to form four A382 leaves (8 pages) QUASI (a) kind of reduced form of quansei, f. quām, acc. sg. A382 fem. of the base of who, what + sei, sī = if QUATERNARY adj. consisting of quaternārius, f. quaternī = four together, f. four things quater = four times, f. base of quattuor = A382 four QUATERNION quire of four quaterniō, -ōn-, f. quaternī = four together, f. sheets quater = four times, f. base of quattuor = A382 four QUERY anglicization of quere A383 QUIBBLE play on words; f. synon. †quib, app. f. quibus (d. and abl. pl. equivocating or of quī, quæ, quod = who) A383 evasive speech QUIESCENT quiēscēns, -ent-, prp. of quiēscere = be still, A383 f. quiēs = quiet QUIETUS death short for quiētus est = he is quit A383 QUINARY of the number five quīnārius, f. quīnī, distributive of quinque = A384 five QUINCUNX arrangement of quincunx = five-twelfths, f. quinque = five + five objects so uncia = twelfth placed that four occupy the corners and the fifth the A384 centre QUINQUAGESIMA Sunday sb. use of fem. of quinquāgēsimus = fiftieth, immediately f. quinquāgintā = fifty A384 preceding Lent QUINQUENNIAL occurring every f. quinquennis, f. quinque- + annus = year A384 fifth year QUINTILLION fifth power of a f. quintus = fifth + (m)illion million; (U.S.) sixth power of a A384 thousand QUITS even (with) by prob. colloq. use of quittus = quit repayment or A384 retaliation QUORUM fixed number of g. pl. of quī = who; taken from the wording persons whose of commissions designation such persons, presence is quorum vos...duos (etc.) esse volumus = of necessry in the whom we will that you be...two (etc.) transaction of A385 business QUOTA part or share of a quota, sb. use of fem. of quotus = of what A385 total number, f. quot = how many QUOTE repeat ( a passage) quotāre = number, f. quot = how many, or A385 from a book quota = quota

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R RABID furious, raging rabidus, f. rabere = rave, be mad A386 RADICAL going to the root radicālis, f. rādīx, rādīc- = root or origin, thorough; sb. A386 radical element RADIUS thicker and shorter radius = staff, spoke, ray, radius of a circle, bone of the of the arm forearm; straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to the A386 circumference; RAMOSE branching rāmōsus, f. rāmus = branch A387 RANCID rancidus, f. rancēre = be putrid A388 RAPACIOUS f. rapāx, rapāc- = f. rapere = snatch A388 RAPID moving with great rapidus = lit. carrying along or away, f. A388 speed rapere = seize, carry off quickly or violently RATIO relation of one ratiō, -ōn- = reckoning, judgment, quantity to another understanding, reasoning, method, motive, f. A389 rat-, pp. stem of rērī = think, reckon RATIONAL (math.); agreable ratiōnālis, f. ratiō, -ōn- = reckoning, to reason, judgment, understanding, reasoning, method, reasonable motive, f. rat-, pp. stem of rērī = think, A389 reckon RECENSION †enumeration, recēnsiō, -ōn-, f. recēnsēre = reckon, survey, survey review, revise, f. re- + cēnsere = assess, A392 appraise RECIPROCAL corresponding to reciprocus = moving backwards and eachother; (gram.) forwards, alternating recoprocos, f. recos + A392 reflexive procos, f. re- and pro= RECLINE rest in a recumbent reclīnāre = bend back, lay aside, recline, f. A392, B229 position re- + clīnāre = lean RECOLLECT summon up (one’s f. recollect-, pp. stem of recolligere = collect spirits, courage, again, f. re- + colligere = collect A392 etc.) RECOMMEND mention or recommendāre, f. re- + commendāre = introduce with commend approval; make A392 acceptable RECONDITE †hidden away; reconditus, pp. of recondere = put away, removed from hide, f. re- + condere = hide ordinary understanding or A392 knowledge

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RECRIMINATE retort an f. pp. stem of recrīmināre, f. re- + crīminārī accusation, accuse = accuse, f. crīmen, crīmin- = accusation A393 in return RECTILINEAR f. rēctilīneus, f. rēctus = right + līnea = line A393 RECUMBENT recumbēns, -ent-, prp. of recumbere = recline, f. re- + cumbere, f. nasalized stem A393 corr. to cubāre = recline, lie in bed RECUPERATE restore (esp. in f. pp. stem of recuperāre, f. re- + cup- (as in A393 health) occupāre = occupy) REDUNDANT charcterized by redundāns, -ant-, pp. of redundāre = superfluity or overflow, f. red- + undāre = be agitated, A394 excess surge, f. unda = wave REFLECT throw back reflectere, f. re- + flectere = bend (beams, etc.), turn one’s thoughts upon; cast A394, B162 reproach REFRACT deflect the course f. refract-, pp. stem of refringere, f. re- + A395 of (light, etc.) frangere = break REGNAL regnālis, f. rēgnum = reign A396 REGNANT reigning, ruling rēgnāns, -ant-, prp. of rēgnāre = reign A396 REGULUS petty king dim. of rēx, rēg- = king A396 REGURGITATE gush back again f. pp. stem of regurgitāre, f. re- + gurgitāre A396 = engulf, f. gurges, -git- = whirlpool REIMBURSE f. re- + imburse = put into a purse, pay – A396 imbursāre, f. im- + bursa = purse RELATE bring into f. stem of relātus, fuctioning as pp. of referre connection or = refer A396 comparison RELAX make less strict relaxāre, f. re- + laxus = lax A396 RELUCTANT †struggling, reluctāns, -ant-, prp. of reluctārī = struggle A397 resisting against, f. re- + luctārī = struggle REMIT put off, transmit; remittere = send back, slacken, relax, A397 intr. abate postpone, f. re- + mittere = put, send REMONSTRATE †point out (a fault) f. pp. stem of remōnstrāre = demonstrate, f. to; †raise an re- + mōnstrāre = show objection to; urge strong reasons A398 against RENEGUE revoke at cards renegāre, f. re- + negāre = deny A398 REPATRIATE f. pp. stem of repatriāre = go back home, f. A398 re- + patria = native land RESCIND †take away, rescindere, f. re- + scindere = cut or tear remove, abrogate, asunder A400 233

cancel RETALIATE f. pp. stem of retaliāre, f. re- + tālis = of A401 such a kind RETICENCE maintanance of reticentia, f. reticēre = keep silent, f. re- + A401 silence tacēre = be silent RETORT reply in kind to f. retort-, pp. stem of retorquēre, f. re- + A402 torquēre = twist RETROSPECT regard or reference f. retrōspect-, pp. stem of retrōspicere = look to some fact, etc.; back, f. retro- + spicere = look A402 survey of the past REVOLVE cause to travel in revolvere, f. re- + volvere = roll, turn A403 an orbit RHAPSODY extravagant rhapsōdia – Gr. rhapsōidíā, f. rhapsōidós = A403 effusion rhapsodist, f. rháptein = stitch + ōidé = song RHODIUM rosewood n. of rhodius = rose-like, f. Gr. rhódon = A403 (Convolvulus) rose RHODODENDRON rhododendron = oleander – Gr. rhodódendron, f. rhódon = rose + déndron = A404 tree RIGID precise in method rigidus, f. rigēre = be stiff A405, B423 ROSICRUCIAN member of a L. tr. of which, viz. rosa crucis or crux i.e. = society reputed to rose of the cross, is the basis of the name have been founded in 1484 by Christian A408 Rosenkranz ROSTRUM beak of a galley rōstrum = beak, snout, etc. f. rōdere = gnaw A408 ROTA political club rota = wheel founded in 1659 by J. Harrington, which advacated rotation in the offices of government; rotation, routine; supreme court for A408 all causes

S

SABBATARIAN pert. to the f. sabbatārius = Jew, f. sabbatum – Gr. observance of the sábbaton – Heb. = rest Sabbath; sb. observer of the Lord’s Day as a A412 Sabbath SABBATH midnight meeting sabbatum – Gr. sábbaton – Heb. šabbāth, f. of demons and šābath = rest

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A412 witches SACCHARINE sugary saccharum = sugar A412 SAGACIOUS †of acute f. sagāx, sagāc-, f. sag-, repr. by sāgīre = perception, esp. of discern acutely smell; gifted with A413 mental discernment SALACIOUS f. salāx, salāc-, f. base of salīre = leap A414 SALIENT jetting forward, saliēns, -ent-, prp. of salīre = leap A414 pointing outward SALIVA salīva A414 SALTATION leaping, dancing saltātiō, -ōn-, f. saltāre = dance, frequent. of A415 salīre = leap SALVO saving clause; salvō, abl. of n. of salvus = uninjured, intact, dishonest mental safe, occuring as the first word of law phr. reservation such as salvo jure = without prejudice to the A415 right of SAL VOLATILE aromatic solution sāl volātile = salt volatile of ammonium A415 carbonate SANDARAC resin of a N.W. sandaraca – Gr. sandarák(h)ē A416 Afr. tree; bee-bread SANE sound in mind sānus A416 SANGUINARY bloody; sanguinārius, f. sanguis, sanguin- = blood A416 bloodthirsty SAPID savoury, palatable, sapidus, f. sapere = have a taste, be sensible A416 having a taste or wise SARCOPHAGUS stone reputed by L. – Gr. sarkophágos, sb. use of adj. f. sárx, the ancient Greeks sark- = flesh + -phágos = -eating to consume corpses and hence used for A417 coffins SASINE (Sc. law) giving var. of seisin, after law-L. sasina possession of A417 feudal property SATIATE surfeit, glut f. pp. stem of satiāre, f. satis = enough A418 SATURATE cause to combine f. pp. stem of saturāre, f. satur = full, with the utmost satiated quantity of another A418 substance SCABROUS rough with minute f. scaber, scabr-, f. scabiēs = roughness, f. A419 points scabere = scratch, scrape SCALE graduated scāla usu. pl. steps, staircase, ladder, f. base instrument; relative of scandere = climb dimension, standard of A419 235

measurement SCAPE (bot.) long flower- scāpus, Gr. skapos, rel. to Gr. skeptron = stalk rising from sceptre A420 the root SCARUS parrot-fish L. – Gr. skáros A421 SCAZON (pros.) choliamb scazōn – Gr. skázōn, sb. use of f. prp. of A421 skázein = limp, halt SCENE †stage of a theatre; scēna, scæna = stage, scene – Gr. skēné = view of an action, tent, stage, scene, rel. to skiá = shadow place, etc.; episode, A421 situation in real life SCHEME †diagram; schēma – Gr. schema = form, figure analytical or tabular statement; A421 plan, design SCHOLASTIC pert. to education scholasticus – Gr. skholastikós = studious, in schools; sb. learned, sb. scholar, f. skholázein = be at schoolman leisure, devote one’s leisure to learning, f. A421 skhlolé = leisure SCINTILLA minute particle L. = spark A422 SCIOLIST smatterer f. sciolus, dim. f. scius = knowing, f. base of A422 scīre = know SCORBUTIC pert. to scurvy scorbūticus, f. scorbūtus = scurvy A423 SCORIA slag, clinkers scōria = dross – Gr. skōríā, f. skor = dung A423 SCULPIN any of several alt. of scorpene – scorpæna – Gr. skórpaina, A425 spiny fishes f. skorpíos = scorpion SECULAR living or lasting for sæculāris, f. sæculum = generation, age A427 an age or for ages SEDAN closed vehicle for sella = saddle one person carried by means of two A427 poles SEDATE adj. sēdātus, pp. of sēdāre = settle, assuage, A427 calm, f. sēd- sed-, as in sedēre = sit SEDERUNT sitting of an sb. use of sēdērunt = (there) sat, 3rd pl. pt. A427 assembly indic. of sedēre = sit SENILE pert. to old age senīlis, f. sen- of senex = old A429, B447 SENSATION operation of any of sensatiō, -ōn-, f. sēnsus = sense the senses, physical A429 feeling SEQUACIOUS given to following f. sequāx, sequāci-, f. sequī = follow A429 another (slavishly) SERENE (of persons) calm, serēnus = clear, fair, calm A430 untroubled SERIES seriēs = row, chain, series, f. serere = join,

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A430 connect SERRATE notched like a saw serrātus, f. serra = saw A430 SERUM watery animal fluid serum = whey, watery fluid A430 SEXTANT (astron.) instrument sextāns, -ant- = sixth part, f. sextus = sixth resembling a quadrant having a graduated arc equal A432 to ⅙ of a circle SHRINE temple, church scrīnium = case or chest for books or papers A437 SIBILANT sībilāns, -ant-, prp. of sībilāre = hiss, A438 whistle, f. sībilus = whistling, sound SIMIAN ape-like sīmia = ape, perh. f. sīmus – Gr. sīmós = A439 snub-nosed, flat-nosed SIMULATE pp. stem of simulāre, f. similis = similar A439 SIMULTANEOUS f. simul = at the same time, prob. after A439 instantaneous or momentaneous SINECTURE benefice without (beneficium) sine cūra (sine = without, cūra cure of souls; = care) position with emolument but A440 without duties SINUS (bot., anat.) cavity, sinus = semicircular fold, bosom, bay A440 depression SISYPHEAN useless and f. Sīsypheius – Gr. Sīsúpheios, f. Sīsuphos ineffective like the toil of the legendary Sisyphus A441 in Hades SKUA predatory gull skua – Faroese skúgvur = ON. skufr, of A442 unknown orig. SMILAX climbing shrub smīlax – Gr. smilax = bindweed A442 SOCINIAN (pert. to) a member Sociniānus, f. Socinus, latinization of of a heretical sect Soz(z)ini, surname of two It. theologians of denying the 16th cent. divinity of Jesus A447 Christ SOL (her.) or sōl = sun A448 SOLEN razon-fish sōlēn – Gr. sōlén = channel, pipe, shellfish A448 SOLILOQUY sōliloquium, f. sōlus = sole + loquī = speak A448 SOLIPED animal with soliped, -pēs, or solidipēs, f. solidus = solid A448, B473 uncloven hoof + pēs = foot SONOROUS f. sonōrus, f. sonor, sonōr- = sound A449

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SPICATE (bot.) having a spīcātus, pp. of spīcāre = furnish with spike-like spikes, f. spīca = spike A453 inflorescence SPIRAEA genus of rosaceous spīræa – Gr. speiraía, f. speira = spire A454 plants SPLANCHNIC pert. to the viscera splanchnicus – Gr. splagkhnikós, f. A454 splágkhnon, usus. pl. -a = inward parts SPONSION solemn or formal sponsiō, -ōn-, f. pp. stem of spondēre = A455 engagement promise solemnly SPONTANEOUS f. spontāneus, f. (suā) sponte = of (one’s) A455 own accord SPORADIC sporadicus – Gr. sporadikós, f. sporás, -ad- = scattered, dispersed, f. base of sporás = A455 sowing, seed SPURIOUS not genuine f. spurius = illegitimate, false A456 SPUTUM spūtum, sb. use of n. pp. of spuere = spit A456 SQUAMOSE scaly squāmōsus, f. squāma = scale A456 STADIUM course for foot- L. – Gr. stádion, earlier spádion = racing; stage of a racecourse, f. span = draw A457 process STAGNANT (of liquid) †that is stagnāns, -ant-, prp. of stagnāre, f. stagnum at rest in a vessel; = pool A458 not moving STALACTITE icicle-like deposit stalactītēs, f. Gr. stalaktós = dropping, of carbonate of dripping, f. stalak-, base of stalássein = drip, lime pendent from let drip A458 a cave-roof STAMEN †warp, thread; stāmen = warp, thread of warp, stamen, corr. (bot.) male or to Gr. stémōn = warp, stema = part of a plant fertilizing organ of A458 a plant STAMINA †natime elements stāmina, pl. of stāmen = warp, thread of or rudiments of a warp, stamen, corr. to Gr. stémōn = warp, A458 thing stema = part of a plant STATE statement status = manner of standing, condition, f. A459 base of stāre = stand STENTORIAN loud like the voice f. Stentor, after stentoreus, Gr. stentóreios of Stentor, a Greek warrior in the A461 Trojan war STIPULATE make a contract; f. pp. stem of stipulārī specify or require A463 as a condition STRABISMUS L. – Gr. strabismós, f. strabízein = squint, f. strabós = twisted, squinting A464 STRAMONIUM (bot.) plant of the stram(m)onium, poss. alt. of Tatar turman =

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A465 genus Datura medicine for horses STRAP strop in naut. use var. of strappus, stroppus A465 STRIA small groove, stria = furrow, grooving A466 narrow stripe STRICTURE †binding, tight strictūra, f. strict-, pp. stem of stringere = closure; †touch, draw tight slight trace; incidental comment; adverse A466 criticism STRIDENT making a harsh stridēns, -ent-, prp. of strīdere = creak A466 noise STRINGENT †astringent, styptic; stringent-, prp. stem of stringere = bind A466 compelling assent STRUMA scrofulous strūma = scrofulous tumour A467 swelling, goitre STYLOBATE (archit.) basement L. – Gr. stulobátēs, f. stulos = pillar + - supporting a row of batēs, f. base of baínein = walk A468 columns SUBALTERN sb., esp. subaltern subalternus, f. sub- + alternus, f. alter = one A469 officer in the army or other of two SUBJACENT underlying subiacēns, -ent-, prp. of subiacēre, sub- + A469 iacēre = throw SUBLIMATE act upon so as to f. pp. stem of sublīmāre, f. sublīmis, -us, f. produce a refined sub- + līmen, līmin- = threshold A469 product SUBMERGE submergere, sub- + mergere = dip, plunge A469 SUBREPTION (eccl. leg.) subreptiō, -ōn-, f. subripere, f. sub- + repere misrepresentation = creep A469 of the truth SUBSCRIBE promise over one’s subscrībere, f. sub- + scrībere = write A469 signature to pay SUBSERVIENT serving as an subserviēns, -ent-, prp. of subservīre, f. sub- instrument or + servīre = serve A469 means SUBSIDE subsīdere, f. sub- + sīdere = settle, sink A469 SUBSIST provide for subsistere = stand still or firm, f. sub- + A469 sistere = stand SUBSTRATUM pp. of substernere, f. sub- + sternere = lay A470 or throw down SUBTERRANEAN f. subterrāneus, f. sub- + terra = earth A470 SUCCEDANEUM substitute n. of succēdāneus, f. succēdere = come close after, go under up, go near, go on well, A470 f. sub- + cēdere = go SUCCENTOR †one who takes up succentor, f. succinere = sing the the chant after the accompaniment to, f. sub- + canere = sing

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precentor; A470 precentor’s deputy SUCCUBUS strumpet succubus, m. form with fem. meaning; corr. A470 to succuba, f. sub- + cub- = lie down SUCCULENT juicy succulentus, f. succus = juice A470 SUCTION sūctiō, -ōn-, f. sūct-, pp. stem of sūgere = A470 suck SUDARIUM napkin for wiping sūdārium, f. sūdor = sweat A470 the face SUDORIFIC promoting sweat sūdōrificus, f. sūdor = sweat A471 SUPERABLE superābilis, f. superāre = overcome, f. A472 super- SUPERANNUATED disqualified or f. superannuātus, alt. of superannātus, f. A472 impaired by age super- + annus = year SUPERFINE extremely fine superfīnus,f. super- + fīnus = fine A473 SUPERHUMAN superhūmānus, f. super- + hūmānus = A473 human SUPERINTEND superintendere, f. super- + intendere = extend, direct, intend, f. in- + tendere = A473 stretch, tend SUPERNUMERARY supernumerārius, f. super numerum, super- A473 + numerus SUPERVENE supervenīre, super- + venīre = come A473 SUPERVISE have the oversight f. supervīs-, pp. stem of supervidēre, f. A473 of super- + vidēre = see SUPINATION action of turning supīnātiō, -ōn-, f. supīnāre, f. supīnus = the hand or fore supine limb so that the back of it is downward or A473 backward SUPINE mentally or morally supīnus, f. sup- repr. in super = above, A473 innert superus = higher, superior SUPPLICATE at Oxford f. pp. stem of supplicāre, f. sub- + plic- = University, present bend a formal petition A473 for a degree SUPPURATE secrete pus f. pp. stem of suppūrāre, f. sub- + pūs = pus A474 SURAL pert. to the calf of f. sūra = calf A474 the leg SURREPTITIOUS obtained by stealth f. surreptītius, īcius, f. surrept-, pp. stem of surripere = seize secretely, make false A475 suggestions, f. sub- + rapere = seize SURROGATE deputy, spec. of a surrogātus, var. of subrogātus, pp. of judge, bishop subrogāre = put in another’s place, f. sub- +

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rogāre = ask, ask for or propose the A475 appointment of SUSCEPTIBLE capable of susceptibilis, f. suscept-, pp. stem of undergoing of suscipere, f. sub- + capere = take A475 being affected by SYLLABUS pl. -bi, -buses; syllabus, originating in a misprint in early concise statement editions of syllabos for sittýbas, in Cicero’s of table of heads of Letters to Atticus, acc. pl. of sittyba – Gr. A478 a discourse sittúbā = title-slip or label SYLPH one of a race of pl. sylphes and syplhi, G. pl. sylphen beings supposed to A478 inhabit the air SYMBOL written character symbolum – Gr. súmbolon = mark, token, watchword, f. sym- + bol-, as in bolé, bólos A478 = a throw SYNOPSIS L. – Gr. súnopsis, f. syn- + ópsis = view A479 SYNOVIA fluid of the joints in synovia, sinovia, an invention, perh. A479 the body arbitrary, of Paracelsus SYNTAX †orderly syntaxis – Gr. súntaxis, f. suntássein, f. syn- arrangement of + tássein = arrange parts; (gram.) arrangement of words in their appropriate forms A479, B511 and order SYNTHESIS proceeding from L. – Gr. súnthesis, f. suntithénai, f. syn- + A479 cause to effect tithénai = place, put SYRINGA shrub of the genus syringa, f. Gr. surigx, surigg- = pipe A479 Philadelphus SYRINX Pan-pipe; narrow L. – Gr. surigx = pipe, tube, channel rock-cut channels A479 or tunnels SYSTALTIC pert. to contraction systalticus – Gr. sustaltikós, f. sy- + staltós, A479 f. stéllein, stal- = place SYSTEM systēma – Gr. sústēma = organized whole, f. A479, B491 sy- + sta- = stand SYZYGY (astron.) sȳ zygia – Gr. suzugíā = yoke, pair, †conjunction, conjunction, f. súzugos = yoked, paired, f. (now) conjunction sy- + zug- = yoke and opposition of A479 two celestial bodies

T TABES slow emaciation tābēs A480 TABULAR of the form of a tabulāris, f. tabula = table A480 tablet or slab TACIT tacitus, prop. pp. of tacēre = be silent A480

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TACT †sense of touch tactus = touch, f. tag-, base of tangere = A480, B513 touch TACTILE tactilis, f. tact-, pp. stem of tangere = touch A480 TECHNIC, pert. to art or an art technicus – Gr. tekhnikós, f. tékhnē = art, TECHNICAL craft A484 TEMPER mental balance f. temperāre = mingle, restrain oneself A485 TENDENCY tendentia, f. tendēns, -ent-, prp. of tendere = A486 stretch TENEBRAE Holy Week L. = (pl.) darkness devotion at which candles lighted at the beginning are successively put A486 out TENET tenet = he holds, 3rd. pres. sg. of tenēre = A486 hold TENSE drawn tight tensus, pp. of tendere = stretch, tend A486 TENTATIVE tentātīvus, f. pp. stem of tentāre, var. of A486 temptāre = feel, try TENUIS (phon.) voiceless tenuis = thin A486 stop TEREDO boring mollusc, terēdō – Gr. terēdón, f. base ter- of teírein = A487 esp. ship-worm rub hard, wear away, bore TERETE smooth and round teres, teret- A487 TERRAQUEOUS composed of, f. terraqueus, f. terra = earth + aqua = water living in, land and water, chiefly in t. A487 globe TERRIFIC causing terror terrificus, f. terrēre = frighten A487 TERSE †smoothed, tersus, pp. of tergēre = wipe polished, neat; A487 polite, refined TESSELLATED formed with a f. tessellātus, f. tessela, dim. of tessera – Gr. mosaic pattern téssera, n. of tésseres, Ionic var. of téssares A488 = four TESSERA small quadrilateral tessera – Gr. téssera, n. of tésseres, Ionic tablet, esp. as used var. of téssares = four in mosaic; (hist.) square tablet on which watchword, etc. was written; (gen.) symbol, A488 token TESTACEOUS (zool.) having a f. testāceus, f. testa = tile, earthen pot, shell A488 shell; shell-like 242

TESTIS (anat.) testicle L. A488 TESTUDO screen for the testūdō = tortoise, f. testa = tile, pot, shell protection of A488 armed forces TEXTILE adj. and sb. woven textilis, f. pp. stem of texere = weave A488, B524 (fabric) TEXTURE character of a textūra, f. text-, pp. stem of texere = weave textile fabric, also A488 fig. THECA receptacle, cell, thēca – Gr. théké = case, cover A489 case THEODOLITE portable surveying theodelitus instrument for A489 measuring angles THEOSOPHY system of theosophia – Gr. theosophíā, f. theós = god philosophical + sophós = wise speculation basing the knowledge of nature on that of A489 the divine nature THESIS, PL. (theme of) a thesis – Gr. thésis = placing, setting, f. the- , THESES dissertation base of tithénai = place A490 TIARA pope’s triple crown tiāra – Gr. tiára, tiáras, partly through It. A493 tiara TINCTURE †essential principle tinctūra = dyeing, f. tinct-, pp. stem of of a substance; tingere = dye, tinge solution of a A494 medicinal principle TINEA ringworm tinea = gnawing worm, moth, worm in the A494 body TIRO, TYRO beginner, novice tīrō, pl. tīrōnes, also tȳ rō, -ōnēs- = young A495 soldier, recruit, beginner TITAN pl. family of Tītan, -ān-, elder brother of Kronos – Gr. giants, born of Tītán, pl. Tītanes Uranus and Gaea, sg. ancestor of A495 these TITILLATE tickle f. pp. stem of tītillāre A495 TITTLE to a t. = with titulus = title A495 minute exactness TOMENTOSE closely covered f. tōmentum = stuffing for cushions A497 with down TOPHUS (path.) gouty tōphus A498 deposit TORPID benumbed, lacking torpidus, f. torpēre = be sluggish animation or A498 vigour

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TOXIC poisonous toxicus, f. toxicum = poison – Gr. toxikón (phármakon) = (poison) by smearing arrows n. of toxikós, f. tóxa pl. (bow and) arrows, f. A500 tóxon = bow TRAJECTORY traiectōrius, f. trāiect-, pp. stem of trāicere, A501 f. trans- + iacere = throw TRANSACT carry through, f. transact-, pp. stem of transigere = drive manage through, accomplish, f. trans- + agere = A501 drive, do TRANSCRIBE transliterate transcrībere, f. trans- + scrībere = write A501 TRANSECT cut across f. trans- + sect-, pp. stem of secāre = cut A501 TRANSFIX fig. (impale upon a f. transfix-, pp. stem of transfigere, f. trans- A501 sharp point) + figere = fix, fasten TRANSIENT transiēns, -ent-, prp. of transīre = pass over, A501 f. trans- + īre = go TRANSLUCENT transparent translūcēns, -ent-, prp. of trans- + lūcere = A501 shine TRANSMIT pass on by transmittere, f. trans- + mittere = send communication; cause to pass A502 through a medium TRANSPIRE pass out as vapour transpirāre, f. trans- + spirāre = breathe A502, B482 TRANSVERSE transversus, pp. of transvertere = turn A502 across, f. trans- + vertere = turn TRAPEZIUM quadrilateral L. – Gr. trapézion, f. trápeza = table, for having only one tetra-peza, f. tetra = four; or trapezoidēs – pair of opposite Gr. trapezoeidés A502 sides parallel TRAUMATIC caused by a wound traumaticus – Gr. traumatikós, f. trauma, A502 traumat- = wound TREMENDOUS terrific, dreadful f. tremendus, gerundive of tremere = A503 tremble, tremble at TREPIDATION tremulous trepidātiō, -ōn-, f. trepidāre, f. trepidus = agitation, flurry; alarmed, agitated A503 vibration, tremor TRIAS three, triad L. – Gr. triás = triad A504 TRICLINIUM couch on three triclīnium – Gr. triklínion, dim. of tríklīnos = sides of a dining dinning room with three couches, f. tri- + A504 table klínē = couch TRIENNIAL lasting three years; f. triennis of three years, triennium = period recurring every of three years, f. tri- + annus = year A504 three years TRIGONOMETRY branch of trigōnometria, f. Gr. trígōnon = triangle mathematics dealing with the measurements of

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A504 triangles TRIPOD three-legged vessel tripūs, -pod- - Gr. trípous, -pod-, f. tri- + A505 or support poús = foot TRIPOS at Cambridge tripūs = tripod Univ., formerly, bachelor of arts appointed to dispute humorously at Commencement (so called from the tripod on which he sat), (hence) set of verses written for this, (later) list of candidates qualified for honours in math. printed on the back of the paper containing the verses, (subsequently) final honours examination for the bachelor’s degree, first in mathematics, later A505 in other subjects TRIQUETROUS three-cornered f. triquetrus A505 TRISECT f. tri- + sect-, pp. stem of secāre = cut A505 TRITURATE pulverize f. pp. stem of trītūrāre = thresh corn, f. trītūra = rubbing, threshing, f. trīt-, pp. stem of A505 terere = rub TRIUNE (of the Godhead) f. tri- + ūnus = one A506 three in one TROJAN pert. to, native of, Trōiānus, f. Trōia = Troy ancient Troy; roisterer, good fellow; brave A506 fellow TUBER thickened portion tūber = hump, swelling of the underground A508 stem of a plant TUBEROSE plant Polianthes fem. of tūbērōsus tuberosa, having a A508 tuberous root TUBULE small tubular tubulus, dim. of tubus = tube

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A508 structure TULIP tulipa, F. †tulipan, tulipe – Turk. = turban A508 TUMULUS, PL. –LI sepulchral mound L., rel. to tumēre = swell A508 TUNIC body garment or tunica coat of various kinds; (nat. hist.) A509, B552 sheath, integument TURBID thick with turbidus, f. turba = disturbance, crowd, suspended matter; beside turbō = whirlwind, reel, whirl, fig. spinning-top – Gr. túrbē = confusion, A509 disorder TURBIT small variety of f. turbō = top, from its shape A509 domestic pigeon TURGID swollen, distended turgidus, f. turgēre = swell A509 TUTELAGE guardianship as of f. tūtēla = keeping, f. pp. stem of tuērī = A510 a ward watch, look after TYMPANUM drum, tambourine, L. – Gr. túmpanon = drum, f. nasalized var. A511 etc. ear-drum of base of túptein = strike

U UBICATION location ubicātiō, -ōn-, f. ubicāre, f. ubi = where A512 UBIETY condition in ubietās, f. ubi = where A512 respect of place ULTERIOR beyond what is ulterior = further, more distant, compar. of immediate or ulter A512 present ULULATE howl f. pp. ste of ululāre, of imit. orig. A512 UMBRA uninvited guest umbra = shadow, shade, phantom accompanying an invited one; A513 (astron.) shadow UNANIMOUS f. ūnianimus, f. ūnus = one + animus = mind A513 UNCIAL pert. to an inch or unciālis, f. uncia = inch, ounce A513 an ounce UNCTION spiritual feeling unctiō, -ōn-, f. unct-, pp. stem of ung(u)ere = A514 anoint UNDERWRITE †subscribe, spec. tr. subscrībere = subscribe, f. sub- + scrībere (a policy of = write A514 insurance) UNDULATE move in or as in f. unda = wave A514 waves UNIT single individual ūnus = one, prob. after digit A515 UNITARIAN one who affirms f. ūnitārius, f. ūnitās = unity the unipersonality 246

A515 of the Godhead UNITE intr. form one f. ūnīt-, pp. stem of ūnīre = join together, f. A515 (with) ūnus = one URBAN urbānus, f. urbs, urb- = city A517 URBANE having the urbānus, -āna, f. urbs, urb- = city manners or culture characteristic of town life; civil, A517, B559 polite URN oviform pot or urna – urcnā, rel. to urceus = pitcher A517 pitcher URUS aurochs ūrus – Gmc. ūrus A517 USUFRUCT right of temporary ūsūfrūctus, for ūsusfrūctus, more fully ūsus A518 possession or use et frūctus = use and enjoyment UTERUS (anat.) womb uterus = belly, womb A518

V VACATE make void or f. pp. stem of vacāre = be empty or A519 vacant unoccupied VACILLATE waver f. pp. stem of vacillāre = sway, totter A519 VAGARY capricious or vagārī = wander A519 eccentric act VAGINA canal connecting vāgīna = sheath, scabbard A519 vulva with uterus VALEDICTION f. valedīcere, i.e. valē dīcere = say farewell, valē, imper. of valēre = be strong or well + A519 dīcere = say VALLUM rampart of earth, coll. f. vallus = stake, palisade A519 etc. VALVE one of the halves valva = leaf of a door of a hinged shell; (anat.) membranous fold; device resembling A520 a flap, lid, etc. VANDAL destroyer of Vandalus – Gmc. Wandal-, -il-, -ul- beautiful or A520 venerable things VAPID flat, insipid (of vapidus, rel. to vappa = flat or sour wine A520 beverages) VARIEGATE f. pp. stem of variēgāre, f. varius = various A520 VARIOUS varied, variegated; f. varius (with pl.) differing A521 from one another VASCULAR pert. to tubular f. vāsculum, dim. of vās = vessel

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A521 vessels VATICINATE predict f. pp. stem of vāticināri, f. vātēs = seer, A521 prophet, poet VEHICLE medium of vehiculum, f. vehere = carry application or transmission (first in medical use); means of conveyance or A522, B564 transport VELITATION skirmish vēlitātiō, -ōn-, f. vēlitāre, f. vēlitēs, pl. of A522 vēles = light-armed soldier VELLEITY low degree of velleitās, f. velle = to wish A522 volition VENAL exposed for sale; vēnālis, f. vēnum, obl. cases of vēnus = that is capable of being for sale A522 bought over VENATIC pert. to hunting vēnāticus, f. pp. stem of vēnārī = hunt A522 VENERAL (of disease) f. venerus, f. venus, vener- = love communicated by A522 sexual intercourse VENESECTION phlebotomy vēnæ sectiō = cutting of a vein A522 VENIRE short for venire venīre = come, faciās = you are to cause, 2nd facias = writ pers. sg. pres. subj. of facere = do, make requiring a sheriff A522 to summon a jury VENOSE veined vēnōsus, f. vēna = vein A522 VENTIDUCT passage serving to f. ventus = wind + ductus = duct introduce cool or A523 fresh air VENTILATE give free utterance f. pp. stem of ventilāre = brandish, fan, to winnow, agitate, discuss, air a subject, f. A523 ventus = wind VERACIOUS observant of the f. vērāx, vērāc-, f. vērus = true A523 truth VERGE †descend towards vergere = bend, incline the horizon; move in a certain direction, incline, A523 tend VERISIMILAR f. vērīsimilis, vērī similis = like the truth, i.e. A523 g. sg. of vērus = true, similis = like VERMICULAR †peristaltic vermiculāris, f. vermiculus, dim. of vermis = A524 worm VERNACULAR pert. to the native f. vernāculus = domestic, native, indigenous, A524 language f. verna = home-born slave VERRUCOSE full of warty verrūcōsus, f. verrūca

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A524 excrescences VERTEBRA, PL. joint of the spinal vertebra, f. vertere = turn –AE column A524 VERTEX zenith; top, vertex, vertic- = whirl, vortex, crown of the A524 summit head, highest point, f. vertere = turn VESICA bladder; †copper vēsīca, vessīca, vensīca = bladder, blister vessel used in A524 distilling VESTIBULE entrance hall or vestibulum A525, B568 court VETERAN adj. veterānus, f. vetus, veter- = old A525, B568 VETO prohibition vetō = I forbid (1st pers. sg. pres. ind. of designed to vetere) prevent a proposed A525 act VIA (astron.) Via via = way, road Lactea = the Milky A525 Way VIBRANT vibrating prp. of vibrāre = move rapidly to and fro, A525 shake, be agitated VICESIMAL vīcēsimus = twentieth, f. vīcēnī = twenty each A526 VICE VERSA L. = the position being reversed; vice, abl. of vix, and abl. sg. fem. of versus, pp. of vertere A526 = turn VICISSITUDE change in human vicissitūdō, f. vicissim = by turns, f. vic- = A526, B569 affairs turn VICTIM one who suffers victima, perh. rel to Goth. weihan = death or severe consecrate A526 treatment VIGESIMAL pert. to 20 f. vīgēsimus, var. of vīcēsimus = vicesimal A526 VILLA country residence, vīlla = country house, farm (partly It. villa) orig. one with farm A526 buildings, etc. VIMINEOUS made of or f. vīmineus, f. vīmen, -min- = osier producing flexible A527 twigs VINACEOUS wine-coloured f. vīnāceus, f. vīnum = wine A527 VINCULUM bond, tie f. vincīre = bind A527 VINDICATE †avenge; clear f. pp. stem of vindicāre = claim, set free, from censure, punish, avenge, f. vindex, -dic- = claimant, justify; defend the protector, deliverer, avenger A527 claims of VINOUS pert. to wine vīnōsus, f. vīnum = wine A527

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VIOLATE disturb violently f. pp. stem of violāre, f. vīs, vi- = force A527 VIRGATE early land-measure virgāta, f. virga = rod, verge A527 VISCERA L., pl. of vīscus = viscus A528 VISCID glutinous, sticky viscidus, f. viscum = mistletoe, birdlime A528 VISUAL pert. to sight or vīsuālis, f. vīsus = sight, f. vīs- A528 vision VITIATE render of no effect f. pp. stem of vitiāre, f. vitium = vice A528 VITREOUS of or resembling f. vitreus = of glass, glassy, clear, A528 glass transparent, f. vitrum = glass VITTA L. = band, fillet, chaplet, various derivative A528 senses VIVACIOUS full of liveliness or f. vīvāx, -āc- = conscious or tenacious of life, A528 animation lively, vigorous, f. vīvus = alive VIVID vīvidus, f. vīvere = be living, vīvus = alive, A528 lively VIVIPAROUS bringing forth vīviparus, f. vīvus = alive + -parus = bring young in a live forth A528 state VOCIFERATE f. pp. stem of vōciferārī, f. vōx, vōc- = voice A529 + fer-, stem of ferre = bear VORACIOUS greedy for food f. vorāx, -āc-, f. vorāre = devour A529 VORTEX supposed rotation vortex = eddy, whirlpool, whirlwind, var. of of the cosmic vertex = vertex A529 matter VULGAR lacking in vulgāris, f. vulgus, volgus = the common A530 refinement people VULNERABLE that may be vulnerābilis = wounding, f. vulnerāre = wounded; open to wound, f. vulnus, vulner- = wound A530 attact VULPINE fox-like vulpīnus, f. vulpēs, volpēs = fox A530

W ---

X XYSTUS, PL. portico, colonnade L. – Gr. xustós, xustón XYSTI A547

Y ---

Z ZOOLOGY science which zōologia – Gr. zōiología, f. zoion = animal

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A551 treats of animals

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10. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

A ACRID irreg. f. ācer, ācr- = sharp A4 ADIPOSE adipōsus, f. adeps, adip- = fat A5 ADJUDICATE f. pp. stem of adiūdicāre, f. ad- + iūdex, iūdic- = judge A5 AEGIS defence, L. – Gr. aigís = shield of Zeus A7 protection AERATE f. āēr = air A7 AFFILIATE f. pp. stem of affīliāre, f. af- + fīlius = son A7 ALIBI (leg.) †elsewhere; alibī = elsewhere, f. alius = other plea of having A10 been elsewhere ALVEOLUS small cavity, dim. of alveus = through A13 tooth-socket, etc AMARYLLIS genus of bulbous amaryllis – Gr. Amarullis = typical name for plants a pretty country girl in Theocritus, Virgil and A13 Ovid AMMONIA ammōnia, earlier form armōniacus, -um – Gr. A14 ammōniakós, -kón AMMONITE ammōnītēs, f. name cornu Ammōnis = horn A14 of Ammon AMORPHOUS f. amorphus – Gr. ámorphos, f. a- + morphé A14 = shape ANACOLUTHON lack of late L. – Gr. anakólouthon, n. sg. of adj. = grammatical lacking sequence, f. an- + akólouthos = A15 sequence following ANAPHORA Eucharistic canon L. – Gr. anaphorá = carrying back, f. anaphérein = carry up or back, f. aná = ana- A15 + phérein = bear ANACHYLOSIS formation of a stiff L. – Gr. agkúlōsis, f. agkúlos = crooked A15 joint ANECDOTE story of a detached anecdota – Gr. anékdota = things A16 incident unpublished ANEMONE large polyp with anemōnē – Gr. anemōnē, perh. f. ánemos = A16 petal-like tentacles wind ANGINA short for angina angina = quinsy – Gr. agkhónē = strangling A16 pectoris ANGLE one of a Germanic Anglus, pl. Anglī tribes that settled A16 in Britain ANNOTATE f. pp. stem of annotāre, f. an- + nota = mark A17

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ANTISEPTIC antisēpticus, f. anti- + Gr. sēptikós = septic A18 APHIS aphis – Gr. áphis A19 APPRECIATE raise or rise in f. pp. stem of appretiāre = set pricew on, f. A20 value ap- + pretium = price ARDUOUS lofty, steep f. arduus = high, steep, difficult A22, C48 ARMIGER person entitled to armiger = bearing arms, f. arma + gerere = A22 heraldic arms bear, carry AROMA arōma – Gr. árōma, -at- A22 ARSIS unemphatic L. – Gr. ársis = lifting, raising, f. aírein = A23 syllable raise ASPHYXIA stoppage of the L. – Gr. asphuxíā, f. a- + sphúxis = pulse, f. A24 pulse, suffocation sphúzein = beat, throb ASTER genus of plants astēr – Gr. astér = star with radiated A25 flowers ATHLETE āthlēta – Gr. athlētēs, f. athlein = contend for A26 a prize AURA subtle emanation L. – Gr. aúrā = breath, breeze A28 AURORA luminous aurōra atmospheric phenomenon near the poles, A28 ‘northern lights’ AVOCATION transf. to ordinary āvocātiō, -ōn-, f. āvocāre, f. ā-, ab- + vocāre A29 occupation = call AZALEA L. – Gr. azaléa, sb. use of fem. of azaléos = A30 dry

B BACCHANAL ritously drunken bacchānālis, f. Bacchus – Gr. Bákkhos = A31 god of wine BEGONIA L., named by Charles Plumier, French A37 botanist, after Michel Begon BINOCULAR adapted to both bīnī = two together + oculus = eye A41 eyes BLENNY genus of spiny blennnius, var. of blendius – Gr. blénnos = A43 fishes slime BONUS addition to normal prob. joc. or ignorant application of bonus A45 pay m. for bonum n. = good thing BRACT small leaf below bractea = thin plate of metal, gold leaf A48 calyx BULB roundish dilatation, bulbus = Gr. bólbos = onion, bulbous root spec. of a glass A53 tube

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C CACTUS prickly plant with L. – G. Kaktos = cardoon or Spanish thick fleshy stems artichoke A57 CAECUM (anat.) blind end of (intestinum) cæcum = blind (gut), n. sg. of the first part of the cæcus = blind A58 large intestine CALCEOLARIA genus of plants f. calceolus, dim. of calceus = shoe having slipper- A58 shaped flowers CALCULUS spec. in calculus = pebble, etc. differential, A58 integral calculus CALIX, CALYX PL. cup-like cavity calix = cup CALICES A59 CALVARY outdoor (life-size) calvāria = skull, f. calva = scalp, calvus = representation of bald the Crucifield A59 Christ CAMELLIA genus of shrubs L., f. name of Josef Kamel (latinized Camellus), a Moravian Jesuit who described A59 the botany of Luzon CAMERA chamber, in several camera = vault, arched chamber – Gr. spec. uses kamárā = object with arched cover; in photography short for camera obscura = A60 darkened chamber or box CAMPUS (orig. U.S.) college campus = field or university grounds (first at Princeton, New A60 Jersey) CANISTER small box canistrum = basket for bread, fruit etc. – Gr. A60 kánastron = wicker basket, f. kánna = cane CAPSICUM seed-pod of Guinea L. perh. f. capsa = box, bookcase, f. base of A62 pepper capere = hold CAPTION (orig. U.S.) captiō, -ōn-, f. capere, capt- = take, seize A62 heading, title CARCINOMA L. – Gr. karkínōma, f. karkínos = creeping A62 ulcer CARPAL (anat.) pert. to the carpālis, f. carpus – Gr. karpós = wrist A63 wrist CATASTROPHE sudden disaster catastropha – Gr.katastrophé = overturning, A66 sudden turn, f. katastréphein = overturn CAUSTIC fig. bitter causticus – Gr. kaustikós = capable of A67, B77 burning, f. kaustós = combustible CAVY rodent of the cavia, f. Galibi (French Guiana) cabiai family Caviidae (incl. the guinea- A67 pig)

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CEDE give up, yield cēdere = go (away), retire, yield A67 CELLULOSE adj. consisting of cellulōsus A68 cells CELT prehistoric celtes, based on celte, which occurs in the instrument with Vulg. A68 chisel edge CELT, KELT one who speaks a Celtæ pl. – Gr. Keltoí A68 Celtic language CENSUS enumeration of cēnsus, rel. to cēnsēre = assess, judge A68 population CENTENARY centennial centēnārius – containing a hundred, f. A68 anniversary centēnī = hudred each, f. centum = hundred CHARACTER personage, charactēr – Gr. kharaktér = instrument for personality marking, impress, dinstinctive nature, f. A71 kharássein = scratch, engrave CHORUS musical L. – Gr. khorós = dance, band of dancers, composition to be choir sung by a band of singers; refrain or A75 burden CILIA (anat.) eyelids, pl. of cilium = (lower) eyelid A77 eyelashes CINERARY pert. to ashes cinerārius, f. cinis, ciner- = ashes A77 CIRCUS circular area for circus = circle, circus = Gr. kírkos, kríkos = equestrian and ring, circle acrobatic feats; circular range for A77 houses CIRRUS (bot.) tendril; L. = curl (zool.) filamentary A77 appendage CLIMAX culmination, clīmax – Gr. klīmax = ladder A80 highest point CLOACA sewer cloāca, cluāca, rel. to cluere = cleanse A80 COCCUS (pl.) cocci – insect L. – Gr. kókkos = berry, seed of the genus so A82 named COGNOVIT (leg.) short for formula cognovit actionem = he acknowledgement has acknowledged the charge – 3rd sg. pt. of by defendant that cognōscere = get to know, f. co- + gnōscere plaintiff’s cause is = know A83 just COINCIDE coincidere, f. co- + incidere = fall upon or A84 into, f. in- + cadere = fall COLEOPTERA (zool.) the beetles L. n. pl. – Gr. koleópteros = sheath-winged, A84 f. koleón = sheath + pterón = wing COLLAPSE vb. back-formation , f. pp. collapsed, f.

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A84 collāpsus, pp. of collābī, f. col- + lābī = fall COLOPHON inscription colophōn – Gr. kolophón = summit, containing title, finishing touch date etc., at the end A85 of a book COLUMBARIUM dove-cot; f. columba = dove, pigeon underground sepulchre with A85 niches COMA (astron.) nebulous coma – Gr. kómē = hair of the head envelope of a A85 comet COMIC ludicrous, funny cōmicus – Gr. kōmikós, f. komos = revel A86 COMMUNICATE have a common f. pp. stem of commūnicāre, f. commūnis = A87 channel of passage common COMPLACENT satisfied, esp. with complacēns, -ent-, prp. of complacēre, f. A88 oneself com- + placēre = please COMPRESS condense compressāre, or f. pp. stem compress- of A89 comprimere CONDOMINIUM joint rule f. con- + dominium = dominion A90 CONFAB colloq. shortening confabulātiō, -ōn-, f. confabulārī = converse of confabulation = A91 talk, chat (15th) CONGENER member of the f. con- + gener- = genus same class group A92 or group CONGENIAL suited to one’s f. con- + genius = attendant spirit, A92 taste inclination, appetite CONGENITAL dating from one’s f. congenitus = born along with, connate, f. A92 birth con- + genitus, pp. of gignere = produce CONGRESS legislative body of congressus, f. congress-, pp. stem of U.S.A. congredī = go together, meet, f. con- + gradī A92 = step, walk CONGRESSIONAL f. as congressus, f. congress-, pp. stem of congredī = go together, meet, f. con- + gradī = step, walk + insertion -ion- from A92 congressiōn- CONNATE congenitally united connātus, pp. of connascī, f. con- + nascī = A92 be born CONSTITUENT constituting or constituēns, -ent-, prp. of constituere = appointing a establish, appoint, f. con- + statuere = set up representative; elector; constituent A94 element CONTINGENT †proportion falling contingēns, -ent-, prp. of contingere = be to one; spec. of contiguous, in connection or in contact, troops contributed befall A95 to a force

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CONUNDRUM riddle involving a prob. based on some L. formula (involving pun, puzzling quoniam or quin) statement or A96 question CONVICT bring error home f. convict-, pp. stem of convincere = to; †convince convince, f. con- + vincere = overcome A96 COPPER copper money cuprum, for cyprium (æs) = (metal) of Cyprus; so named from its most noted A97 ancient source COROLLA (bot.) whorl of dim. of corōna = crown A98 petals CORPUS body of writings corpus = body A98 CORRELATE back-formation from correlation, correlative A98 (16th) correlātiō, -ātīvus (13th) CORROBORATE support by f. pp. stem of corrōborāre, f. cor- + concurrent rōborāre = strengthen, f. rōbur = strength A99 evidence CORUSCATE sparkle, glitter f. pp. of coruscāre = vibrate, glitter A99 COTHURNUS buskin of ancient L. – Gr. kóthornos A99 tragic actors COTONEASTER genus of rosaceous f. cotōneum = quince A99 trees COTYLEDON seed-leaf cotylēdon = navelwort, pennywort – Gr. kotulēdón = applied to various cup-shaped A100 cavities, f. kotúlē = hollow, cup CRAPULOUS suffering from crāpulōsus, f. crāpula = introxication – Gr. excessive drinking kraipálē = result of a drunken debauch A103 or eating CRENATE (nat. hist.) notched, crēnātus, f. crēna = notch A104 finely scalloped CROTON L. – Gr. krótōn = sheep-tick, castor-oil plant A106 CRUX, PL. †conundrum, L. = cross; short for crux interpretum, crux CRUXES, -CES riddle philosophorum = torment of interpreters, of A106 philosophers CRYPT crypta – Gr. krúptē = vault, sb. use of fem. A107 of kruptós = hidden CULPRIT offender culpa = guilt A107 CUMBRIAN pert. to Cumbria, f. W. Cymry, f. kombrogī, pl. of Cumberland or to kombrogos = fellow countryman, f. kom- the ancient British (com-) + mrog- = region kingdom of A108 Cumbria CURRICLE two-wheeled curriculum = racing-chariot, dim. of currere A109 carriage = run CURSIVE written in a cursīvus, f. curs-, pp. stem of currere = run

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A109 ‘running hand‘ CYST sac, esp. of morbid cystis – Gr. kústis = bladder A110 matter

D DEBENTURE †certificate of a dēbentur = are owing or due, 3rd pl. pres. loan made to a ind. pass. of dēbēre = owe A114 government DEBIT entry of a sum dēbitum = debt A114 owing DECORATE deck with f. decorate pp. or its source decorātus, -āre = ornamental beautify, f. decus, decor-, rel. to decēns, A115 accessories decent- , pp. of decēre = be fitting DELIQUESCE dissolve by dēliquēscere, f. de- + liquēscere, f. liquēre = absorpiton of be fluid A117 moisture DEMULCENT soothing dēmulcēns, -ent-, prp. of dēmulcēre = soothe caressingly, f. de- + mulcēre = stroke, A118 appease DEPICT portray f. dēpict-, pp. stem of dēpingere A119 DEPRECIATE fall in value or f. pp. stem of dēpretiāre, f. de- + pretium = A120 estimation price DESQUAMATION scalling, peeling of dēsquāmātiō, -ōn-, f. dēsquāmāre = remove A121 skin the scales from, f. de- + squāma = scale DESTITUTE bereft of resources dēstitūtus = forsaken, pp. of dēstituere, f. de- A121 + statuere = set up, place DESULTORY disconnected and dēsultōrius = per. to a vaulter, superficial, f. irregular dēsultor, f. dēsult-, pp. stem of dēsilīre = A121 leap down, f. de- + salīre = leap DETERIORATE grow worse f. pp. stem of dēteriōrāre, f. dēterior = worse A122 DETONATE f. pp. stem of dētonāre, f. de- + tonāre = A122 thunder DETRITUS †wearing away by dētrītus, f. dētrī of dēterere = wear away, f. A122 rubbing de- + terere = rub DEVIL (highly seasoned) diabolus – Gr. diábolos = slanderer, devil B122 boiled or fried dish DIACONAL pert. to a deacon diāconālis, f. diāconus = deacon A123 DIAPASON (mus.) scale, diapāsōn – Gr. diapāson, i.e. dia pāson = A123 range, pitch through all (the notes) DICOTYLEDON (bot.) flowering pl. dīcotylēdones plant having two A124 seed-lobes DIFFUSE opp. of confined diffūssu = extensive, ample, prolix, pp. stem and condensed of diffundere = pour out, f. dif- + fundere = A124, B175 pour DIGITALIS drug prepared digitālis = pert. to the finger, after the G. from a plant of the name of the foxglove, fingerhut

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A124 foxglove family DISSIDENT sb. dissidēns, -ent-, prp. of dissidēre = dissagree, A129 f. dis- + sedēre = sit DOCILE tractable docilis, f. docēre = teach A131 DOSS (sl.) sb. bed; vb. f. dorsum = back A133 sleep DRACONIC pert. to Draco f. dracō, -ōn- = dragon, Dracō, Gr. Drákón (archon at Athens 621 B.C.) or his severe code of A134 laws DRUPE (bot.) stone-fruit drūpa, druppa = over-ripe olive – Gr. drúppa A137 = olive DUCT conduit ductus = leading, conduct, in medL. A137 aqueduct, f. duct-, pp. stem of dūcere = lead DUODECIMAL pert. to 12th parts; f. duodecimus = twelfth, duodecim = twelve, based on the f. duo = two + decem = ten A138 number 12 DYSPEPSIA L. – Gr. duspepsíā, f. dúspeptos = difficult of A139 digestion, f. dys- + peptós = cooked, digested

E ECZEMA L. – Gr. ékzema, f. ekzein = boil over, break A141 out, f. ek = out, ex- + zein = boil EFFERVESCE give off bubbles of effervēscere, f. ef- + fervēscere, inceptive of A144 gas fervēre = boil EFFIGY effigiēs, f. effig-, stem of effingere, f. ef- + A143 fingere = fashion EFFLORESCE burst forth as in efflōrēsccere, f. ef- + flōrescere, inceptive of flower; change to flōrēre, f. flōr- = flower A143 fine powder EFFLUENT flowing out effluēns, -ent-, prp. of effluere, f. ef- + fluere A143 = flow EFFULGENT gleaming forth effulgēns, -ent-, prp. of effulgēre, f. ef- + A143 fulgēre = shine ELIDE omit in ēlīdere, f. e- + lædere = injure, harm A144 pronunciation EMANATE f. pp. stem of ēmānāre, f. e- + mānāre = flow A145 EMEND remove errors ēmendāre, f. e- + menda = fault A146 from EMIGRATE f. pp. stem of ēmigrāre, f. e- + migrāre = A146 migrate ENERGUMEN possessed person, energūmenus – Gr. energoúmenos, pass. ppl. demoniac of energein = work in or upon, f. en- + érgon A149 = work ENUNCIATE pronounce f. pp. stem of ēnuntiāre, f. e- + nuntiāre = A151 announce EPIC sb. epicus – late Gr. epikós, f. épos = word, song

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A152 EQUINE equīnus, f. equus = horse A153 EQUIVOCAL of doubtful f. æquivocus, f. æqui = equi + vocāre = call, genuineness, name A153 questionable ERA period or epoch æra, orig. pl. of æs, æris = copper A154 ERUBESCENT ērubēscēns, -ent-, prp. of ērubēscere, f. e- + A154 rubēscere, f. rubēre = be red ETHER (chem.) liquid æthēr – Gr. aithér = upper air, f. base of obtained by the aíthein = kindle, burn, shine action of acid on A156, B146 alcohol EUONYMUS (bot.) euōnymus – Gr. euónumos = lucky, f. eu- + A157 ónuma, var. of ónoma = name EXEAT permission to go L. = let him go out, 3rd per. sg. pres. subj. of A159 out or leave exīre = go out EXEQUATUR (leg.) official L. = let him perform, 3rd pers. sg. pres. subj. A160 authorization of exequī = execute EXPATRIATE withdraw from f. expatriāre, -āt-, f. ex- + patria = native one’s native land A160 country EXPLODE ‘go off’ or cause to explōdere = drive out by clapping, hiss off do so with a loud the stage, f. ex- + plaudere = clap the hands A160 noise EXPONENT sb. (math.) index expōnēns, -ent-, prp. of expōnere = expound A161 of a power

F FACT circumstances and factum, sb. use of n. pp. of facere = do A164 incidents of a case FAUNA animals of a region application of the proper name Fauna of a A167 or epoch rural goddess, siter of Faunus FEMORAL (anat.) pert. to the f. femur, -or- = thigh A169 femur FIMBRIA (techn.) fringe fimbriæ A171 FLORA plant life of a f. flōs, flōr- = flower A175 region, period etc. FLORESCENCE (state or period of) flōrescentia, f. prp. stem of flōrēscere, A175 flowering inceptive of flōrēre. FLUOR mineral containing fluor = flow, flux, f. fluere = flow A176 fluoride FOCUS point at which an focus = fire-place, domestic heart object must be situated so that a well-defined image of it may be proudced by the

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lens; centre of A176 activity FORMIC (chem.) of an acid f. formīca = ant contained in a fluid emitted by A180 ants FORMULA recipe; rule, etc. fōrmula, dim. of fōrma = form A180 FRANCO- comb. of Francus = Frank, meaning Frankish A181 or French and... FROND (bot.) leaf-like frōns, frond- = leaf organ formed by the union of stem A183 and foliage FRUTESCENT (bot.) becoming f. frutex = bush A184 shrubby FUCHSIA L., named after Leonhard Fuch, G. botanist A184 FUCUS genus of seaweeds fūcus = rock-lichen, red dye or cosmetic - A184 Gr. phukos FUGACIOUS failing or fading f. fugāx, fugāc, - f. fugere = flee A184 early FUNGIBLE (leg.) that can fungibilis, f. fungī = perform serve for another A185 (thing) FUSION union as if by fūsiō, -ōn-, f. fūs-, pp. stem of fundere = pour A186 melting

G GALLINACEOUS pert. to the gallīnāceus, f. gallīna = hen, f. gallus = cock Gallinae (domestic A187 poultry etc.) GARDENIA f. name of Alexander Garden, Sc. naturalist A189 GAZEBO turret, look-out perh. joc. f. gaze, in imitation of futures in - A190 ēbō GENIAL kindly geniālis = nuptial, productive, joyous, A191 pleasant, f. genius = genius GENIUS extraordinary genius = attendant spirit, inclination, native intellectual appetite, intellectual capacity A191 power GERANIUM genus L. – Gr. geránion, f. géranos = crane A192 Pelargonium GLOMERATE (bot.) compactly glomerātus A195 clustered GLUME (bot.) husk glūma, f. glūbmā, f. glūb- (as in glūbere = A196 shell) GOBY gōbius, var. of cōbius – Gr. kōbiós = some A196 small fish GRACKLE bird of any genus grācula, fem. formed to corr. to grāculus =

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org. included in jackdaw A198 Gracula GRAPHIC pert. to drawing or graphicus – Gr. graphikós, f. graphé = A200 painting drawing, writing GUBERNATORIAL (chiefly U.S.) gubernātor = governor A204 GYNAECEUM (antiq.) women’s L. – Gr. gunaikeion, f. guné, gunaik- = A206 apartments woman

H HASTATE spear-shaped hastātus, f. hasta = spear A211 HEBDOMADAL weekly hebdomadālis, f. hebdomas, -ad- = group of A213 seven – Gr. hebdomás, f. heptá = seven HELIANTHUS sunflower genus L. – Gr. hélios = sun + ánthos = flower A213 HERMENEUTICS science of hermēneutica – Gr. hermēneutiké, sb. use of interpretation ferm. sg. of adj., f. hermēneutés, agent-noun f. hermēneúein = interpret, f. hermēneús = A215 interpreter HIATUS break between two hiātus = gaping, opening, f. hiāre = gap A216 vowels HIBISCUS L. A216 HUMILIATE reduce the dignity f. pp. stem of humiliāre, f. humilis = humble A222 of HUMUS L. = mould, ground, soil A222 HYDRA genus of L. – Gr. húdrā = water-serpent freshwater polyps, so named from the fact that cutting it into pieces multiplies its A223 numbers HYDRANGEA hydrangēa, f. Gr. hudōr, hudr- = water + ággos = vessel; so called with ref. to the cup- A223 like form of the seed- capsule HYOSCYAMUS genus of plants, L. – Gr. huoskúamos, f. húos, g. of hus = A224 henbane swine, sow + kúamos = bean HYPAETHRAL open to the sky f. hypæthrus – Gr. húpaithros, f. hupó under, A224 hypo- + aithér = air, ether

I ICTUS metrical stress L. = blow, stroke, f. ict-, pp. stem of īcere = A227 strike ILLUMINATE decorate with f. pp. stem of illumināre, f. il- + lūmen, A228 colour lūmin- = light IMAGO (entom.) final imāgō = image A228 stage of an insect

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IMPACT sb. f. impact-, pp. stem of impingere = impinge A229 IMPARISYLLABIC of Gr. and L. f. impar = unequal, f. im- + par = equal, peer nouns that have different numbers of syllables in A229 different cases IMPEND hang over impendēre, f. im- + pendēre = hang A229 IMPERSONATE assume the person im- + persōna = person A229 of IMPLEMENT fulfilment implēmentum = filling up, noun of action of A230 implēre = employ, spend IMPUNITY security impūnitās, f. impūnis = unpunished, f. im- + A231 pœna = penalty INANITION exhausted inānītiō, -ōn-, f. inānīre, f. inānis = empty, A231 condition vain INCRIMINATE charge with a f. pp. stem of incrīmināre = accuse, f. in- + A232 crime crīmen = charge INCUBATE f. pp. stem of incubāre, f. in- + cubāre = lie A232 INCULPATE accuse, blame f. pp. stem of inculpāre, in- + culpāre = A232 blame, censure, f. culpa = blame INDOLENT averse to exertion indōlēns, -ent-, f. in- + prp. of dolēre = A233 suffer pain, give pain INDULGE take one’s pleasure indulgēre A234 freely in INDUSIUM (anat.) amnion L. = tunic, f. induere = put on A234 INERT sluggish iners, inert- = unskilled, inactive, f. in- + ars A234 = skill, art INFUSORIA (zool.) class of sb. use of n.pl. of infūsōrius, f. infūs-, pp. protozoa, so called stem of infundere, f. in- + fundere = pour because found in infusions of A235 decaying matter INHALE inhālāre, f. in- + hālāre = breathe A236 INOCULATE implant f. pp. stem of inoculāre = engraft, implant, f. (a disease); in- + oculus = eye impregnate with the virus of a A237 disease INSOMNIA f. insomnis = sleepless, f. in- + somnus = A237 sleep INSULAR characteristic of insulāris, f. insula = island islanders, as being narrow or A238 prejudiced INTERCALARY intervening intercalāri(u)s, f. intercalāre = proclaim the

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A239 insertion of a day, etc. in the calendar INTERLUDE intervening time or interlūdium, f. inter- + lūdus = play A239 space INTERNECINE mutually internecīnus, f. interneciō = general destructive slaughter, massacre, extermination, f. internecāre = slaughter, exterminate, f. A240 inter- + necāre = kill INTUITION (gen.) immediate intuitiō, -ōn-, f. in- + tuitiō, -ōn-, = A241 insight protection, f. tuērī = look after IPOMOEA genus of L. f. Gr. ips, ip- = worm + hómoios = like convolvulaceous A242 plants IRIDESCENT displaying colours f. īris, īrid- = iris- like those of the A242 rainbow IXIA (bot.) genus of ixia – Gr. ixíā = kind of thistle A244 iridaceous plants

J JUNCTION iunctiō, -ōn-, f. iunct-, pp. stem of iungere = A249 join JURAT (leg.) iūrātum, n. pp. of iūrāre = swear memorandum of the swearing of an A250 affidavit JUVENILE sb. iuvenīlis, f. iuvenis = young A250

K KALMIA genus of Amer. f. name of Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus A251 evergreen shrubs

L LACINIATE (nat. hist.) jagged, f. lacīnia = tuft, fringe, skirt of a garment A256 slashed LANCEOLATE shaped like a lanceolātus, f. lanceola, dim. of lancea = A257 spearhead lance LAPIDARY adj. suitable for lapidārius, f. lapis, lapid- = stone monumental A258 inscriptions LAPSE passing (of time) lapsus, f. laps-, pp. stem of lābī = glide, slip, A258 fall LARVA insect in the grub L. = disembodied spirit, ghost, mask (the state perfect insect not being recognizable in the A259 larva) LEMUR lemur, f. pl. lemurēs = shades of the departed; so named because of its spectre- A263 like face LENIENT indisposed to lēniēns, -ent-, prp. of lēnīre = soothe, f. lēnis A263 severity = soft, mild 264

LEPIDOPTERA order of insects L. f. Gr. lepís, lepido- = scale + pterón = with scale-covered wing A263 wings LILIACEOUS līliāceus, f. līlium = lily A266 LILLIPUTIAN diminutive f. Lilliput, name of an imaginary country in Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, peopled by A266 pygmies six inches high LINN(A)EAN Linnæus, latinized form of the surname of A267 Carl von Linné, Sw. naturalist LOBELIA f. name of Matthias de Lobel, botanist to A269 James I LOCUS L. = place A270 LUBRICATE treat with oil f. pp. stem of lūbricāre, f. lūbricus = slippery A272 LUDICROUS ridiculous f. lūdicrus, f. lūdicrum = stage play, f. lūdere A273 = play LURID yellow-brown lūridus, f. lūror = wan or yellowish colour A273 LYCEUM place of study or Lycēum – Gr. Lúkeion, n. of lúkeios = epithet instruction of Apollo, to whose temple the Lyceum was A274 adjacent LYCOPODIUM L. – Gr. lúkos = wolf + poús, pod- = foot; so A274 named from the claw-like shape of the root LYMPH colourless alkaline lympha A274, B277 fluid in the body

M MAGNESIA (spec. †white m.) magnēsia – Gr. (hē) Magnēsía (líthos) = the hydrated Magnesian stone, loadstone, stone with magnesium silvery sheen carbonate, used medicinally; (chem.) A276 magnesium oxide MAGNOLIA L. f. name of Pierre Magnol, professor of A276 botany at Montpellier MAGNUM bottle containing n. sg. of magnus = large A276 two quarts MEDIAL that is in the mediālis, f. medius = mid A287 middle; ordinary MEDUSA jellyfish, sea-nettle Medūsa – Gr. Médousa A287 MEMENTO object serving as a mementō, imper. of meminisse = remember A288 memorial MERGANSER merganser, f. mergus = diver (water-fowl), f. A290 mergere = dive + anser = goose MERGE (leg.) extinguish or mergere = dip, plunge be extinguished by

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A290 absorption MICA †small plate of mīca = grain, crumb talc, etc. mineral consisting essentially of silicate of aluminum occurring in glittering scales or A292 in crystals MICTURITION desire to make micturītiō, -ōn-, f. pp. stem of micturīre, water, making desiderative formation on mict-, minct-, pp. A292 water stem of mingere = make water MILLESIMAL thousandth (part) f. millēsimus, f. mille = thousand A293 MIMOSA sensitive plant, mīmōsa, app. f. mīmus = mime; so named Mimosa pudica. from its imitation of animal sensitiveness A293 and its allies MINUS (electr.) L. = less, n. of minor negative(ly) A294 MINUTIA, PL. very small matters minūtia, pl. -iæ, f. minūtus = minute MINUTIAE A295 MISSION establishment of missiō, -ōn-, f. miss- stem of mittere = let go, A296 missionaries send MNEMONIC adj. and sb. mnēmonicus – Gr. mnēmonikós, f. mnémōn, A297 mnēmon- = mindful MODULATE pass from one key f. pp. stem of modulārī = measure, adjust to to another rhythm, make melody, f. modulus , dim. of A297 modus = mode MONAD ultimate unit of monas, -ad- - Gr. monás = unit, f. mónos = A298 being alone MORIBUND about to die moribundus, f. morī = die A301 MYOPIA short-sightedness L. – Gr. mūōpíā, f. múōps, f. múein = shut + A306 óps = eye

N NASTURTIUM trailing plant of L. the genus A309 Tropaeolum NEBULA cloud-like cluster nebula, rel. to OE., OS., OHG. A310 of stars NEPTUNIAN (geol.) pert. to the Neptūnius, f. Neptūnus = god of the sea A311 action of water NEUTER asexual, sterile neuter, f. ne- + uter = either of two A312, B323 NICTITATE blink,wink f. pp. stem of nictitāre, frequent. of nictāre = A312 blink

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NIGRESCENT blackish prp. stem of nigrēscere = grow black, f. niger A313 = black NIMBUS halo nimbus = rain, cloud, aureole A313 NUCLEUS condensed portion nucleus = nut, kernel, inner part, var. of of the head of a nuculeus, f. nucula = small nut, dim. of nux, comet; central nuc- = nut A316 part, kernel NULL insignificant, non- nūllus, -a = no, none, f. ne + ūllus = any, f. A316, B324 existent ūnus = one NUMISMATIC f. numisma, -mat-, var. of nomisma – Gr. nómisma = current coin, f. nomízein = have A316, B325 in use, f. nómos = use, custom NUTATION oscillation of the nūtātiō, -ōn-, f. nūtāre, nūtāt- = nod, f. base A317 earth’s axis of nuere = nod

O OBITUARY obituārius, f. obitus = obit A318 OBJECT (gram.) obiectum, sb. use of the pp. of obicere = throw towards, place in front of, f. ob- + A318 iacere = throw OBLATE (geom.) flattened ob- + lātus A318 at the poles OBSOLETE (biol.) indistinct, obsolētus = grown old, worn out, pp. of imperfectly obsolēre, f. ob- + solēre = be accustomed or A319 developed used OBSTETRIC f. obstetrīx, -trīc- = midwife, lit. a woman who is present, f. obstāre = stand in the way, A319 f. ob- + stāre = stand OFFICINAL (of a herb) used in officīnālis, f. officīna = workshop, medicine and the manufactory, laboratory, for opificīna, f. arts; (of remedies) opifex, -fic- = workman, f. opus = work + - sold ‘in the shops’, fic, facere = do made up according to the A321 pharmacopoeia ONTOLOGY study of being ontologia, f. Gr. onto-, comb. form of ón, g. A323 óntos = being, n. of ón, prp. of einai = be OPERCULUM (zool. etc.) cover, f. operīre = cover, close, parallel formation A323 lid to aperīre = open OPUS work, esp. Musical L. (first in magnum o., o. magnum = great A324 composition work), rel. to Skr. ápa- ORB cross-surmounted orbis = ring, round surface, disc A325 globe of the regalia ORCHESTRA part of a theatre, orchēstra – Gr. orkhéstrā, f. orkheisthai = etc., assigned to dance musicians; band of A325 musicials itself ORIOLE name of various oriolus – OF. oriol – L. aureolus, f. aureus =

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yellow-plumaged golden, f. aurum = gold A326 brids OROTUND marked by fullness f. phr. ōre rotundō = lit. with round mouth A326 and clarity of tone ORTHODOX spec. epithet of the orthodoxus – Gr. orthódoxos, f. orthós = Eastern Church straight, right + dóxa = opinion, f. base of A326 dokein = seem, rel. to decet OSCILLATE f. pp. stem of ōscillāre, f. ōscillum = little mask of Bacchus = hung from the trees, especially in vineyards, so as to be easily A327 moved by the wind, dim. of ōs = face OSSEOUS pert. to bone f. osseus, f. os, oss- = bone A327 OTIOSE of no practical ōtiōsus, f. ōtium = leisure A327 effect OVUM egg (female L. A329 reproductive cell)

P PALMATE shaped like an palmātus, f. palma = palm A332 open hand PANDEMONIUM haunt of great L., f. Gr. pan- + daímōn = demon wickedness, place or gathering of A333 lawless violence PANTHEON applied to modern pantheon – Gr. pántheion, f. pan- + theios = buildings divine, f. theós = god resembling the A334 Pantheon in Rome PAPILLA nipple-like L. papilla = nipple A334 protuberance PAPYRUS writing material papȳ – Gr. pápūros = paper-rush prepared from A334 sedge PAR average amount pār = equal A334 PARAGOGE addition of a letter paragōgē – Gr. paragōgé = derivation, or syllable to a addition to the end of a syllable, f. para- = A335 word past, beyond + agōgé = leading PARAPHERNALIA trappings, paraphernālis, sb. use of n. pp. of accessories, paraphernālia; sb. use of n. pl. of appurtenances paraphernālis, f. paraphera – Gr. paráphera n. pl. = articles of property held by a wife besides her dowry, f. para- + pherné = A336 dowry, rel. phérein = bear PARASITE animal or plant parasītus – Gr. parásītos = one who eats at supported by the table of another, toady, f. para- + sitos = A336 another food PARENTHESIS device used to L. – Gr. parénthesis, f. parentithénai = mark this, e.g. ( ) place in besides

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A336 PECTEN comb-like pecten, -in-, comb. rel. to pectere, Gr. pékein A342 structure PASSERINE passer = sparrow A339 PEDESTRIAN going on foot; f. pedester, -tr- = going on foot, f. pēs, ped- prosaic, = foot uninspired; also A342, B358 sb. PEDIMENT base, foundation pēs, ped- = foot A342 PEDUNCLE (bot.) stalk of pedunculus, f. pēs, ped- = foot A342 flower or fruit PELTATE shield-shaped f. pelta = applied to shield-like structures A343 PENDULOUS suspended so as to pendulus, f. pendēre = hang A344 swing PERQUISITE gratuity perquīsītum = acquisition, sb. use of n. of pp. of perquīrere = search diligently for, f. per- A347 + quærere = seek PERSIST remain in persistere, f. per- + sistere = stand A347 existence PESSARY instrument to pessārium, f. pessum, -us – Gr. pessós, ón = remedy uterine draught-board, oval stone used in a game, A348 displacement medicated plug PESSIMISM †the worst pessimus = worst A348 condition possible PETAL petalum = metal plate – Gr. pétalon = lamina, leaf. sb. use of n. of adj. pétalos = outspread, f. base pet-, as in petánnusthai = A348 unfold PHALANX (bot.) bundle of L. – Gr. phálagx A349 stamens PHENOMENON, notable or phænomenon – Gr. phainómenon, sb. use of PL. –MENA exceptional fact or prp. pass. of phaínein = show, pass. be seen, A349 occurrence appear PHLOX herbaceous plant L. – Gr. phlóx = lit. flame A350 PILOSE hairy pilōsus, f. pilus = hair, pile A353 PINNATE pinnātus = feathered, winged, f. pinn = applied to various objects likened to a wing A354 or feather PIRATE fig. of literary or pīrāta – Gr. peirātés, f. peiran = attempt, other plundering attack, peira = attempt, trial, f. per- as in A354 peril PISTIL (bot.) female pistillum = pestle A354, B373 organ of a flower PLASMA †form; green plasma = mould, image, f. Gr. plássein = A356 variety of quartz fashion, form

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PLASTIC capable of being plasticus – Gr. plastikós, f. plastós, ppl. adj. A356, B375 moulded f. plássein = fashon, form PLUMBAGO black lead, plumbāgō = lead ore, leadwort, flea-wort, f. graphite; genus of plumbum = lead A358 plants, leadwort PLUS (electr.) plūs = more A359 positive(ly) PODIUM projecting base L. = elevated place, balcony – Gr. pódion, A359 dim. of poús, pod- = foot POLLEN (bot.) powdery pollen = flour, fine powder, rel. pulvis = substance powder produced by the A360 anther PONDEROUS laboured in ponderōsus, f. pondus, ponder- = weight, rel. A361 manner to pendere = weigh PORRECT put forward f. porrect-, pp. stem of porrigere, f. por- = A362 pro- + regere = stretch, direct PRAENOMEN name preceding f. præ = pre- + nōmen = name the nomen, A365 personal name PRATINCOLE bird of the genus pratincola, f. prātum = meadow + incola = Glareola, allied to inhabitant A365 the plover PRECARIOUS perilous f. precārius, f. prex, prec- = entreaty, prayer A366 PREMIUM fee for instruction præmium = booty, reward,f. præ = pre- + A367 in a trade emere = buy, orig. take PRESBYOPIA (path.) failure of L., f. Gr. présbus = old man + óps = eye eyesight characteristic of A368 old age PRIMATES (zool.) highest prīmās = of the first rank, chief, f. prīmus = A369 order of mammalia first, prime PRIMULA prīmula, fem. of dim. of prīmus = prime, first, orig. in prīmula vēris = little firstling of spring, applied to the cowslip and the field A370 daisy PROFLIGATE sb. prōflīgātus = ruined, dissolute, pp. of prōflīgāre = cast down, ruin, f. pro- = base A372 glīg- = beat PROMINENT conspicuous prōminēns, -ent-, prp. of prōminēre = jut out, A373 f. pro- + base of mōns = mount PROPYLAEUM entrance to a L. – Gr. propúlaion, sb. use of n. adj. = temple, etc.; before the gate, f. pro- + púlē = gate A374 introduction PRURIENT given to lewd prūriēns, -ent-, prp. of prūrīre = itch, long, A376 thoughts be wanton PUERPERAL pert. to parturition f. puerperus = parturient, f. puer = child + - A376 parus = bringing forth PUGILIST f. pugil, f. base of pugnus = fist, pugnāre = 270

A377 fight PULMONARY pulmōnārius, f. pulmō, -ōn- = lung A377 PYREXIA (path.) febrile L. f. Gr. púrexis, f. puréssein = be feverish, f. A380 disease pur = fire

Q QUAQUAVERSAL turning in every quāquā versus, i.e. quāquā = where-, A382 direction whithersoever, versus = turned, towards

R RACEME racēmus = cluster of grapes A386 RACHITIS (med.) rickets L. – Gr. rhakhitits, f. rhákhis = spine, ridge A386 RADIANT pert. to radiation radiāns, -ant-, prp. of radiāre = radiate, f. A386 radius = ray RADICLE (bot.) part of the rādīcula, dim. of rādīx, rādīc- = root embryo which develops into the A386 primary root RADIUS (techn.) rod, bar, radius = staff, spoke, ray, radius of a circle, A386 ray of the arm RAPID acting or rapidus = lit. carrying along or away, f. A388 happening quickly rapere = seize, carry off quickly or violently RATIO †ration ratiō, -ōn- = reckoning, judgment, understanding, reasoning, method, motive, f. A389 rat-, pp. stem of rērī = think, reckon RAUCOUS f. ravicus, f. ravus = hoarse A389 RECIPE formula for a dish recipe, imper. sg. of recipere = receive A392 in cookery RECOGNITION indentification of a recognitiō, -ōn-, f. recognit-, pp. stem of person or thing recognoscere = examine, recognize, f. re- + congnoscere = get to know, investigate, f. A392 co- + gnōscere = know RECRUDESCENCE f. recrūdescere, f. re- + crūdēscere = A393 become raw REGURGITATE cast out again f. pp. stem of regurgitāre, f. re- + gurgitāre A396 = engulf, f. gurges, -git- = whirlpool RELEGATE consign to f. pp. stem of relēgāre = send away, refer, f. A397 obscurity re- + lēgāre = send RELUCTANT unwilling reluctāns, -ant-, prp. of reluctārī = struggle A397 against, f. re- + luctārī = struggle REMANET (leg.) cause of L. = there or it remains, 3rd sg. pres. ind. of which the hearing remanēre = remain is postponed A397 REPAND (nat. hist.) repandus = bent backwards, f. re- + pandus A398 undulating, wavy = bent

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RESEDA genus of plants resēda, f. imper. of resēdāre = assuage, including allay, with ref. to the plant’s supposed A400 mignonette curative powers REVOLVE intr. revolvere, f. re- + volvere = roll, turn

A403 RICTUS (techn.) throat, L. = open mouth, f. ppl. stem of ringī = gape A404 orifice, gape RISIBLE pert. to laughter; risibilis, f. rīs, pp. stem of rīdēre = laugh A406 laughable ROMANIC Romance, Rōmānicus, f. Rōmānus = Roman A407 Romance-speaking ROSACEOUS resembling the rosāceus, f. rosa = rose A408 roses ROSTRUM platform, stage, rōstrum = beak, snout, etc. f. rōdere = gnaw A408 pulpit ROTUND round, rounded rotundus, f. rotāre = rotate A408 RUFOUS reddish rūfus, rel. to ruber = red A410 RUGOSE wrinkled rūgōsus, f. rūga = wrinkle A410 RUNCINATE irregularly saw- runcinātus, f. runcina = joiner’s plane A410 toothed

S SALIENT prominent saliēns, -ent-, prp. of salīre = leap A414 SALVO expedient for salvō, abl. of n. of salvus = uninjured, intact, saving one’s safe, occuring as the first word of law phr. reputation or such as salvo jure = without prejudice to the soothing one’s right of A415 conscience, etc. SANE †healthy in body sānus A416 SAPONACEOUS soapy sāpōnāceus, f. sāpō, -ōn- = soap A417 SARCOPHAGUS stone coffin L. – Gr. sarkophágos, sb. use of adj. f. sárx, A417 sark- = flesh + -phágos = -eating SARMENTOSE (bot.) producing sarmentōsus, f. sarmentum = twigs lopped slender prostrate off, brush-wood, f. sarpere = prune, lop branches or A417 runners SATURATE soak thoroughly f. pp. stem of saturāre, f. satur = full, A418 satiated SCALENE (of a triangle) scalēnus – Gr. skalēnós = uneven, unequal, having three scalene, rel. to skoliós = oblique, crooked, A419 unequal sides skélos = leg SCALPEL small light knife scalpellum, -us, dim. of scalper, scalprum = for surgical cutting tool, chisel, knife, f. base of scalpere A420, B439 operations = scratch, carve 272

SCAN look at searchingly scandere = climb, measure

A420 SCAPHOID boat-shaped scaphoīdēs – Gr. skaphoeidés, f. skáphos = A420 boat SCENE stormy encounter scēna, scæna = stage, scene – Gr. skēné = A421 tent, stage, scene, rel. to skiá = shadow SCHOLASTIC characteristic of scholasticus – Gr. skholastikós = studious, the schools, learned, sb. scholar, f. skholázein = be at pedantic leisure, devote one’s leisure to learning, f. A421 skhlolé = leisure SEBACEOUS greasy, oily sēbāceus, f. sēbum = tallow A426 SECEDE withdraw from an sēcēdere, f. se- + cēdere = go, cede A426 association SECRETE 1 produce by f. sēcrēt-, pp. ste of sēcernere = separate A426 secretion SECRETE 2 hide out of sight alt. after sēcrētus = secret, of secret A426 SEMEN seed of male sēmen, f. base of serere = sow animals A428 SENSATION condition of sensatiō, -ōn-, f. sēnsus = sense A429 excited feeling SEPTUM (anat., bot., zool.) sēptum, sæptum, f. sēpīre, sæpīre = enclose, dividing wall or f. sēpes, sæpes = hedge A429 patition SERPULA marine annelid use of serpula, dim. f. serpere = creep which inhabits a tortuous A430 calcareous tube SERVAL †lynx; bush cat L., F. serval – Pg., f. L. cervo – cervus = A430 deer SESSILE (path.) adhering sessilis, f. sess-, pp. stem of sedēre = sit close to the surface; (nat. hist.) immediately attached to the A431 base SIGLA characters used as sigla, perh. for singula, n. pl. of singulus = A438 abbreviations single SILIQUA (bot.) pod of seeds siliqua = pod of the mustard A439 family SOMNAMBULISM f. somnus = sleep + ambulāre = walk A449 SPADIX (bot.) L. spādīx – Gr. spádīx = palm-branch inflorescence consisting of a A451 thick fleshy spike

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SPARSE widely spaced or sparsus, pp. of spargere = scatter distributed A452 SPATHE (bot.) large spatha – Gr. spáthē = blade, paddle sheathing leaf enveloping A452 inflorescence SQUARROSE having scales, etc. squarrōsus = scurfy, scabby standing out at A456 right angles STAMINA †congenital vital stāmina, pl. of stāmen = warp, thread of capacities warp, stamen, corr. to Gr. stémōn = warp, A458 stema = part of a plant STANNIC containing tin stannum = tin, properly stagnum = alloy of A459 silver and tin STERCORACEOUS pert. to dung f. stercus, stercor- = dung A461 STIGMA mark of disgrace, L. – Gr. stígma, -mat- = mark made by a (pl. stigmata) pointed instrument, brand, f. stig-, as in mark(s) stízein = prick corresponding to those on the body of the crucified A462 Christ STIMULANT adj. prp. of stimulāre, f. stimulus = goad, spur, A463 incentive STIPULATE make a demand for f. pp. stem of stipulārī A463 STOLON (bot.) prostrate stolō, -ōn- = shoot, sucker branch that takes A464 root at the tip STRAP razor strop var. of strappus, stroppus A465 STRIGOSE (nat. hist.) covered strigōsus, f. striga = furrow, row of stiff A466 with stiff hairs hairs STROBILUS fir-cone L. – Gr. stróbīlos = anything twisted A467 STROP strip of leather, struppus, stroppus etc., for A467 sharpening a razor STRUTHIOUS pert. to an ostrich f. strūthiō- Gr. strouthíon, f. strouthos = A467 sparrow, ostrich STULTIFY (leg.) prove of stultificāre, f. stultus = foolish A468 unsound mind STYLUS writing erron. sp. of stilus (Gr. stulos = column) instrument; gnomon of a A468 sundial SUBAUDITION mentally subaudītiō, -ōn-, f. subaudīre = supply A469 supplying or mentally, f. sub- + audīre = hear

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understanding SUBFUSC of dusky or subfuscus, var. of suffuscus, f. sub- + fuscus A469 sombre hue = dark SUBULATE (nat. hist.) awl- sūbula = awl shaped; slender A470 and tapering SUFFIX element attached suffīxum, n. pp. of suffīgere, f. suf- = sub- + to the end of a fīgere = fix A471 word SUICIDE one who takes his suīcīda, f. suī = of oneself + -cīda = -killer, f. A471 own life cædere = cut down, kill SULCATE grooved sulcātus, pp. of sulcāre = plough, f. sulcus = A471 groove, furrow SUMMARY done without summārius, f. summa = sum delay, (leg.) carried out without A473 certain formalities SURD (phon.) voiceless surdus, rendering Gr. álogos = speechless, A473 irational, absurd SUSCEPTIBLE subject to susceptibilis, f. suscept-, pp. stem of A475 impression suscipere, f. sub- + capere = take SYMPOSIUM drinking party, symposium – Gr. sumpósion, f. sumpótēs = convivial meeting fellow-drinker, f. sym- + pot- for conversation, etc.; meeting for A478 discussian SYNTHESIS formation of a L. – Gr. súnthesis, f. suntithénai, f. syn- + compound by tithénai = place, put combining its A479 elements SYPHILIS Syphilis, title of a poem in full Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus = Syphilis or the French disease, 1530, by Girolamo Fracastoro, physician, astronomer, and poet, of Verona, the poem is the story of a shepherd Syphilus, A479 represented as the first sufferer

T TACT faculty of mental tactus = touch, f. tag-, base of tangere = perception; †sense touch of propriety, faculty of doing the right thing at A480, B513 the right time TAENIA, TENIA tapeworm L. – Gr. tainíā A480 TALUS (anat.) ankle, L. A481 astragalus TARANTULA applied to other L. – It. Tarantola, f. Taranto, where it is spiders (beside the commonly found

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large wolf-spider A482 of S. Europe) TARAXACUM (drug prepared L. – Arab. – Pers. = bitter herb A483 from) dandelion TEETOTUM top with four sides orig. T totum, formed by prefixing to tōtum = lettered to decide all, the whole, its initial T, which stood on the spinner’s luck one of the four sides, the other letters A, D, N A485 standing for aufer, depone, nihil TELLURIUM (min.) one of the tellūs, tellūr- = earth A485 rarer elements TENTACLE tentāre, var. of temptāre = feel, try A486 TERMITE termes, termit- = woodworm, alt. of tarmes = A487 woodworm TERRA L. = earth (as in terracotta) A487 TERSE neatly concise tersus, pp. of tergēre = wipe A487 TEUTON member of a Teutonī, Teutonēs (pl.), f. IE. base meaning people of people, country, land unknown race reckoned among the peoples of A488 Germania THALAMUS (anat.) part of the L. – Gr. thálamos = inner chamber brain at which a nerve originates; receptable of a A488 flower THAUMATURGE wonder-worker thaumaturgus – Gr. thaumatourgós, f. thauma, thaumat- = wonder + -ergos = A489 working THRIPS minute insect L. – Gr. thríps, pl. thripes = wood-worm A492 infecting plants THYRSUS, PL. (Gr. and Rom. L. – Gr. thúrsos = stalk of a plant THYRSI antiq.) staff or spear tipped with a pine-cone ornament; (bot.) form of A493 inflorescence TIARA lady’s ornamental tiāra – Gr. tiára, tiáras, partly through It. A493 headband tiara TIBIA larger of the two tībia = shin-bone, flute bones of the lower A493 leg TINT (slight or delicate) tinctus = dyeing, f. pp. stem of tingere = dye, A495 hue tinge TRANSPIRE come to be known, transpirāre, f. trans- + spirāre = breathe A502, B482 leak out

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TRIFID divided into three trifidus, f. tri- + fid-, base of findere = split A504 TRITON genus of marine (Gr. and Rom. myth.) sea-god, son of gasteropods; (Gr. Poseidon and Amphitrite - Trītōn – Gr. and Rom. myth.) Trítōn sea-god, son of Poseidon and A505 Amphitrite TRIVIAL of small account; triviālis, f. tri- + via = way A506 (nat. hist.) specific TROPAEOLUM S. Amer. genus of f. tropæum = trophy; so called from the herbs resemblance of the leaf to a shield and of the A506 flower to a helmet TURGID of inflated style turgidus, f. turgēre = swell A509 TYPHUS infectious fever tȳ phus – Gr. tuphos = smoke, vapour, A511 stupor, f. túphein = smoke

U ULTERIOR locally more ulterior = further, more distant, compar. of A512 remote ulter ULTRAMONTANE pert. to the ultrāmontānus, f. ultra- + montānus R.C.Ch. beyond (i.e. south of) the Alps, (and hence) the Italian party favouring such A512 views UMBO boss of a shield; umbō = boss of shield round or conical A513 projection UNCIAL (paleogr.) after unciālis, f. uncia = inch, ounce unciales litteræ, having the large rounded forms characteristic of early Gr. and L. A513 manuscripts UNCIFORM hook-shaped uncus = hook A513 UNIT quantity serving as ūnus = one, prob. after digit a standard of A515 measurement URCEOLATE pitcher-shaped f. urceolus, dim. of urceus = pitcher A517

V VACATE withdraw from f. pp. stem of vacāre = be empty or A519 unoccupied VACCINE in v. disease = vaccīnus, as used in modL. variolæ vaccinæ

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cowpox, v. matter = cowpox, virus vaccinus = virus of cowpox or virus v., v. used in vaccination, f. vacca = cow inoculation = A519 vaccination VAGARY fantastic notion vagārī = wander A519 VAGINA sheath, theca vāgīna = sheath, scabbard A519 VALETUDINARY sb. valētūdinārius = in ill health, f. valētūdō, - din- = state of health, f. valēre = be strong or A519 well VAPID flat, insipid (of vapidus, rel. to vappa = flat or sour wine A520 talk) VARICOSE (of a vein) affected varicōsus, f. varix, -ic- = dilated vein A520 with a varix VARIOLA (med.) smallpox variola = pustule, pock, f. varius = speckled, A520 variegated, various VARIORUM edition of a work g. pl. m. of varius = various; in phr. editio containing the cum notis variorum = edition with the notes observations of of various (editors) various A520 commentators VECTOR †(astron.) for vector = carrier, traveller, rider, f. vect-, pp. radius v. = stem of vehere = carry variable line drawn to a curve A521 form a fixed point VELAR (archit.) vēlāris, f. vēlum = curtain A522 resembling a sail VELUM (anat.) soft palate v. pendulum = veil of the palate; vēlum = A522 curtain, sail, veil VENAL mercenary vēnālis, f. vēnum, obl. cases of vēnus = that A522 is for sale VENTILATE †winnow; f. pp. stem of ventilāre = brandish, fan, †increase (flame), winnow, agitate, discuss, air a subject, f. set (air) in motion; ventus = wind blow upon; supply A523 with fresh air VENUS (member of) genus Venus (goddess of the ancient Romans) = A523 of bivalve venus, vener- = love molluscs VERACIOUS conforming to the f. vērāx, vērāc-, f. vērus = true A523 truth VERMICULAR pert. to a worm or vermiculāris, f. vermiculus, dim. of vermis = A524 worms, vermiform worm VERSICOLOURED of changing colour f. versicolor, f. versus, pp. of vertere = turn A524 + color = colour VESTIBULE (anat., zool.) vestibulum A525, B568 VETERINARY pert. to the veterīnārius, f. veterīnus = pert. to cattle

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treatment of cattle (veterīnæ fem. pl., veterīna n. pl. = cattle), and domestic perh. f. vetus, veter- = old A525 animals VETO act of a competent vetō = I forbid (1st pers. sg. pres. ind. of person or body of vetere) preventing A525 legislation VEXILLUM banner; (bot.) large vexillum = banner, f. base of vehere = carry external petal of a papilionaceous A525 flower VIA by way of viā, abl. of via = via A525 VIBURNUM shrub of genus L. = wayfaring-tree Viburnum, e.g. A525 guelder rose VICE in place of abl. of vix, extant only in obl. forms vicis, A525 vicem, vice, vicēs, vicibus VICENNIAL (Sc. law) f. vīcennium, f. vīcies = 20 times extending to 20 A526 years VILLA residence in the vīlla = country house, farm (partly It. villa) suburbs of a town or in a residential A526 district VINCULUM (math.) straight f. vincīre = bind line drawn over A527 two or more terms VIRUS (path.) poison of a vīrus, rel. to OIr., Gr., Skr. A528 disease VISCUS soft internal organ L. A528 of the body VISUAL pert. to the object vīsuālis, f. vīsus = sight, f. vīs A528 of sight VITELLUS (biol.) yolk of egg L. A528 VIVISECTION f. vīvi-, comb. form of vīvus = alive + A528 section, after dissection, f. secāre = cut VOLUNTARY sb. piece of music voluntārius, f. voluntās = will, for voluntitās selected by an organist to be played e.g. while a congregation A529 departs VOLVA (bot.) membrane L., f. volvere = roll, wrap A529 covering fungi VOMER (anat., etc.) applied L. = ploughshare A529 to various bones VORTEX violent eddy vortex = eddy, whirlpool, whirlwind, var. of A529 vertex = vertex

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VOX in v. angelica, v. vōx, vōc- = voice humana = angelic, human voice, organ stops imitative of vocal A530 sounds

W ---

X ---

Y ---

Z ZINNIA plant of the genus f. name of J.G. Zinn, German botanish A551 Zinnia

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11. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY A ABDUCT f. abduct-, pp. stem of abdūcere, f. ab- + A1 dūcere = lead, carry ABNORMAL refash. after †abnormous or its source abnormālis, f. ab- + normālis, f. norma = a A2 carpenter’s square, rule, pattern ABORIGINE aborīginēs = pl. the first inhabitants of Latium and Italy; usu. expl. as f. ab orīgine = from the beginning; but perh. a proper name A2 alt. by pop. etym. ACNE acnē, deduced from a misreading aknás for akmás, acc. pl. of Gr. akmé = eruption on the A4 face ACTUARY who compiles āctuārius = shorthand writer, keeper of statistics of accounts, f. āctus = doing A4 mortaility etc. AD LIB. abbrev. of ad ad = according to, libitum = pleasure A5 libitum AEGROTAT certificate of 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. of ægrōtāre = be A7 illness sick, f. æger, ægr- = sick AGENDA items of business pl. of agendum, sb. use of n. gerundive of to be considered agere = do A8 AGORAPHOBIA morbid dread of L., irreg. f. Gr. agorá = (place of) assembly, A9 public places market-place ALKALI (chem.) hydroxide L. – Arab. al-kily = calcined ashes, f. kalā = of sodium, fry A11 potassium, etc. ALMA MATER L. = bounteous mother A12 ALUMINIUM alūmen, alūmin- = alum A12 AMNESIA L. – Gr. amnēsíā A14 AMOEBA (zool.) L. – Gr. amoibé = change miscroscopic animalcule of the class Protozoa, the shape of which is perpetually A14 changing ANACRUSIS (pros.) unstressed L. – Gr. anákrousis syllable at the A15 beginning of a line ANAEMIA morbid lack of L. – Gr. anaimíā, f. an- + haima = blood A15 blood ANAESTHESIA loss of feeling or L. – Gr. anaisthēsíā, f. an- + aísthēsis = A15 sensation sensation

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ANIMUS hostile spirit animus = spirit A17 ANSERINE goose-like anserīnus, f. anser = goose A17 ANTE (in poker) stake ante = before put up by the player before A17 drawing new cards ANTHRAX disease of sheep L. – Gr. ánthrax = coal, carbuncle A18 and cattle APHASIA (med.) loss of L. – Gr. aphasíā, f. a- + phánai = speak A19 speech APPLICABLE pertinent applicāre, f. ap- + plicāre = fold A20 APPROXIMATE nearly exact approximātus, pp. of approximāre, f. ap- + A20 proximus = nearest APSE arched or domed apsis, apsid- – Gr. hapsís = vault A21 recess in a church APTERYX kiwi L., f. a- + Gr. ptérux = wing A21 AQUAMARINE aqua marīna = sea water, aqua = water, A21 marīna fem. of marīnus = marine, sea AQUARIUM sb. use of n. sg. of aquārius = of water, f. aqua = water A21 ARSIS strong syllable L. – Gr. ársis = lifting, raising, f. aírein = A23 raise ARTEFACT, f. arte, abl. sg. of ars, art-, f. base ar- = put ARTIFACT together, join, fit + factum, n.pp. of facere = make, do A23 ASPIDISTRA L., f. Gr. aspís, aspid- = shield A24 ASSIBILATE make sibilant f. pp. of assībilāre A25 ASTRINGENT sever, austere astringēns, -ent-, f. astringere, f. ad- + A26, B22 stringere = bind, draw tight ATRIUM (anat.) chamber of ātrium an organ of the A27 body ATROPINE alkaloid poison f. atropa = deadly nightshade, fem. f. Gr. from deadly night- Átropos (‘Inflexible‘) name of one of the A27 shade Fates, f. a- + trópos = turn AURAL auris = ear A28 AVUNCULAR avunculus = uncle A29

B BACILLUS mod. use of dim. of baculum = rod, stick

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A31 BACTERIUM L. – Gr. baktérion, dim. of baktēríā = staff, A31 cane BICAMERAL having two bi- + camera = chamber legislative A40 chambers BINOCULAR sb. pl. field or bīnī = two together + oculus = eye A41 opera glasses BOA large S. American L. use of L. boa A44 snake BOMBINATE make a buzzing f. pp. stem of bombināre, also bombilāre A45 noise BOTULISM poisoning by a botulus = sausage bacillus found in infected sausages, A47 etc. BOVINE bovīnus, f. bōs, bov- = ox A47 BUCCAL pert. to the bucca = cheek, mouth A52 cheek(s) BUTYRIC butyric acid, found būtȳ rum = butter A56 in rancid butter

C CAESIUM (chem.) metallic n. of cæsius = bluish-grey A58 element CALCIUM calc- , f. calx = lime(stone) – Gr. khálix = A58 pebble, limestone CAMPANOLOGY bell-ringing campānologia, f. campāna = bell A60 CANDELABRUM candēla = candle A60 CASEIN protein constituent f. caseus = cheese A64 of milk CASTELLATED furnished with f. castellātus, f. castellum = castle A65 castles CATALYSIS chemical action L. – Gr. katálusis, f. katalúein = dissolve, f. brought about by a cata- + lúein = loosen substance that remains A65 unchanged CATAPULT (mil.) shooting catapulta – Gr. katapéltēs, f. cata- + pel-, instrument var. base of pallein = hurl consisting of a forked stick with A66, B76 elastic band CEREAL cereālis = pert. to the cultivation of grain, f. A68 Cerēs = goddess of agriculture CEREBRAL cerebrum A68

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CERIUM (chem.) metallic named after the asteroid Ceres A69 element CHARTIST (hist.) one of the f. charta = charter Eng. political reformers who upheld ‘the People’s Charter’ A71 of 1837 CHIASMUS figure of speech in L. – Gr. khiasmós = crossing, diagonal which the order of arrangement, f. khiázein = mark with letter X parallel words in (khī) A73 phrases is inverted CHOREA convulsive short for chorea sancti Viti = St. Vitus’s disorder of the dance; chorēa – Gr. khoreíā, f. khorós = A75 body chorus CHORIC pert. to a chorus choricus – Gr. khorikós, f. khorós = chorus A75 CICADA insect cicāda, also cicāla A76 CIRRHOSIS (path.) disease of L. – f. Gr. kirrhós = orange-tawny the liver occurring in spirit-drinkers, orig. so called from the presence A77 of yellow granules CIRRUS form of cloud L. = curl having the appearance of A77 wisps CLAUSTROPHOBIA f. claustro- - taken as comb. form of claustrum = cloister + phobia – Gr. phobíā = A79 horror, fear CLINIC private or clīnicus – Gr. klīnikós, f. klínē = bed specialized A80 hospital CLOACA (anat.) excretory cloāca, cluāca, rel. to cluere = cleanse A80 canal CLYPEUS (ent.) shield- clipeus, clupeus = shield shaped part of the A81 head of insects COCCUS (bot., med.) (pl.) L. – Gr. kókkos = berry, seed cocci – carpel of a dried fruit; rounded form of A82 bacterium COGNOMEN third name of a f. co- + gnōmen = name Roman citizen; distinguishing A83 epithet; (sur)name COLLABORATE f. pp. stem of collabōrāre, f. col- + labor =

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A84 labour COMITY friendly cōmitās, f. cōmis = courteous A86 undestanding COMMISURE (physiol.) bundles commissūra, f. commiss-, pp. stem of A86 of nerve-substance committere = put together COMPLICATE make complex f. pp. stem of complicāre, f. com- + plicāre = A88 fold CONATION (philos.) faculty of cōnātiō, -ōn-, f. cōnārī, -āt- = endeavour A89 volition CONCRETE composition of concrētus, pp. of concrēscere = grow sand or gravel and together, f. con- + crēscere = grow A90 cement CONDONE condōnāre = refrain from punishment as a A90 favour, f. con- + dōnāre = give CONFISCATE seize summarily confiscāre, -āt-, f. con- + fiscus = chest, A91 treasury CONFLATION fusion of textural confātiō, -ōn- = fanning, fusion, f. conflāre = A91 readings kindle, effect, fuse CONGLOMERATE (geol.) formed of conglomerātus, pp. of conglomerāre, f. con- fragments + glomus, glomer- = ball A92 cemented together CONIFER cōnifer, f. cōnus = cone A92 CONSCRIPT enrolled by conscriptus, pp. of conscrībere = enrol, f. compulsory con- + scrībere = write A93 enlistment CONSENSUS general agreement f. consēns-, pp. stem of consentīre = consent A93 CONSPECTUS f. conspect-, pp. stem of conspicere = look A93 attentively, f. con- + specere = look CONSTITUENT having the power constituēns, -ent-, prp. of constituere = to frame a establish, appoint, f. con- + statuere = set up A94 constitution CONSTRICTION constricted part constrictiō, -ōn-, f. constrict-, pp. stem of A94 constringere = bind tightly together CONTANGO percentable which 1st. pers. sing. in -ō, poss. with the notion‘ I a buyer of stock make contingent‘ pays to the seller to postpone A94 transfer CONVECTION convectiō, -ōn-, f. convect-, pp. stem of A96 convehere, f. con- + vehere = carry CO-ORDINATE (math.) each of f. co- + ordinātus, pp. of ordināre = arrange, two or more ordain magnitudes used to define a A97 position CORRIGENDUM, L., sb. use of n. of gerundive of corrigere = PL. CORRIGENDA correct A99

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CORRUGATED of iron, etc. f. pp. of corrūgāre, f. cor- + rūgāre, f. rūga A99 (wrinkled) = wrinkle COWL hood-shaped top cuculla, f. cucullus = hood of a cloak A101 of a chimney CRATER hole made in the crātēr = bowl, basin, aperture of a volcano – ground by an Gr. krātér = bowl, lit. mixing-vessel A103 explosion CREMATE f. stem of cremāre or back-formation from A104 cremation CRUCIFER cruciferoous plant f. crux, cruc- = cross A106 CRUX, PL. difficulty the L. = cross; short for crux interpretum, crux CRUXES, -CES solution of which philosophorum = torment of interpreters, of A106 perplexes philosophers CUBICLE one of a series of cubiculum, f. cubāre = recline, lie in bed A107 sleeping-rooms CURIA Papal Court cūria = division of the Roman people, its A108 place of assembly, senate CURT so brief as to be curtus = cut short A109 lacking in courtesy

D DEBENTURE bond issued by a dēbentur = are owing or due, 3rd pl. pres. corporation ind. pass. of dēbēre = owe acknowledging indebtedness for A114 interest DECORATE invest with an f. decorate pp. or its source decorātus, -āre = honour beautify, f. decus, decor-, rel. to decēns, A115 decent-, pp. of decēre = be fitting DEFALCATE commit f. pp. stem of dēfalcāre, f. de- + falx, falc-= A116 defalcation sickle, scythe DEFECATE void the faeces dēfæcātus, -āre, f. de- + fæx, fæces = dregs A116 DEMIURGE creator of the dēmiūrgus – Gr. dēmiourgós = world (in handicraftsman, artisan, etc., f. démios = A118 Platonism) public + erg- = work DENSE stupid dēnsus A119, B120 DEPLETE empty f. dēplēt-, pp. stem of dēplēre, f. de- + plēre A119 = fill DETRITUS matter produced dētrītus, f. dētrī of dēterere = wear away, f. A122 rubbing away de- + terere = rub DIALYSIS (chem.) separation L – Gr. diálusis, f. dialúein = part asunder, f. of the soluble dia- + lúein = set free crystalloid substances in a mixture from the A123 colloid DIATESSARON four Gospels diatessarōn, f. Gr. dia tessárōn = through,

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A123 i.e. composed of, four (téssares = four) DILUVIAL (geol.) caused by dīluviālis, f. dīluvium = flood, deluge extraordinary action of water on A125 a large scale DIPHTHERIA infectious disease L. – F. diphthérie, substituted for earlier affecting chiefly díphthérite, f. Gr. díphthérā, díphtherís = A126 the throat skin, hide, piece of leather DIRIMENT nullifying dirimēns, -ent-, prp. of dirimere = separate, A126 interrupt, f. dis- + emere = take DITHYRAMB inflated discourse dīthyrambus – Gr. dīthúrambos A130 DOCENT sb. teacher in a docēns, -ent-, prp. of docēre = teach college or A131 university DUOLOGUE dramatic piece for f. duo = two or Gr. dúo = two A138 two actors

E EDACIOUS eating, devouring f. edāx, edāc-, f. edere = eat A142 EDENTATE of the order of ēdentātus, f. e- + dēns, dent- = tooth Edentata, which lack incisor and A142 canine teeth EFFERENT conducting efferēns, -ent-, prp. of effere, f. ef- + ferre = A142 outwards bear EFFLUENT sb. effluēns, -ent-, prp. of effluere, f. ef- + fluere A143 = flow EGO (philos.) conscious the pronoun I A143 thinking subject ELATER skipjack beetle; L. – Gr. elatér = driver (bot.) elastic spiral A143 filament EMBOLISM plugging of a embolismus – Gr. embolismós, f. embállein = A146 blood-vessel throw in, insert, f. em- + bállein = throw EMERITUS honourably pp. of ēmerērē = earn by service, f. e- + discharged from merērī = deserve A146 service EMPHASIS prominence emphasis = use of language to imply more than is said – Gr. émphais = appeareance, f. A146 em- + phaínein = show ENCRINITE (geol.) fossil f. encrinus, f. en- + Gr. krinon = lily A148 crinoid ENCYCLICAL sb. encyclicus, f. Gr. egkúklios = circular, A148 general, f. en- + kúklos = circle ENDORSE confirm, indorsāre, f. in- + dorsum = back A148 countenance EUCALYPTUS intended to denote ‘well-covered ( f. eu- + Gr. kaluptós = covered, f. kalúptein = cover,

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conceal), the flower before it opens being A157 protected by a cap EUCHARIS S. Amer. plant L. – Gr. eúkharis = pleasing, f. eu- + kháris = with bell-shaped grace flowers used for A157 bouquets, etc. EXPECTORATE spit f. pp. stem of expectorāre, f. ex- + pectus, A161 pector- = breast EXPONENT expounder, expōnēns, -ent-, prp. of expōnere = expound A161 interpreter EXSERT (biol.) thrust out or f. exsert-, pp. stem of exserere = put forth,, f. A162 forth ex- + serere = bind, entwine, join

F FACTITIVE factitīvus, f. fact-, pp. stem of facere = do A164 FALCATE (nat.hist.) sickle- falcātus, f. falx, falc- = sickle A165 shaped FALDSTOOL armless chair used faldistolium – WGmc. faldistōl = late OE. by prelates, etc. fældestōl, fyld(e)stōl, f. Gmc. falban = fold + A165 stōlaz = stool FIDEISM doctrine that fīdēs = faith knowledge A170 depends upon faith FLAVINE (chem.) yellow flāvus = yellow A174 dye-stuff FLOCCULENT like tufts of wool floccus = flock A175 FLORUIT period of 3rd sg. pt. indic. of flōrēre = flourish A175 flourishing FOLIATION consecutive folio A177 number of folios FRAMBOESIA yaws, characteried L. – f. OF. framboise = raspberry + -ia by raspberry-like A181 excrescences FREESIA L. f. the name of Friedrich H.T. Freese, A182 German physician FRICATIVE fricatīvus, f. fricāre = rub A183 FRITILLARY spotted butterfly fritillāria, f. fritillus = dice-box, presumably A183 applied ot the chessboard FUNICULAR depending on a fūniculus, dim. of fūnis = rope A185 rope or its tension FURCATE forked furcātus, f. furca = fork A185

G GALLIAMBIC kind of lyric metre f. galliambus = song of the Gallī or priests of A188 Cybele GALLIUM (chem.) metallic said to be f. gallus = cock, tr. the name of its

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A188 element discoverer, Lecoq de Boisbaudran GELIGNITE variety of gelatin perh. f. gel(atin) + ignis = fire A191 dynamite GLAGOLITIC early Slavonic glagoliticus, f. Serbo-Croation glagolica, f. A194 alphabet glagol = word GLOXINIA named after B.P. Gloxin, German botanish, A196 who described the plant in 1785 GRADATION ablaut gradātiō, -ōn-, f. gradus = step A198 GRALLATORIAL (ornithology) f. grallātōrius, f. grallātor = walker on stilts, A199 wading f. grallæ = stilts GRAPHIC characterized by graphicus – Gr. graphikós, f. graphé = A200 diagrams drawing, writing GRAVAMEN part of an grāvāmen = physical inconvenience, f. accusation that gravāre = weigh upon, oppress, f. gravis = A200 bears most heavily heavy, grave GREMIAL (eccl.) apron for a gremiālis, āle, f. gremium = lap, bosom A201 bishop’s lap GURGITATION surging up and gurgitātiō, -ōn-, f. gurgitāre = engulf, f. down, ebullient gurges, gurgit- = gulf, abyss A205 motion GYNAECEUM (bot.) female L. – Gr. gunaikeion, f. guné, gunaik- = A206 organs woman GYRATE move in a circle or f. pp. stem gȳ rāre, f. gȳ us – Gr. guros = A206 spiral ring, circle

H HALITOSIS f. halitus = breath, exhalation A208 HIBERNATE spend the winter f. pp. stem of hībernāre, f. hīberna = winter quarters, n. pl. of hībernus = pert. to winter, A216 f. hiems = winter HIPPO short for L. – Gr. hippopótamos, for earlier híppos ho hippopotamus potámios = the horse of the river (potamós = A217 river) HOMOEOPATHY system of medical homœopathia, G. homoopathie, f. Gr. practice in which hómoios = like + -pátheia = -pathy ‘likes are cured by A219 likes‘ HOYA genus of climbing f. name of Thomas Hoy, Eng. gardener A221 plants HYLIC pert. to matter hȳ licus – Gr. hūlikós = material, f. húlé = A224 wood, matter HYRAX genus of rabbit- L. – Gr. húrax = shrew-mouse A224 like quadrupeds HYSTERIA functional hystericus – Gr. husterikós, f. hustérā = disturbance of the womb nervous system, which was thought to be due to

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disturbance of the A225 uterine functions

I ICON, IKON representation in īcōn – Gr. eikón = likeness, image the flat of a sacred A227 personage ILLUMINATI applied to several pl. of illūminātus, pp. of illūmināre, f. il- + sects claiming lūmen, lūmin- = light special A228 enlightenment IMMUNE secure from immūnis = exempt from a service or charge, A229 contagion etc. f. im- + mūnis = ready for service IMPERATIVE urgent imperātīvus, f. imperāt-, pp. stem of A229 imperāre = command INANE empty-handed inānis = empty, vain A231 INCIPIT beginning or first 3rd pers. sg. pres. ind. of incipere = begin, f. words of a literary in- + capere = take A232 work INCRIMINATE involve in an f. pp. stem of incrīmināre = accuse, f. in- + accusation, crīmen = charge A232 inculpate INCULPATE incriminate f. pp. stem of inculpāre, in- + culpāre = A232 blame, censure, f. culpa = blame INCUNABULA earliest stages or n. pl. = swaddling-clothes, cradle, birthplace, first beginnings; infancy, origin, f. in- + cūnabula, f. cūnæ = books produced in cradle the infancy of printing, i.e. A232 before 1501 INDOMITABLE not to be indomitābillis, f. in- + domitāre , frequent. of A234 overcome domāre = tame INDUSIUM (bot.) membranous L. = tunic, f. induere = put on shield of the sorus A234 of a fern INFLECT modulate the tone inflectere, f. in- + flectere = bend A235 of INFRA DIG. abbrev. of infrā dignitātem = beneath (one’s) A235 dignity INSTALL to place in position installāre, f. in- + stallum = stall A237 INSTITUTE society to promote institūtum = design, ordinance, precept, sb. an object; building use of n. of pp. of instituere = establish, A238 used for this ordain, teach, f. in- + statuere = set up INTERPELLATION interruption of the interpellātiō, -ōn-, f. interpellāre = interupt order of the day in by speaking, f. inter- + -pellāre = thrust or the French direct oneself A240 Chamber INTINCTION (eccl.) dipping of intinctiō, -ōn-, f. intingere, f. in- + tingere =

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the bread in the dye, tinge wine at the A240 Eucharist INVERTEBRA (sb. pl.) animals L. after F. invertébrés, f. in- + F. vertebre, L. having no back- vertebra A241 bone ISAGOGIC introductory īsagōgicus – Gr. eisagōgikós, f. eisagōgé = introduction, f. eiságein = introduce, f. eis = A242 into + ágein = lead ISATIN (chem.) crystalline isatis = woad substance obtained A242 from indigo ITEM detail of news L. = just so, in like manner, moreover, f. ita A244 = so, based on the pronominal stem i-

J JAPONICA fem. of Japonicus = Japanese A245 JOHANNINE pert. to the apostle Iōhannēs = John and evangelist A248 John JUSSIVE (gram.) expressing f. iuss-, pp. stem of iubēre = command A250 command

K ---

L LACERTIAN pert. to the lizards lacerta = lizard A256 LACUSTRINE pert. to a lake lacus = lake A256 LANIARY (of teeth) adapted laniārius, f. laniāre = tear with the nails, etc. A258 for tearing LANTHANUM (chem.) rare L. f. Gr. lanthánein = escape the notice of metallic element (from its having remained undetected in A258 cerium oxide) LATERITE (min.) red porous f. later = brick A259 ferruginous rock LAVABO (eccl.) ritual 1st pers. sg. fut. ind. of lavāre = wash, lave washing of the A260 celebrant’s hands LEONID (astron.) one of a leō, -ōn- = lion group of meteors which appear to A263 radiate from Leo LESBIAN pert. to f. Lesbius, f. Lesbos, birthplace of the poetess homosexuality in Sappho A264 women; also sb. LIGN-ALOES aromatic wood of lignum aloēs = wood of the aloe

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A266 a Mexican tree LIMEN (psych.) limit līmen, līmin- = threshold below which a stimulus ceases to A266 be perceptible LINOLEUM floor-cloth in līnum = flax, line + oleum = oil which a coating of A267 lin-seed oil is used LITHIA lithium oxide alt. of lithion (as if – Gr. lítheion, n. of A268 lítheios = stony, f. líthos = stone) LITTORAL sb. region along littorālis, var. of lītorālis, f. lītus, lītor- = A268 the shore shore LOCOMOTIVE of mechanism locōmōtīvus, f. locō, abl. of locus = place + mōtīvus = motive, after scholL. in locō movērī = movērī locāliter = move by change A270 of position in space LOGAOEDIC (pros.) composed logaœdicus – Gr. logaoidikós, f. lógos = of dactyls speech + aoidé = song combined with trochees or of anapaests with A270 iambs LORE (nat. hist.) strap- lōrum = strap A271 like part LORICATE having armour of lōrīcātus, f. lōrīca = breastplate, f. lōrum = A271 plates or scales strap £. S. D. abbr. of libræ = pounds, solidī = shillings, A272 denariī = pence LURID ominous, ghastly lūridus, f. lūror = wan or yellowish colour A273

M MAGMA (geol.) stratum of L. – Gr. mágma = thick unguent, f. base A276 fluid matter mag- of mássein = knead MAMMAL animal of the class mammālis, f. mamma = mother, teat, breast mammalia, who A279 suckle their young MANTISSA (math.) decimal mantissa, -īsa = makeweight A281 part of a logarithm MARSUPIAL epithet of marsūpiālis, f. marsūpium = pouch – Gr. mammals having a marsúpion, marsípion, dim. of mársipos = pouch for their purse, bag A283 young MASTURBATE f. pp. stem of masturbārī, perh. alt. of manū A284 stuprāre = defile with the hand MEDIEVAL medius = mid + ævum = age A287 MEDIUM liquid vehicle medium = middle, midst, sb. use of n. of A287 medius = mid MENINGITIS inflammation of f. mēninx, mēning-, Gr. menigx, pl. ménigges

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A289 the meninges MERCIAN dialect of the Mercia, f. OE. M(i)erce = lit. people of the Anglo-Saxon march, borderers A290 kingdom METICULOUS over-careful about metīculōsus, f. metus = fear A295 details MISCEGENATION mixture of races f. miscēre = mix + genus = race A295 MISSION personal duty or missiō, -ōn-, f. miss- stem of mittere = let go, A296 vocation send MOB gang of thieves shortening of mobile vulgus = the excitable or fickle crowd; movēre = move, vulgus = A297 commonplace MONAD simple organism, monas, -ad- – Gr. monás = unit, f. mónos = A298 element, etc. alone MONETARY monētarius, f. monēta = mint A298, B307 MONOPOLY commodity subject monopōlium – Gr. monopōlion, -pōlíā, f. A299 to this mónos = alone + pōlein = sell MONTBRETIA iridaceous plant of f. name of A. F. E. Coquebert de Montbret, A299 genus Crocosmia French botanist MORA (pros.) unit of L. A300 metrical time MORATORIUM legal authorization sb. use of n. sg. of morātōrius, f. pp. stem of to postpone morārī = delay A300 payment MORBID unwholesome, morbidus, f. morbus = disease A300 sickly MORPHIA narcotic principle morphia, alt. of morphium, f. Morpheus, of opium Ovid’s name for the god of dreams, son of A301 the god of sleep MOTOR machine supplying mōtor = mover, f. mōt-, movēre = move A302 motive power MOTU PROPRIO papal rescript the L. = by one’s own motion, abl. of mōtus = terms of which are motion, proprius = proper decided by the A302 pope himself MUSCOLOGY study of mosses muscologia, f. muscus = moss A305 MYOSOTIS plant of the genus L. – Gr. muosōtís, f. muós, f. of mus = mouse A306 so named + ous, ōt- = ear MYTH mȳ thus – mythos, f. Gr. muthos A307

N NAEVUS mole on the skin L. A308 NEGOTIATE (orig. in hunting) f. pp. stem of negōtiārī = carry on business, succeed in getting f. negōtium = business, f. neg- + ōtium = A310 over, etc. leisure

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NEMERTEAN, -INE (one) of a class of Nemertēs – Gr. Nēmertés = name of a sea- A311 flat-worms nymph NEXUS connected group f. nex-, pp. stem of nectere = bind A312 NIHILISM negative doctrines f. nihil, short for nihilum, f. nī, var. of nē + in religion or hīlum = small thing morals; extreme revolutionary principles involving destruction of existing A313 institutions NIL nothing contr. of nihil, short for nihilum, f. nī, var. of A313 nē + hīlum = small thing NIMBUS rain-cloud nimbus = rain, cloud, aureole A313 NISI (leg.) attached to nisi = unless decree, order, rule, to indicate that these are not absolute or final, but are to be taken as valid unless some cause is A313 shown NONAGENARIAN 90 years old f. nōnāgēnārius, f. nōnāgēnī, distributive of A314 nōnāginta = ninety, f. novem = nine NONDESCRIPT not easily f. non- + dēscriptus, pp. of dēscrībere = A314 described describe NORM norma = carpenter’s square, pattern, rule A315 NOVENA nine days’ novēna, f. novem = nine A316 devotion NUMMULITE (geol.) coin- f. nummulus, dim. of nummus = coin shaped fossil of a foraminiferous A316 cephalopod

O OBVERSE adj. opposite, (of a obversus, pp. of obvertere = turn towards, f. figure) narrower at ob- + vertere = turn the base or point of attachment than at the apex or top; A319 counterpart OCTAD group of eight octas, octad- – Gr. oktás, f. októ = eight A320 OCTOROON person having ⅛ f. octō = eight A320 negro blood

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ODYSSEY long adventurous transf. use of the name of the Homeric poem journey describing the ten years’ wandering of Odysseus – Odyssēa – Gr. Odússeia, f. A320 Odusseús OESTRUS frenzy L. – Gr. oistros A321 OFFICIOUS (in diplomatic use) officiōsus, f. officium = office friendly and A321 informal OPERATE (orig. U.S.) cause f. operāt-, pp. stem of operārī = work, or direct the bestow labour upon, f. oper- = opus A323 working of OPHIDIAN serpent-like f. Ophidia = order of reptiles, f. Gr. óphis, A323 ophid- = serpent ORCHID Orchideæ or Orchidaceæ, f. orchid- wringly assumed stem of orchis – Gr. órkhis = testicle, applied to the plants from the shape A325 of the tubers in most species OTIOSE unemployed ōtiōsus, f. ōtium = leisure A327 OVATION enthusiastic ovātiō, -ōn-, f. ovāre = celebrate a (lesser) applause triumph, perh.f. Gr. euoi = exultant cry at the A328 Bacchanalia OVINE pert. to sheep ovīnus, f. ovis = sheep A329

P PACE by leave of abl. of pāx, = peace, as in pāce tuā = by your A330 leave PAGEANT brilliant spectacle AL. pagina A331 PALIMPSEST parchment, etc., in palimpsestus – Gr. palímpsestos, f. pálin = which the original again + psestós, pp. formation on psen = rub writing has been smooth erased to make A331 place for a second PALLADIUM metal of the so named from the newly discovered asteroid platinum group Pallas (L- Gr. palládion, f. Pallás, -ad- = A332 epithet of the goddess Athene) PALLIUM (zool.) mantle of a pallium, rel to palla = long wide outer A332 mollusc, etc. garment of Roman ladies PALPEBRAL pert. to the eyelids palpebrālis, f. palpebra = eyelid, rel. to A332 palpāre = touch soothingly PALUDAL pert. to marshes palūs, palūd- = marsh A332 PAPAVERACEOUS of the poppy papāver = poppy A334 family PAREGORIC sb. for p. elixir = parēgoricus – Gr. parēgorikós = camphorated encouraging, soothing, f. parēgorein = tincture of opium console, soothe, f. para- = beside + ēgor-,

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var. of agor- in agoreúein = speak in the A336 assembly PARIETAL pert. to residence parietālis, f. pariēs, pariet- = wall, partition within walls of a wall A337, B350 college PARNASSIAN epithet of school f. Parnassus – Gr. Parnassós = Parnassus, A337 of French poetry mountain anciently sacred to the Muses PASSIM L. = here and there, everywhere, f. passus = spread abroad, scattered, f. base of pandere = A339 spread out PATAGIUM (anat.) fold of skin patagium = gold edging of a tunic – Gr. A340 patageion PENICILLATE tufted, pencilled f. pēnicillum = pencil A344 PENOLOGY scientific study of pœna = penalty A344 punishment PERMUTE transpose permūtāre, f. per- + mūtāre = change A347 PERPENDICULAR applied to the third perpendiculāris, f. perpendiculum = style of English plummet, plumb-line, f. per- + pendēre = pointed hang A347 architecture PESSIMISM tendency to look pessimus = worst at the worst aspect A348 of things PETUNIA L. f. F. petun = tobacco A349 PHONETIC pert. to or phōnēticus – Gr. phōnētikós, f. phōnētós, representing vocal ppl. formation on phōnein = speak, f. phōné sounds; science of = voice A350 speech-sounds PITHECANTHROPE ape-man pithēcanthrōpus, f . Gr. píthēkos = ape + A355 ánthrōpos = man PLANGENT loud-sounding, plangēns, -ent-, prp. of plangere = beat, orig. of waves strike, noisily breaking on the A356 shore PLASMA colourless plasma = mould, image, f. Gr. plássein = coagulable liquid fashion, form A356 of blood PODIUM (zool.) fore or hind L. = elevated place, balcony – Gr. pódion, A359 foot dim. of poús, pod- = foot POMOLOGY science of fruit- pōmologia, f. pōmum = fruit, apple A361 growing POPPET (naut.) short piece pūpa, puppa = girl, doll A362 of wood PORTAL (anat.) pert. to the portālis, f. porta = port, door porta or tranverse A363 fissure of the liver PREFIX title prefixed præfīxum, sb. use of n. præfīxus, pp. of

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A367 præfīgere = fix in front PREVIOUS coming too soon prævius, f. præ = pre- + via = way A369 (orig. U.S.) PRIMAL principal prīmālis, f. prīmus = prime A369 PRIMUS presiding bishop prīmus = prime, first in the Scottish A370 Episcopal Church PROCLITIC (gram.) of a procliticus, f. Gr. proklínein = lean forward monosyllable closely linked with the following word and having no accent of its A371 own PROCONSUL governor of a prōconsul, for prō consule = (one acting) for A371 modern colony the consul PROLETARIAN wage-earning prōlētārius = Roman citizen of the lowest class under the constitution of Servius Tullius, one who served the state not with his property but only with his offspring,; common, low, f. prōlētus = provided with A372 offspring, f. prōlēs = offspring PROSCENIUM in the modern proscēnium – Gr. proskénion, f. pro- + skēné theatre, space = scene between curtain A374 and orchestra PROTEUS ameoba; genus of L. – Gr. Proteús bacteria; genus of A374 amphibians PSITTACOSIS contagious disease f. psittacus – Gr. psittakós = parrot of birds, esp. A376 parrots PULLULATE swarm f. pp. stem of pullulāre = spring forth, grow, f. pullulus, dim. of pullus = young of an A377 animal, chick PUPA chrystalis pūpa = girl, doll A378 PYRETHRUM feverfew L. – Gr. púrethron = feverfew A379 PYTHON (zool.) genus of Pȳ thōn – Gr. Púthōn A380 large snakes

Q QUADREGENARIAN (one) forty years f. quadrāgēnārius, f. quadrāgēnī, distrib. of A381 old quadrāgintā = forty QUANTIC (math.) rational, f. quantus = how great, how much, f. base of integral quī, quis = who homogeneous function of two or

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A382 more variables QUASI seemingly, almost reduced form of quansei, f. quām, acc. sg. A382 fem. of the base of who, what + sei, sī = if QUATERNARY (geol.) fourth in quaternārius, f. quaternī = four together, f. order quater = four times, f. base of quattuor = A382 four QUATERNION (math.) quaterniō, -ōn-, f. quaternī = four together, f. quater = four times, f. base of quattuor = A382 four QUINCENTENARY f. quinque = five + centenārius, containing a hundred, f. centēnī = hundred each, f. A384 centum = hundred

R RABID affected with rabidus, f. rabere = rave, be mad A386 rabies RADICAL advocate of radical radicālis, f. rādīx, rādīc- = root A386 reform RADIUM radius = ray A386 RECENSION critical revision of recēnsiō, -ōn-, f. recēnsēre = reckon, survey, a text, text so review, revise, f. re- + cēnsere = assess, A392 revised appraise RECTO right-hand page of rēctō = on the right side, abl. of rēctus = a book when open, right A393 front of a leaf RECUPERATE (intr.) recover f. pp. stem of recuperāre, f. re- + cup- (as in A393 health, etc. occupāre = occupy) REDUPLICATE (gram.) f. pp. stem of reduplicāre, f. re- + duplicāre A394 = duplicate REGELATE freeze again f. re- + pp. stem of gelāre = freeze A395 REGULUS golden-crested dim. of rēx, rēg- = king A396 wren REIFY convert mentally rēs = thing A396 into a thing REJUVENATE restore to youth f. re- + iuvenis = young A396 RELEGATE refer for decision f. pp. stem of relēgāre = send away, refer, f. A397 re- + lēgāre = send REPUDIATE refuse to f. pp. stem of repudiāre, f. repudium = acknowledge (a divorce A399 debt, etc.) RHADAMANTHINE inflexibly severe f. Rhadamanthus, Gr. Rhadámanthos = one A403 of the judges in the lower world RHATANY S. Amer. shrub of rhatania – Pg. ratanha, Sp. ratania – A403 genus Krameria Quechua rataña RHEA tree-toed ostrich of arbitrary use of the myth. female name Rhea A403 S. America – Gr. Rhéā RHESUS one of the arbitrary use of L. Rhēsus – Gr. Rhesos,

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A403 macaques name of a myth. king of Thrace RIPARIAN pert. to the banks rīpārius, f. rīpa = bank A405 of rivers RODENT gnawing, rōdēns, -ent-, prp. of rōdere = gnaw belonging to the A407 Rodentia ROGUE savage elephant f. rogāre = ask, beg living apart from A407 the herd ROTA roster rota = wheel A408 ROTUND sonorous rotundus, f. rotāre = rotate A408 RUBIDIM element of the rubidus, f. rub- of ruber = red A409 alkali-metal group RURITANIA imaginary rūs, rūr- = country + -tania, of Lusitania, etc. kingdom of Central Europe in Anthony Hope’s novels The Priosoner of Zenda and Rupert of Hentzau; transf. petty state, esp. as a scene of court romance and A411 intrigue RUTHENIUM (chem.) metal of f. Ruthenia = Russia the platinum group, discovered 1828, being first observed in platinum ores in the Ural A411 mountains

S SABBATICAL of an academic sabbaticus – Gr. sabbatikós, f. sábbaton – year of absence Heb. = rest A412 from duty SALERATUS (U.S.) impure sāl āērātus = aerated salt sodium bicarbonate used A414 in baking-powders SALIENT sb. salient part or saliēns, -ent-, prp. of salīre = leap A414 angle SALINE sb. salt lake, etc.; salīnum, f. sāl = salt A414 saline purge SALPIGLOSSIS herbaceous L. f. Gr. sálpigx = trumpet + glóssa = tongue; A414 garden-plant so named from its trumpet-shaped corolla

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SALTIGRADE (zool.) spider Saltigradæ, pl. f. saltus = leap + gradī = step having legs developed for A415 leaping SALVIA genus of plats, salvia = sage A415 including sage SANATORIUM establishment for sānātōrium, f. pp. stem of sānāre = heal, f. the treatment of sānus = healthy, sane invalids; room for A415 the sick SARTORIAL f. sartor = tailor, f. pp. stem of sarcīre = A417 patch, botch SCANSORIAL pert. to climbing, f. scansōrius, f. scans-, pp. stem of scandere A420 that climbs = climb SCARAB gem cut in the scarabæus – Gr. kárabos = stag beetle A420 form of a beetle SCARLATINA scarlet fever L. – It. scarlattine, fem. of scarlattino, dim. A421 of scarlatto = scarlet SCILLA liliaceous plant of L. – Gr. skílla A422 the genus Scilla SCIURINE pert. to squirrels f. sciūrus – Gr. skíouros, f. skiá = shadow + A422 ourá = tail SCUTTLE bowl-like vessel scutula or scutella, rel. to scutra = dish, A425 for coal platter SCUTUM (nat. hist.) shield- techn. use of scūtum = oblong shield shaped part or A425 segment SELACHIAN (pert. to) a shark or f. Selachē (– Gr. selákhē, pl. of sélakhos = A428 allied fishes shark) or Selachiī SEMITE Hebrew, Arab, Sēmīta, f. Sēm – Gr. Sém = Shem Assyrian, or Aramaean, regarded as a descendant of A428 Shem SEPAL (bot.) division of sepalum, f. separate + petal A429 the calyx SEPS skink of the genus sēps – Gr. séps, base of sépein = rot A429 Chalcides SEPSIS putrefaction L. – Gr. sepsis, f. sépein = rot, putrefy A429 SEPTENARIUS (pros.) line of 7 L., f. septēnī, distributive of septem = seven A429 feet or stresses SEQUOIA (tree of a) genus of L., f. Sequoiah, name of a Cherokee Indian large American who invented a syllabary for his native A430 conifers language SESSILE sedentary sessilis, f. sess-, pp. stem of sedēre = sit A431 SILICA silicon dioxide f. silex, silic- = flint A439

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SMEGMA (physiol.) L. – Gr. smegma, f. base of smékhein = rub, sebaceous cleanse A445 secretion SOLIPSISM (philos.) theory sōlus = sole + ipse = self that the self is the only object of A448 knowledge SONANT (phon.) voiced sonāns, -ant-, prp. of sonāre = sound A449 SORGHUM Chinese sugar L. – It. sorgo, perh. Rom. syricum cane; genus of A450 grasses SPATIAL spatium = space A452 SPINIFEX coarse grass of the spīnifex, f. spīna = spine + -fex = maker, f. Australian deserts, base of facere = make having spiny A454 leaves SPIRANT (philol.) spīrāns, -ant-, prp. of spīrāre = breathe A454 SPIROMETER instrument for spīrāre = breathe + ometer (o- + meter) measuring A454 breathing-power SQUALOID shark-like squalus = sea-fish, used in zool. for the shark A456 STAMINA vigour of bodily stāmina, pl. of stāmen = warp, thread of constitution; warp, stamen, corr. to Gr. stémōn = warp, intellectual or stema = part of a plant A458 moral robustness STERTOROUS pert. to snoring stertere = snore A462 STET direction to the 3rd pers. sg. pres. subj. of stāre = stand = let printer to restore it stand A462 deleted matter STIMULANT sb. prp. of stimulāre, f. stimulus = goad, spur, A463 incentive STRINGENT rigorously binding stringent-, prp. stem of stringere = bind A466 STROBILUS formation L. – Gr. stróbīlos = anything twisted resembling a fir- A467 cone STROMA (anat., etc.) strōma = mattress – Gr. stroma framework of an A467 organ or cell STRUMA swelling at base of strūma = scrofulous tumour A467 petiole STULTIFY reduce to absurdity stultificāre, f. stultus = foolish A468 SUBEROSE (bot.) cork-like sūber = cork A469 SUBSUME bring (one idea) subsūmere, f. sub- + sūmere = take

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A470 under another SUFFIX (math.) inferior suffīxum, n. pp. of suggīgere, f. suf- = sub- + A471 index fīgere = fix SYNCHRONIC f. synchronus – Gr. súgkhronos, f. syn- + A478 khrónos = time SYNIZESIS (gram., pros.) synizēsis – Gr. sunízēsis, f. sunizánein = sink coalescence of two down, f. syn- + hizánein = sit adjacent vowels without forming a recognized A479 diphthong SYRINX organ of voice in L. – Gr. surigx = pipe, tube, channel A479 birds SYZYGY applied to various sȳ zygia – Gr. suzugíā = yoke, pair, unions or conjunction, f. súzugos = yoked, paired, f. sy- A479 combinations + zug- = yoke

T TANDEM two-wheeled tandem = at length vehicle drawn by two horses harnessed one in front of the other; the horses themselves, bicycle, etc. with seats one behind A482 another TANTALUM (min.) a rare metal Tantalus (name of a mythical king of Phrygia condemned to stand in Tartarus up to his chin in water which receded as he stooped to drink) partly with allusion to its A482 non-absorbent quality TANTALUS genus of storks; Tantalus name of a mythical king of Phrygia spirit stand condemned to stand in Tartarus up to his containing chin in water which receded as he stooped to decanters locked drink) A482 up but visible TAPER long wick coated OE. tapor, -er, -ur – L. papyrus wiht wax for use as A482 a spill TEMPER frame of mind; f. temperāre = mingle, restrain oneself (outburst of) ill A485 humour TENSE highly strung tensus, pp. of tendere = stretch, tend A486 THALLIUM (chem.) metallic f. thallus = green shoot – Gr. thallós A488 element THESAURUS treasury, spec. of thēsaurus = treasure – Gr. thēsaurós A490 knowledge

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THESIS, PL. accented or thesis – Gr. thésis = placing, setting, f. the-, THESES stressed element base of tithénai = place A490 THEURGY divine agency in theūrgia – Gr. theourgíā, f. theós = god + - A490 human affairs ergos = working TINNITUS (path.) ringing in tinnītus, f. tinnīre = ring, tinkle A494 the ears TITAN (gen.) giant Tītan, -ān-, elder brother of Kronos – Gr. A495 Tītán, pl. Tītanes TORPEDO case charged with torpēdō, f. torpēre = be stiff or numb gunpowder to explode under water, self- propelled A498 submarine missile TORTICOLLIS (path.) wry-neck f. tortus, pp. of torquēre = twist, wring + A499 collum = neck TOXIC due to poisoning toxicus, f. toxicum = poison – Gr. toxikón (phármakon) = (poison) by smearing arrows, A500 f. tóxon = bow TRAGOPAN pheasant of the L. – Gr. tragópān, f. trágos = goat + Pán = genus Tragopan, Pan having fleshy A500 horns TRANSFER convey (a design) transferre, f. trans- + ferre = bear from one surface to A501 another TRANSLITERATE replace (letters of f. trans- + littera = letter one language) by those of another for the same A501 sounds TRANSPIRE (by transpirāre, f. trans- + spirāre = breathe misapprehension, A502, B482 first U.S.) happen TRANSPONTINE that is across the f. trans- + pōns, pont- = bridge bridge, spec. any of the London bridges, i.e. south of the Thames, and so pert. to the drama of Surrey- side theatres in A502 19th century TREMENDOUS immense f. tremendus, gerundive of tremere = A503 tremble, tremble at TRIAS (geol., after G. L. – Gr. triás = triad trias) series of strata between the Jurassic and

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Permian, so called because divisible A504 into three groups TRICHINOSIS disease due to f. trichina, f. Gr. tríkhinos = of hair, f. thríx, trichinae (parasitic thrikh- = hair worms) in the A504 alimentary canal TRILOBITE member of a group trilobītēs, f. tri- + lobus, -it- = lobe of extict arthropodous animals having a A505 three-lobed body TRIVIAL popular triviālis, f. tri- + via = way A506 TRIVIUM in the Middle trivium = place where three roads meet, f. Ages, the lower tri- + via = way division of the seven liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic), the upper four (quadrivium) being arighmetic, geometry, astronomy, and A506 music TROPE (liturg.) phrase tropus = figure of speech – Gr. trópos = introduced into the turn, rel. to trépein = turn text for musical A506 embellishment TROPIC either boundary of tropicus – Gr. tropikós = pert. to the turning the torrid zone; pl. of the sun at the solstice, fig. f. tropé = region between turning, putting to flight, defeat, rel. to A506 these trépein = turn TUSSIVE pert. to a cough f. tussis = cough A506

U UNDINE water-nymph undina, undena, f. unda = wave A514 UNGULATE hoof-shaped, ungulātus, f. ungula = claw, hoof, f. unguis = A515 hoofed nail URANUS planet situated Ūranus – Gr. Ouranós = husband of Gaea between Saturn (Earth) and father of Cronos (Saturn) A517 and Neptune URTICATE sting like a nettle f. pp. stem of urtīcāre, f. urtīca = nettle A517

V VALENCY (chem.) capacity valentia = power, competence, f. valēre = be of an atom to powerful

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combine with A519 other atoms VANADIUM metallic element vanadium, f. ON. Vanadís, name of the A520 Scand. Goddess Freyja VECTOR (math.) quantity vector = carrier, traveller, rider, f. vect-, pp. having direction as stem of vehere = carry A521 well as magnitude VELAR pert. to the velum vēlāris, f. vēlum = curtain A522 VELUM (zool., bot.) v. palati = veil of the palate; vēlum = curtain, membranous sail, veil A522 structure VERB(UM) SAP. shortening of verbum sapientī (sat est) = a A523 word (is enough) for a wise person VERSO back of the leaf of versō = being turned, abl. sing. of pp. of a book, being the vertere = turn side presented to the eye when the leaf has been A524 turned over VESICA v. piscis = fish vēsīca, vessīca, vensīca = bladder, blister bladder, painted oval figure used as A524 an aureole VESTA one of the minor L., corr. to Gr. Hestíā, personification of A525 planets hestíā = heart, house, household VIA via media = via = way, road intermediate A525 course VIADUCT f. via = via + duct, after aqueduct (dūcere = A525 lead) VIBRIO (zool.) bacteroid f. vibrāre = vibrate organism having a A525 vibratory motion VIM (orig. U.S.) force, usu. supposed to be vim, acc. of vīs = A527 energy, go strength, energy VIOLA single-coloured viola = violet A527 pansy VIREO small Amer. bird L. A527 VIRESCENT greenish f. virescēns, -ent-, prp. of virescere = become A527 green, f. virēre = be green VIVA (colloq.) short for abl. of fem. of vīvus = living + vōx = voice viva voce = with living voice (oral A528 examination) VOLITANT flitting prp. of volitāre, frequent. of volāre = fly A529 VULCANITE †pyroxene; f. Vulcan (Vulcānus), name of the ancient preparation of Rom. god of fire

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india-rubber and sulphur hardened A530 by heat

W ---

X ---

Y ---

Z ZEUGMA (rhet.) figure by L. – Gr. zeugma = yoking, f. zeugnúnai vb. which a single rel. to zugón = yoke word or phrase is made improperly to apply to two or more words or A551 phrases

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12. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

CONURBATION f. con- + urbs, urb- = city A96 FOLIC (chem.) – name of f. folium = leaf an acid abundant A177 in green leaf HAFNIUM f. Hafnia, L. name of Copenhagen, Denmark A207, C423 INSULIN hormone f. insula = island extracted from the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas of A238 animas MISSION operational sortie missiō, -ōn-, f. miss-, stem of mittere = let go, A296, B303 send PENICILLIN Penicillium = f. pēnicillum = pencil generic name of mould, so named from their brush- A344 like sporangia PLASMA ionized gas plasma = mould, image, f. Gr. plássein = A356 fashion, form PLASTIC of synthetic plasticus – Gr. plastikós, f. plastós, ppl. adj. f. A356 material plássein = fashion, form PRESIDIUM presiding body; præsidium, f. præsidēre, f. præ + sedēre = sit standing commitee in communistic A368 bodies VORTICISM priciples of a f. vortex, -ic- = vortex, taken in the sense of school of painting the artist’s conception of relations in the originating in universe 1913 among some members of ‘the A529 London Group’

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13. CHRONOLOGICALLY UNSPECIFIED LOANWORDS

CHRYSANTHEMUM chrȳ santhemum – Gr. khrūsánthemon, f. khrūsós = gold + ánthemon, rel. to ánthos = A76 flower EXPLICIT L. formula used by scribes to indicate the end of a book or piece, prob. orig. short for explicitus est liber = the book is unfolded or

exhibited, but regarded as a verb in 3rd pers. A161 sing. = here ends GREGARIOUS f. gregārius, f. grex, greg- = flock, herd A201 HORTATORY hortātōrius, f. hortāt-, pp. stem of hortārī = A220 exhort MAGNIFICAT the canticle beginning Magnificat anima mea Dominum = My Soul doth magnify the Lord, 3rd pers. sg. pres. ind. of magnificāre =

A276 magnify METAMORPHOSIS L. (in pl. as the title of a work by Ovid) – Gr. A291 metamórphōsis REGIUS designation of f. rēx, rēg- = king professors appointed by the

Crown, instituted A395 by Henry VIII SIC sīc = so, thus A438 STRADIVARIUS latinization of the name of Antonio Stradivari of Cremona applied to violins made by him A465 and his relatives SYNECDOCHE synecdochē – Gr. sunekdokhé, f. sunekhdékhesthai, f. syn- + ekdékhesthai = A479 take up

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14. COMMENTARY ON THE CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

OF LATIN LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH

Based on what has been said about the various historical, political and social circumstances that were discussed in the previous chapters, it only stands to reason that the greatest number of words were adopted in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Then follow the fifteenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Fewer Latin words were adopted then in the fourteenth century and the least were borrowed in the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth and twentieth century. The first loanwords - Old English loanwords - were mainly of military character. This is due to the fact that the first encounters between Germanic peoples and the Romans were of such character. Other groups of words included food items, trade items, clothing items and practical everyday utilities. Another area of Latin loanwords were ecclesiastical and religious words. Words such as deacon, nun or paternoster were among the loanwords adopted in this period. Even though, the first loanwords are very important, their number is relatively small, compared to later periods. In the thirteenth and especially in the fourteenth centuries, the number of loanwords rose significantly. The number of ecclesiastical loanwords multiplied and so did the number of other groups of loans. New fields such as biology, medicine, mineralogy, astronomy and alchemy became rich sources of borrowed words. One of the differences between the Old English period and the Middle English period was the fact that the Middle English period was much richer in abstract terms, as opposed to the predominantly concrete terminology of the Old English period. The Renaissance period was rich in Latin loans for various reasons. The humanistic movement along with the revival of the classical studies brought renaissance not only in fields like literature and sciences but also in the field of linguistics. Latin was so to speak rediscovered and started to be perceived as a highly reputable, prestigeous, scholarly language and a rich source of new lexis. It, again, started to be taught at renowned universities, therefore, its knowledge was highly desirable. The adoption of new words was facilitated by the fact that Renaissance also initiated a revival of classical authors who wrote in Latin and whose grace and quality of writing was inspirational. With the resurrection of Greek and Roman mythology, words such as medusa, python, or triumvir became part of the English vocabulary. Latin was also a channel through which Greek words were taken over into English. The new

309 interest in sciences such as medicine, biology, mathematics, and botany brought about great demand for brand new terms. Words such as anemone, triceps or trachea found their way into English during this period. Also, a rather large group of loans was of legal character. This terminology includes words such as mandate or versus. Other important fields that grew in number of loans from Latin at this period were phonology, rhetoric, philosophy, astronomy, prosody, philology, architecture and others. There is one more factor that contributed to the extensive borrowing of Latin words and that is the general neglect of vernaculars. Compared to Latin, vernaculars were considered unequipped, rough, plain and inferior. The trend of borrowing more abstract words continued and, in fact, reached its peak during this period. Later on, after the Renaissance enthusiasm began to slowly fade away, the number of words taken over also started to grew smaller. Therefore, the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries are somewhat poorer as far as numbers are concerned. However, the semanitic fields of words that were being adopted did not undergo any major change. The most numerous loans were from fields such as biology and medicine reflecting the social and scientific development of that period. Homeopathy, scarlatina and tussive were just some of the words which established themselves in English during this period. Later on, Latin was slowly becoming more and more challenged by the English vernacular and social and linguistic changes eventually caused Latin to give way to English and its dialects. The twentieth century was a source of only a few Latin loanwords which mostly reflect the technological and scientific progress that occured in the previous century.

310

CONCLUSION This paper has been built on the hypothesis affirming that: The social, political and cultural circumstances of the English-Latin relations affected the amount of loanwords borrowed at particular time periods. In line with this declaration, the following research question has been formulated. In which periods was the number of words taken over from Latin into English the highest respectively the lowest and what was the cause of this? To fully answer the research question, four chapters have been written, each dealing with specific aspects of this issue. The first chapter provided a theoretical introduction to the topic. It explained the type of contact that English has had with Latin over the centuries. That is, in the beginning and especially after the Roman conquest of Britain, Latin was confronted with English on a daily basis, therefore the influence was not limited only to a few lexical borrowings, but extended also into syntax, phonology and morphology. Later on, Latin has become predominantly a source of the ‘learned‘ words, that is it became a ‘book language‘. It was not until the Renaissance period that Latin ceased to be functioning as a book language and started to represent an international language of communication that faced English on everyday basis once again. This chapter further defined the process of borrowing along with the concept of a loanword itself. It gave examples of why words are being adopted. It also stated that in the case of Latin- English relations, the reasons have stretched from the most natural ones, such as demand for new lexis, to very artificial ones, for instance, borrowing as a way of increasing social status and prestige. The end of this chapter was dedicated to exploring the various kinds of attitudes to borrowing in connection with Latin words in English. The second chapter was dedicated to the development of the two languages within their own individual history. The purpose of this chapter was to provide a background for the following chapter that dealt with the historical overview of Latin loanwords in English as such. The second chapter was further divided into two main parts – the history of Latin and the history of English. The history of Latin was reflected in a chronological development from the archaic, classical, vulgar and Christian Latin to Latin of the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Modern Latin. It described the very early influences on Latin along with the functions that Latin represented in the course of history. The development of the English language was divided into three stages: Old, Middle and Modern English. Each stage was then defined in terms of relations to other languages and foreign influences. The Old English period was described as a time of

311 mixing of four languages: Celtic, Scandinavian, Latin and English. Examples of loanwords of such influences have been provided. The Middle English period was considered to be a time of three major languages: English, French and Latin. The relationship among these languages was described and a few examples of loanwords of that period have been provided as well. The description of the Modern English periods stressed the importance of Renaissance in the development of English and commented on later development. The third chapter focused on the actual development of Latin words in English throughout history. It followed the division into Old, Middle and Modern English periods. The Old English period drawed on Pogatcher’s division into continental, insular and Christian loanwords, which were then characterized. The character of Middle English period loanwords was described. Loans of this period continued to be of ecclesiastical and religious character, however, other semantic fields such as astrology, medicine or alchemy began to extend their vocabulary through Latin borrowings, too. Also, abstract words rather than concrete words continuted to be adopted. In addition, the origin of the so called aureate terms was explained. Latin loanwords were most numerous in the Modern English period. This was due to the humanistic movement that reintroduced languages, supported sciences, re-established the status of classical authors, simply lead to the revival of learning. At this period, however, Latin and English were being, for a certain period of time, often confronted, so to speak. English as a vernacular was considered insufficient and not suitable for the new way of lifestyle. Latin, on the other hand, was a language that all the others looked up to. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, this situation was slowly starting to change. A tendency to support vernaculars, in general, surpassed efforts to maintain Latin as an international language of communication and English once again gained a position of a reputable language. The fourth chapter anchored the topic lexically. It comprised of the actual chronological classification of Latin words in English. The words have been divided into several chapters, according to the period they were adopted in. The primary source of words listed was Hoad’s Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. All the words have been provided with their etymological history and those words whose meaning may not be clear have been also provided with their English definitions. A commentary on the number of words adopted at particular centuries summarized the findings of the list of loawords of this chapter. It concluded that the highest amount of

312 loanwords were adopted in the period of Renaissance, which confirmed the findings of the previous chapter. The smallest number of words were adopted in the early beginnings of Latin-English contact and in recent history, that is in the twentieth century.

313

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318

ENGLISH SUMMARY

This work is divided into two parts – a theoretical part and a lexical part. The first part deals with the general concept of borrowing and loanwords. It defines the two linguistic features, explaining the possible reasons for their existence and the function they have in a language. Furthermore, the theoretical part focuses on the historical context of both languages within their own history as well as their common history.

Both Latin and English are described in terms of chronology and historical development. The complex social and cultural circumstances that influenced the adoption of loanwords, are explained. The two historical introductions – that is the introduction to the separate developments as well as the introduction to how the relationship of the two languages has evolved in the course of history are followed by a concluding chapter of the theoretical part. This chapter concentrates on Latin loanwords in the English language, in particular. It explains why certain historical periods were rich in loans from Latin and why some were rather not. It creates a background to the lexical part of this thesis. The lexical part, which is the core of this thesis, is dedicated to the chronological classification of Latin loanwords in the English language. The list of words that are included is limited to the headwords of Hoad’s Concise Oxford

Dictionary of English Etymology. All the words from this source have been divided into several groups according to the century they were adopted in. The origin of each word is given, along with its meaning if necessary. If there were any discrepancies concerning the origin of a loanword, other two sources were consulted in the process of identification the etymology of the word. The enumeration of loanwords is supplemented with a list of abbreviations and most common prefixes that are used in

English. A commentary on the chronological classification of Latin loanwords,

319 explaining the different numbers of loanwords at different periods of time, concludes this thesis.

320

CZECH SUMMARY

Tato práce se skládá ze dvou částí – teoretické a lexikální. Teoretická část je zaměřena na obecný popis procesu přejímání slov. Je v ní definován samotný proces půjčování a s ním související jevy. Jsou popsány funkce výpůjček i důvody proč k přejímání slov dochází. Tento výklad je doplněn o přehled historického vývoje, jak angličtiny, tak latiny. Vývoj v rámci obou jazyků je popsán z chronologického hlediska, aby korespondoval s lexikální částí této práce. Dále jsou tyto dva jazyky konfrontovány z hlediska vzájemných vztahů. Jsou vysvětleny nejen společenské a kulturní, ale i lingvistické vlivy, které formovaly vývoj přejímání slov do angličtiny. Následně je popsán charakter samotných výpůjček, tak jak se vyvíjel v průběhu historie. Je vysvětleno, proč jistá období jsou na latinské výpůjčky bohatší a jiná méně. Lexikální

část, která tvoří jádro této práce, je věnována samotné chronologické klasifikaci latinských slov v angličtině. Výčet těchto slov je limitován počtem hesel obsažených v Hoadově Stručném slovníku anglické etymologie. Všechna slova byla rozdělena do několika skupin podle století, ve kterých byla do angličtiny přejata. Ke každému slovu je v případě potřeby doplněn jeho význam a následně popsán jeho etymologický vývoj.

Pokud etymologie slova nebyla z primárního zdroje zřejmá, byly konzultovány doplňující zdroje. Výčet přejatých slov je doplněn o seznam zkratek a prefixů, které se v angličtině nejčastěji vyskytují. Závěrem je chronologické rozčlenění okomentováno z hlediska objemu přejatých slov v různých časových obdobích.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1 – List of Abbreviations abbr./abbrev. abbreviation compar. comparative abl. ablative contr. contracted acc. according; corr. corresponding accusative d. dative adj. adjective deriv. derivative adv. adverb dim. diminutive Afr. Africa eccl. ecclesiastical AL. Anglo-Latin ecclL. ecclesiastical alch. alchemy Latin alt. alteration e.g. exempli gratia = Amer. America for example anat. anatomy el. element anthrop. anthropology electr. electricity antiq. antiquities ellipt. elliptical aor. aorist Eng. English app. apparently ent., entom. entomology Arab. Arabic equiv. equivalent arch. archaic erron. erroneous archaeol. archaeology esp. especially archit. architecture etym., etymol. etymology arith. arithmetic euph., euphem. euphemistic art. article Eur. European assim. assimilated ex. example assoc. associated exc. except astrol. astrology expl. explained astr., astron. astronomy ext. extended attrib. attributive F. French biochem. biochemistry f. formed on biol. biology fem. feminine bot. botany fig. figurative Celt. Celtic foll. following cent. century freq. frequent cf. confer = compare frequent. frequentative chem. chemistry fut. future ChrL. Christian Latin G. German classL. classical Latin g. genitive colloq. colloquial Gallo-Roman Gallo-Roman comb. combining Gaul. Gaulish comp. compound gen. general; genitive

322 geog. geography meteor. meteorology geol. geology Mex. Mexican geom. geometry mil. military Gmc. Germanic min. mineralogy Goth. Gothic mod. modern Gr. Greek mus. music gram. grammar myth. mythology Heb. Hebrew N. north her. heraldry n. neuter Hind. Hidustani nat. hist. natural history hist. history naut. nautical i.e. id est = that is neg. negative IE. Indo-European nom. nominative imit. imitative north. northern immed. immediate N.T. New Testament imper. imperative O Old imperf. imperfect obj. object ind., indic. indicative obl. oblique inf., infin. infinitive obs. obsolete infl. inflected; occas. occasional influenced OCelt. Old Celtic instr. instrumental OE. Old English int. interjection OF. Old French intr. intransitive OHG. Old High German Ir. Irish OIr. Old Irish iron. ironic OL. Old Latin irreg. irregular ON. Old Norse It. Italian OPers. Old Persian Jap. Japanese opp. opposed to; joc. jocular opposite L. Latin orig. origin; original lang. language ornith. ornithology law-L. law-Latin O.T. Old Testament leg. legal palaeogr. palaeography LG. Low German pass. passive lit. literal, literary path. pathology liturg. liturgy perf. perfect loc. locative perh. perhaps m., masc. masculine pers. person; personal math. mathematics Pers. Persian ME. Middle English pert. pertaining mech. mechanics Pg. Portuguese med. medicine; pharm. pharmacy medieval philol. philology

323 philos. philosophy Sem. Semitic phon. phonetics sg., sing. singular photogr. photography Skr. Sanskrit phr. phrase Sl., Slav. Slavonic phys. physics Sp. Spanish physiol. physiology south. southern pl. plural sp. spelling poet. poetic spec. specific pop. popular str. stress; strong poss. possessive; subj. subject; possibly subjunctive pp. past participle subseq. subsequently ppl. participle super. superlative Pr. Provencal surg. surgery pref. prefix Sw. Swedish prep. preposition syll. syllable pres. present syn., synon. synonym prim. primary Syr. Syrian prob. probably techn. technical pron. pronoun theatr. theatre pronunc. pronunciation theol. theology prop. proper tr. transitive; pros. prosody translation prp. present participle trans. transitive psych., psychol. psychology transf. transferred pt. past tense Turk. Turkish R.C.Ch. Roman Chatholic typogr. typography Church ult. ultimate redupl. reduplication uncert. uncertain ref. reference unexpl. unexplained refash. refashioned Univ. University refl. reflexive unkn. unknown rel. related to; relative U.S. United States repl. replacing usu. usually repr. representing var. variant rhet. rhetoric vb. verb Rom. Roman; Romance viz. videlicet = S. Afr. South Africa namely S. Amer. South America voc. vocative sb. substantive Vulg. Vulgate Sc. Scots, Scottish W. Welsh Scand. Scandianvian w. with scholL. scholastic Latin WGmc. West Germanic S.E. South East zool. zoology

324

Appendix 2 – Common Prefixes in English ab- L. from a-, abs-, adv-, av-, v- ad- L. to, at, for a-, ab-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at- after- E. ambi- L. on both sides, around amb- amphi- Gr. on both sides, around an- Gr. neg. prefix ad- an- E. in reply to, opposite to un- ante- L. before anti-, anci-, an- anti- Gr. against, opposite to ant-, anth- apo- Gr. from, off arch- Gr. chief archi-, arche- auto- Gr. self auth- bi- L. double ba-, bis-, di- bin- L. above cata- Gr. down, downwards cat-, cath- centri- L. centre circum- L. round com- L. together co-, col-, con-, cor-, coun- contra- L. against contro-, counter- de- L. down, downward di- deci- L. ten demi- F. half dextro- L. right-handed dexter-, dextr- di- Gr. double, allied, twice dia- Gr. through, between, apart de-, dea-, di- dis- L. apart, away bis-, de-, des-, di-, dif-, s- duo L. two, double dou-, du- dys- Gr. badly eso- Gr. within endo-, ento- eu- Gr. well ev- ex- L. and Gr. out of, very, a-, e-, ec-, ef-, ek-, es-, away exo-, iss-, s- extra- L. beyond exter-, stra- for- E. in place of for- F. from L. = outside, out of fore- doors hemi- Gr. half semi- hetero- Gr. other

325 holo- Gr. entire homo- Gr. same homeo- hyper- Gr. above, beyond hyp- Gr. under hyph-, hyph- in- L. in am-, an-, em-, en-, il-, im-, ir- in- L. negative prefix a-, am-, an-, en-, i-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, un- ind- L. within endo- infra- L. below, underneath inter- L. between enter-, entr-, intel-, intra-, intro- juxta- L. near macro- Gr. long, large magni- L. great male- L. badly mal-, mau- meta- Gr. among, with, after, used met-, meth- to imply change micro- Gr. small micr- milli- L. thousand mis- E. wrongly, amiss mis- F. badly, ill mono- Gr. single mon- multi- Gr. many mult- n- E. or L. negative prefix naso- L. f. nāsus = nose ne- L. not ne-, nec-, neg- necro- Gr. f. nekrós = corpse neo- Gr. new nocti- L. f. nox, noct- = night noct- non- L. not ob- L. and Gr. near, allied to, epi-, o-, oc-, of-, op-, os- upon octo- L. eight oct- omni- L. all pan- Gr. all panto- para- Gr. beside for-, pa-, per-, peri- pen- L. almost per- L. through for-, para- peri- Gr. around para- poly- Gr. many por- L. towards, forth po-, pol-, pos-

326 post- L. after pre- L. before præ-, pro- preter- L. beyond pro- L. and Gr. before, instead for-, por-, pour-, pr-, prod-, of, in front of prof-, pur- pros- Gr. in addition, towards forth-, por-, proto- Gr. first prot- quadri- L. four quadru- quinque- L. five re- L. again red- retro- L. backwards, behind read-, rere- sans- F. from L. without sine- se- L. away, apart s-, sed- semi- L. half septi- L. seven sesqui- L. one and a half sex- L. six sine- L. without somni- L. f. somnus = sleep sub- L. under s-, so-, su-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus- subter- L. beneath super- L. above, over hyper-, over-, sover-, sub-, supra- syn- Gr. with, together with cum-, sy-, syl-, sym-, syn- ter- L. thrice tri- trans- L. beyond tra-, tran-, tre-, tres- tri- L. thrice tres- tubi- L. f. tubus = tube ultra- L. beyond ulter- un- L. one uni- ve- L. apart from vermi- L. f. vermis = worm vice- L. in place of vis-

327