Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky Bakalářská diplomová práce 2011 Eliška Charvátová Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Eliška Charvátová Latin Loanwords in English Bachelor’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: doc. PhDr. Jana Chamonikolasová, Ph. D. 2011 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author’s signature I would like to thank doc. PhDr. Jana Chamonikolasová, Ph.D. and prof. RNDr. Václav Blažek, CSc. who were kind enough to offer valuable suggestions and ideas for the paper as well as supplementary tips for the list of bibliography. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 I. THE LANGUAGE CONTACT ......................................................................................... 3 1. THE LANGUAGE CONTACT SCHEMES ..................................................................... 3 2. SOURCES OF NEW WORDS ..................................................................................... 4 3. BORROWING .......................................................................................................... 4 3.1 THE DEFINITION OF BORROWING ......................................................................... 4 3.2 THE LEVELS OF LANGUAGE BORROWING ............................................................ 5 3.3 THE REASONS FOR LEXICAL BORROWING ............................................................ 6 3.4 THE PROCESS OF LEXICAL BORROWING .............................................................. 8 3.5 THE ATTITUDES TOWARDS BORROWING ............................................................. 8 4. LOANWORDS .......................................................................................................... 9 4.1 THE DEFINITION OF A LOANWORD ....................................................................... 9 4.2 THE FUNCTIONS OF LOANWORDS ....................................................................... 10 4.3 THE LEXICAL INTEGRATION OF LOANWORDS .................................................... 11 II. THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH AND LATIN LANGUAGES ......................................... 13 1. THE LATIN LANGUAGE ........................................................................................... 13 1.1 CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LATIN .................................................... 13 1.1.1 ARCHAIC LATIN ..................................................................................... 13 1.1.2 CLASSICAL AND VULGAR LATIN ............................................................ 14 1.1.3 CHRISTIAN LATIN ................................................................................... 15 1.1.4 LATIN OF THE MIDDLE AGES ................................................................. 16 1.1.5 RENAISSANCE LATIN .............................................................................. 16 1.1.6 MODERN LATIN...................................................................................... 16 1.2 THE LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE OF LATIN .......................................................... 17 2. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .................................................................................... 18 2.1 CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH ................................................ 18 2.1.1 OLD ENGLISH ......................................................................................... 18 2.1.2 MIDDLE ENGLISH ................................................................................... 20 2.1.3 MODERN ENGLISH ................................................................................. 22 3. THE ENGLISH-LATIN ANALOGY ............................................................................... 23 III. LATIN LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH .............................................................................. 24 1. LATIN LOANWORDS IN THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD (449-1100) ............................ 24 1.1 CONTINENTAL DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................... 25 1.1.1 CONTINENTAL LOANWORDS ....................................................................... 25 1.2 INSULAR DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................... 26 1.2.1 INSULAR DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE ROMAN CONQUEST ............................ 26 1.2.2 INSULAR DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE GERMANIC CONQUEST ....................... 28 2. LATIN LOANWORDS IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (1100-1500) .................... 31 2.1 ENGLISH, LATIN AND FRENCH ........................................................................... 31 2.2 LOANWORDS ...................................................................................................... 32 2.3 AUREATE TERMS ............................................................................................... 34 3. LATIN LOANWORDS IN THE MODERN ENGLISH PERIOD (1500 – PRESENT) .......... 34 3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LOANWORDS ................................................................... 35 3.1.1 THE ENGLISHING OF LATIN WORDS ....................................................... 36 3.2 LOANWORDS ...................................................................................................... 36 3.3 THE LATIN-ENGLISH CONTROVERSY ................................................................. 37 IV. CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LOANWORDS ............................................... 38 1. OLD ENGLISH LOANWORDS ............................................................................... 40 2. MIDDLE ENGLISH LOANWORDS ......................................................................... 48 3. THE ELEVENTH CENTURY ................................................................................ 49 4. THE TWELFTH CENTURY ................................................................................. 50 5. THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY ............................................................................ 51 6. THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY ........................................................................... 54 7. THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY ................................................................................. 81 8. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY ............................................................................. 108 9. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ......................................................................... 180 10. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY .......................................................................... 252 11. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ............................................................................ 281 12. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ........................................................................... 307 13. CHRONOLOGICALLY UNSPECIFIED LOANWORDS ............................................. 308 14. COMMENTARY ON THE CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION ......................... 309 OF LATIN LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH ............................................................ 309 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 311 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................. 314 WORKS CITED ............................................................................................................ 314 WORKS CONSULTED ................................................................................................... 316 ENGLISH SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 319 CZECH SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 321 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 322 APPENDIX 1 – LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................... 322 APPENDIX 2 – COMMON PREFIXES IN ENGLISH ....................................................... 325 INTRODUCTION Latin has undoubtedly been one of the most influential languages in the history of the civilization. Its impact on not only European nations has been immense. From the political, cultural and social aspects of Roman lifestyle to the linguistic features, the Roman legacy has become a natural part of our lives. English is no exception to this statement. It was at the time of the very first encounters between the Romans and the Germanic tribes that the English-Latin history started to be written. Since then, the relationship between the two languages has undergone several stages of development. The changes that occured during these stages affected not only the nature but also the number of loanwords that were adopted into English. This thesis focuses on the historical development of the two languages in connection to the frequency of borrowing respectively the number of loanwords at various periods in history. The social, political and cultural circumstances of the English-Latin relations affected the amount of loanwords borrowed at particular time periods. This hypothesis leads to the main research question of this thesis: In which periods was the number of words taken over from Latin into English the highest respectively