Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1992 Child abuse history and its effects on affect and social cognition as mediated by social support David Gerard Beeman Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons, Developmental Psychology Commons, Psychiatry and Psychology Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Beeman, David Gerard, "Child abuse history and its effects on affect and social cognition as mediated by social support " (1992). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 9975. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/9975 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9234790 Child abuse and its effects on affect and social cognition as mediated by social support Beeman, David Gerard, Ph.D. Iowa State University, 1992 Copyright ©1992 by Beeman, David Gerard. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Child abuse history and its effects on affect and social cognition as mediated by social support by David Gerard Beeman A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Psychology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charjge^'f Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. ^or the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Fe^tKe Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1992 Copyright © David Gerard Beeman, 1992. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES x ABSTRACT xiii INTRODUCTION 1 Overview of the Present Research 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 6 The History of Child Abuse 6 Physical Maltreatment of Children 6 Sexual Exploitation of Children 8 Child Protection Reforms and New Views Toward Children 11 Female Victims of Child Sexual Abuse 16 Characteristics of Sexual Abuse of Females 16 Definitions 16 Prevalence 17 Age of Victims.... 19 Duration and Frequency 19 Perpetrators 20 Type of Sexual Activity 21 Force, Violence, and Coercion 23 Social Risk Factors 23 The Effects of Sexual Abuse on Females 26 Immediate Effects 27 Emotional reactions 27 Self-perceptions 28 Physical/somatic effects 29 Sexual effects 29 Interpersonal relating 30 Social functioning 31 Delayed Effects 31 Emotional reactions 32 Self-perceptions 33 Physical/somatic effects 33 iii Sexual effects 34 Interpersonal relating 36 Social functioning 36 Severity of Effects by Type of Abuse 37 The Extent of the Effects 40 Treatment of Female Victims of Child Sexual Abuse 41 Male Victims of Child Sexual Abuse 42 Male Socialization and Sexual Abuse 44 Characteristics of Sexual Abuse of Males 47 Definitions 47 Prevalence 48 Age of Victims 51 Duration and Frequency 51 Perpetrators 52 Type of Sexual Activity 55 Force, Violence, and Coercion 57 Social Risk Factors 57 The Effects of Sexual Abuse on Males 59 Immediate Effects 60 Emotional reactions 60 Self-perceptions 61 Physical/somatic effects 62 Sexual effects 62 Interpersonal relating 63 Social functioning 64 Delayed Effects 64 Emotional reactions 65 Self-perceptions 66 Physical/somatic effects 67 Sexual effects 67 hiterpersonal relating 68 Social fiinctioning 68 Severity of Effects by Type of Abuse 69 The Extent of the Effects 72 iv Treatment of Male Victims of Child Sexual Abuse 73 Other Forms of Abuse 75 Emotional/Psychological Abuse of Children 75 Physical Abuse and Neglect of Children 78 Characteristics of Physical Abuse and Neglect 78 Incidence and prevalence 78 Gender and age 78 Perpetrators 79 Risk factors 79 The Effects of Physical Abuse and Neglect 81 Physical/somatic effects 82 Emotional reactions and self-perceptions 83 Cognitive functioning 84 Social functioning 84 Ritualistic and Satanic Abuse 85 Witnessing Violence 87 Studies Examining Multiple Forms of Abuse Simultaneously 88 Theories Pertaining to Child Abuse 90 Theories of Etiology 90 Anthropological Explanations of Sexual Child Abuse 90 Individual Explanations of Child Abuse 91 Childhood history 91 Adult psychological functioning 93 Child characteristics 93 Sociological Explanations of Child Abuse 94 Familial Explanations of Child Abuse 94 Cultural Explanations of Child Abuse 95 Ecological Explanations of Child Abuse 95 Standard ecological models 95 Finkelhor's four factor model 96 Theories of Effects 97 Feminist Theory 98 Traumatic Stress Theory 99 Developmental Theory 102 V Loss Theory 103 Methodological Concerns and Child Abuse Research 104 Definitional Issues 104 Sampling Issues 108 Design Issues 109 Measurement and Instrumentation Ill Human Subjects Concerns 112 The Present Study 112 Multiple Forms of Child Abuse 112 Positive and Negative Affectivity 113 Social Cognition 115 Social Support 116 Incorporation of Previous Methodological Suggestions 117 Hypotheses 119 METHOD 122 Sample 122 Procedure 122 Measures 123 Psychosocial History 123 PANAS Scales 124 Social Provisions Scale 127 Trauma Constellation Identification Scale 129 A Locus of Control Measure 130 Order of Items and Measures in Protocol 132 Survey's Relationship to Concepts 134 Data Analytic Methods 138 Factor Analyses 138 Canonical Correlation Analyses 139 Multiple Regression Analyses 140 Analyses of Multicollinearity 140 Full Fitted Model Multiple Regressions 142 Hierarchical Regressions 142 Analyses to Examine Differences in Behavioral and Self-Definition of Abuse 144 vi Chi-square Analyses 144 t-Tests 145 RESULTS 146 Descriptive Statistical Analyses 146 Description of Sample (Demographics) 146 Child Abuse History 148 Factor Analysis of Child Abuse Items 151 Factor Analysis of Locus of Control Items 155 Descriptive Statistics and Internal Consistencies of Scales Utilized 159 Correlational Analyses 161 Correlations Among Demographics and Risk Factors 162 Correlations Among Child Abuse Items 163 Correlations Among Child Abuse, Demographics, and Risk Factors 165 Relationship Between Dependent Variables 165 Correlations Among Dependent Variables 166 Factor Analysis of Dependent Variables 168 Overall Effects of Child Abuse on Affect and Social Cognition 170 Correlations Between the Child Abuse and the Affect and Cognition Scales 170 Canonical Correlation Analysis 171 Successive Canonical Analyses Through Addition of Independent Variables 173 Effects of Child Abuse on Dependent Variables: Regression Analyses 176 Analyses of Multicollinearity 176 Analysis of Multicollinearity Through Correlations 176 Analysis of Multicollinearity Through Variance Inflation Factors 177 Analysis of Multicollinearity Through Analysis of Structure 177 Summary of Analyses of Multicollinearity 178 Effects of Child Abuse on Affectivity 179 Effects of Child Abuse on Positive Affect 179 Regression of child abuse on positive affect 179 Regression of child abuse and other predictors on positive affect 181 Hierarchical regression for predicting positive affect 184 Effects of Child Abuse on Negative Affect 184 vii Regression of child abuse on negative affect 184 Regression of chUd abuse and other predictors on negative affect 186 Hierarchical regression for predicting negative affect 186 Effects of Child Abuse on Lx)cus of Control 189 Effects of Child Abuse on External Locus of Control 189 Regression of child abuse on external locus of control 189 Regression of child abuse and other predictors on external locus of control 192 Hierarchical regression for predicting external locus of control,... 192 Effects of Child Abuse on Internal Locus of Control 195 Regression of child abuse on internal locus of control 195 Regression of child abuse and other predictors on internal locus of control 195 Hierarchical regression for predicting internal locus of control....199 Effects of Child Abuse on Victimization External