DOCSLIB.ORG

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY of the EFFECT of COGNITIVE DISSONANCE on RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOUR in RELATION to CERTAIN PERSONALITY VARIABLES •^^^^^M^Pub;

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY of the EFFECT of COGNITIVE DISSONANCE on RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOUR in RELATION to CERTAIN PERSONALITY VARIABLES •^^^^^M^Pub; AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE ON RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOUR IN RELATION TO CERTAIN PERSONALITY VARIABLES •^^^^^M^puB; ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PSYCHOLOGY BY DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh September 1979 m BXPBRlMiaiTAL SSVDY &f ^HE EFFECT OF COGHIf IVB 10 CBfCPAlH PERSOJIALOTY VARIABLBS ' i?ho Qt^dy eeposts four experlEaento the purpose ot each of wliich was tio ascertain tte effect of cogaitiv© dlssonanco upon riak-taklBd behaviour in ceiation to each one of four panrstmoXity voriablos, nanseXy* anxiety, intemal-Qsctomal Xocuo of control aoif-osteem, an<S £epres3ic»i-^»:^&itissatioa. ThB effoct of co03itive diss^ianco upon risk-taking behaviour wao studied on certaiUi geounda. that <i) i9hen tho ss ar© •taalt-involvod*, i.e., ace required to be ctoioetivo, in ©xpresaing thair opinion, any comtmication which ia diacrepent ^ith thair exiating opinion will arouae co^itive dissonance, and in a ri^^-taking aituation %h& 3s are e^qpectad to bo *ta8k~ oriented* in so far as t!^y are niquired to be objective in their choice of risk alternatives each risk alternative being based on inforroatious indicating probability of success and amount of payoff I ai^ (ii) there has been scant attention to study the effect of cognitive dissonance upon risk-taking behaviour. Assuming that the manner of reducing cognitive disstonance of an individual nay be related to his positioxi on adjustment^ iaala<Sjustii»nt dimension in aucb a «ay that a facilitative SQSponae involving atdjustmants and necessary modifications bein0 used by a well-adjusted individual and a debilitativo one involving sonie kind of defense s^chanisnt being used by a maladjusted individual,/the four personality variables# n&mlY* anxiety, intoEnal-exteenal locus of control, self, estecan, and repress ion-sensitieatic^ -•> each of which considaced to play a vital role in tto cdjuotinemt-c^ladjuetnient of an individual —- '^ero included in the present study, / Every e«p3rJjsont employod a 2 x 2 factorial design in t^hlch thoro yo£o tw> independent variables with t\m variations of each voricble, nan^ly, (1) asousal vs. nonarousal of cognitive dissonance induced by negative feedback of losing the ^oi^lo and positive fee(SQ>ack of i^imiing the ganible xespectivolyr end (2) !ii@h scores vs. lo%7 scores on the personality diraension* Tho dependent vari^le, nanaely, the risk-taking behaviour was measured in terms of chon^ in the selection of case of two risk alternative (strategy) ctK>ices in the second of two bids as compared to the first one after winning (*nonarousal of cognitive dissonanos*} or losing (*arousal of cognitive dissGoance *} the ganoble in a risk-taking task. The analyses of scores s^M3wed that the condition of 'arousal of co^fiitive dissonance* led to no re changes of risk strategy tbsn did the c(»tdition of 'nonarousal of cognitive disscmance'. The analyses further revealed that the *n<»iarousal ot cognitive dissonance* led to % tendency to sapeat a risk striitegy cm the part of both the *roiXdiy anxious' M«1 •highly anximis* Ss# both the • iotejmally-orientcd • and *e3etoxnally~ ori©ntQd» Ss# both th© »high selfo-esteero* and *lo«r self-^ esteeo5' ss, and also on the part of both ths 'repwisoor* aaid *6ensitia^r* ss. la the condition of 'aronsol of cogaitivo Cilosanancc, on tto otter hand, tte '©ildly Gnxio«s* B&» th© internally-offiontc^* 3B, tshQ "high self-osteea* ss* ond tho •ropuBssor* ss elwccd significantly mose choncpo of risk «3tsr;tcoy th[m did th3ir reopsctiv© coantorports in th© •hi#i ©Cores' ©roup©. \ DEPiKTMSNT OF">SYGHOLOGX, ALIGAaH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, A L I G A R H, September 28, 1979 This is to certify that Mr, Arurr Kumar Singh \^30 worked under the Supervision of Late Prof. Jnwar •Ansari got almost all the Chapters of his Ph.D thesis thoroughly gone through ahd corrected by him. I have read the thesis and I am fvlly satisfied that the thesis, aS presented in its final foim, is worth presenting for adjudication. Profjgssor A.Jamil Qadri "~SfS SrCTTOW AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE ON RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOUR IN RELATION TO CERTAIN PERSONALITY VARIABLES THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PSYCHOLOGY BY ]M[a.it>aiiiL A.x*unlcuixia.]:* Sin^H DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh September 1979 u %^ ^m ^^^..,;.^ ^ n 0 nCR 1990? T2040 CHECKED-200& cn''Tr<".' /p(>-9f ACKN0WIiED(3ffiNT I am gjreatly indebted to my supervisor, late Professor Anwar Ansari, for his invaluable guidance in conducting the present investigation. I am also indebted to Professor A. Jamil Qadri, Head of the Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, and Dr. Qamar Hasan for going through the manuscript and for giving me precious comments and suggestions. My thanks are due to Professor (Mrs. ) G. Ansari for giving me inspiration during the course of this study. Alongwith, I express my gratitude to my teachers, research scholars, and other members of Department of PsychoJLoigy,, Adigarh Muslim university, Aligarh, and to the staff members of Maulana Azad Library, for their kind help. Finally, I am thankful to those who served as subjects in this study, to Mr. Mashhood Alam Raz for typing the report of the study and to many others who have helped me in one way or other to complete the study. yt(, ^/s.wv^^^'^-^^v-^''^-^^^^^ M. ARUN KUMAR SINGH Dept. of Psychology Aligarh Muslim Univ. Aligarh CONTENTS Chapter I ORIENTATION OP PROBLEM 1 Chapter II SURVEY OP LITERATURE 15 Chapter III METHOD AND PROCEDURE 60 Chapter IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 72 Chapter V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 84 REFERENCES 87 Appendixes Chapter I ORIENTATION OP PROBLEM Festinger's (1957) theory of cognitive dissonance, which considers cognition or cognitive element as "any knowledge, opinion, or belief about the enj/ironment, about oneself, or about one's behaviour" (Pestinger, 1957, p.3), states that (a) dissonance arises when tVo cognitions are inconsistent with each other, (b) the experience of dissonance is uncomfortable, and that (c) the individual experiencing dissonance is motivated to reduce it and achieve consonance. The dissonance may be reduced either by changing one or more of the otherwise inconsistent cognitions or by adding new consonant cognitive elements. The theory has led to a substantial amount of research using varied paradigms, like 'counterattitudinal behaviour' (Pestinger and Carlsmith, 1959), 'post-decision change" (Brehm, 1956), and 'discrepant communication' (zimbardo, 1960), etc. In many of the researches that have been done to study the effect of cognitive dissonance on opinion change there is a good deal of controversy on the question of the arousal of cognitive dissonance, specifically, in researches using the paradigms of 'counterattitudinal behaviour' and 'post-decision change' the arousal of cognitive dissonance has been questioned (Bern, 1967; Kelley, 1967; Gerard, Blevans and Malcolm, 1964). Truly speaking, in researches using these two paradigms, the arousal of cognitive dissonance is not clear, because the existence of inconsistency betvreen two cognitive elements is not concretely identifiable. It is only in the researches using the paradigm of 'discrepant communication' that the existence of inconsistency between two cognitive elements is concretely identifiable, because in these researches discrepant communication is provided by the experimenter, and hence is manipulable by him. Certain important questions arise regarding the researches using the paradigm of 'discrepant communication' in which the inconsistency between two cognitive elements is concretely identifiable: What is a discrepant communication? Does a discrepant communication necessarily arouse cognitive dissonance? When will a discrepant communication arouse cognitive dissonance? several authors (Derlega, 1972; Zimbardo, 1960) consider involvement in the cognitive elements to be an important variable which affects the magnitude of cognitive dissonance. However, as Kiesler et al. (1969), while discussing the question of involvement in the arousal of cognitive dissonance, have pointed out, the concept of involvement has not been clearly defined in terms of the antecedent conditions which produce it, or the manner one can vary it both in degree and in type. In fact, different experimental procedures have been employed to induce involvement so that it is difficult to say which one of these procedures is more appropriate. In order to clarify the meaning of involvement as it relates to the arousal of cognitive dissonance, it is important to note the observation made by Festinger (1957), that if two cognitive elements are dissonant with one another the magnitude of the cognitive dissonance will be a function of the importance of the cognitive elements. What Festinger seems to mean by the above mentioned observation is that cognitive dissonance would be aroused in an individual when both the cognitive elements, i.e., the one implied in his opinion that has already been accepted by him and the other implied in the discrepant information that is being communicated now are important from the point of view of the individual. Now, the question arises as to what are the conditions vmder which the two cognitive elements would asxime importance for the individual. Empirical data seem to suggest that the importance of the two cognitive elements is contingent upon the type of involvement experienced by the individual in a given situation. If the individual is 'ego-involved' with regard to the opinion he is expressing on a particular issue, i.e., is keen to express his own personal beliefs and values, the cognitive element of the opinion he holds will certainly assume importance for him and the cognitive element of any communicated information 4 which is discrepant with the opinion he holds will be irrelevant and unimportant to him. If, on the other hand, the individual is 'task-involved' in expressing his opinion on an issue, i.e., is keen to express a correct and objective view regarding that issue, then both the cognitive element of the opinion he is holding and that of any information that is discrepant with the opinion lie is holding will be important to him.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paranoid – Suspicious; Argumentative; Paranoid; Continually on The
    Disorder Gathering 34, 36, 49 Answer Keys A N S W E R K E Y, Disorder Gathering 34 1. Avital Agoraphobia – 2. Ewelina Alcoholism – 3. Martyna Anorexia – 4. Clarissa Bipolar Personality Disorder –. 5. Lysette Bulimia – 6. Kev, Annabelle Co-Dependant Relationship – 7. Archer Cognitive Distortions / all-of-nothing thinking (Splitting) – 8. Josephine Cognitive Distortions / Mental Filter – 9. Mendel Cognitive Distortions / Disqualifying the Positive – 10. Melvira Cognitive Disorder / Labeling and Mislabeling – 11. Liat Cognitive Disorder / Personalization – 12. Noa Cognitive Disorder / Narcissistic Rage – 13. Regev Delusional Disorder – 14. Connor Dependant Relationship – 15. Moira Dissociative Amnesia / Psychogenic Amnesia – (*Jason Bourne character) 16. Eylam Dissociative Fugue / Psychogenic Fugue – 17. Amit Dissociative Identity Disorder / Multiple Personality Disorder – 18. Liam Echolalia – 19. Dax Factitous Disorder – 20. Lorna Neurotic Fear of the Future – 21. Ciaran Ganser Syndrome – 22. Jean-Pierre Korsakoff’s Syndrome – 23. Ivor Neurotic Paranoia – 24. Tucker Persecutory Delusions / Querulant Delusions – 25. Lewis Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – 26. Abdul Proprioception – 27. Alisa Repressed Memories – 28. Kirk Schizophrenia – 29. Trevor Self-Victimization – 30. Jerome Shame-based Personality – 31. Aimee Stockholm Syndrome – 32. Delphine Taijin kyofusho (Japanese culture-specific syndrome) – 33. Lyndon Tourette’s Syndrome – 34. Adar Social phobias – A N S W E R K E Y, Disorder Gathering 36 Adjustment Disorder – BERKELEY Apotemnophilia
    [Show full text]
  • Institutional Abuse: a Psychiatrist's Perspective
    Institutional Abuse: Untying the Gordian Knot Dr Julian Parmegiani MB BS FRANZCP September 2018 Out of Home Care – Current Statistics Heritability of Psychiatric Disorders The effects of trauma during childhood and adolescence Talk Snowballing Effects of Trauma Outline Protective Factors and Resilience False Memories Impact of legal proceedings Children subjected to investigation = 115,024 Substantiated = 45,714 Child Protection Children on care & Services – protection orders = 61,723 Children in out-of-home care = 2016 55,614 *AIHW Child Protection Report 2015-2016 Child Protection Services – Statistics Type of Abuse Primary + other abuse Emotional Abuse 43% 32.5% Neglect 27% 28.2% Physical Abuse 18% 15% Sexual Abuse 12% 1.7% *AIHW Child Protection Report 2015-2016 Out-of-home care • 46% under 5yrs old Child • 94% in home-based care – 49% in relative/kinship care Protection – 39% in foster care – 5% in third party parental care Services – – 1% other Statistics • 6% in institutions *AIHW Child Protection Report 2015-2016 No information about the parents – possible reasons: Child • Alcohol abuse Protection • Drug abuse • Mental illness Services – • Severe personality disorder Statistics • In custody • Cognitive impairment • Genetic vulnerability – Mental illness might have manifested itself anyway • Pre-existing behavioural problems – Parents couldn’t cope with uncontrollable child • Psychological trauma might have already caused irreparable damage before being Evaluation taken into institution • Targeting: Bullies and predators victimizing of Adult vulnerable targets – Odd – Socially inadequate Survivors – Shy – Anxious – Depressed • All of the above combined MJA • Volume 185 Number 9 • 6 November 2006 MJA • Volume 185 Number 9 • 6 November 2006 MJA • Volume 185 Number 9 • 6 November 2006 Alcohol Use Disorder - 50% heritable The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a Heritability meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies B.
    [Show full text]
  • A Theoretical Exploration of Altruistic Action As an Adaptive Intervention
    Smith ScholarWorks Theses, Dissertations, and Projects 2008 Dissonance, development and doing the right thing : a theoretical exploration of altruistic action as an adaptive intervention Christopher L. Woodman Smith College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Woodman, Christopher L., "Dissonance, development and doing the right thing : a theoretical exploration of altruistic action as an adaptive intervention" (2008). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/439 This Masters Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Projects by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@smith.edu. Christopher L. Woodman Dissonance, Development, and Doing the Right Thing: A Theoretical Exploration of Altruistic Action as an Adaptive Intervention ABSTRACT This theoretical exploration was undertaken to give consideration to the phenomenon of altruistic action as a potential focus for therapeutic intervention strategies. The very nature of altruism carries with it a fundamentally paradoxical and discrepant conundrum because of the opposing forces that it activates within us; inclinations to put the welfare of others ahead of self-interest are not experienced by the inner self as sound survival planning, though this has historically been a point of contention. Internal and external discrepancies cause psychological dissonance
    [Show full text]
  • Consumers' Behavioural Intentions After Experiencing Deception Or
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Plymouth Electronic Archive and Research Library Wilkins, S., Beckenuyte, C. and Butt, M. M. (2016), Consumers’ behavioural intentions after experiencing deception or cognitive dissonance caused by deceptive packaging, package downsizing or slack filling. European Journal of Marketing, 50(1/2), 213-235. Consumers’ behavioural intentions after experiencing deception or cognitive dissonance caused by deceptive packaging, package downsizing or slack filling Stephen Wilkins Graduate School of Management, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK Carina Beckenuyte Fontys International Business School, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Venlo, The Netherlands Muhammad Mohsin Butt Curtin Business School, Curtin University Sarawak Campus, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this study is to discover the extent to which consumers are aware of air filling in food packaging, the extent to which deceptive packaging and slack filling – which often result from package downsizing – lead to cognitive dissonance, and the extent to which feelings of cognitive dissonance and being deceived lead consumers to engage in negative post purchase behaviours. Design/methodology/approach – The study analysed respondents’ reactions to a series of images of a specific product. The sample consisted of consumers of FMCG products in the UK. Five photographs served as the stimulus material. The first picture showed a well-known brand of premium chocolate in its packaging and then four further pictures each showed a plate with a different amount of chocolate on it, which represented different possible levels of package fill. Findings – Consumer expectations of pack fill were positively related to consumers’ post purchase dissonance, and higher dissonance was negatively related to repurchase intentions and positively related to both intended visible and non-visible negative post purchase behaviours, such as switching brand and telling friends to avoid the product.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture Misinformation
    Quote of the Day: “A lie will go round the world while truth is pulling its boots on.” -- Baptist preacher Charles H. Spurgeon, 1859 Please fill out the course evaluations: https://uw.iasystem.org/survey/233006 Questions on the final paper Readings for next time Today’s class: misinformation and conspiracy theories Some definitions of fake news: • any piece of information Donald Trump dislikes more seriously: • “a type of yellow journalism or propaganda that consists of deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional news media (print and broadcast) or online social media.” disinformation: “false information which is intended to mislead, especially propaganda issued by a government organization to a rival power or the media” misinformation: “false or inaccurate information, especially that which is deliberately intended to deceive” Some findings of recent research on fake news, disinformation, and misinformation • False news stories are 70% more likely to be retweeted than true news stories. The false ones get people’s attention (by design). • Some people inadvertently spread fake news by saying it’s false and linking to it. • Much of the fake news from the 2016 election originated in small-time operators in Macedonia trying to make money (get clicks, sell advertising). • However, Russian intelligence agencies were also active (Kate Starbird’s research). The agencies created fake Black Lives Matter activists and Blue Lives Matter activists, among other profiles. A quick guide to spotting fake news, from the Freedom Forum Institute: https://www.freedomforuminstitute.org/first-amendment- center/primers/fake-news-primer/ Fact checking sites are also essential for identifying fake news.
    [Show full text]
  • Conspiracy Theory Beliefs: Measurement and the Role of Perceived Lack Of
    Conspiracy theory beliefs: measurement and the role of perceived lack of control Ana Stojanov A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand November, 2019 Abstract Despite conspiracy theory beliefs’ potential to lead to negative outcomes, psychologists have only relatively recently taken a strong interest in their measurement and underlying mechanisms. In this thesis I test a particularly common motivational claim about the origin of conspiracy theory beliefs: that they are driven by threats to personal control. Arguing that previous experimental studies have used inconsistent and potentially confounded measures of conspiracy beliefs, I first developed and validated a new Conspiracy Mentality Scale, and then used it to test the control hypothesis in six systematic and well-powered studies. Little evidence for the hypothesis was found in these studies, or in a subsequent meta-analysis of all experimental evidence on the subject, although the latter indicated that specific measures of conspiracies are more likely to change in response to control manipulations than are generic or abstract measures. Finally, I examine how perceived lack of control relates to conspiracy beliefs in two very different naturalistic settings, both of which are likely to threaten individuals feelings of control: a political crisis over Macedonia’s name change, and series of tornadoes in North America. In the first, I found that participants who had opposed the name change reported stronger conspiracy beliefs than those who has supported it. In the second, participants who had been more seriously affected by the tornadoes reported decreased control, which in turn predicted their conspiracy beliefs, but only for threat-related claims.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Dissonance Approach
    Explaining Preferences from Behavior: A Cognitive Dissonance Approach Avidit Acharya, Stanford University Matthew Blackwell, Harvard University Maya Sen, Harvard University The standard approach in positive political theory posits that action choices are the consequences of preferences. Social psychology—in particular, cognitive dissonance theory—suggests the opposite: preferences may themselves be affected by action choices. We present a framework that applies this idea to three models of political choice: (1) one in which partisanship emerges naturally in a two-party system despite policy being multidimensional, (2) one in which interactions with people who express different views can lead to empathetic changes in political positions, and (3) one in which ethnic or racial hostility increases after acts of violence. These examples demonstrate how incorporating the insights of social psychology can expand the scope of formalization in political science. hat are the origins of interethnic hostility? How Our framework builds on an insight originating in social do young people become lifelong Republicans or psychology with the work of Festinger (1957) that suggests WDemocrats? What causes people to change deeply that actions could affect preferences through cognitive dis- held political preferences? These questions are the bedrock of sonance. One key aspect of cognitive dissonance theory is many inquiries within political science. Numerous articles that individuals experience a mental discomfort after taking and books study the determinants of racism, partisanship, actions that appear to be in conflict with their starting pref- and preference change. Throughout, a theme linking these erences. To minimize or avoid this discomfort, they change seemingly disparate literatures is the formation and evolution their preferences to more closely align with their actions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Locus of Control
    UVA-OB-0786 THE LOCUS OF CONTROL Please check true or false to the statements below that best fit your own beliefs. Please do so before reading the rest of this note. Locus of Control Instrument1 TRUE FALSE 1. I usually get what I want in life. 2. I need to be kept informed about news events. 3. I never know where I stand with other people. 4. I do not really believe in luck or chance. 5. I think that I could easily win a lottery. 6. If I do not succeed on a task, I tend to give up. 7. I usually convince others to do things my way. 8. People make a difference in controlling crime. 9. The success I have is largely a matter of chance. 10. Marriage is largely a gamble for most people. 11. People must be the master of their own fate. 12. It is not important for me to vote. 13. My life seems like a series of random events. 14. I never try anything that I am not sure of. 15. I earn the respect and honors I receive. 16. A person can get rich by taking risks. 17. Leaders are successful when they work hard. 18. Persistence and hard work usually lead to success. 19. It is difficult to know who my real friends are. 20. Other people usually control my life. 1 A professor in the psychology department at Mercyhurst College in Erie, Pennsylvania, Terry Pettijohn developed this variation to Rotter’s original Locus of Control survey. This technical note was written by Gerry Yemen and James G.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Dissonance Evidence from Children and Monkeys Louisa C
    PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article The Origins of Cognitive Dissonance Evidence From Children and Monkeys Louisa C. Egan, Laurie R. Santos, and Paul Bloom Yale University ABSTRACT—In a study exploring the origins of cognitive of psychology, including attitudes and prejudice (e.g., Leippe & dissonance, preschoolers and capuchins were given a Eisenstadt, 1994), moral cognition (e.g., Tsang, 2002), decision choice between two equally preferred alternatives (two making (e.g., Akerlof & Dickens, 1982), happiness (e.g., Lyu- different stickers and two differently colored M&M’ss, bomirsky & Ross, 1999), and therapy (Axsom, 1989). respectively). On the basis of previous research with Unfortunately, despite long-standing interest in cognitive adults, this choice was thought to cause dissonance be- dissonance, there is still little understanding of its origins—both cause it conflicted with subjects’ belief that the two options developmentally over the life course and evolutionarily as the were equally valuable. We therefore expected subjects to product of human phylogenetic history. Does cognitive-disso- change their attitude toward the unchosen alternative, nance reduction begin to take hold only after much experience deeming it less valuable. We then presented subjects with a with the aversive consequences of dissonant cognitions, or does choice between the unchosen option and an option that was it begin earlier in development? Similarly, are humans unique in originally as attractive as both options in the first choice. their drive to avoid dissonant cognitions, or is this process older Both groups preferred the novel over the unchosen option evolutionarily, perhaps shared with nonhuman primate species? in this experimental condition, but not in a control condi- To date, little research has investigated whether children or tion in which they did not take part in the first decision.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychological Issues in Escape, Rescue, and Survival in the Wake of Disaster
    2008 Psychological Issues in Escape, Rescue, and Survival in the Wake of Disaster Report Submitted to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory George S. Everly, Jr., PhD, ABPP Paul Perrin & George S. Everly, III Contents INTRODUCTION THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CRISIS AND DISASTERS The Nature of Human Stress Physiology of Stress Psychology of Stress Excessive Stress Distress Depression Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Compassion Fatigue A Review of Empirical Investigations on the Mental Health Consequences of Crisis and Disaster Primary Victims/ Survivors Rescue and Recovery Personnel “RESISTANCE, RESILIENCE, AND RECOVERY” AS A STRATEGIC AND INTEGRATIVE INTERVENTION PARADIGM Historical Foundations Resistance, Resiliency, Recovery: A Continuum of Care Building Resistance Self‐efficacy Hardiness Enhancing Resilience Fostering Recovery LEADERSHIP AND THE INCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEMS (ICS) Leadership: What is it? Leadership Resides in Those Who Follow Incident Management Essential Information NIMS Components 1 Psychological Issues in Escape, Rescue, and Survival in the Wake of Disaster | George Everly, Jr. The Need for Incident Management Key Features of the ICS Placement of Psychological Crisis Intervention Teams in ICS Functional Areas in the Incident Command System Structuring the Mental Health Response Challenges of Rural and Isolated Response Caution: Fatigue in Incident Response Summary CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX A – Training resources in disaster mental health and crisis intervention APPENDIX B – Psychological First Aid (PFA) 2 Psychological Issues in Escape, Rescue, and Survival in the Wake of Disaster | George Everly, Jr. Introduction The experience of disaster appears to have become an expected aspect of life. Whether it is a natural disaster such as a hurricane or tsunami, or a human‐made disaster such as terrorism, the effects can be both physically and psychological devastating.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Regulation of Driving by Older Adults a Longroad Study
    Seniors face serious driving safety and mobility issues. Self-Regulation of Driving by Older Adults A LongROAD Study December 2015 607 14th Street, NW, Suite 201 | Washington, DC 20005 | AAAFoundation.org | 202-638-5944 Title Self-Regulation of Driving by Older Adults: A Synthesis of the Literature and Framework for Future Research. (December 2015) Author Lisa J. Molnar1,2, David W. Eby1,2, Liang Zhang1,2,3, Nicole Zanier1,2, Renée M. St. Louis1,2, Lidia P. Kostyniuk1,2 1University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) 2Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center) 3Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Acknowledgments This publication was produced as part of the LongROAD (Longitudinal Research on Aging Drivers) Study, a collaborative cohort study of aging and driving managed by Columbia University (Dr. Guohua Li, PI), the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (Dr. David W. Eby, Co-PI), and the Urban Institute (Mr. Robert Santos, Co-PI). Other institutions participating in the project are: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research; University of Michigan Geriatrics Center; University of Colorado School of Medicine; University of Colorado School of Public Health; Johns Hopkins University; Bassett Research Institute; and the University of California, San Diego Department of Family and Preventative Medicine. Liang Zhang’s effort on this report was supported by the China Scholarship Council, a non-profit institution with legal person status affiliated with the Chinese Ministry of Education which funded Liang Zhang as a visiting scholar at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI), and the ATLAS Center, a University Transportation Center sponsored by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching Aid 4: Challenging Conspiracy Theories
    Challenging Conspiracy Theories Teaching Aid 4 1. Increasing Knowledge about Jews and Judaism 2. Overcoming Unconscious Biases 3. Addressing Anti-Semitic Stereotypes and Prejudice 4. Challenging Conspiracy Theories 5. Teaching about Anti-Semitism through Holocaust Education 6. Addressing Holocaust Denial, Distortion and Trivialization 7. Anti-Semitism and National Memory Discourse 8. Dealing with Anti-Semitic Incidents 9. Dealing with Online Anti-Semitism 10. Anti-Semitism and the Situation in the Middle East What is a conspiracy Challenging theory? “A belief that some covert but Conspiracy influential organization is re- sponsible for an unexplained Theories event.” SOURCE: Concise Oxford Eng- lish Dictionary, ninth edition The world is full of challenging Such explanatory models reject of conspiracy theories presents complexities, one of which is accepted narratives, and official teachers with a challenge: to being able to identify fact from explanations are sometimes guide students to identify, con- fiction. People are inundated regarded as further evidence of front and refute such theories. with information from family, the conspiracy. Conspiracy the- friends, community and online ories build on distrust of estab- This teaching aid will look at sources. Political, economic, cul- lished institutions and process- how conspiracy theories func- tural and other forces shape the es, and often implicate groups tion, how they may relate to narratives we are exposed to that are associated with nega- anti-Semitism, and outline daily, and hidden
    [Show full text]