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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand marking: or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 7 9 0 ? 1 1 7 ELLIS, WILLI A4 CARSjN THE SEMIIHE^TftL MUTTER SONG IN AMERICAN COUNTRY MUSIC, 1923-45. THE DHIU STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1578 Univeisi^ . Micronlms IntenatiO nal s o o n z e e b r o a d , ANN a r b o r , m i 4S106 THE SEIÏTIÎ'ENTAL MOTHER SONG IIÎ AMERICAN COUNTRY MUSIC 1923 - 1*5 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy id the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By William Carson E llis, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio S ta te U n iversity 1978 Reading Committee; Approved By Daniel Barnes Patrick Mullen Dudley Hascall Adviser Department of English This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my father, William Robert E llis. Although the Depression ended his own scholarship, he tau^t his children the dignity and worth of an academic career. 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the three years of my writing, many scholars have given me help and encouragement. Foremost among these are Dan Barnes of Ohio S ta te , D. K, Wilg-us o f UCLA, and Norm Cohen o f The John Edwards Memorial Foundation. Dein Barnes, this work's main adviser, boosted, me when I was discouraged, pruned my p r o lix s t y le , and, above a l l , convinced me by his enthusiasm that I was not, after a ll, exploring a "bizarre" topic. D. K, Wilgus, whose earlier work at OSU cleared the way to the serious study of country music, advised me on how to interpret my song texts while I was at work at UCLA, and also allowed me to participate in a seminar of his. His work on ballad classification made possible my own cataloging system, althou^ its faults can in no way be attributed to him. Norm Cohen graciously threw open the doors of the JEMF's unique archives of country music 1923-1*5 and allow ed me nearly fr e e rein to l i s t e n , copy, and dub the songs I found there. Without his help this study would be far sketchier than it is now. Norm also shared his own ideas on senti­ mentality and kindly but incisively critiqued an earlier draft of ny first chapter. Gratitude is also due to the workers at the JEMF, and in par­ t ic u la r to Paul W ells, Michael Mendelson, and Rebecca Good, who did what they could within the cramped confines of the Foundation's garret to make my research pleasant and efficient. Also the staff of Ohio State's Music Library helped me run down obscure songs in their newly organized popular music collection. Special thanks to Olga Buth and Lois Rowell for assistance and encourage­ ment. Chuck Perdue and John Hauser were both kind enough to send me out-of-the-way texts from their own collections of popular and folk songs, thus fillin g a few of the many gaps in iry knowledge. Finally, many colleagues in the English Department helped, criti­ qued, or listened patiently to my work. Pat Mullen and Dudley Hascall filled out a courageous and involved dissertation commit­ tee, and Rosemary Joyce, Jean McLaughlin, and Suzanne Ferguson a ll kept my view of motherhood from becoming too paternal in nature. Finally, my thanks to the English Department for giving me the funds necessary to travel to UCLA for five months to do the primary research on this dissertation. i i i VITA January 3, 1950 .... Bom - Roanoke, Virginia 1972 ........ B.A., English, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 1973 ........ M.A., English, The Ohio State Ihiversity, Columbus, Ohio 1973-1978 ........................... Teaching Associate, Department of English, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1977 ................................... Research Assistant, Music Library, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, PUBLICATIONS "The Carter Fam ily's 'Waves on th e S ea '— Child 2897" John Edvrards Memorial Foundation Quarterly, 13 (1977)» 138-lliO. "'The "Blind" Girl' and the Rhetoric of Sentimental Heroism," Journal of American Folklore. 91 (1978), 657-67^. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Folklore and Popular Literature Studies in Folklore. Professors Daniel Barnes and Patrick Mullen Studies in Medieval Literature. Professors Stanley J. Kahrl, Christian Zacher, and Walter Scheps Studies in Renaissance Literature. Professors Robert Jones, Edwin Robbins, and Jerome Dees Studies in Nineteenth-Century American Literature. Professors Thomas Woodson and Julian Î4arkels iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION........................................................................................................... i i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. i i i VITA ........................................................................................................................ iv INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. "THE 'BLIND' GIRL" AND THE RHETORIC OF SENTIMENTAL HEROISM................................................................... 6 Notes ................................................................... 37 2. THE AMERICA!': DEIFICATION OF MOTHER 1830-1923 .... 1+1 i. The Ring and the Revolver ................................ 1+2 ii. Popular Song: Elegies, Morals, and Hymns . 58 N o t e s ...................................................................................... 83 3. THE COUNTRY ELEGIAC TRADITION ................................................... 07 i. Sentimentalizing the Folksong ... ................................... 90 ii. The Traditional Performers ......................................... 97 iii. Novel Trends and Continuity ....................................... 112 Appendix: The Early Countrj’’ Repertory, 1923-1+5 . 125 N o t e s ...................................................................................... 128 1+. "THAT'S VmAT GOD MADE MOTHERS FOR" : CELEBRATION AND ASSISTANCE.................................................................................... 135 i . The Domestic M oth er ................................... ...................... 137 i i . The C hristian Mother ................................ ll+5 iii. The Angel M other ............................................. 153 iv . The Redeemer M o t h e r ......................................... I6I+ Notes .............................................................................................. 175 5. "DON'T FORGET THE SONG": VIOLATION ..................................... l80 i . The Admonishing M o t h e r .................................................. l8L ii. The Reckless Child .......................... l88 iii. The Suffering Mother ............................ 195 iv. The Fallen Child .......................................................... 201 V . Intervention .................................................................................................... 208 vi. Conclusions: Formula vs. Stereotype ................... 2l6 N o t e s .......................................................................................... 223 6. "THIS WORLD IS NOT MY HOME"; PARTING . ......................... 228 i. The Homesick Child and the Light in the Window 232 ii. Death and the Wanderer............................................. 21*0 iii. Motherless Children ....................................................... 2U8 iv. The Angel Mother and the Pilgrim Child .... 256 V . "No Telephone in H eaven" ....................................................... 262 N o t e s ....................................................................... 273 7. "A LITTLE LOVE FOR DAD": THE SENTIMENTAL
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