DOCSLIB.ORG

Memory Specificity, but Not Perceptual Load, Affects Susceptibility to Misleading Information

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Memory Specificity, but Not Perceptual Load, Affects Susceptibility to Misleading Information Memory specificity, but not perceptual load, affects susceptibility to misleading information Francesca R. Farina1,2,* & Ciara M. Greene1 1School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Ireland. 2Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Note: This paper has not yet been peer-reviewed. Please contact the authors before citing. Correspondence may be sent to Francesca Farina, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Email: [email protected] 1 Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the role of perceptual load in eyewitness memory accuracy and susceptibility to misinformation at immediate and delayed recall. Despite its relevance to real-world situations, previous research in this area is limited. A secondary aim was to establish whether trait-based memory specificity can protect against susceptibility to misinformation. Participants (n=264) viewed a 1-minute video depicting a crime and completed a memory questionnaire immediately afterwards and one week later. Memory specificity was measured via an online version of the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). We found a strong misinformation effect, but no effect of perceptual load on memory accuracy or suggestibility at either timepoint. Memory specificity was a significant predictor of accuracy for both neutrally phrased and leading questions, though the effect was weaker after a one-week delay. Results suggest that specific autobiographical memory, but not perceptual load, enhances eyewitness memory and protects against misinformation. Keywords Perceptual load; memory specificity; eyewitness; misinformation. 2 General Audience Summary The misinformation effect is a memory impairment for a past event that occurs when a person is presented with leading information. Leading information can distort the original details of a memory and produce false memories. False memories have serious consequences, particularly in the context of eyewitness testimony. Identifying the conditions under which individuals will be more (or less) vulnerable to misinformation is therefore important. Perceptual load, defined as the perceptual demands imposed by a task, has been suggested as a key factor influencing eyewitness memory. Despite its relevance to real-world situations, previous work in this area is limited. The aim of our study was to examine the role of perceptual load in eyewitness memory accuracy and susceptibility to misinformation at immediate and delayed recall. A secondary aim was to establish whether memory specificity protects against susceptibility to misinformation. Memory specificity refers to the detail with which personally experienced events are remembered. Research has shown that increasing specificity for the event being remembered enhances memory performance and reduces misinformation effects. However, no work has investigated whether a natural ability to recall specific memories also improves memory performance. Participants (n=264) viewed a 1-minute video depicting a crime and completed a memory questionnaire immediately afterwards and one week later. Memory specificity was measured using an online version of the Autobiographical Memory Test. We found a strong effect of leading questions, but no effect of perceptual load on memory accuracy or suggestibility at either timepoint. Memory specificity predicted accuracy for both neutrally phrased and leading questions, although the effect was weaker after a one- week delay. Our results offer preliminary evidence that having a specific memory recall style protects against misinformation. If memory specificity does in fact moderate vulnerability to leading information, it may be possible to reduce misinformation effects through memory specificity training. 3 MEMORY SPECIFICITY, BUT NOT PERCEPTUAL LOAD, AFFECTS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MISLEADING INFORMATION. The misinformation effect is a memory impairment for a past event that occurs when a person is presented with leading information (Loftus, 2005). Many studies have shown that post-event information can distort the original details of a memory and, in some cases, lead to the creation of an entirely false memory (see Loftus, 2005). False memories have serious, real-world consequences, particularly in the context of eyewitness testimony (Lacy & Stark, 2013). Misremembering details of a crime can significantly impact the outcome of a legal trial and has, in the past, led to wrongful convictions (Garrett, 2011). Thus, identifying the conditions under which an individual will be more (or less) vulnerable to misinformation is highly important. One cognitive factor known to influence susceptibility to leading information is the amount of attentional resources available during memory encoding (Frenda, Nichols & Loftus, 2011). Evidence shows that people are more likely to accept misleading information when their attention is restricted, for example, by performing two tasks at once (Lane, 2006; Otgaar, Peters & Howe, 2012; Wright & Livingston-Raper, 2002). Limiting attention in this way is thought to interfere with encoding processes, resulting in less detailed memories. In such cases, an individual will be more likely to rely on external information when reconstructing an event, which may leave them open to suggestion (Hyman, Wulff & Thomas, 2018). Perceptual load, defined as the perceptual demands imposed by a task (Lavie, 2005), has recently been suggested as a key determinant of attentional processing in eyewitness testimony (Murphy & Greene, 2016). Perceptual load theory was originally proposed by Lavie and Tsal (1994) as an explanation for why attentional selection occurs early in some contexts but not in others. Load theory states that when there is a large amount information to take in (high perceptual load), attentional resources will be used up quickly and only the most salient stimuli will be processed. Conversely, when there is less information to process (low perceptual load), attention is unrestricted, allowing all available stimuli to be perceived. Despite being proposed over 20 years ago, few studies have investigated the role of perceptual load in eyewitness memory and susceptibility to misinformation (Greene, Murphy & Januszewski, 2017; Greene & Schachter, 2018; Murphy & Greene, 2016, Experiment 1). In these studies, participants witnessed a video depicting a robbery in which the level of perceptual load was high or low (operationalised as the 4 number of task-irrelevant items in the scene). They then completed a memory questionnaire containing leading or non-leading questions about the event. In one study (Greene & Schachter, 2018), a subset of participants underwent an episodic specificity interview (ESI) before being exposed to misleading information. The ESI was designed to reduce the misinformation effect by eliciting specific memories about the video. Finally, the questionnaire was administered to all participants again after one week to examine the influence of load on delayed recall. Across all three studies, participants in the high load condition exhibited worse memory performance than those in the low load condition (Greene et al., 2017; Greene & Schachter, 2018; Murphy & Greene, 2016). This effect was particularly strong for peripheral details (e.g. identifying a background “witness” character), consistent with the idea that high load narrows attentional focus (Caparos & Linnell, 2010). Results concerning the effect of perceptual load on susceptibility to misinformation were more varied. Murphy and Greene (2016) reported that high load enhanced participants’ suggestibility at immediate recall but not at one-week follow-up, indicating that the effects of perceptual load may be time-dependent. Conversely, Greene and Schacter (2018) found no effect of perceptual load on sensitivity to leading questions at immediate recall. Load did, however, influence memory at one-week follow-up. Specifically, the high-load group were more likely to misidentify a witness than the low-load group when tested again after one week. This effect was reduced for participants who completed the ESI compared to those who completed a control interview, suggesting that detailed recollection of a memory protects against the misinformation effect when perceptual demands are high. Studies to date have yielded mixed results regarding the effects of perceptual load on eyewitness testimony. The aim of the current study was to clarify whether perceptual load influences memory and susceptibility to misinformation at immediate and delayed recall. We hypothesised that high load would impair memory performance and exacerbate the misinformation effect at both timepoints. A secondary aim was to establish whether trait-based memory specificity protects against susceptibility to misinformation. Memory specificity refers to the detail with which personally experienced events are remembered (Williams et al., 2007). The ability to retrieve specific memories is thought to rely on executive control processes that facilitate the maintenance of information in working memory and inhibit irrelevant information (Takano, Moriya & Raes, 2017). Memory 5 specificity has been investigated extensively in various contexts, particularly in relation to the memory deficits typically observed in mood disorders such as depression (see Williams et al., 2007, for a review). However, no research has been conducted to determine whether memory specificity improves eyewitness memory accuracy and reduces suggestibility. Greene and Schacter (2018) showed that
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of Perceptual Load in Visual Awareness
    BRAIN RESEARCH 1080 (2006) 91– 100 available at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/brainres Research Report The role of perceptual load in visual awareness Nilli Lavie⁎ Department of Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Does awareness depend on attention? This is a fundamental issue for understanding the Accepted 6 October 2005 relationship of attention and awareness, yet previous research provided mixed results. Available online 18 January 2006 Here, I describe new research that shows that the effects of attention on awareness depend on the level of perceptual load in the attended task. Awareness reports in both Keywords: the inattentional blindness and change blindness paradigms were found to depend on the Attention extent to which an attended primary task loads attention. Neuroimaging results revealed Awareness the involvement of frontoparietal attention network in awareness and transcranial Load magnetic stimulation experiments confirmed a causal role for frontoparietal activity in Change blindness awareness. These results clarify the role of attention and associated frontoparietal Inattentional blindness activity in visual awareness within the framework of load theory of attention. Distracter © 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. Neuroimaging TMS 1. Introduction from the task-relevant processing spills over involuntarily, resulting in the perception of irrelevant stimuli (late selection). Would focusing attention on a current task prevent intrusions
    [Show full text]
  • Can Implicit Post-Event Information Influence Explicit Eyewitness Memory?
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Student Theses John Jay College of Criminal Justice Spring 6-2017 Can Implicit Post-Event Information Influence Explicit yE ewitness Memory? Hang Sze Chau CUNY John Jay College, [email protected] How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/jj_etds/15 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Running Head: UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSING OF POST-EVENT INFORMATION 1 Can Implicit Post-Event Information Influence Explicit Eyewitness Memory? Hang-Sze Chau John Jay College of Criminal Justice City University of New York UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSING OF POST-EVENT INFORMATION 2 Table of Contents Introduction 4 Misinformation Effect 5 Source Monitoring 7 Implicit Learning 9 Methods 13 Results 19 Discussion 23 Reference 30 Appendix 37 UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSING OF POST-EVENT INFORMATION 3 Abstract This study examines whether unconscious
    [Show full text]
  • Impairing Existing Declarative Memory in Humans by Disrupting Reconsolidation
    Impairing existing declarative memory in humans by disrupting reconsolidation Jason C. K. Chana,b,1 and Jessica A. LaPagliaa aDepartment of Psychology and bNeuroscience Interdisciplinary Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014 Edited by Robert Desimone, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and approved April 23, 2013 (received for review October 23, 2012) During the past decade, a large body of research has shown that through a memory test, the results almost unequivocally show memory traces can become labile upon retrieval and must be re- that retrieval actually makes the original memory less, not more, stabilized. Critically, interrupting this reconsolidation process can susceptible to interference (17–20). In sum, scant evidence exists abolish a previously stable memory. Although a large number of to support the idea that declarative memory undergoes recon- studies have demonstrated this reconsolidation associated amne- solidation upon retrieval. sia in nonhuman animals, the evidence for its occurrence in hu- Distinct neural systems subserve the formation and retrieval of mans is far less compelling, especially with regard to declarative fear, motor, and declarative memory (21). Whereas memories memory. In fact, reactivating a declarative memory often makes it acquired via fear conditioning or motor sequence learning can be more robust and less susceptible to subsequent disruptions. Here relatively localized neurologically (22), the encoding and retrieval we show that existing declarative memories can be selectively of declarative memories rely on a more distributed network (23– impaired by using a noninvasive retrieval–relearning technique. In 27). This complexity might be one reason why declarative mem- six experiments, we show that this reconsolidation-associated am- ory is particularly resistant to treatments designed to disrupt re- nesia can be achieved 48 h after formation of the original memory, consolidation.
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Imagery on False Memories
    Running head: VISUAL IMAGERY ON FALSE MEMORIES ___________________________________________________________________________ This is an Author’s Original Manuscript. This article has been accepted for publication (19 Feb 2021) in Memory published by Taylor & Francis. The final version of the article is available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09658211.2021.1895221. 50 free online copies of the final version of the article are available at https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/GZSWHQ5IAKF7SCZCTYMJ/full?target=10.108 ____________________________________________________________________0/09658211.2021.1895221 _______ Effect of visual imagery on false memories in DRM and Misinformation paradigms Frédérique Robin1 Emmanuelle Ménétrier2 Brice Beffara Bret1 1 Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (LPPL-EA4638), Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France 2 Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (LPPL-EA4638), Université d’Angers, Angers 49045, France Correspondence concerning this manuscript should be adressed to: Frédérique ROBIN, Faculté de Psychologie, LPPL – Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Université de Nantes, Chemin de la Censive du Tertre, BP 81227, 44312 Nantes Cedex 3, France. E- Mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract This study is an extension of recent research, which examined the possibility that false memories in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm predict the occurrence of false memories in misinformation paradigm. The purpose was to determine in which extent an imaging instruction reduces false memories in DRM and Misinformation paradigms. A sample of young adults was assigned to the DRM or the misinformation tasks, either in control conditions or in conditions including an imaging instruction. Findings confirm that an imaging instruction decreases false memories in DRM whereas it is not possible to conclude about such a reduction in the misinformation task.
    [Show full text]
  • False Memories in Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory Individuals
    False memories in highly superior autobiographical memory individuals Lawrence Patihisa,1, Steven J. Frendaa, Aurora K. R. LePortb,c, Nicole Petersenb,c, Rebecca M. Nicholsa, Craig E. L. Starkb,c, James L. McGaughb,c, and Elizabeth F. Loftusa aDepartment of Psychology and Social Behavior, bDepartment of Neurobiology and Behavior, and cCenter for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 Edited by George Sperling, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved October 22, 2013 (received for review July 29, 2013) The recent identification of highly superior autobiographical memory and the cellist Jacqueline du Pré died that day.” HSAM indi- (HSAM) raised the possibility that there may be individuals who viduals can remember what happened on a day a decade ago are immune to memory distortions. We measured HSAM partic- better than most people can remember a day a month ago. In ipants’ and age- and sex-matched controls’ susceptibility to false some ways, these abilities seem to be at odds with what we know memories using several research paradigms. HSAM participants about the reconstructive, unreliable, and malleable processes and controls were both susceptible to false recognition of non- underlying memory in people with typical memory. presented critical lure words in an associative word-list task. In a HSAM abilities are distinct from previously described superior- misinformation task, HSAM participants showed higher overall memory individuals (22–25) who typically rely upon practiced false memory compared with that of controls for details in a pho- mnemonics to remember unusually long lists of domain-specific tographic slideshow. HSAM participants were equally as likely as data, yet remain average in their ability to retrieve autobio- controls to mistakenly report they had seen nonexistent footage graphical information.
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing Misinformation Effects in Older Adults with Cognitive Interview Mnemonics
    Psychology and Aging © 2011 American Psychological Association 2012, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1191–1203 0882-7974/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0022031 Reducing Misinformation Effects in Older Adults With Cognitive Interview Mnemonics Robyn E. Holliday and Joyce E. Humphries Rebecca Milne University of Leicester University of Portsmouth Amina Memon Lucy Houlder, Amy Lyons, and Ray Bull Royal Holloway, University of London University of Leicester We examined the effect of a prior Modified Cognitive Interview on young and older adults’ recall of a short film of a staged crime and subsequent reporting of misinformation. Participants viewed the film followed the next day by misinformation presented in a postevent summary. They were then interviewed with either a Modified Cognitive Interview or a control interview followed by a recognition memory test. A Modified Cognitive Interview elicited more correct details and improved overall accuracy compared to a control interview in both age groups, although the young adults recollected three times more correct information in a Modified Cognitive Interview than the older adults. In both age groups, correct recollections of person and action details were higher in a Modified Cognitive Interview than a control interview. Importantly, older adults who were interviewed with a Modified Cognitive Interview were not susceptible to misinformation effects. Keywords: aging, Cognitive Interview, misinformation effect, eyewitness, suggestibility Obtaining reliable eyewitness testimony from older witnesses tend to perform worse than young adults when recalling statements has become a key concern to policy makers and professionals in (Nyberg, Baekman, Erngrund, Olofsson, & Nilsson, 1996), prose recent years. Clearly, there is a need for a set of protocols that is (Carlesimo et al., 1998), and long word lists (Cohen, Sandler, & specifically designed to maximize accurate testimony from older Schroeder, 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • A Study Investigating the Factors Affecting the Misinformation Effect with a Preface on the Connections Between Memory and Identity
    Regis University ePublications at Regis University All Regis University Theses Spring 2016 Emotion, Memory, and Identity: A Study Investigating the Factors Affecting the Misinformation Effect with a Preface on the Connections Between Memory and Identity Jamie L. Dinneen Regis University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.regis.edu/theses Recommended Citation Dinneen, Jamie L., "Emotion, Memory, and Identity: A Study Investigating the Factors Affecting the Misinformation Effect with a Preface on the Connections Between Memory and Identity" (2016). All Regis University Theses. 705. https://epublications.regis.edu/theses/705 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by ePublications at Regis University. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Regis University Theses by an authorized administrator of ePublications at Regis University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Regis University Regis College Honors Theses Disclaimer Use of the materials available in the Regis University Thesis Collection (“Collection”) is limited and restricted to those users who agree to comply with the following terms of use. Regis University reserves the right to deny access to the Collection to any person who violates these terms of use or who seeks to or does alter, avoid or supersede the functional conditions, restrictions and limitations of the Collection. The site may be used only for lawful purposes. The user is solely responsible for knowing and adhering to any and all applicable laws, rules, and regulations relating or pertaining to use of the Collection. All content in this Collection is owned by and subject to the exclusive control of Regis University and the authors of the materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Memory and the Continued Influence Effect 1
    Running head: WORKING MEMORY AND THE CONTINUED INFLUENCE EFFECT 1 Working memory capacity predicts ongoing reliance on misinformation: A latent-variable analysis Christopher R. Brydges, Gilles E. Gignac, & Ullrich K. H. Ecker School of Psychological Science, the University of Western Australia ***IN PRESS AT INTELLIGENCE*** Corresponding author: Christopher R. Brydges School of Psychological Science Mailbag M304 University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Phone: +61 (8) 6488 1404 Email: [email protected] Word count: 3,426 (main text); 210 (Abstract) WORKING MEMORY AND THE CONTINUED INFLUENCE EFFECT 2 Abstract Misinformation often affects inferences and judgments even after it has been retracted and discredited. This is known as the continued influence effect. Memory processes have been theorized to contribute to the continued influence effect, and much previous research has focussed on the role of long-term memory processes at the time misinformation is retrieved during inferential reasoning and judgments. Recently, however, experimental research has focussed upon the role of working memory (WM) processes engaged in the updating and integration of information, when the retraction is encoded. From an individual differences perspective, susceptibility to continued influence effects should be predicted by a person’s WM abilities, if continued reliance on misinformation is influenced, at least in part, by insufficient integration of the initial misinformation and its subsequent retraction. Consequently, we hypothesized that WM capacity would predict susceptibility to continued influence effects uniquely and more substantially than short-term memory (STM) capacity. Participants (N = 216) completed a continued-influence task, as well as a battery of WM and STM capacity tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty Years of Load Theory – Where Are We Now and Where Should We Go Next?
    Twenty Years of Load Theory – Where Are We Now and Where Should We Go Next? Gillian Murphy 1, John A. Groeger 2 & Ciara M. Greene 3 1University College Cork, Ireland, 2University of Hull, United Kingdom, 3University College Dublin, Ireland. Abstract Selective attention allows us to ignore what is task-irrelevant and focus on what is task- relevant. The cognitive and neural mechanisms which underlie this process is a key topic of investigation in cognitive psychology. One of the more prominent theories of attention is Perceptual Load Theory which suggests that the efficiency of selective attention is dependent on both perceptual and cognitive load. It is now more than 20 years since the proposal of Load Theory and it is timely to evaluate the evidence in support of this influential model. The present article supplements and extends upon previous reviews (Lavie, 2005; 2010) by examining more recent research in what appears to be a rapidly expanding area of research. The article comprises five parts, examining (1) the evidence for the effects of perceptual load on attention, (2) cognitive load, (3) individual differences under load, (4) alternative theories & criticisms and (5) the future of Load Theory. We argue that the key next step for Load Theory is the application of the model to real world tasks. The potential benefits of applied attention research are numerous and there is tentative evidence that applied research would provide strong support for the theory itself as well as real world benefits in activities where attention is crucial, such as driving and education. Keywords Selective Attention : Perception : Perceptual Load : Load Theory : Distraction : Visual Attention Corresponding Author: Gillian Murphy School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, North Mall, Cork.
    [Show full text]
  • Aging and the Seven Sins of Memory Benton H
    Advances in Cell Aging and Gerontology Aging and the seven sins of memory Benton H. Pierce1,*, Jon S. Simons2 and Daniel L. Schacter1,* 1Department of Psychology, Harvard University, William James Hall, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138 2Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK Contents 1. Sins of omission 2 1.1. Transience 2 1.2. Absent-mindedness 4 1.3. Blocking 8 2. Sins of commission 12 2.1. Misattribution 12 2.2. Suggestibility 18 2.3. Bias 21 2.4. Persistence 24 2.5. Conclusions 26 Acknowledgements 29 References 29 Memory serves many different functions in everyday life, but none is more important than providing a link between the present and the past that allows us to re-visit previously experienced events, people, and places. This link becomes increasingly significant as we age: recollections of past experiences serve as the basis for a process of life review that assumes great importance to many older adults (Coleman, 1986; Schacter, 1996). Not surprising, then, a common worry among older adults is that forgetfulness, which may seem to be increasingly pervasive as years go by, will eventually result in the loss of the precious store of memories that has been built up over a lifetime. While much evidence suggests that various aspects of memory do decline with increasing age, it is clear that performance on some memory tasks remains relatively preserved (Naveh-Benjamin et al., 2001). *Corresponding author. Tel.: 617-495-3855; fax: 617-496-3122. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Vulnerability to the Misinformation Effect As a Function of Handedness Consistency
    Vulnerability to the Misinformation Effect as a Function of Handedness Consistency A Master’s Thesis Stephanie Monroe Marietta College A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Marietta College Psychology Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Psychology May 2019 Running head: HANDEDNESS AND FALSE MEMORY 1 Vulnerability to the Misinformation Effect as a Function of Handedness Consistency A Master’s Thesis Stephanie Monroe Marietta College A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Marietta College Psychology Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Psychology May 2019 HANDEDNESS AND FALSE MEMORY 2 Vulnerability to the Misinformation Effect as a Function of Handedness Consistency A Master’s Thesis Stephanie Monroe Marietta College This thesis has been approved for the Master of Arts in Psychology Program by the faculty in the Department of Psychology at Marietta College. HANDEDNESS AND FALSE MEMORY 3 Abstract The current study examined the production of false memory in relation to consistency of handedness. Past research has demonstrated that there are individual differences between left- and right-handed people regarding the accuracy of their memory. Subsequent research has suggested that the differences are likely due to interhemispheric interaction, which is more likely from consistency of handedness (inconsistently handed or consistently handed). The current study examined individual differences in vulnerability to the misinformation effect in relation to consistency of handedness. It was predicted that participants with inconsistent handedness would be less vulnerable to the misinformation effect than participants with consistent handedness. The results of the current study however, suggest that there are no significant differences between consistently and inconsistently handed participants regarding false memory utilizing the misinformation paradigm.
    [Show full text]
  • Auditory Selective Attention: an Introduction and Evidence for Distinct Facilitation and Inhibition Mechanisms
    Aus dem Epilepsiezentrum Erlangen Leiter: Prof. Dr. med. Hermann Stefan der Neurologischen Klinik mit Poliklinik der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Direktor: Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Schwab Durchgeführt im Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute der University of California, Berkeley, USA Direktor: Robert T. Knight, M.D. Betreuer: Aurélie Bidet-Caulet, Ph.D. Auditory Selective Attention: an introduction and evidence for distinct facilitation and inhibition mechanisms Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Medizinischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg vorgelegt von Constanze Elisabeth Anna Mikyska aus München Gedruckt mit Erlaubnis der Medizinischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Dekan: Prof. Dr. med. Dr. h.c. J. Schüttler Referent: Prof. Dr. med. H. Stefan Korreferent: Prof. Dr. med. Dipl.-Psych. Ch. Lang Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29. Februar 2012 To my family Table of contents 1 Summary 1 1.1 Summary 1 1.2 Zusammenfassung 3 2 Introduction 5 2.1 Auditory system: anatomy and function 5 2.1.1 Ear 5 2.1.2 Sub-cortical auditory relays 10 2.1.3 Auditory cortex 13 2.2 Investigation of auditory perception and processing 14 2.2.1 Psychophysics – psychoacoustics 15 2.2.2 Brain activity – electroencephalography (EEG) 17 2.2.2.1 Introduction and history 17 2.2.2.2 Physiological fundamentals 17 2.2.2.3 Recording 22 2.2.2.4 Classification of frequency 25 2.2.2.5 Artifacts 27 2.2.2.6 Data analysis: preprocessing and event-related potentials (ERP) 30 2.2.2.7
    [Show full text]