Can Implicit Post-Event Information Influence Explicit Eyewitness Memory?
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THE SOCIAL CONTAGION of MEMORY: MANIPULATING ITEM and PERSON-BASED CREDIBILITY by Katya Terra Numbers a Thesis Submitted In
THE SOCIAL CONTAGION OF MEMORY: MANIPULATING ITEM AND PERSON-BASED CREDIBILITY by Katya Terra Numbers A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Psychological Science MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April 2011 ©COPYRIGHT by Katya Terra Numbers 2011 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Katya Terra Numbers This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citation, bibliographic style, and consistency and is ready for submission to The Graduate School. Michelle L. Meade, Ph.D. Approved for the Department of Psychology Keith A. Hutchison, Ph.D. Approved for The Graduate School Carl A. Fox, Ph.D iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Katya Terra Numbers April 2011 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 -
Memory Distrust Syndrome, Confabulation and False Confession
King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.06.013 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Gudjonsson, G. (2016). Memory distrust syndrome, confabulation and false confession. Cortex. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.06.013 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
Memory Specificity, but Not Perceptual Load, Affects Susceptibility to Misleading Information
Memory specificity, but not perceptual load, affects susceptibility to misleading information Francesca R. Farina1,2,* & Ciara M. Greene1 1School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Ireland. 2Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Note: This paper has not yet been peer-reviewed. Please contact the authors before citing. Correspondence may be sent to Francesca Farina, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Email: [email protected] 1 Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the role of perceptual load in eyewitness memory accuracy and susceptibility to misinformation at immediate and delayed recall. Despite its relevance to real-world situations, previous research in this area is limited. A secondary aim was to establish whether trait-based memory specificity can protect against susceptibility to misinformation. Participants (n=264) viewed a 1-minute video depicting a crime and completed a memory questionnaire immediately afterwards and one week later. Memory specificity was measured via an online version of the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). We found a strong misinformation effect, but no effect of perceptual load on memory accuracy or suggestibility at either timepoint. Memory specificity was a significant predictor of accuracy for both neutrally phrased and leading questions, though the effect was weaker after a one-week delay. Results suggest that specific autobiographical memory, but not perceptual load, enhances eyewitness memory and protects against misinformation. Keywords Perceptual load; memory specificity; eyewitness; misinformation. 2 General Audience Summary The misinformation effect is a memory impairment for a past event that occurs when a person is presented with leading information. Leading information can distort the original details of a memory and produce false memories. -
The Relationship of Conformity and Memory
Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology 2015, Vol. 4, No. 2, ISSN: 2088-3129 Javanmard, Rogayeh The Relationship of Conformity and Memory Gholam Hossein Javanmard Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Po. Box 19395- 3697 Tehran, Iran, (Coressponding author) [email protected] Rogayeh Mohammadi Ph.D. Student in Psychology, Payam Noor University, Iran, Email: [email protected] Abstract Some theorists believe that the brain was evolved under the influence of the community and for the community. So it seems that social function has priority on pure cognitive in the brain. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between conformity and general memory. The current study is a descriptive-correlational research by using prediction (regression) method. For doing this, 167 students were selected via the multistage cluster method from Bonab and Tabriz Payam Noor universities. For gathering data, the Conformity L-72 Test and general memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) were used. The data were analyzed by using 3earson‘s Correlation test and Liner Regression methods. According to the results, the predictive role of conformity for errors in the general memory was confirmed (P<0/01). So that conformity explained 46% of general memory errors variance. Based on these results, it seems that social and cognitive functions of the brain are linked together to meet common goals. Keywords: Conformity, General Memory, Social Brain, Cognition Introduction Herlong (2005) believes that conformity can be considered as a form of personal behavior Social influence is one of the topics studied in developed as a result of group pressure. social psychology which includes obedience and However this pressure and imposition is not as a conformity. -
Conformity Effects in Memory for Actions
Memory & Cognition 2010, 38 (8), 1077-1086 doi:10.3758/MC.38.8.1077 Conformity effects in memory for actions DANIEL B. WRIGHT AND SHARI L. SCHWARTZ Florida International University, Miami, Florida The goal of this research was to examine whether memories for actions can be affected by information re- ported by another person. In two studies, pairs of participants performed 48 of a set of 96 actions. In Study 1, both members of the pairs performed the same actions, and in Study 2, they performed different actions. One week later, the members of the pairs were questioned together about whether they had or had not done all 96 actions. What one person reported greatly influenced what the other person reported for both correct and in- correct responses. This influence was maintained when the participants were later tested individually, and the participants described having pictorial memories for doing many of the actions that they had not done but had merely been suggested. Memories can be systematically distorted by information them report that they did not perform an action when, in encountered after an event, a finding called the postevent fact, they did? The way we tested this was by presenting information (PEI) effect. The main goal of this study was information after the original event, the PEI. In the next to test whether memories for performed and nonperformed section, the relevant literature is reviewed. (but observed) actions could be altered by information presented by another person. Specifically, could people be Memory Conformity made to believe they had or had not done a particular ac- In most laboratory research, the PEI is embedded either tion? We briefly describe some aspects of memory for ac- in biased questions or within a narrative about the event. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Social Contagion Of
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Social Contagion of Correct and Incorrect Information in Memory A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology by Ryan Allen Rush August 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Steven E. Clark, Chairperson Dr. David C. Funder Dr. Robert Rosenthal Copyright by Ryan Allen Rush 2013 The Dissertation of Ryan Allen Rush is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I would like to thank my parents, Christian and Susan Rush. You both taught me the value of education and hard work. I am forever grateful for your guidance, encouragement, and endless patience. Without both your love and support, I would not be where I am today. I would like to thank my advisor, Steve Clark, for the many years of outstanding mentorship. Your guidance and support allowed me to grow both as a researcher and a teacher. I cannot thank you enough for teaching me that persistence is the key to a successful academic career. Because of you, I am leaving the University of California, Riverside confident in my abilities and ready to take on the next stage of my life. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee members, David Funder and Bob Rosenthal. Without your insightful and useful feedback, my dissertation would not have come to fruition. And lastly, I would like to thank my best friends in graduate school, Ryne Sherman and James Dias. Thank you for providing the support I often needed while in graduate school. Whether we were discussing research or just talking about life in general, the countless hours spent with both of you kept me sane and changed my life forever. -
Cognitive Psychology
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PSYCH 126 Acknowledgements College of the Canyons would like to extend appreciation to the following people and organizations for allowing this textbook to be created: California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Chancellor Diane Van Hook Santa Clarita Community College District College of the Canyons Distance Learning Office In providing content for this textbook, the following professionals were invaluable: Mehgan Andrade, who was the major contributor and compiler of this work and Neil Walker, without whose help the book could not have been completed. Special Thank You to Trudi Radtke for editing, formatting, readability, and aesthetics. The contents of this textbook were developed under the Title V grant from the Department of Education (Award #P031S140092). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government. Unless otherwise noted, the content in this textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0 Table of Contents Psychology .................................................................................................................................................... 1 126 ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 - History of Cognitive Psychology ............................................................................................. 7 Definition of Cognitive Psychology -
Social Anxiety and Memory Conformity in Eyewitnesses Alexandra Abry [email protected]
Bates College SCARAB Honors Theses Capstone Projects Spring 5-2013 Social Anxiety and Memory Conformity in Eyewitnesses Alexandra Abry [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses Recommended Citation Abry, Alexandra, "Social Anxiety and Memory Conformity in Eyewitnesses" (2013). Honors Theses. 70. http://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses/70 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Capstone Projects at SCARAB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of SCARAB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Social Anxiety and Memory Conformity in Eyewitnesses An Honors Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Psychology Bates College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts by Alexandra Abry Lewiston, Maine March 22, 2013 ii Acknowledgments Professor Amy Douglass: First and foremost, thank you for your confidence in this proJect and for trusting me to make decisions throughout its course. I am grateful for the many hours that you have dedicated to helping me choose a direction to move in when I have had no idea where to go. You have consistently guided me with kindness and understanding, and it has been an extraordinary privilege to learn from you in class, while working on thesis, and through tangential conversations (my personal favorite). I simply cannot express how grateful I am for all that you have done for me – you have truly have gone above and beyond. Brian Pfohl: I am confident that had it not Been for your help, I would still Be scoring data. -
Eyewitness Memory: How Stress And
EYEWITNESS MEMORY: HOW STRESS AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS AFFECT EYEWITNESS RECALL by ANNE S. YILMAZ A THESIS Presented to the Department of Psychology and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science December 2016 Abstract of the Thesis of Anne Yilmaz for the degree of Bachelor of Science in the Department of Psychology to be taken December 2016 Title: Eyewitness Memory: How Stress and Situational Factors Affect Eyewitness Recall Approved: _______________________________________ Robert Mauro As eyewitness memory and its current admissibility as evidence in courts have come under scrutiny, numerous studies have examined variables that affect eyewitness memory. These variables are divided into system and estimator variables. System variables are factors that can be controlled by the criminal justice system; estimator variables are those which cannot be controlled by the justice system. Considerable research has demonstrated that stress can either inhibit or enhance memory depending on the level of arousal. This literature review will examine the role and effect of stress in general and in regard to other estimator variables (e.g., seriousness, weapons focus, and victim vs. bystander). Both field and laboratory studies will be examined. General trends, important caveats, and limitations will be reported. Despite the breadth of research in both eyewitness research and stress and memory, there is no recent comprehensive review of the effect of stress on eyewitness memory. This literature review will serve to bridge that gap and provide resources for those looking to continue research in the area of stress and eyewitness memory. ii Acknowledgements Thank you Dr. -
MNEMONIC TIME-TRAVEL EFFECT It Takes Me Back
1 MNEMONIC TIME-TRAVEL EFFECT It takes me back: The mnemonic time-travel effect 1,2Aleksandar Aksentijevic, 1Kaz R. Brandt, 1Elias Tsakanikos and 1Michael J. A. Thorpe 1Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton 2Birkbeck, University of London Word count: 7094 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.007 Corresponding author: Aleksandar Aksentijevic, Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, Whitelands College, Holybourne Avenue, London SW154JD, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] 2 MNEMONIC TIME-TRAVEL EFFECT Abstract Given the links between motion and temporal thinking, it is surprising that no studies have examined the possibility that transporting participants back mentally towards the time of encoding could improve memory. Six experiments investigated whether backward motion would promote recall relative to forward motion or no-motion conditions. Participants saw a video of a staged crime (Experiments 1, 3 and 5), a word list (Experiments 2 and 4) or a set of pictures (Experiment 6). Then, they walked forward or backwards (Experiments 1 and 2), watched a forward- or backward-directed optic flow-inducing video (Experiments 3 and 4) or imagined walking forward or backwards (Experiments 5 and 6). Finally, they answered questions about the video or recalled words or pictures. The results demonstrated for the first time that motion-induced past-directed mental time travel improved mnemonic performance for different types of information. We briefly discuss theoretical and practical implications of this “mnemonic time-travel effect”. Keywords: Mental time travel, episodic memory, context reinstatement, eyewitness memory, mental time line 3 MNEMONIC TIME-TRAVEL EFFECT 1.1 Introduction Time and space tend to be experienced as interrelated across different societies and cultures (Keefer, Stewart, Palitsky, & Sullivan, 2017). -
Impairing Existing Declarative Memory in Humans by Disrupting Reconsolidation
Impairing existing declarative memory in humans by disrupting reconsolidation Jason C. K. Chana,b,1 and Jessica A. LaPagliaa aDepartment of Psychology and bNeuroscience Interdisciplinary Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014 Edited by Robert Desimone, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and approved April 23, 2013 (received for review October 23, 2012) During the past decade, a large body of research has shown that through a memory test, the results almost unequivocally show memory traces can become labile upon retrieval and must be re- that retrieval actually makes the original memory less, not more, stabilized. Critically, interrupting this reconsolidation process can susceptible to interference (17–20). In sum, scant evidence exists abolish a previously stable memory. Although a large number of to support the idea that declarative memory undergoes recon- studies have demonstrated this reconsolidation associated amne- solidation upon retrieval. sia in nonhuman animals, the evidence for its occurrence in hu- Distinct neural systems subserve the formation and retrieval of mans is far less compelling, especially with regard to declarative fear, motor, and declarative memory (21). Whereas memories memory. In fact, reactivating a declarative memory often makes it acquired via fear conditioning or motor sequence learning can be more robust and less susceptible to subsequent disruptions. Here relatively localized neurologically (22), the encoding and retrieval we show that existing declarative memories can be selectively of declarative memories rely on a more distributed network (23– impaired by using a noninvasive retrieval–relearning technique. In 27). This complexity might be one reason why declarative mem- six experiments, we show that this reconsolidation-associated am- ory is particularly resistant to treatments designed to disrupt re- nesia can be achieved 48 h after formation of the original memory, consolidation. -
Source Misattributions May Increase the Accuracy of Source Judgments
Memory & Cognition 2007, 35 (5), 1024-1033 Source misattributions may increase the accuracy of source judgments KEITH B. LYLE University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky AND MARCIA K. JOHNSON Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Misattribution of remembered information from one source to another is commonly associated with false memories, but we demonstrate that it also may underlie memories that accord with past events. Participants imagined drawings of objects in four different locations. For each, a drawing of a similarly shaped object was seen in the same location, a different location, or not seen. When tested on memory for objects’ origin (seen/ imagined) and location, more false “seen” responses, but also more correct location responses, were given to imagined objects if a similar object had been seen, versus not seen, in the same location. We argue that misat- tribution of feature information (e.g., shape, location) from seen objects to similar imagined ones increased false memories of seeing objects but also increased correct location memories, provided the misattributed location matched the imagined objects’ location. Thus, consistent with the source-monitoring framework, imperfect source-attribution processes underlie false and true memories. The idea that remembered information from one source Geraci & Franklin, 2004; Henkel & Franklin, 1998). This may be mistakenly attributed to a different source (i.e., increase in false memory for having seen the drawings is source misattribution) has proven useful in explaining thought to be due to the misattribution of perceived fea- a variety of false memory phenomena (Johnson, Hash- ture information from seen objects to similar imagined troudi, & Lindsay, 1993; Mitchell & Johnson, 2000).