FEBRUAR 1 9 5 6

Middle East Ferment Will it lead the world to war?

How to Become a Painter By CESAR LEGASPI

I Pierced the Iron Curtain Communism at close range By PETE GROTHE

Yesterday's Papers By ARMANDO J. MALAY

SQ CENTAVOS CONTENTS ARTICLES Middle East Ferment ...... F. C. Sta. Maria Our Economy: Is It Leading Us to Ruin? ..... Alfredo Montelibano 8 The Bulwark of Vietnamese Art ... Fenix Madura 11 The Vanishing Filipina ...... C. Guerrero Nakpil 15 Fa_ther Delaney: In a Place of Shadows ...... Jesus Sto. Domingo 18 Middleweight Jinx ...... Raul Barbero 25 The President's Guideposts ...... 28 It Helps Grow Sugar in Hawaii ...... 3 Yesterday's Papers ...... Arrizando ]. Malay ~ How to Eecome a Painter ...... Cesar Legaspi ;J Durable Prima Donna ...... Efren S;_micn- Education and Practical Life . Sen. Jose P. Laurel H:ow Free Is the World Press ...... Polio Isn't Licked Yet ...... A Woman of Asia ...... Free World How I Pierced the Iron Curtain . . . Pete Grothe 7 What to Do in Case of Dogbites .. : ...... 7 Cupid's Varied Wardrobe ...... p: FICTION Green Mangoes Amelia L. Lapefia 42 REGULAR FEATURES Are You Word Wise? ...... 111 Book Review-A Fable ...... Leonard· Casper Literary Personality- XIV: Bienvenido N. Santos Panorama Quiz ...... In the Beginning ...... 8 Philippine Panorama XV: Bacolod City ...... 8 Fun-Orama by Elmer ......

PANORAMA is published monthly by the Community Publishen Inc., 1986 Herran, Manila, Philippines Editor: JAIME LUCAS Business Manager: MRS. C. A. MARAMAG Subscription rates: In the Philippines, one year PS.DO; two years P9.00. Foreign subscription: one year $4.00 U.S.; two yeara $7.00 U.S. Single copy 50 centavos. FEBRUARY E ntered as ser ond class m a il m atter at 1956 t he Ma n ila P ost Office on Dec. 7, 1955 VOL. VIII MANILA, PHILIPPINES No. 2

middle cast Ferment

The "unless" is decisive

N 1953 IT was Korea, in as dramatically predicted last I 1954 Indochina and in month by Israel's Ambassador 1955 Formosa. This to the United States Ebba year all signs unmistakably Eban, is "almost inevitable by point to the Middle East as the the summer of this year." Of foremost trouble spot. War in course the ambassador append­ this ancient part of the world, ed a big "unless"-unless, that is, the West employs "firm, de­ ted States seems to be faring liberate and speedy action." By quite badly herself.· Identify­ that he meant military aid and ing her with the white impe­ possible alliance, particularly rialists, the Middle East peo­ from the United States which ples have learned to dislike the wants to stay out of the melee. United States and to be suspi­ As British Prime Minister cious of her motives. The Anthony Eden flew to Wash­ Arabs, in particular, will not ington for a conference, end forget easily how the U.S.-ins­ of January, the muddled Mid­ pired United Nations parti­ dle East situation was top item tioned Palestine and drove out on his agenda. It is a situation, more than 400,000 Arab re­ indeed, that may break out in­ fugees from the Holy Land. to full-scale hostilities anytime. They believed then, as they do The Middle East, since the now, that they have been rob­ end of World War II, has be­ bed of their home. come a complicated chessboard of power politics. The foremost (/HE FOURTh protagonisi problem as of now is the Arab­ 1 on the huge chessboard Palestine dispute which started i s Russia. Stripped with the failure of the West to down to its barest form, So­ take decisive steps after Israel viet interest in the Middle East won over Arab states seven is the centuries-long ambition years ago. But against this of that Czarist country: to have background of religious hatred, an outlet into the warm waters four big powers are playing an of the Mediterrenean. This the undecisive game of power poli­ Russians would never admit, tics. but it is true. If the ambition Great Britain on her part has has not been realized, it is. lost much prestige in her oil merely because it is not yell: dispute with Iran and in her time. But the Russians are ouster from the Suez Canal patient people, and they will zone and Sudan. She has left wait. behind millions of resentful And then, too, there is the peoples who look back to a lure of precious oil. Under the century of English colonial ex­ burning sands of the Arab ploitation. France has not done states are locked billions of dol­ any better; in fact, probably lars in wealth. In Saudi Ara­ \Vorse. She lost face not only bia a 1 one, for instance, an in Indochina but also among American company pays the seething, restless millions of yearly royalty of $250 milli1 northwest Africa. With a com­ Great Britain's oil intere~ paratively minor role, the Uni- were much bigger.

2 PANOR In recent months, the quies­ The di.fficult position of cent Middle East situation took America in this region springs a turn for the worse, then gra­ from her multi-phased commit­ dually advanced to the critical ments with the free and neu­ stage. The reason for the la­ tral nations of the world. Ob­ test flare-up was Israel's viola­ viously, she cannot arm Israel tion of the 1947 U. N. Palestine without increasing Arab hosti­ truce, whereby the common lity toward herself. Neither borders between Israel and the can she afford to look on help­ surrounding Arab states lessly should the well-armed (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, among Egyptians, equipped with So­ others) was declared a demili­ viet jets, pound the Israelis to tarized zone. In what the Is­ pieces. American strategy in raelis termed as a "retaliatory the cold war is so tangled, in raid"-but which the U.N. sub­ other words, that it has some­ sequently labelled as "so out times set off friend against of proportion with the provo­ friend in the name of expe­ cation" that it cannot be termed diency. as a reprisal raid-56 Syrians It is such momentary confu­ and six Israelis were killed. sions and occasionally glaring This incident was the signal inconsistencies in American for­ for a call-to-arms in both camps. eign policy that Soviet Russia First appealin~ to the West for is quick to take advantage of. arms, Egypt when denied turn­ In this sense Russia's strategy ed to Soviet Russia. Without in the Middle East dispute is much fuss, communist Czechos­ simple: to make friends where lovakia gave her the weapons, the Western powers have made describing the deal as a pure­ enemies. With the discrediting ly commercial one. In despe­ of France. and Britain and the ration Israel turned to the Big indecision of the United States, Three- U. S., Britain and such a method is largely effec­ France, but particularly the tive. U.S.-to no avail. The U.S. would not permit an arms race I N THE LATEST U. N. Se­ in the tense Middle East. curity Council · censure of Israel, the Soviets It was in an effort to chan~e again exploited their advant­ this United States stand that age. Attempting to court Arab Israsli Ambassador Eb a n favor, Russia presented a reso­ warned of war this summer un­ lution condemning Israel for its less the West took decisive violation of truce terms. In steps. Thus far, however, the essence the resolution was si­ United States is unmoved. milar to that of the West, with

DRUARY 1956 3 Line up in the Middle East: Western Alliance and Neutralists D ~;~:f:~~:~:t:~c=cd m~n11 :~c~~s11 ~,0~s';~;::t.~~dc1, ~ :;;,:~t~:':;iO"' [] ~°:"'unid O ~~i: (11clr1 n,.lrrrd orr Cyprus inditalr flying l11nt !or troop C•rri'1 pl•nH one .exception: it demanded Efforts to get uncommitted the payment by Israel of in­ Jordan into the military alli­ demnity to Syria. The West­ ance resulted in widespread riots ern resolution was unanimous­ and violence in that country. ly approved-but only after Target of violent demonstra­ 'Russia had made known to the tions were U.S. installations Arab world that she favored a and personnel of the local Point Four (counterpart of ICA in more drastic action. the Philippines) office. Vio­ In the meantime British ef­ lence stopped only after Jordan forts in the Holy Land have King Hussein appointed a pre­ been concentrated on piecing mier who promised to keep together whatever she has left Jordan out of the METO. As of prestige and influence in the usual, the West promptly label­ region. Inspired by the suc­ led the riots as communist­ cess of regional defense pacts inspired, as they probably were. in Europe, she engineered the Prominent in this many-cor­ Middle East Treaty Organiza­ nered fight is Israeli Premier tion (METO), linking Turkey, David Ben-Gurion, leader of Iran, Pakistan and Iraq. Known the 1,700,000 Jews. Pitting his as the Baghdad Pact, the ME­ strength against the 40 million Arabs that surround tiny Israel, TO has a twofold purpose: ( 1) he last month exhorted. his fol­ to put up a barrier against So­ lowers to greater austerity and viet penetration in the Middle sacrifice in the face of impend­ East and ( 2 ) to provide the ing war. Already heavily nucleus of a Middle East de­ taxed, the Israelis were asked fense alliance to which other by Gurion an additional de­ nations (including the United fense levy of $50 per person. States) are expected to join. Commented an American dip­ In answer Egypt, which is lomat: "It is unrealistic for Is­ claiming undisputed leadership rael to hope to match the ar­ in the anti-British Arab world, mies of the 40 million Arabs." made a pact with Syria and Yet Israel wants no war, ac­ Saudi Arabia. The Moslem cording to the Israelis; they Arabs are understand ab 1 y only want to defend them­ selves. afraid that tl;ie METO will pre­ went the recovery of Israel ter­ In nearby Egypt, Premier Gamal Abdel Nasser made a si­ ritory which they claim they milar declaration of peace. own, and will perpetuate Brit­ "Egypt does not want a war,'' ish dominance in the Middle he said, just as the Committee East. of Senior Ulema, supreme

FErlRUARY 1956 s council of the Moslems, made a solemn vow to recover the Holy Land. The council, from Cairo's 1,000-year old Al Azhar University, lays down the Mos­ lem law. Presumably the Egyptians will not stop until they will have pursued the "jihad" or holy war to a suc­ cessful finish. Another aspect of the Mid­ dle East ferment is the Cyprus episode. Now a chief British base with the loss of Suez, Cy­ prus has been boiling with na­ tionalist unrest. The Mediter­ renean island, recently rein­ forced by British paratroopers, may actually spark the Middle East explosion. Here the divi­ be forced to do, the prophets ded inhabitants are fomenting of war may yet prove right. unrest between Turkey and Evidently, as saner minds Greece, with the British in the have suggested, the only alter­ dangerous crossfire. native to the solution by fire in the Middle East is the so- NE WA y OF viewing the 1ution by economic aid. Under 0 whole situation is to this theory the United States imagine a number of si- may refuse to arm Israel and multaneous bonfires on the help her instead in building Middle East plains, one or hydro-electric power on the more of which may suddenly Jordan river. From a plat_ flare up into a conflagration. conceived in the United Na­ The chances are Israel would tions five years ago Jordan, Sy­ be in the middle of it. ria, Lebanon and Israel would It is patently obviot:s that an share the benefits from a $200- arms race in the area will only million dam to span the Jor­ add fuel to the fires. The dan. The electric power would United States knows this, but be split four ways, with Jor­ so does Russia. Even the Is­ dan getting more than SO per­ raelis and Arabs, deep inside cent, Israel 30 to 40 and the them, know this. If the United balance to Syria and Lebanon. States should decide to match One bright possibility from Soviet armament as she may this aid race-assuming that

6 PANORAMA the Russians would compete, declaration of President Eisen­ that is - is the raising of the hower and Prime Minister general level of living standards Eden issued last February 2. and the resettlement of about Among other things they 200,000 Palestine Arab re­ agreed to work for a settlement fugees, who have poised a cons­ between Israel and her Arab tant threat to Middle East neighbors, to assist financially peace. in the refugee problem, and, in general, to resolve differences That tenuous peace the through friendly discussion. - United States and Britain Felixberto C. Sta. Maria from the agreed to preserve in the joint Philippine Journal of Education. * * *

T HE PROGRESSIVE ATTITUDE of considering public health as everybody's business, with special emphasis on projects for the benefit of the young, is now generally established in most countries of the free world. Periodic issues of health stamps in these countries help keep this important citizen-responsibility be­ fore the public. Keeping up a twenty-five-year-old tradition of issuing health stamps each year to support camps for boys and girls all over the country, New Zealand printed several denomination sand co­ lors of 'the Boy Scout stamp in 1954. It pictures one of the typical beneficiaries of the fund, a Boy Scout on a hike to Mt. Aspiring, a favorite spot of the country's mountain climbers. On January 26, 1955, India issued eighteen Indian Republic Day commemorative stamps in varied colon and denominations, featuring some of the country's industries and. public welfare pro­ jects. Among these is a light brown 6-anna stamp_ showing one of the country's latest nation-wide health projects, malaria control. Like several other Southeast Asian nations, India is wagina; a winning fight aginst this once dreaded disease. A 1953 postage stamp issued by the Royal Kine;dom of Laos features a Lao mother and child. This symbolized the ma­ ternal-and-child-care projects then being aided by the French Red Cross organization. The 3-piastre stamp is printed in orane;e and green; two other denominations are 1-piastre-and-fifty-cents in black and orange, and a 3-piastres-and-90-cents in medium brown.-USIS. *

FEBRUARY 1956 7 D Our Economy: Is It Leading Us to Ruin? D

Against the Philippines' top economic problems past and present administrations have pitted their best b, ains. Here is what the National Economic Council is trying to do for the country

By ALFREDO MONTELIBANO

VERY YEAR over 150,000 goods and services of the whole E Filipinos reach the age nation, if expressed in terms of of employment. Less money and distributed equally than half of the number finds among all, would mean less jobs, and the other half goes to than one peso a day for every swell the increasing backlog of man, woman and child. There the unemployed. simply is not enough produc­ At least 1.3 million Filipinos tion to assure everyone a good or more than 15 per cent of share. Despite all the econo­ those able and willing to work mic panaceas prescribed all cannot find jobs. these years, that income has The combined production of been increasing if at. all at a

8 PANORAM. pace hardly sufficient to keep HAT WERE the results? In up with the growth of popula­ W addition to the failure tion. to solve the basic prob­ This then is the main trage­ lems of unemployment, under­ dy of our economy-a fast in­ employment and underproduc­ creasing population in the face tion, this is what happened in of almost static production six years of controls. thus aggravating unemploy­ 1) The yearly contribution ment more and more from year of agriculture to the national to year. income increased from 40.4 per These conditions are not cent to 43.3 per cent in the past new. We have had them for five years. Agriculture still years. We were aware of these employs over 71 per cent of problems from the very begin­ our working population while ning of our existence as an in­ manufacturing has jobs for less dependent nation. In 1949 we than 7 per cent. adopted drastic economic mea­ 2) The level of our interna­ sures in order to improve them. tional reserves has gone down The Central Bank was created, from $375 million in 1930 to our monetary system was only $215 million today, or a changed, import and exchange net reduction of $142 million. controls were instituted, and 3) Our importation of indus­ tax exemption was granted new trial machinery, has averaged and necessary industries. A se­ less than P40 million a year or ries of economic surveys were 4 1/2 per cent of total imports. undertaken. 4) Many industries have These drastic measures were been granted tax exemption as all intended to achieve a defi­ new and necessary industries nite purpose--attainment of when they are only assembly real and continuous expansion or packaging plants which act­ in production and income and ually make us lose more and raising the standard of living more dollars in time. of the people, by empha;izing Judged by these results, the industrialization rather than system of improved controls just agriculture, by providing and tax exemption has failed miserably. The people entrus­ more credit for development, ted to administer these econo­ by husbanding our dollar earn­ mic measures failed completely ings and channeling them more to face the issues squarely. and more to the importation of machinery, necessary industrial HE QUESTION today: materials, and other capital T should we eliminate goods. these controls or conti-

EBRUARY 1956 9 nue them? If our decision is to retain controls, as I believe we should, then let us use them OUR FUTURE positively to cut short the pe­ "Everybody knows that riod of sacrifice that our peo­ Jur country is underdeve­ ple must undergo. Let us ap­ oped. For that very rea­ ply such controls to expand our ~on it has all the poten­ produc-l!ive capacity forgetting tials for rapid economic all the non-esseD&ials. growth. It is young and it Our country is underdeve­ has vigor. It has untold loped. For that very reason it wealth. Its natural and has all the potentials for rapid human resources are such economic growth. Its popula­ that we can be the most tion can be its most valuable prosperous nation in Asia." factor of production, if given the opportunity to apply its -A. Montelibano energy to the utilization of our potential wealth. If the right kind of industrialization were pursued vigorously the kind 2) Our banking system mus't that would lead to fuller utili­ be liberalized so as to ensurt! zation of our mineral, forest, that a far greater proportion c - and agricultural resources ra­ loans will henceforth go to th ther than the assembly and financing of new productive i:l­ packaging type of industries, vestments. our rate of economic progress 3) Use our foreign exchang, will be such that the future of resources more wisely so that this country would be definite­ they can provide maximum ly assured. support to our main economic The National Economic policy of expanding production Council is laying down more 4) The fiscal policy of our contructive and better coordi­ government must be geared to nated guiding policies which promote, not deter, economic development. will institute a framework for 5) Much greater investment a comprehensive national prog­ must be made in the exploita­ ram of economic and social de­ tion of our national resources. velopment truly responsive to 6) There must be coordina· our needs. The policies are: ted implementation of all eco­ 1) Our educational system nomic policies throughout, from must be revised so as to gear top to bottom, and among al' it to the needs of economic de­ the different agencies of the velopment. government.

10 l 1ANORAMA ot Vietttamese a'r.t

Freedom, not anarchy, has served the A nnamite in his portrayal of the past and the present

By FENIX MADURA

_,I) HAT HAPPENS to free art newly recognized government W under the imposrng sha- of Vietnam is tense with ex­ dow of totalitarian poli­ pectancy of attack, it is past tics is too much of daily histo­ time to examine part of that 'S:Y to need retelling. Satellite culture which is at stake. after Russian satellite has Vietnamese art has had a pressed its best minds into the long history of freedom, not service of the super-State, to anarchy: it has always had its help propagate the Big Lie, as sources and its self-imposed dis­ in Russia itself where compo­ ciplines. Since 1500, it has re­ sers and painters and drama­ flected Chinese and Indian tra­ tists must wake up each morn­ ditions with their fixed codes ing wondering if that day de­ prescribing size, color and style mands will be made that they even of house and clothes. In r,enounce their souls and the the Annamite system of sym­ ~roducts _ of their beliefs. In bols, the piastre has always re­ this hour when northern Indo­ presented wealth; the tiger, China has already been inva­ force; flora and fauna, specified ded by totalitarianism and the elements of the Annamite hier-

1956 11 archy, signifying the essential heights by the late 19th centu­ unity of that society. ry when French missionaries Indian architecture is visible finally succeeded in propaga­ in Buddhist temples and pago­ ting Catholicism. Whatever the das: Chinese, in the imperial external faith of the people; tombs w h o s e magnificence they have retained ancient art sometimes covers acres in area. forms whose force as symbolic. Such colossal efforts suggest shields against hostile superna­ how Annamite building pro­ tural powers is little short of wess has contributed to origin­ religious obsession. ally imported esthetic taste. This appeal of the past is so Frescoes preserved from an­ rigorous that modern sculptors cient times feature the swasti­ and painters continue to copy ka, sun-symbol and emblem of their predecessors rather than royalty introduced by Vedic observe nature directly. In priests to signify union of spi­ some Annamite pictures, one ritual and temporal rule. Si­ sees vegetation from China to­ milarly, age-old Indian tole­ tally unknown in Vietnam. rance and even reverence for Warriors still are represented sacred animals gained a foot­ with ancient lances; the same hold, long ago, in Annamite art. inscrutable smile masks centu­ The elephant figures com­ ries of philosophic faces. monly in wallwork and is out­ French masters found it are numbered only by dragon like­ most impossible to make the nesses, these latter having been Vietnamese depict h u ma n introduced from China where for~, particularly the female: it is a universal symbol On human beings are always the other hand, tiger images shown in a flat, stylized, im­ which in China always repre­ personal manner. It was sent force, have a variety of struggle for the Societe France poses and meanings in Viet­ to introduce even chiaroscuro, nam because the Indians have the three-dimension molding! venerated the tiger as well as of figures, suggesting depth the ox. and roundness of form through the arrangement of light and /) UDDHISM HAS become shadow on a flat surface. I) thoroughly entrenched in Consequently, monotonous the national art, even repetition and garrulousneS!, though almost 90 % of Vietnam the tendency to digress shame­ is Roman Catholic. Perhaps lessly, are national characteris­ this is due to the fact that An­ tics of Vietnamese art. Sym­ namite art was already at its metry and perspective are wil

12 P. Besides, the people prefer to construct a LIFE-SIZE HEADS n e w pagoda rather The Naga tribes in the hills outside than repair an old one. Bengal and Burma have attained a re­ Divinities seem pleas­ markable standard in wood-carving both ed, in fact, when ma­ in the round and in relief. The life­ terials for new temples size human figures which the Nagas erect over their tombs--probably re­ are_taken from the old! presenting mourners - are reminiscent of the much smaller ancestor figures CTUALLY, the An­ of Nais, an island west of Sumatra. a namite's sense of The Nagas are keen head-hunters. In immortality is so their superstitious belief a year cannot negative that it in­ be successful unless at least one human spires only unemotion­ head has been taken. These heads are among their principal models for wood­ al religion and keeps carvings.-L. Adam. his main effort turned, quite resignedly, to­ ward his brief, hard and stoic life on the fully absent. Under the influ­ soil. Perhaps this ac- ence of Buddhism, group fi­ counts for the excessively ho­ gures usually number, magical­ rizontal lines on his temples, ly, five or seven, never six. contrastive with the Western Buddhism has also ruled out world's upward sweep of gothic verisimilitude, since the artist lines. must not be concerned with The Annamite is not mate­ the temporal or physical even rialistic, not hedonistically if only to reproduce them re­ bent on worldly pleasure. His alistically. Religious self-denial horizons are narrow, he looks has also resulted in the com­ down calmly; heaven for him plete anonymity of individual is absence, a removal rather artists and schools, so that than a presence. Even in An­ styles of .Annamite art are al­ most impossible to classify or namite paintings, landscapes analyze thoroughly. invariably dominate, though Furthermore, even Annamite they are stylized and imper­ architecture is impermanent. sonal and inscrutable. On the Although the country has suf­ other hand, the tombs of Chi­ ficient wood, there seem.s to be nese mandarins have lasted be­ a scarcity of bronze and stone. cause of their sumptuousness Consequently fire, insects, and (often more richly carved and of course perennial wars have decorated than their official re­ r:~vaged the nation's buildings. sidence during their lifetime) .

v 1956 13 The best ceramics come Other nationalities might not from Tonkin. Bronze and brass take pleasure in the art of were used only for cannon­ Vietnam, but in any country balls, but silver and goldwork art should be subject only to have always flourished under personal choice and determina­ the prizing eye of women: tion. If Communism tries to these form the bulk of wedding subvert such individual care gifts and are the ultimate stake at the gaming table. The de­ and the workman's esteem for signs, of course, are ancient, tradition, it will meet a test but the patience and skill, the which has baffled many a pre­ fidelity and delicacy, which af­ vious foreign influence. But ter all make beauty pos~ible Communism, being less hu­ are individual matters. mane, may be more successful * * *

HE FOUR-INCH egg of the tabon of Palawan is almost T all yolk; and, when "salted," is richer and oilier than even the duck's egg. The tabon leaves its egg, covered with sand, on the beaches of Palawan where the sun warms and hatches it without further help from the bird. If a tabon egg is taken home to be hatched, the nestling is discovered to be very combative and temperamental and will never lay eggs itself. Nobody has ever succeeded in domesticating the bird, which is smaller than the native chicken and distinct from the family of domestic fowls. Its flesh,_ though tasty as chicken, is tough to eat. That same toughness perhaps expiains why the tabon, which lays eggs one-fifth its own size, refuses to live long in captivity. Although it has been reported in other islands, it avoids hunters and tamers and human curiosity.

*

14 PAl Looking back

By CARMEN GUERRERO-NAKPIL

HE FILIPINO woman (like istically tongue-tied about wo­ 7 the Filipino male) tra­ men-of the Chinese chrono­ velling abroad is always cles. Women then seemed to being taken for a Chi­ enjoy an easy equality with nese, a Siamese, an Indonesian, men which was based not on an Indian, a Mexican or a condescension, but on genuine South American. Chinese men respect. find in her eyes the necessary The Penal Code of Kalan­ upslant; the Japanese think tiao, which was enforced in the her correctly small; the Indon­ Philippines between 1433 and esians and other Malays note 1614, for all that it made plain happily that her skin echoes that it was a man's world, was the gilded ochre of theirs; the decorously gallant to women, people of the Near East insist respecting and protecting them that she has the dark-eyed se­ with a chivalry that was un­ ductiveness of their own wo- known in the rest of Asia, . men; the Latins trace her san­ except possibly Burma. Mar­ guine grace to their own blood. riage was monogamic (with This variousness is not only the exception of regions where physical. Her psyche is just Mohamm£danism had spread) as complicated. For the Fil­ and dissoluble, witJ1 the bride­ ipina is a woman with a past. groom bringing the dowry, in There have been three men a significant reversal of the in her life: her Asiatic ances­ Occidental custom. The wo­ i:or, the Spanish friar, and the men were also priestesses and Arnericano. Our knowledge oracles and the wealthy ones of the pre-Spanish is neces­ were carried around in chairs sarily limited to the uncer­ and shaded from the sun. tain testimony - character- The ancient Filipina was, as

FEBRUARY 1956 15 she is now, "the queen of the temporaries had to go Europe hom,.e" (Padre Chirino) and of to get a good look at women. her man. Said Loarca indig­ & a young girl, she was nantly, "The men love their trained to obey her father and wives so dearly that in case the Senor Cura, to cast her of a quarrel they take sides eyes down, to pray the rosary, with their wives' relatives even to be pure, to hide her emo­ against their own fathers and tions, to look upon all men as brothers." The Filipina ruled "the devil incarnate." He set with her husband, whether the duena to watch over her, over sultanate or fishing vil­ and locked her up in colegios lage, and in the absence of where she languished fo.L· male heirs was given officia] years, learning to read a mis­ position. On important mat­ sal, to write enough to sign ters effecting the townspeople, her name but not enough to she was always consulted. It communicate with her sweet­ must have been with many heart, to embroider a little, to smug snickers that Juan de faint at the mention of a be­ Salcedo, of the race of conquis­ loved name, to sit on a pillow tadores, received the whisper­ by a shuttered window, to look ed information from Rajah So­ forward to the joys of the just liman that before he could in Heaven. A young Filipino conclude the pact of alliance of the Spanish era could take he must go and ask his wife. the veil, drift into spinster­ hood, or she could marry, after ~ UT HERE a knife-sharp a long and extremely circums­ O line must be drawn. For pect courtship, the young man more than 300 years af­ who least offended her parents' ter Magellan, the Spanish sensibilities, and thereafter friar and the encomendero stay at home in a state of took the Filipina in hand-a chronic pregnancy. tutelage which was _to produce Legally, the Filipino woman the shy, diffident, puritanical, during the Spanish regime was tear-stained little women of classed with infants and idiots, the late nineteenth century. for she could neither enter in­ Fi;:-st, of all, the Spaniard to contracts without her hus­ baptized her. Then he gave band's consent, if married, nor her the Knowledge of Good leave her home without her and Evil, and, as in Eve's case, parents' consent before 25, if she became preoccupied with unmarried. fig-leaves; in the end Rizal and What saved the Filipino wo­ his nineteenth century con- man from being completely ef-

16 PANORAMA fete and useless, was a persis­ garbed in sayas and stiff ca- tent industry among the wo­ 1nisas and still addicted to men of the lower classes who squealing and fainting), to could not afford gentility. take calisthenics and riding les­ These were forced by economic sons. They developed into necessity to continue their an­ assiduous club-women, spon­ cient aggressive role. They soring lectures, organizing were weavers, farm workers, charities, indulging in volun­ hat makers, potters, cigar mak­ teer social work. ers, slipper and wooden shot In 1937 the Filipino women handicrafters. The married achieved political suffrage, af­ women of the middle class also ter years of passionate lobby­ engaged, without too much ing and emotive debating, dur­ loss of responsibility, in trade, ing which the Filipino male's running small stores or ped­ most persistent argument was dling dry goods. that woman suffrage would lower the birth rate. 7 HE NEW man in the Fil- Next, the Filipino women ipina's life, the Amer­ cut their hair and, shyly at icano, with his bold and brash first, adopted the western democracy, was a Pygmalion dress. In spite of the raised of another persuasion. He eyebrows of the Catholic clubs, told the Filipina, sympathe­ they joined bathing beauty tically, that she was re­ contests, danced cheek to pressed, that she was wast­ cheek and discussed sex. ing her talents in the kitchen, The war and the Japanese that she was too pretty to hide occupation only deepened the under so nu.ich dry goods. He obsession for self-sufficiency. opened the schools to her, en­ Although the official Japanese couraged her to speak her mind, and told her that even attitude was the same kind of greater than virtue was "inde­ subjection Japanese women pendence of character." He had been putting up with for tantalized her with the ideals centuries, the brief ocupation of equality and freedom and with all its tragedies and exi­ showed her that life was meant gencies only proved to the Fil­ to be fun. ipina that she could depend They began to play tennis on herself. - Condensed from the at athletic clubs (though still Philippines Quarterly. * * * Not by years but disposition is wisdom acquired.-Plautus.

FEBRUARY 1956 17 6Jezde,i t:Jda1ee9,' In a Place of Shadows

The ~Jory is God's

HE CORTEGE - 15,000 By JESUS STO. DOMINGO T persons in scores of buses and over 800 cars - finally became motion­ manity with the other's divinity. less in the darkening Jesuit ce­ Those who knew him most metery in N ovaliches. A dosely came out of respect and stranger might have thought even worship for what he had them gathered for the last rites •nilitantly respected and wor­ of a national hero; certainly not shipped. of a man whom enemies called A certain glory sometimes an "alien priest."· surrounded things where Fa­ "There is no eulogy for Fa­ ther Delaney moved, but it ther Delaney," said the Jesuit was not his glory. When he vice-provincial. "Your presence first cam~ to Diliman, "the here is his eulogy." Earlier, place of darkness," the state rluring the principal requiem university had a reputation for mass at the U.P. Chapel of the being godless. Before he left, Holy Sacrifice, Archbishop his critics-in the name of the Santos had said, "You are his separation of church and state living crown." -were wondering perhaps if 1t It woul

18 PANORAMA olic archbishop, who celebra­ another priest who was a phy­ teu the first mass. sicist! Nevertheless, he stayed Although he was often called with the Ateneo until 1931, arrogant, for neither of these when he returned to the States. achievements did Father Dela­ In 1936, Father Delaney went ney take credit. He shared his to Rome for study in natural love for the Mass with his cou­ theology, and to Paris for so­ gregation: together they plan­ cial studies. By 1938, he was ned and, with funds raised preparing all materials for news through benefit shows, concerts broadcasts that went out of tha and contributions from the com­ Vatican Radio Station. munity and commuting stu­ Father Delaney was the ori­ dents, built their P200,000 cha­ ginator of the Institute of So­ pel. cial Order, as well as the First Its circular shape, besides Family Retreat or Cana con­ being symbolic of communion, ference, celebrated in 1943 but tunctions to allow all church­ later spread throughout the goers to be close to the sacn­ world. He returned to the Phil­ f1ce celebrated at the central ippines in 1945, to the Ateneo altar, under the life-size cross on Padre Faura and later to from which hang Christ and a Diliman where he was able to man-he could be a priest in a say, "I am an Irishman by chasuble, or a common tao in birth, an Englishman by na­ barong Filipino. The students tionality, an American by ci­ say the ritual prayers aloud tizenship and a Filipino by together; the design of the choice." church encourages this inga­ For several years Father De­ ther,ing of hands and hearts. laney attacked the brutal ha­ The glory is God's ... zing practices of fraternity and sorority members on the state HE VERY human history university campus. Instead of T of the 49-year-old Jesuit asking U.P. Student Catholic began in Ireland where Action members to infiltrate he was born (before its libera­ the offending groups, he wanted tion from Great Britain); but the students to choose between he was reared in Brooklyn. He 1heir loyalfaes, since even to was such a consistent scholar infiltrate, he said, one might that once his professor adopted have to participate in brutali­ his notes as the accepted class ty. The initial result was that textbook. many, innocent and guilty a- In 1928, the Society of Je­ 1ike, in the :£ratemity group, sus sent him to the Philippines, closed ranks. accidentally confusing him with In 1954, and again in 1955,

FEBRUARY 1956 19 ,, "God, in his strange ways. . By U.P. Regent CARMEN DINGLASAN-CONSING A S I knelt at the UP Catholic; chapel in reverent tribute to the earthly passage of Rev. Fr. John P. De]Jmey of the Society of Jesus, the thought kept coming back to me about God truly working in many strange ways His wonders to per­ form. For as I looked about me and at the ·multitude of youth­ ful heads bowed in prayer, I felt that 'here indeed was ample harvest from the patient toil by the once controversial figure of the intensely dedicated priest who braved all odds to fight against what he believed was a dangerously extreme laicism in a seat of learning. He fought for his God. Mly initial impression of Father Delaney, when the over­ publicized "religious controversy" was brought to the attention of the board of regents, was touched by a distressing curiosity.. How could any one man create all the reported furor in what was generally considered a sedate educational institution? As a member of the board, I was well aware of the liberal policies of the University, of its careful avoidance of religion in its educa­ tional activities. Was the man, perhaps as some quarters flip­ pantly quipped, another Savonarola with a messianic complex come to disturb the even tenor of university life? Oddly enough, a meeting with the controversial priest dis­ closed him to be another urbanely humble Jesuit, lean of frame, whose most arresting features were dark bushy eyebrows over two of the most kindly looking eyes I've ever encountered. In con­ versation, however, Father Delaney readily gave indication of the man who had become campus topic number one and a headliner who dared call a spade a spade, who~e logic was forceful, and whose ardor in his work was even more compelling. He was Catholic chaplain at the state university, and while he minis­ tered to his flock, he felt that he could not idly stand by and watch an institution dedicated to the acquisition of knowledge exclude the Author of all Knowledge and Wisdom Himself. As I dictate this little piece by way of comment on the

when UPSCA submitted candi­ finding committee of the board dates for student elections, with of regents, he refused to ans­ the professed intention of chal­ wer questions placed by two of lenging fraternity control of the regents whom he considered campus politics, Father Dela­ biased on the basis of previous ney was accused of "meddling." investigations. For this reply, Later, summoned before a fact- and for questioning the right

20 PANORAMA passing of Chaplain Delaney, the inquiry into the charges aired against him before the board is far from concluded and there­ fore I do not consider myself competent to talk on the merit or lack of merit of the case. One thing seems clear, though, and this that while the University cannot, without violating the fun­ damental law of the land, prevent students from engaging in the practice of their respective faiths, by the same token it would seem unconscionable for the University to countenance within its halls any teaching directed against a particular religion or sect. For as I understand it, if by liberal policies is meant "hands off" toward religion, it should be hands off and not hands against. Religious tolerance in a free country and practised in its institu­ tions is ane beautiful thing; hostility toward religion is not. History is tritely monotonous in showing that intolerance, one way er another, has never done a country any good, indifference has been shown to be quite as bad, but downright encouragement of anti-religious feeling has led invariably to inevitable godless­ ness and trouble. I like to think that Father Delaney's mortal passage will help divorce the issue of the so-called religious controversy from whatever varied personal feelings for the m.an responsible author­ ities and our public may have. If the religious fervor he had aroused was only hysteria or excitement caused by a Savonarola, then those who professed to -have been alarmed by it would have no cause to fear now that Father Delaney has departed. On the other hand, if the militant devotion he had managed to instill endure, then one might well entertain the possibility that Father Delaney could have been only an instrument-a worthy one-of the Author of all knowledge Who, in solicitude over this Christian country, had made these things come to pass. As I watched the young students, old professors and elderly citizens file devoutly toward the communion rail, many in almost tearful farewell to the priest and friend they must have known so well, I found myself wondering if, after all, there was not in all this the hand of Divine Providence. Father Delaney's flock and friends were many; the consecrated Hosts ran short and others had to wait for another mass for their communion. Where I knelt. I prayed.-from the Philippine Collegian.

and competence of any govern­ concerned, even as news came ment agency to define or limit from Baguio, where Father De­ the scope of religion, some cri­ laney had gone to rest after tics called him arrogant. The the new chapel's blessing, that matter was under quieter dis­ he had died of a heart attack, cussion byl campus elements on January 12.

FEBRUARY 1956 21 NTIL THAT news, many of a new refrigerator to the U had been tempted by victim. the sensational tone Royalties from his dozen sometimes given the controver­ books, private gifts, fees for re­ sy by side-issues, to forget the treats: whatever Father De­ quiet daily work of the chap­ laney hacl, including the dimi­ lain, particularly his dedication nishing strength of his body, to the salvaging of marriages. was for those whose need was Of all his publications, perhaps greater than his. Offering the his words on love and court­ gift of such example, he never ship are as widely known and had to preach conversion. He discussed as those on the Mass. was, in fact, the servant of ma­ He was pastor not of intel­ ny not of his parish and not lectuals alone. For the work­ even of his faith. ers in the obrero compound Nor will it soon be forgotten quonsets of the campus there that, when Dean Francisco Be­ were special Sunday masses, nitez of the U.P. College of with altar-stone and priest Education, a ranking Mason, brought right into their midst. died, nevertheless Father De­ UPSCA taught them catechism, laney brought his remains into how to read and write; and the Catholic chapel and cele­ shared food and clothing with brated the full last rites for his them at Christmas. Masses soul. It was a controversial commemorating the dead, and matter: as religion in a mater­ marriage ceremonies for the ial world probably always will poor were free; and the simp­ be. lest bride and groom celebrated Once, in reply to a regent's the sacrament of their oneness charge that he was stirring up in a chapel warmly decorated. religious dissension, the Catho­ When the son-in-law of a fa­ lic chaplain asserted that, dur­ culty member was killed in Ko­ ing ten years of lecturing UPS­ rea, it was the chaplain who CANs and six of administering comforted the grieving woman. to his community, " ... no one When a law school magna cum in all that time has ever heard laude died in a holiday acci­ me say one word derogatory to. critical of, unkind to, carping of dent in the American Midwest, any other form of religion, or it was the chaplain who offered of any individual because of plane fare so that her body his religious affiliation." could return to the Philippines. Yet, man of bristling eye­ When fire razed i:i. sawali dup­ brows, he would have been the lex in the community, the chap­ last to deny being capable of lain made a personal present righteous protest, too, in de-

22 PANORAMA fense of godly ways. Not peace hearse, thousands of students, on earth, good will to men; but faculty members, employees peace on earth to men of good and alumni insisted on carry­ will: he saw a difference. ing their dead chaplain in his casket the whole distance. The HAT THE difference final­ procession took several hours T ly became clear for ma­ to cross the two kilometers of ny another man, once muddy, half-repaired road. his adversary or undecided Taps had been blown for Fa­ spectator, a multitude bore wit­ ther Delaney, member of a mi­ ness, who walked beside him litant order, at Ateneo; his cas­ on his last, longest journey. ket was plain and unadorned, Made solemn by their know­ except for a wreath from Pres­ ledge, they walked however not ident Magsaysay. After all­ in despair for what had been night vigils and several morn­ taken, but in gratitude for what ing masses, the final blessing of the body was solemnized at had been given. three in the afternoon: and the On January 13, the gaunt cortege left for N ovaliches. In body of Father Delaney was memory of Father Delaney, brought from Loyola Heights they tried not to mourn. They to the Chapel of the Holy Sac­ tried to believe that wherever rifice, on the state university he went in the shadows, light campus. Although there was a would go with him.

* * * The Serenity of Death These heroes are dead. They died for liberty-they died for us. They are at rest. They sleep in the land they made free, under the flag they rendered stainless, un­ ner the solemn pines, the sad hemlocks, the tearful wil­ lows, the embracing vines. They sleep beneath the shadows of the clouds, careless alike of sunshine or storm, each in the windowless palace of rest. Earth may run red with other wars-they are at peace. - In the midst of battles, in the roar of conflict, they found the serenity of death.

-Robert Green lnaersoll *

FEBRUARY 1956 23 l\lm•t of the twenty words given below should be in your rca

24 PANORAMA •

35 charms included horseshoes

//AST OCTOBER, when mid­ By RAUL BARBERO ~ dleweight boxing cham- pion Carl "Bobo" Olson faced contender "Sugar Ray" ing killed a woman, was sent Robinson, he had extra reason to San Quentin penitentiary. to be nervous even if the bet­ Still others fa:iled to survive ting odds favored him. For 71 public disgrace and financial years middleweight champions ruin. Even when things go have met such strange bad luck right, sportsmen are a super­ that they can hardly escape stitious lot; when tragedies of feeling that a jinx goes with the this sort strike time and again, title. naturally they begin to talk of Since 1884, when the mid­ a jinx. dleweight division was first set England's Randy Turpm, up, there have been slightly for example, who upset Ray over 30 titleholders. Remark­ Robinson for the crown in Lon­ ably few of these have died don in 1951, could not relax "healthy, wealthy and old," ac­ in glory. He feared what cording to sports reporter Greeks called hubris and the Martin Abramson. The ma­ Jews spoke of as the pride that jority have suffered sometimes precedes destruction. When tragic, always at least embar­ he appeared in America for a rassing, climaxes. rematch with Rob:inson, Tur­ One 24-year-old champion pin brought along 35 charms, was shot in the back. Another i.ncluding horseshoes, rabbits' died in an accidental · plane feet, and four-leaf clovers. crash. Four withered away Nevertheless, not only did from rare diseases. One, hav- Turpin lose the crown, but a

FEBRUARY 1956 25 few months later the English­ drunk. Paroled in seven years, man had a serious auto acci­ yet he was barred from taverns dent. Then he wasted his fight and fight gyms. In despair, he earnings; shortly afterwards he took an overdose of sleeping was involved in a $305,000 pills. lawsuit. It took many months Stanley Ketchel, 1908-10: before he was on his feet agam, although he spent most of his respected in his career-but time in night clubs, he was only having switched . to an­ strong enough to knock down other boxing category, light­ heavyweight Jack Johnson, 45 heavyweight. pound,!; over his own weight. Eventually Turpin may re­ The gun he always carried, bound in as fine fashion as did however, kept getting him into Rocky Graziano, first suspen­ trouble. Sent to a ranch for a ded for not reporting a bribe rest cure, he paid too much at­ and later revealed as a convic­ tention to a cowboy's wife, and ted Army deserter, but today a was shot dead-at the age of successful TV actor and author. 24. He had hoped to see 30. Most champions before him, Billy Papke, 1908: took the however, were not so lucky. crown from Ketchel in a fierce 12 rounds but lost it three ACK DEMPSEY, cham­ months later to the same man. fl pion 1888-91: called His morale exhausted, Billy Nonpareil (without put a bullet through his own equal. The heavyweight of the brain. 1920's borrowed the original Harry Creb, 1923-26: the Dempsey's name and reputa­ only man ever to beat Gene tion). When boxing was still Tunney. He became champion illegal, he used to fight 30-40 while half-blind, lost the crown round bouts on "barges, beaches in a few months. In the hos­ and vacant lots." A man µital having his broken nose of magnificent strength, sud­ repaired, he "died mysterious­ denly his body wasted away, ly under the anesthetic," at 32. from a rare circulatory disease, Tiger Flowers, 1926: after and he died at 37. losing the title, he went to the Norman "Kid McCoy" Selby, hospital for minor surgery, died 1894-98: his corkscrew punch of "status lymphaticus", a con­ won him 198 out of 200 fights. dition fatal, according to Ab­ But he married too often-ten ramson, only once in 150,000 times-and liked liquor too cases. much. He was sentenced to 24 Mickey Walker, 1926-31: years at San Quentin for kill­ bankruptcy due to alcohol took ing a woman one night while him off the sports page, put

26 PANORAMA him on the front page. Only heavyweight king Joey Maxim, recently, now an artist, has he was easily outpointing him in g managed to start a new life. long fight when suddenly Ro­ Marcel Cerdan, 1948-49: binson collapsed from heat ex­ having finally beat Tony Zale, haustion. He went into show titleholder for 16 years, the business for awhile, to recoup Frenchman lost a year later by his losses; but then the offers dislocating a shoulder muscle became fewer and fewer. Fin­ in the first round. Returning ally he was forced to make a to New York for a rematch, comeback in boxing. Cerdan's plan crashed just off Carl "Bobo" Olson, 1953-55: Spain; nobody survived. took the title when Robinson Ray Robinson, 1951-53: retired, but became too cocky. king of the welterweights, "Su­ He challenged Archie Moore, gar Ray" was considered his­ light-heavyweight king: and tory's best fighter in that class. was knocked out. With all the Then he joined the middle­ odds in his favor, he faced Ro­ weight ranks, and the jinx be­ binson, now an ex-tapdancer­ gan. No sooner had he won the and lost the title. Whether he title, than he lost it again to can come back or not, as Ro­ Turpin. Having regained it binson did, only time and the once more, he challenged light- jinx can say.

* * *

Impressive 1t(est Rachmaninofl told this story about his boyhood. "When I was a very little fellow,'' he said, "I pfayed at a reception at a Russian count's, and, for an urchin of seven, I flatter myself that I swung through Beethoven's 'Kreutzer Sonata' pretty successfully. "The 'Kreutzer,' you know, has in it several long and impressive rests. W eII, in one of these rests the count's wife, a motherly old lady, leaned forward, patted me on the shoulder, and said: "'Play us something you know, dear.'" *

FEBRUARY 1956 27 On January 23, 1956, President Ramon Magsaysay delivered his state-of-the-nation address before a joint session of the Congress on the opening of the third session of the Third Congress. After presenting the accomplishments and problems of his ad­ ministration, Pres. l\1agsaysay set ten guide- posts for Congress to keep in view in its legislative program

The President's Guideposts

0 UR PEOPLE have begun and the expansion of credit the peaceful revolution and marketing facilities. We of uprooting age-old injustices should now consider the feasi­ and social evils and of elevat­ bility of extending these incen­ ing themselves to their true tives to other essential foods. worth and dignity. Our second guidepost is the We must preserve and con­ acceleration of land reform. solidate our gains and accele­ Because land ownership re­ rate our forward pace. m£>.ins the greatest incentive to Our first guidepost is self productivity and contentment sufficiency in primary food­ among our masses, we are stuffs. speeding up land distribution. Blessed with vast expanses The salutary impact of the of fertile land, we have the ba­ Land Tenure Reform Act will sic means to stop recurring food soon be added to the efforts of shortages. We must attain self­ the NARRA, the ACCFA, and sufficiency at least in the basic the Bureau of Lands. foods. Our third guidepost is the Fortunately we have suc.. establishment of a strong admi­ ceded in developing some ef­ nistrative machinery for com­ fective incentiv~s to produc­ munity development. tion, such as the maintenance As we diversify our efforts to of floor prices in rice and corn stimulate community develop-

28 PANORAMA ment, the establishment of a geared to the requirements of coordinating and implementing scientific and economic prog­ machinery becomes more ur­ ress. gent. We must revitalize our edu­ Our fourth guidepost is the cational system with emphasis fulier utilization of our natural on general, scientific, and voca­ resources in economic develop­ tional education. ment. The decreasing emphasis on Our main hope of providing the natural and physical more employment to our peo­ sciences runs counter to the ra­ ple lies in the fuller utilization pidly developing era of electro­ of our abundant natural re­ nics and atomics If we are to sources. It is essential that ex­ participate fully in the bless­ isting as well as new industries ings of science, we must recast make greater m:e of our avail­ our educational system to train able raw materials and develop more engineers and scientists. those than can be produced lo­ Our seventh guidepost is the cally. We should give conti­ need for scientific research as a nued emphasis to industries and basis of economic and social de­ enterprises that will utilize velopment. more of our available materials Fundamental and applied re­ and resources, as against those search has long been neglected. which are largely dependent on In science and scholarship we imported raw materials. Un­ have largely depended on prog­ less this is done, it well be well ress abroad. It is time that we high imposible to build a sound participate seriously in this en­ economy. terprise, paying particular atten­ Our fifth guidepost is the im­ tion to our needs. provement of monetary and It would be desirable to es­ credit management to accele­ tablish an Institute of Econo­ rate economic develooment. mic Development and Research The expansion of ~redit faci­ in the University of the Philip­ lities coupled with the proper pines to provide not only our allocation of foreign exchange students but also those of is an effective stimulus to ag­ neighboring A s i a n countries ricultural and industrial produc­ with the advanced training es­ tion. There should now be de­ sential to accelerated develop­ veloped an integrated system of ment. economic priorities to govern We should provide induce­ the extension of credit and the ments for private philanthropy allocation of dollars. for the benefit of scientific re­ Our sixth guidepost is the search. One way of doing this adoption of educational reforms is to adopt a far-sighted tax po-

FEBRUARY 1956 29 licy on donations and giants economic development. They for scientific research and in­ must be utilized to assure the vestigation. most advantageous allocation The eight guidepost is the re­ cf our limited resources and definition of the incentives for thus maintain monetary and private enterprise. price stability. The insufficiency and timi­ Our tariff structure should be dity of capital, domestic and further studied to give full pro­ foreign, has been one of the tection to our vital industries. principal reasons for the delay It would also be advisable to in our economic development. renew the authority granted to We should now dissipate the the President under Republic uncertainty in our investment Act No. 1196 to increase or re­ atmosphere and, consistent duce tariff rates for at least with the national interest, give two more years. to investors the necessary in­ Our ninth guidepost is the centives and guarantees. stabilization of the fiscal posi­ It is part of our efforts to tion of the government. clarify the goals of our econo­ At the bottom of our slow m:c growth and the means with progress in some areas of pub­ which we seek to attain them. lic service is the insufficiency Among them are the economic of public revenues. Congress controls. While we are for their should study the following as­ gradual removal, they remain pects of our fiscal organization necessary at this stage of our with a view to increasing gov- * * *

THE PRESIDENT SAID- "In the rural areas lies the bulk of our national and human resources, the real wealth of our nation. We must gear them to each other and spark the latter into action so as to achieve the expanding production to meet the re­ quirements of national prosperity and security."

"We have gone a long way in g1vmg the rural inha­ bitants the material means to prosperity and improvement. Foremost of these is land. During the last special session Congress enacted Republic Act No. 1400, known as the Land Tenure Reform Law. The Administration has taken the first steps to acquire landed estates for redistribution."

30 PANORAMA ernment revenues: We have completed the wage First, the necessity of setting and position classification sur­ up a tax commission to under­ vey and a project on the im­ take technical studies of our provement of budgeting, ac­ tax system and recommend im­ counting, and auditing proce­ provements. dures in the Government. We Second, the further raising of should now apply the results the efficiency of our revenue of these studies to effect econo­ collecting agencies; and, my and efficiency. Third, the revision of our I have created a Presidential tax laws where such revisions Performance Commission en­ are deemed urgent, pending the trusted with the duty of keep­ studies by the tax commission. ing close watch on performance Our tenth guidepost is the and result in the executive need for raising efficiency in agencies and instrumentalities public administration. of the government. Energetic, intelligent, and dedicated ser­ T he implementation o f vice at every level is indispen­ sound and well-planned pro­ sable to the success of govern­ jects often bogs down owing to ment. inefficiency in public adminis­ I commend these guideposts tration. We must continue to to your thoughtful considera­ buttress our administrative tion in the full confidence that units, especially those directly they will give our joint efforts concerned with economic deve­ a common unswerving direc­ lopment. tion. * * * MARKET DAY IN BURMA

E VERY FIFTH DAY is bazaar day in the peaceful rural areas of Burma's remote Shan States. In the first early light of day, the Shan and Kachin hill people start down their hills. From their farm homes, scattered through the hills, they travel to the town where the bazaar is being held. Here they sell their farm pro­ duce and buy yarns, cloth, Dahs (square-ended machetes), turban-silk, sandals, dried fish, and even gems and spices. Here, too--and of almost equal interest with their shopping-they exchange news of their families, friends, the village, the country and the world. After their morning of brisk trade-and sometimes brisker gossiir-they pack up their purchases and start their trek back up the hills, hoping to reach their farm homes before dark. Although weary when they reach home, these sturdy hill people will be more than ready to make the journey again in just five days.-Free World.

FEBRUARY 1956 31 ·------~--The wonderful atom .....----.-....---- ..

It Helps Grow Sugar in Hawaii

AWAII GREW MORE SUGAR than ever be­ H fore in 1953 and 1954-because atomic po­ wer has been harnessed to study sugar grow­ ing as part of America's vast "Atoms for Peace" program. For nine years scientists used the atom in ex­ periments. Eleven different radio isotopes were bu­ ried in sugar plant containers, added to fertilizers, and used in various other scientific ways, some of which are pictured on these pages. So encouraging were the results of these tests that the atom's findings were put to work immediately in Hawaii"s sugar cane fields and the record crops of 1953 and 1954 followed. The research was conducted by the Hawaiian Su­ gar Planters' Association, a non-profit organization, and the results were shared by all. One of the most important projects during the long test period was the study of water distribution in cane fields. Radioactive rubidium was added to irrigation water and a Geiger counter checked the rubidium's progress through the irrigation ditches. Thus scientists learned more about the absorption of water by soils and could recommend more effec­ tive irrigation plans. In addition to this project, the researchers used the atom in studying how plants acquire energy from natural sources, and just how fertilizers are absorbed by sugar cane plants and at what stages in a plant's growth. Even sugar content can be measured by atomic power-immediately after shredding. This helps planters determine their processing and mar­ keting procedures.-FREE WORLD

32 PANORAMA YESTERDAY'S PAPERS

How old is Philippine journalism? • By ARMANDO ]. MALAY •

N THE Philippines, the the peninsulars since it printed I newspaper has had ma­ news mostly about the home ny beginnings. That country. Much of the material journalism here has survived is was reprinted from English ga­ a tribute to the men who have zettes. When no more gazettes struggled to implant in the were available, the paper closed country the right of free speech down on February 7, 1812, pro­ and information. mising republication as soon as The makings of a newspaper more British gazettes arrived. in the country started as early But it never made good its pro­ as 1799, or earlier, when there mise. was circulated the "bojas vo­ lantes," or flying sheets, telling HE FIRST daily in the about some big or exciting T Philippines was put out event. One issue reported on on December 1, 1846 the Moro campaign and the by Felipe Lacorte, an engineer capture of Sulu pirates. These turned historian, and Everisto sheets or "avisos" existed up to Calderon. Called "La Espe­ 1809, coming out irregularly ranza, it was mostly filled with and sometimes at long inter­ long discussions of historical, vals between issues. The pub­ scientific, and religious subjects. lishers were anonymous. Sometimes it had some fresh The first real newspaper news. It was dull, colorless, re­ came out on August 8, 1811, pressed, and lasted three years. with the governor general him­ But it had started something. self, Manuel Fernandez de Fol­ Soon there were the "Diario gueras, as editor. It was called de Manila," "El Porvenir Fili­ "Del Superior Gobierno" and pino", "El Catolico," "Revista came out weekly. It catered to Mercantil," "Diario de Avisos,"

FEBRUARY 1956 33 "Correo de Manila," "La Ocea­ articles in reply. nia Espanola," and "Diario de The first Filipino to go into Filipinas." The best edited of journalism in a big way was the papers is the first. Pascual Poblete, who, with Bal­ The "Diario" started publica­ domero Hazanas, a friendly tion in 1848, edited by Don Fe­ Spaniard, founded ''El Resu­ lipe del Pan, dubbed the ablest men," only July 1, 1890. The journalist of his day. It had a paper became very popular be­ correspondent in Spain, and cause it catered to the native once spent P3,000 in one month spirit. for promotions, to offset the Satirical weeklies also crop­ competition offered by the "El ped up at about this time, which Comercio." made much of cartoons and In 1852, it suspended pub­ verses to twit personages in the lication to give way to an of­ community. fkial gazette, but was soon re­ Among the most prominent vived and lived until 1899 of these weeklies were "La Se­ when conditions became so tur­ mana Elegante," "Manila Aleg­ bulent that the editor thought re," "Manililla," "El Caneco," it more prudent to close shop. and "El Domingo."

N APRIL 1, 1887, the "'La ITH THE worsening of po­ 0 Opinion" opened shop, W litical conditions in th~ marking the advent of country, and the grow­ political journalism in the Phil­ ing consciousness of political ippines. Before this time, all rights among the people spark­ the papers had to toe the line ed by educated Filipinos in drawn by church and state, and Spain and other countries operated under the stric~ cen­ abroad, there came a need for sorship of a board composed of native expression of aspirat­ churchmen and government of­ ions. Thus was born Filipino ficials. "La Opinion" edited by journals. Julian de Posa and Jesus Po­ Most famous was "La Soli­ lanco was first to defy till:.Jriars daridad," organ of the Filipino and worked for the ouster of community in Madrid. It was the religious including the arch­ first edited by Graciano Lopez bishop. Jaena, then by Marcelo H. del On its staff was a brilliant Pilar, brilliant lawyer-writer writer, the Spaniard Pablo Fe­ who had fled the country to es­ ced, whose articles written un­ cape official wrath. der the pen name of Quiao­ Supported by contributions quiap irked Rizal and other Fi­ from homeland patriots, the lipino intellectuals who wrote paper flourished, featuring ar-

34 PANORAMA PRESS CASUALTIES

The expropriation of La Prensa and the muz~lin~ of the e'1tire press &n Argentina under Peron, the bam;ii11g of EI Tiempo in Bogota in 1955, the imprisonment of some twenty Turkish journalists by virtue of some highly dubious legislation adopt~d in 1954, the arbitrary arrest or the de­ tention on suspicion of journalists in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, Pakistan, and else­ where; the continuance of Nazi and Fascist measures in the press laws of WEstern Germany and Italy, and also the adoption of laws of authoritarian tinge in certain coun­ tries, the abuse of the campaign against "corruptive" writ­ ings in Australia especially, and lastly the deliberate use of intimidation in South Africa and elsewhere--these are the heaviest blows dealt to the press during the post-war period.

ti cl es by Rizal, Jaena, Mariano which was fiercely nationalistic. Ponce, Del Pilar, and other The most outstanding was exiles. "La lndependencia," which had But "Solidaridad" was for among its contributors such the intellectuals. There was a young but brilliant writers as need for a paper to reach the Rafael and Jose Palma, Leon ordinary man. The Katipunan Ma. Guerrero, Epifania de los decided to issue "Kalayaan." Santos, and Cecilio Apostol. The first number was secretly put out by printers of the "Dia­ AST OF these patriotic pa­ rio de Manila." Its editor was L pers was the "El Rena­ Emilio Jacinto, and among the cimiento" which was founders besides Andres Boni­ published by Don Martin facio was Dr. Pio Valenzuela. Ocampo, and continued to keep There was no second issue. the fires of nationalism even af­ The Katipunan was, about ter the revolution, and when the same time as the release of the Americans had taken over. the first issue, discovered, and The paper died after a cost­ the revolt was on. Other Fili­ ly libel suit brought against it pino papers took its place. by Dean C. Worcester, then Among them were the "Repub­ secretary of interior. Editor at lica Filipina," issued by Pedro the time was Teodoro M. Ka­ A. Paterno; "La Revolucion," law. published in J aro, Iloilo; "El The American era marked a Heraldo de la Revolucion," new phase in Philippine jour-

FEBRUARY 1956 35 nalism. The country settled Other papers under the TVT down to peaceful agitation for aegis were the "La Vanguar­ independence and learned a dia," in Spanish, formerly new craft of government. owned by Martin Ocampo, who Among the American soldiers made it sucessor to his defunct who came were journalists who "El Renacimiento"; and "Tali­ upon discharge started almost ba" in Tagalog. immediately daily newspapers. The "Manila Daily Bulletin" started out as a shipping jour­ The first daily was the "Ma~ nila Times," founded by Tho­ nal but soon became a full­ mas Cowan, an· Englishman. fledged newspaper. The other two American-owned papers It passed through many hands and finally was purchased by emerged to become "Cable Alejandro Roces Sr. Contem­ News American." When Manuel L. Quezon poraries of the paper included the "Manila Daily Bulletin," rose to top eminence as leader of the Filipinos, he felt he need­ the "American," and the "Ca­ ed a paper to speak for his fight ble News." for early independence. He as­ Roces discontinued the sembled a high-powered finan­ "Times" which later emerged cial group to found the "Philip­ as the "Tribune," under the pines Herald." The first issue TVT publications, with Carlos came out on August 8, 1920, P. Romulo as its first editor. with Conrado Benitez as editor. * * *

Many countries are ahead of the Philippines in effi­ cient use of timber. America converts sawdust into pres­ to log for firewood. In Belgium, even limbs and twigs and waste from matches are converted into wood pulp for the manufacture of hardwood. Sweden soaks lumber in arsenic instead of creosote, thus making pine as durable as oak, with a pleasant arsenic-green color. When water is removed from bark, it serves as fuel. Japan's trees are small and thin, and scarce; yet waste is prevented by using even one-inch pieces in furniture. Thus the Japanese are able to buy Philippine mahongay logs, make their own fur­ niture, and undersell the Philippines abroad! The logging wastes along the Agusan river alone could be converted into thousands of tons of paper yearly. * 36 PANORAMA How to 'Becoine a Painter

A noted artist gives a few suggestions on how to smear the canva,'1

By CESAR LEGASPI

NCE, I PAINTED with brushes only. With colors 0 and canvas, of course, and planning and sweat. I used raw sienna and black and white. Then, in 1950 or thereabouts, there appeared, with Ma­ nansala, incised lines and wiping off colors with rags to leave only a stain. At about the same time, Vic Oteyza started to use sand on his paintings. Hernan­ do Ocampo made color charts, and color lists,- doz­ ens of them. He made them for glazing, for color schemes - in triads, complements and split comple­ ments. We started to paint with enamel colors. We used our fingers or sticks or palette knives. Arturo Luz

FEBRUARY 1956 37 and I painted with tempera, on to another place-way out in wood panels. the sticks where the air, the But these little tricks are not configuration of the earth and what bring_ on gray hairs. They its colors and the foliage were are not the primary concern different. I saw more of the in painting. A painting is real­ sky and a new view of the city. ly what we are and know and The people, too, were different. live through. It probably be­ They had large, rough hands gins the day one's mother for­ and feet, and they covered got the feeding time and for a themselves from neck to waist day the world became an un­ to ankles with rough, faded, satisfactory place to live in. It torn clothes. One day I picked . may even have begun farther up my pencil. The lines came back than that, when one's mo­ quickly, easily. They were ther got frightened by a horse alive, and they fell into place or a black cat or a shadow.­ effortlessly. Certainly, the little triumphs and frustrations of puberty play B UT, ONCE started, one be- a part too. For ·nhether he gins to think of techni­ likes it or not, a painter puts que : the trick of transferring the whole man into each paint­ thought, mood, or emotion on­ ing. to canvas. I transferred the A painting is what we live drawing onto canvas at once through. Once, I drew an ad and started coloring. I chose for an insurance company. It gray-blue, blue-green, white, was the picture of an old man purple, and a bit of orange. I in retirement, planting a seed­ muted them to help the mood. ling in his garden. I liked the As I applied the colors, I tried form. lt stayed in the memo­ to keep the image whole in my ry long after it was done. It mind. If a color needed cool­ had the attributes or good de­ ing, a scumble of blue did it. sign, such as balance and va­ If it was too cool, an orange or riation, plus emotion. I made red scumble corrected that. I a painting out of it. But some­ worked on that painting for how I didn't like the piece. two weeks. As I worked, some Something had got lost in the of the gloom, the failures and process-maybe there was too unhappiness I had known, half little of it, or too much. So I buried in my memory may put it away and worked on have started to work also: I other things. liked the piece. The blues and Meantime, many t hi n g s the purples and greens were of changed. I got a new job. I the proper intensity or size 01· acquired a daughter. I moved were in the right place. The

38 PANORAMA lines were of the proper length or umbers, with a heavier im­ or thickness . . . pasto on the highlights, getting That is, however, only one thinner in the shadows. Then method-simple, direct. One they aid it aside for three discovers other methods. The months, waiting for it to dry old masters started out with an thoroughly. Once dry, they underpainting of earth colors started glazing, that is, used such as siennas or earth greens paint thinned down with a mix-

FEBRUARY 1956 39 ture of L'3 varnish, 1;3 tur­ by alternating a stroke of warm pentine, and 1/3 oil, applied color with a stroke of cool co­ with a soft camel's hair or sa­ lor, achieve vibration. Again, ble brush in thin coats, one on if a change of hue in a given top of the other, as they dried area is wanted, by gradually ( 24 hours or more) until the adding the desired hue to the right color or effect had been original coolr mixed, and ap­ achieved. plying with the same flat brush Here is where they added strokes, a smooth transition is the brighter colors such as the obtained. If the paint is ap­ blues, reds or yellows. Here, plied in little rounded dots, the if a violet was wanted, a blue result is Pointillism; if in small or red was laid on first, which­ elongated strokes, Impression­ ever was lighter. This was al­ ism. In these last three me­ lowed to dry thoroughly, and thods, what occurs is that the the darker glaze was then ap­ small isolated strokes are plied.-One can see right away blended, at a distance, by the •,hat the method is slow, pains­ eye. taking and complicated. Na­ If one is the really impetu­ turally, they had to paint seve­ ous type, there is nothing like ral pieces simultaneously, else a-la-prima painting. Here one they would have had to sit just applies colors with broad around twiddling their thumbs dashing strokes, trying to get during the drying periods. his effects immediately and ne­ ver overpainting. This is the F ONE IS the impatient simplest method on the face of I type, he paints the it, but one must know how to whole canvas with one exploit accidental effects. He color, say a red, and starts must be a fast thinker, and of painting into this while still course must know a lot of wet, any other color or colors tricks, with brush, spatula or he desires. This ensures unity, rag. at least in color, since the red I have heard of painters who will mix with the color on top; never use white. The theory is thus, a blue will be red-blue, exactly like that in watercolor­ an orange red-orange, etc. ing where the white is provided Or he may try Cezanne's me­ by the paper (in this case, the thod. Each brush stroke is al­ canvas) and the colors are lowed to remain a small flat thinned down with some me­ area and one can, by slightly dium and applied in thin changing the tone of the stroke washes. next to it, either towards light These methods, however, one vi· dark, achieve modelling; or discovers gradually as one

40 PANORAMA grows in the art. We all use affecting the work. That is why one or another, or a combina­ the things that we are must be tion of several. But whatever added to, enlarged and ex­ system we use, the things that plored. The whole man must we are and know and have been be made a bigger man. through keep entering into and -From the AAP Bulletin

* * *

"You work and work but get nothing • ,,

S OME 200 CHINESE fishing junks and shrimp boats recently fled the communist-controlled South China Sea and sought political refuge in Hong Kong waters. Scanty food rations, commu­ nist exploitation, and renewed attempts at indoctrination combined to drive the estimated 1000 persons aboard these boats from their homes in the red-controlled M'anshan Islands area about 75 kilo­ meters southwest of H.ong Kong. In seeking a sanctuary in Hong Kong. these simple fishermen told the authorities their tales of woe. Lo Pei-keng, master of a 25-foot shrimper, said that he, his wife and six children had to live on starvation diets as communist food rations were in­ sufficient and it was impossible to obtain food from the market. Chen Hsien-yin, Sl-year-old ji.tnk master, said fishing in commu­ nist China is no longer paying as they have to sell their hauls to communist co-operatives at prices, arbitrarily fixed by communist cadres, which are far below average market prices. "You work and work but you get nothing in return. The communists take whatever you get," said aged Liang Kai-wei as he explained that never in his long life has he had so little as he has had since the communists took control of his home island. To his son, Liang Chin-erh, the communist attempts at indoctrina­ tion were particularly distasteful. He said that he and his family !-.ad to attend innumerable political sessions dominated by com­ munist cadres who did not even speak in a dialect which they could understand. On hearing the fishermen's tales of harddship, the British authorities in Hong Kong offered the fishermen the opportunity to settle in the Hong Kong area and fish its waters.-Free World.

*

FEBRUARY 1956 41 T WAS DARK when they the greying orange sky abo·-'P I reached the end of the it, its stubbled branches pro­ mango orchard. And be­ jecting from the huge reptile­ fore them was the olrl r like trunk were markedly bare mango tree, its huge trunk look­ and fat. ing like a frightened reptile Rosie slackened her pace and holding its stomach close to the moved the string that held the earth. Against the bright line candles to her wrist. The can­ of the palaisdaans behind and dles were heavy and long anrl

42 PANORAMA clapped her sidP at ea..:h step little daughter every summe1. !:he took. Slowly, she rubbed kind of. She always enjoyed the the thin red line around her role immensely. So, each sum­ arm where the string had stayed. mer when Mother becflme only Rubbing made it itchy. She too happy to honor the invita­ stopped walking, laid her loaded tions from the relatives in San arm on the trunk of the mango Diego, she never failed to vofon­ tree near her. She bent; brought 'teer to stay with Ka Bino. It the hem of her dress low around was less fun in the orchard and her feet and wiped the wetness her sisters and brothers, relieved around her bare legs where the at knowing she had chosen to grass have slapped her with stay in the place, would then their dew-wet blades. Inside divide themselves among the her rubber shoes, she tried to rest of the relatives who live wriggle her toes. They felt cold close to the big river where they and numb. The dark carpet of may swim and fish through the rotting mango leaves had oozed whole of summer. its thick moisture i.nto the can­ vas sides of her shoes. K A BINO loved and under- She looked up at Ka Bino. stood her. He only teased The old man had stopped a few her when picking time came in feet away and was watching her. the orchard and she climbed the There was silent impatience at mango trees because she loved the way he kept putting his the way it smelled up in the foot down on the dried twigs trees whenever the round fruits that cracked dully under his broke crisply from their twigs weight, the lantern swinging at her tugging. He always said gently from his hand and his the monkeys in the zoo back old eyes narrowed at watching in the city would gape at the her under the growing darknes!:I. ease With which she climbed It was the first time she saw the trees and steadied herself Ka Bino behaving that way. He on the branches while she ar­ was a very good-natured man, ranged the flush-bottomed fruits her favorite uncle. In the small with black ants crawling on hut inside the mango orchard them inside her skirt held open where he lived with Kakang like a sack, at the . manner she Isiang, his wife, she was always slid down the trunks as though taken in with much eagerness it was great fun (although it every summer. Cardo, the old was really rough, on her seat and couple's only son had growu calves), hugging the load in her into a young man and could not skirt until .-.he felt the ground find much time to be with them under her feet. anymore. She was Ka Bino's Once, Ka Bino met her while

FEBRUARY 1956 41 her dangling legs groped for the ground. He laughed so hard that tears stood in his old eyes. She then grew conscious of her faded drawers showing under the load­ ed skirt held high to her chest. She never failed to bring a bas­ ket or a jute sack with her up a tree after that. Of course, tonight was differ­ ent. Picking time was over a week ago. The last of the kaings covered with spreads of dried banana leaves that used to line the way to the hut had been carted away to the bus station on its way to the city markets. The many people who capie to the orchard and made it look like a happy picnic ground in their daily bargaining tours, then horses and bulls freed from the cartellas and carts standing nearby and munching fallen mango leaves, have ceased com­ ing. There were now only a few green fruits left on the trees, hanging like oversized jades. But they would never have a chance of ripening once the first strong rains caught up with them and shook them until they fell on the ground. Ka Bino's high spirits before the hubbub of the bargaining days had died down, was gone. Especially now that there was the old mango Rosie walked to the old man­ tree. go tree. The old man had hung The faithful old mango tree. the lantern on a branch. Under Ka Bino was clambering clum­ the dirty yellow of the unsteady sily on it, the lantern still in his lantern, Ka Bino, seated on the hand. low crouching trunk, looked like

44 PANORAMA an old dwarf sitting on an ant­ noon, she met Elsa. The girl hill. Sht had seen pictures of who sneaked through the gape them - matanda sa punso - between the stakes of thfi! fence. they were called. They wore She has always recalled the kerchiefs with a big knot on clearly way Elsa looked at her their foreheads. Ka Bino had a reclining on the trunk of the kerchief with a big knot around old tree; how without saying his head, too. anything, the girl began pulling Quietly, she approached Ka at some green mangoes. Bino and laid the candles at his Elsa came near the tree where feet. The old man bent over she was, laid the bunch she the candles and untangled them. picked on the trunk and climbed He began cutting them at their her buttocks near it without wicks. Then, like some ancient spilling the mound of very white priest, he stood with a candle salt in her hollowed palm. in his hand and went to the She did not like the sure way lantern. Elsa picked the bunch of man­ goes; much less the way Elsa T HE NIGHT had s et t 1 e d looked at her haughtily, almost around them, cool and disapprovingly. S he h a d a moist. The flame flickered in­ strong urge to kick vehemently side Ka Bino's cupped palm. at the green bunch near her feet The old man was holding the but curiosity stopped her. El!!a candle over the wound where looked nice sitting less than a the end of one branch had been meter away from her. Besides, sawn off only the morning_ be­ she really wanted to have some­ fore. He was muttering under one ot talk to; bargaining on his breath, the despicable wo­ the orchard went on and on for man must have taken fancy on days, even weeks. his tree, which was not fair at She con~inued biting at her all, not at all. mango and smacking her lips at The clear tears of wax falling the taste of sour meat in her­ off from the brimming circle mouth without talking to Elsa, around the unsteady flame splat­ although she never took her tered into weird patterns of eyes from the girl. white on the naked wood. On Elsa was brown as she, but the icic..led wax that had formed, Elsa was pretty. Elsa had en­ the melted drops glistened slow­ ormous eyes with long black ly, one by one, endlessly. lashes. Elsa's mouth turning Candles are for the dead and paler at the acrid meat, was the dying, Elsa had told her small and thin where hers is full once. and thick. A few times, Elsa Under the old tree, one after- would pause from the mango

FEBRUARY 1956 45 and the mound of very white spaces between the trunks of salt, but that was only to tuck the mango trees. the loose wisps of her curly hair "Yes," Rosie said. behind her ears. "Cardo's sister?" Elsa said. "No," Rosie said. WHEN ELSA flung her sec- ''Niece then?" Elsa said. ond flat seed and reached "Cousin," Rosie said. for ·another mango, she stopped Elsa fell quiet. and glared at Rosie, then pulled Rosie threw the half-finished her hand back to her lap. Rosie mango in her hand and watched looked away trying to appear it shoot straight into a shrub disinterested. When R o s i e that bent to give it way, mo­ looked again, Elsa was tugging mentarily touching with its and twisting for her third mango drooping arms the thick lustily at its stem, staying the bunch greening weeds near the fence. with her hand that contained "Where do you live?" Rosie the mound of very white salt. said. "You live there?" Elsa said "In that hut near that thic­ tossing her head toward KP. Bi­ ket of bambooes there," Elsa no's hut which showed small in said pointing with a half-naked the bright afternoon through the mango in her hand.

46 PANORAMA Rosie turned her head from schooldays together. Sometimes, where she lay. when they just sat together, "You can see it clear from Rosie looking at Elsa and Elsa here if you twist your head a at her, the girl would hug her little lower," Elsa instructed. knees. Once, Rosie tried it and "The palaisdaans are beyond found that it cramped her chest the thickets. and made it difficult for her to "You know Cardo?" she said breathe freely that she released after getting a full view of the her hold and reclined as before hut, the thickets and the fish­ on the trunk. ponds beyond. Elsa nodded chucking her E LSA BECAME less and less tongue and sw~llowing noisily. talkative as May ap­ "!tang is Ka Bino's katiwala proached its end and as they for the palaisdaans. Cardo was grew to know and like each my classmate at the Institute." other better. There were the "Oh,'' Rosie said. afternoons that Elsa would come late, making Rosie almost de­ '"Why?" Elsa said. cide to go to the small hut near ··Huh?" Rosie said. the thicket of bamboos. But "You just said, oh,'' Elsa said then, Elsa would come, step­ mimicking her. ping heaviJy through the gape "You look familiar,". Rosie between the stakes of the fence. said thinking hard. "Yeah, I her eyes usually swollen and know,'' she said snapping her red. Elsa would look around fingers, ''I saw your picture past­ hesitantly as if to make sure ed inside Cardo's aparador. You that Rosie was alone. No longer were wearing a long white sure of herself like she had been dress." when Rosie first met her. "It was a graduation picture,"' Those afternoons, Elsa would Elsa said smiling and looking be more quiet and shy and suddenly very pleased. would look down each time she The days after that, Elsa caught Rosie staring at her. Elsa came to the old tree every af­ would clear her throat then and ternoon and while she chatted, hug her knees closer, gathering she ate green mangoes. She the folds of her loose dress would fit her back against the around her feet. But she would L of the trunk and a thick up­ always be eating the mangoes standing branch of the old tree Rosie had picked for her as and face Rosie who lay a little though eating them were the farther away. Most of the time, only thing that mattered in the they or rather Elsa talked of whole world every afternoon Cardo. Mostly about their Sometimes, Elsa would come-

FEBRUARY 1956 41 early, clutching a porcelain cup brown and strong close to the in her hand. Rosie would join fishponds and clever with mCJ­ her then because mangoes tast­ ney like he was when he was ed better with the red salty Cardo's age. So that when one mixture of tiny shrimps rich afternoon, he s u d d en 1 y an­ with glistening yellow fat with nounced that Cardo must go to small cuts of pork that was in the city with them at the end the cup. of summer. they were very "Did you c o m e only to much surprised. Cardo was op­ watch?" Ka Bino had lifted his enly disturbed. head from the stump. Quietly, she took a candle wHEN MOTHER came for and lighted it. The cold air them as usual a few days around them had grown warm. before school opened, Ka Bino The smoke of burning candles and Kakang Isiang had long curled and clouded the yellow talks with her every afternoon gleam of the lantern as the odor when she came from their rela­ of melting wax and fresh wood tives near the big river where mingled heavily in the night air. she had been packing clothes. "A fruit tree grows little fruits. Mother had no trouble with thE: Ka Bino, after a woman had girls, but with her brothers, been very fond of it?" Mother had to stay two or three "A conceiving woman, yes," days in order to search for and Ka Bino took an::ithflr candle collect all their dirtied under­ and held its wick against the things, pants, shirts and socks shorter lighted one: in his hand. thrown carelessly all over their "Cardo would not be very room and most of the time pleased when he sees the olrl wrung dry, mildewed and for­ mango tree. It is his favorite gotten near the river. Mother, tree. But it must be done, it Ka Bino and Kakang Isiang must." Ka Bino spoke softly, would sit under the mango tree pressing each word slowly as below the small window of the though he was afraid that he silid and speak in low tones. might be misunderstood. They were huddled that way Ka Binoo's son had not been when Cardo came running from home for two summers since the the edge of the orchard into the day he went to the city after back door. Rosie was in the si­ the old couple suddenly made Iid, her arms full of Cardo's up their mind to send him to clothel\. She heard him panting college. Ka Bino never believed when he came. She was sure in too much schooling. Rosie Mother, Ka Bino and Kakang h::id heard him tell Mother once Isiang never noticed anything. that he wanted Cardo to grow From the mango tree below the

I 48 PANORAMA small window of the silid, their branches,'' Rosie said. whispered conversation came "The rest will not rot tomor­ uninterrupted. row. We'll finish them all by Cardo sat on the edge of his tomorrow,'' Ka Bino said smil­ bed where Rosie was folding ing at her. his clothes into a big rattan Rosie blew at her candle and travelling bag. Then; without gave it to Ka Bino. She stooc:' saying anything, he stood up up and reached for the lamp and walked to his aparador while Ka Bino collected all the which waited open showing one unused candles on the trunk. or two empty racks. RosiE: pre­ tended to be very busy with his R OSIE JUMPED from the clothes. When she turned to get trunk. On the moist car­ more shirts, Cardo took his eyes pet of the rotting mango leaves, away; from Elsa's picture which looking up at the huge od mango was pasted inside his aparador tree whose many bare b_ranches and hastily gathered the books rose as in suppliance into the inside the top drawers in order empty darkness, Rosie wondered to pack them. where Elsa could be. The small From the intensely warm city hut near the bamboo thickets for two summers, the old cou­ with its nipa shingles hanging ple had received the same curt loose and about to fall has been and coldly civil reply: they empty for two years. mulilt not expect him to come But Elsa were there, she home as he would spend even knew that there would be. no the summers at schCJol because more green fruits to tug at and it would mean finishing his share under the old tree. It course at a shorter period and would take years before the therefore he could return home green stems could shoot anew sooner than they expected him frotn the old trunk and with to. them, the tiny brownish-green "Kakang Isiang would be leaves. And then one can never waiting for us. By this time. tell if the fruits afterwards supper must be ready." would be as good, as fat and "We have finished but three as round as before.

* * *

The highest compact we can make with our fellow is,-Let there be truth between us two forever more.

-Ralph Waldo Emerson

FEBRUARY 1956 49 Book Review Dim-1-- -·---. -----· -- I

I a 1ahle * I By LEONARD CASPER _I

s IF TO take the curse of unpopularity off William a Faulkner's latest novel A Fable, his publishers have decorated the cover and section heads with crosses-in single, double and triple arrangements. Even the book jacket hopefully suggests correspondences bet­ ween the female characters and Magdalene, Martha, and Mary. Yet what may keep this from becoming "a classic during the lifetime of its author" is Faulkner's refusal to commit himself fully to his publisher's willful reading. In many ways, in fact, A Fable is not only fabulous but actually parodies orthodox Christian history. The anonymous corporal who, with twelve apostles, is responsible for the ceasefire among enlisted men on the West European front in the first World War, finally is executed at the age of 33, between two thieves: that is true. And he is resurrected (in a different, if not trans­ figured form). But the rest of his story is perverse in­ vention. The allegedly Christlike corporal is conceived not by the Holy Ghost but, illegitimately, by a French officer in Asia (who later, as allied commander-in-chief and symbol of caesarism, authorizes his own son's execution). The boy is raised by his half-sisters, the idiot Marya and long­ suffering Marthe who becomes a mother to him and brings him to France, eventually to confront his father. Before that moment in the war, however, the young cor­ poral marries an even younger prostitute. His miracu-

•William Faulkner, A Fable (Random House: New York, 1954) so PANORAMA lous power is limited to raising large sums of money, for operations on the blind. The corporal's plan to stop the munitions-makers' and generals' war is betrayed, for coin, by a certafo Pol­ chek who, however, unlike Judas refuses to kill himself in despair. After a "last supper" void of religious signi­ ficance (the thirteen eat their last meal greedily, grace­ lessly), the corporal is whisked off to a hilltop where his father, in the role of Satan now, tempts him with the world. Because he refuses, he is shot to death tied to a post. When the post collapses, his head becomes tangled in a crown of barbed wire. Finally, after his flesh has been "resurrected" by a barrage, it is deposited in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. His spirit apparently assumes a new and mutilated body and creates a riot at his father's bier.

HERE IS NO ascension, no pentecost, and only rudi­ 1 mentary signs of anyone's conversion. In fact, at least two men of good will whose consciences he has touched commit suicide. Such a parody, in modern times, can be equalled perhaps only by Robert Graves' "history of Christ"--or by Faulkner's own Nobel prize speech (man will prevail beyond ''the last ding dong of doom") which suddenly appears in the mouth of the new Caesar, the French marshal! Nor is it ever clear that the parody is inten­ tional; or, if it w(!re, what service it would perform in the novel's fullest meaning. After nine years of compo­ sition, A Fable still falters, largely because it cannot de­ cide whether to use or abuse its Christian elements. The way of their exploitation smacks of the man­ ner of Hollywood-for whom Faulkner has, several times, penned scenarios (such as Land of the Pharaohs) and from two of whose residents Faulkner received the basic idea for A Fable! The geography of influence on the novel's behavior, however, is not limited to Beverly Hills. Not only have American movies and best-sellers capitalized on what some people like to call a modern religious revival, but even literary critics have been affected. The hei::o of Mel­ ville's Billy Budd is now a Christ-figure, in standard in­ terpretation, simply because although innocent, he lets

FEBRUARY 1956 SJ himself be hanged, without complaint, by his substitute father Captain Vere. The fai=t that Billy is naive and Christ never was; the fact that Christ's death redeemed mankind and Billy's, no one; the fact that Christ suffered as God and man, and Billy as boy alone-these are ig­ nored. In the same mood of secular piosity, another cri­ tic reads Jim Conklin, the "tall soldier" in The Red Badge of Courage as a Christ-figure because he is wounded in the side, and his initials are J.C.! More recently, paid readers have tried to make a Christ-figure out of Santiago, in Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, largely because his hands are wounded and because as he creeps onto the beach after losing his fish to sharks, the furled sail on his back can be read as a symbol of the cross.

INALLY, contemporaries interpreting A Fable as a 1 Christ-story (and therefore failing to see what a religious critic might even consider blasphemy or heresy) have kept hands off. To a literary critic, how­ ever, whatever his religion, it should be evident that only thematic and structural weakness has resulted from the author's ambiguous attitude towards his subject: shall I use or abuse? shall I have my cake or eat it? Nor is the novel made inviolable by being called a fable. Even if A Fable dropped its pretensions of being a half-allegorical story of the Passion, it would still rank with only the less successful of Faulkner's novels. The long tale of the racehorse ( 1/8 of the book), published separately as "Notes on a Horse Thief," actually is sepa­ rable and only delays the story rather than compounds ~s meaning. Further delay results from the too-detailed, nevertheless basically undifferentiated, histories of minor characters; and from the author's love for runaway gram­ mar and multiple juxtapositions of adjectives, which (whatever their usefulness elsewhere) give this particu­ lar novel the look of a thesaurus: ("and then the voice, not even raised, murmurous, ventriloquial, sourceless, as though it were not even he but circumambience, the room, the high unsubstanced air itself somewhere about or among the soaring and shadowy cornices ... ") If the personal histories were more selective and the horse-thief intrusion omitted, the dramatic fluctuations

52 PANORAMA between scenes of individuals and the mass, so important as suspense before the corporal himself appears, could emerge with clarity. If the Passion allegory were elimi­ nated, Faulkner would be forced to do what he usually does so well: realize his characters in the human flesh. For almost the first time, his female characters are sub­ stanceless; his corporal is a spokesman but seldom a man. Indeed, the appeal of the old marshal, as person, exceeds that of the son! With such changes, the novel's dramatic values would not only endure but prevail: the almost unwitting doom visited on each other by father and son; the tug-of­ war between doughboy and munitions-maker; the clum­ sy hired death of General Gragnon; the crowd and the corporal's (now almost featureless) buddies. In them­ selves, these could make a novel the equal of The Sound and the Fury, Absalom! Absalom! or As I Lay Dying. Once Faulkner accused Hemingway of never going out on a limb. He himself has gone out on many-and most have broken beneath his unbalanced, unsteady weight. At least half of Faulkner's novels are minor; A Fable is among them, but for a new reason: the author has mistaken himself for a religious writer; and he con­ siders some topics so sacred that they can be tampered with, without compunction. Faulkner has much to say yet. His family of books demands that somewhere in human flesh he find resurrected values even in that South torn by the Snopes, the Compsons, and the compromising McCaslins. Restlessly, his readers wait.

* * * So It ls? A near-sighted man lost his hat in a stro_ng wind. He gave chase. A woman screamed from a nearby farmhouse: "What are you doing there?" "Getting my hat," he replied. "Your hat!" exclaimed the woman. "That's our little black hen you're chasing!"

FEBRUARY 1956 53 Lily Pons' quarter-century of singing

r; WENTY-FIVE years ago, a By EFREN SUNICO 1 small nervous woman in an audition for an opera company presenting "Lucia de enough to last through a per­ Lammermoor" was asked to formance." sing four of the most demanding A few months after, this wo­ arias in the repertory. These man, Miss Lily Pons in the were the mad scene from "Lu­ music world, made her debut cia," the Bell Song from "Lak­ in the title role of "Lucia de me," "Je suis Titania," from Lammermoor" at the Metropo­ "Mignon," and "Caro nome," litan Opera in New York. At from Rigoletto. the 25th anniversary of her de­ Having sung the four anas but, Miss Pons sang the four in her delightful coloratura arias of her audition. voice, she was asked to wait Today Msss Pons weighs while the head of the opera 109, a trifle stout, but she feels company sent for the president she now has more singing of the Metropolitan Opera As­ strength and better resistance sociaton. She stood by, grow­ to colds. ing more nervous by the mi­ Miss Pons' stage-fright is fa­ nute, until the latter arrived. mous in musical circles. It Then she was asked again to takes the form of being vio­ sing all four arias again. lently ill beginnng at 7 a.m. on "I think it is because I ain the day of the performance. so small," this woman recalled. She finds that her apprehen­ "I weigh only ninety-six pounds. siveness before a performance They want to see if I am strong does not diminish with the pass-

54 PANORAMA tinent by plane so often to vi­ sit the petite soprano, who was Record Team making motion pictures in Hol­ lywood, that U.S. airlines gave him a silver mug as their No. As a musical combination, 1 passenger. Once Kostalanetz they smashed attendance re­ cords in cities from coast to sent to Miss Pons by plane a coast. They have drawn ca­ 300-lb piano, especially de­ pacity audiences of 23,000 in signed and decorated with her New York's Lewisohn Sta­ favorite motif-the fleur-de-lis. dium; 60,000 in Milwaukee; Of course, the diva later mar­ 27,000 at Hollywood Bowl and the remarkable record they set ried the maestro. in Chicago (300,000), which Time magazine, devoting its still has people talking. 017 cover and several pages to a that tour across the continent lengthy article on the Metro­ they played to more than a politan Opera's "coloratura mo­ million people in five concerts. an all-time record in the mu­ nopoly" remarked: sical world. "Since her marriage to Kos­ telanetz, Pons has become the top attraction at summer con­ certs in U.S. parks and sta­ ing years. She has tried all diums. The coloratura voice, kinds of remedies, including which even musical dopes can psychiatry, without success, tell is high-priced, accounts for and finally accepted it as a part of her drawing power, but condition of performance. not all. Andre Kostelanetz is Miss Pons calls it "nervosi­ a competent stick-waver, and ty" and recognizes it as part of on records and the radio he 1he artist'.s burden of hyper­ plays, not symphonies and not sensitivity. jazz, but the kind of music plain people really like: his ar­ At the Metropolitan Opera rangments of 'standard' pieces, House, the soprano met a con­ Victor H;oerbert and such, beau­ ductor, Andre Kostelanetz; it tifully done up in balanced was not a characteristic en­ brass, reed and string tones, as counter between maestro :and rich as a lobster Newberg well­ diva - when inevitably sparks laced with sherry. The 300, fly. What followed the artistic 000 people they attracted- to association was a romance that Chicago's Grant Park are the captured the fancy of America. biggest crowd ever assembled Kostalanetz's courtship was a to hear good music. Says Lily lengthy one, during which he Pons: 'I've been told that only crossed and recrossed the con- dictators can get crowds like

FEBRUARY 1956 55 that.' And underlining her overlook its aspects of pure husband's part in the partner­ drudgery. ship, she has trilled: 'A woman "They don't realize," she who is not happy cannot sing says, '"what an artist must give nice.'" up."' Her rules for the good life, vocally speaking, are, like those r ILY PONS, for all her suc­ laid down by Tosi and Mancini L cessful quarter-century centuries ago, of almost monas­ operatic career, does not tic austerity. She does not have any illusions about sing­ drink or smoke, almost never ing. She feels that eager young goes to parties ("you never newcomers have a tendency to know what you might catch") think in terms of the glamour and spends her leisure hour<:i of a prima donna's life and in study. * * Condiments from Cambodia

GROWING WILD in Cambodia's back yards and fields are 3 7 varieties of one of the world's most popular seasonings. Cultivation of full-flavored pepper berries was begun qver 100 years ago in Indochina, but only a little before the turn of the century did it become: ari important crop. Today, Cambodia ranks as a leading exporter of pepper, other big producers in­ clude India, Malaya, Indonesia, Thailand and Sarawak. Supplying the savory condiment to the consumer market continues to be a case of the demand exceeding the production. Peppercorn growing is still a risky business, although systematized cultivation will cure the situation in time. It requires five years of carefuJ preparation before a pepper plantation yields its first good harvest. The vine-like plants strung to tall poles as they grow need very tender handling. The second World War caused sharp cutbacks, and brought a crushing reduction in pepper crops-and they are still only about a third of the pre-war total. First mention of the pepper plant in Cambodia is in account by Tcheou-Ta-Kouan, a Chinese who visited the kindom in 1925. He described the condiment growing wild in many places. A Dutch traveler named Wusthoff gave a similar story in 1644. At that time Venice and Genoa were the major commercial centers for pepper imported from India's west coast. Early in the 19th century pepper is known to have been cultivated in the Hong Chong area of southern Vietnam. The growers gradually migrated to Cambodia where the soil was very well-suited to the berry's development. The Province of Kampot, near the Gulf of Siam, became the busy center of cultivation for the many black and white pepper varieties served daily on family tables throughout the world.-Free World.

56 PANORAMA Literary PersonalitJ'-XIV

f?ie11.oe11.ido ~a11.fos: t~e Patadox ot !lmpeitectio11.'t

The smile hangs crooked

ONDO IS THE common home of Rafael Palma. Emi­ 1 lio Jacinto, and the greasegun gangs. In the Su­ lucan slums, near the railroad tracks in Tondo where Bienvenido Santos was born, lived a boy poorer even than himself, who later became a congressman: Ma­ capagal. Another poor but handsome boy pleased Santos by wearing only rubbers to church, because then he seemed not so tall: Rogelio de la Rosa. A few houses away lived a boy named Dy, who eventually found his face on the Philippines Free Press cover as a man of science in the service of the U.S. Army. Still another boy, whose family sold ice-drop in the neighborhood, was studying to be a sculptor in Ann Ar­ bor, Michigan, when Santos met him during the war. A former flyweight champion of the Orient was an An­ tonio Rivera boy-now almost blind and punch drunk. At least two of Santos' boyhood friends won first prizes in the sweepstakes. After winning, they disap­ peared. Not even their families knew of their where­ abouts. The difference is that wherever Santos has gone -America; Albay - he has never really forgotten Sulu­ can. Many of his most moving stories in two decades (although he continues to say that these subjects are big-

4 This is the fm.u:teenth of an exclusive Panorama series on leading literary personalities the world over, written by an authority on the subjeot.

FEBRUARY 1956 57 ger than his talent) have been "A Night in Sulucan,'' "End to Laughter," "And Men Decay," "The Common Theme" and "The Priest." They are the childhood that never leaves a man. "We had a house there," Santos remembers, "a crumbling nipa shack on a river bed. When the water rose, it was fun, but much of the time, it stank with the refuse of the entire neighborhood that floated along with the current. My father coughed his life out in that house. Mother died earlier--of cancer: it was just a little wound in her neck. Daily, just before 1 left for the elementary school in Calle Magdalena, I washed it with lysoI and Mother screamed and clawed at me. Often I cried with her-and I was alone in the world, except for an only brother-Greg-who was 23 years older than I. Greg died in 1948." You Lovely People is dedicated to Greg (as well as to "Aquing,'' his own wife Beatriz.)

[ATER SANTOS worked as a messenger for Mrs. Consuelo V. Fonacier, editor of The Woman's Outlook whose office was her house. When she left for the States, the magazine was turned over to Modesto Farolan, boss of the Philippine Herald. Because Farolan was too busy for a woman's magazine, Santos-still in his teens-be­ ~ame everything from publisher to janitor. When the ma­ ~azine died, Farolan made him proofreader for the Herald. At the same time he managed, in 1931, to graduate from the University of the Philippines with a BSE. He joined the 1932 commencement exercises instead, per­ haps because of another graduate named Beatriz: "she had her hands full of bouquets and bouquets of all sorts of flowers; and since I had none of my own, and, as a matter of fact, there was nobody there to greet me, I volunteered to hold some of the flowers for her." The following year they were married. The great, human humor of Bienvenido Santos has never been doubted by anyone except himself. He alone knows how much there has been in his life to despair about: that is why the smile hangs crooked sometimes, with a sort of unbelieving hope. He can hardly believe, for example, that You Love­ ly People has been published. Will it circulate now? Will

58 PANORAMA it be read? He will not be surprised to learn that one critic has already mistaken "the lovely people" for Ame­ ricans, although this is Santos' finest record of Pinoy life during the war. In 1941, Santos had been sent as a pensionado to the University of Illinos; later he studied creative writing (Columbia) and Basic English (Harvard). After Japan bombed Baguio and Manila, he was asked by the U.S. Office of Education to tour America and lecture on the strengths and stamina of his people. "It was nothing," he says now, "all I did was talk sincerely, all I did was be myself, liking people, warm­ ing up easily in company; and I loved my countryme11, the so called Pinoys who were simple and good and trust­ ing once they found you were not a snob simply because you went to college and you didn't have to work like them." Sometimes he stayed on a campus for a week, ming­ ling with anyone who could talk or listen. He thought that he was hard, he felt so lost in loneliness. Yet Ame­ ricans felt the kindness of his honesty: "they wrote Wash­ ington such heart-warming letters, I felt grand, I felt tall, I even felt handsome." Santos felt more at home with such strangers than he did at the Philippine Embassy, run at that time by mestizos who perhaps thought him useful as a front. "I looked like a Filipino, no one else in the Embassy looked like one; and some of them passed themselves off as South Americans and got away with it, what with their fluent Spanish and their looks." ·

ODAY, A PROFESSOR and ranking official of the Le­ 7 gaspi Colleges in Albay, Santos is constantly made mindful of the price of position: "As a school administrator I am not so happy because I cannot al­ ways be good to everybody; and I want to be good to everybody, that is, I am afraid to hurt other people be­ cause I am so easily hurt myself." His own history of self-doubt has taught him to bear humanely with others' faults and keep them company until their faith is restored. At Harvard once, when sum­ mer covered the grass, I. A. Richards chanted T. S. Eliot and Gerard Manley Hopkins to a student group; and

FEBRUARY 1956 59 later Santos wandered through streets and commons "far beyond midnight, cursing myself, cursing my fate because I could not write, because I dared not write." In a country where even teen-agers like to fatten on the shadows of patron poets' glory, the patience and hu­ mility of a man like Bienvenido Santos is heartwarming. Paradoxically, it is probably this very humility, these doubts, this reluctance to consider that he has ever yet achieved perfection which, prodding him with dissatis­ faction, convey Santos closer and closer to memorability. * *

1 N AN ATMOSPHERE OF PEACE and quiet about 900 le- prosy patients in the south of India are endeavoriniz; to check the ravages of their disease and rebuild their lives. These are the patients at the Lady Willingdon Leprosy San­ atorium, 3 7 miles from the city of Madras. Here, in a scenic setting of green hills and blue skies, leprosy patienis receive free medical treatment in surrounding which tend to reduce the disastrous psychological effects of their disease. Patients from far and near wait at the clinic gate every morning for consultation. After tests, they are treated with sulphone and oil and the latest leprosy drugs. Those requir­ ing surgery or hospitalization are taken ta the Sanatorium's sizeable hospital. Useful work as a key to happiness is stressecl. by the Sanatorium. There is an industrial workshop and a textile branch with handlooms; there is also a 12-acre farm where rice, fruits and vegetables are cultivated. In the workshop, training is given, especially to teen-age patients, in c:ar­ pentry, blacksmith work and other crafts. Inmates who can work are provided bicentives of rice rations, cloth and utility goods from the community store. Patients are taught methods of treatment and encouraged to care for one another. Patients who do not require hospitalization live in houses which they lease for a very nominal fee. Housing and food are free for patients who can not afford to pay. Founded in 1924, the Sanatorium was operated by mis­ sionaries until the Indian government assumed charge in 1948. India's aim under the current Five-Year Plan is to provide more and more homes like this ·Sanatorium to care for those unfortunate afflicted with the disease of leprosy. *

60 PANORAMA For the "Cniversity of the Masses" we should first strive to make every Filipino i~ucatiou. a good Filipino

man" out of every citizen of our Republic. To make a good Filipino, we have first to define what by Pttactical r.ommon consent amongst our­ selves is a good Filipino. A good Filipino is one who loves his country and people because he knows its history, because he understands fullv what his country's flag stands for, because he sincerely appre­ ciates what previous genera­ tions of Filipinos, including he­ By Sen. Jose P. Lam·el roes, martyrs and other great and distinguished men, did and achieved in the past as a result of which the present is better than previous times, tomorrow will surely be better than to­ If N PRACTICAL terms edu­ day. ~ cation for us is merelv Without this feeling of con­ the making cf a good tmuity and steady progress in Filipino and life actually means the life of a nation, no man can the solution of economic prob­ be a good man because faith lems. Given the raison d'etrP. m God itself would become of democratic principles and meaningless. We all make et­ certain ethical imperatives, the forts at improving our lot and tasks we need to accomplish if conditions in general, some· we are to build the "University times through great sacrifices of the Masses" in our country because we know, by instinct are: ( 1 ) The making of a good and by the recorded history of Filipino through instruction and mankind, that life in this world training; ( 2) The making of a ts not an endless treadmill, that good "economic man" out of backwardness and stagnation every Filipino; and ( 3) The are not the permanent status of making of a good "universal men and of any country.

FEBRUARY 1956 61 A good Filipino therefore i~ ters of a lake teeming with edi­ one who has deep faith in prog­ ble fish. ress through efort, in improve­ Having now defined the in­ ment of everything through stu­ dispensable attributes that a dy and hard work. good Filipino must have, I may A good Filipino is also one now discuss briefly the kind of who cherishes the boons and instruction and trammg that riches that a kind and gt::neroU3 has to be gven to the young in Providence has vouchsafed to tte "University of the Masses". his nation and homeland be­ A young pupil will not grow cause, in the words of Apoli­ up into a good Filipino, loving nario Mabini, this is "the only his homeland and protecting Paradise God hath given thet: and wisely utilizing the natural in this life"; and because the resources Providence has en­ boons and riches of other lands dowed his country with, and were obviously not meant for ready and willing to defend his the Filipinos' husbanding, sus­ country against foreign aggres­ tenance and enjoyment. sion or exploitation ,if he does Cherishing the boons and not know intimately the true riches of his homeland, the good history of his race, his nation, Filipino works hard to utilize his people, his country, and its them, to develop them, to con­ institutions. serve them for future genera­ tions of Filipinos, to improve HE JAPANESE and thP. them and augment them if this 7 English, the Americans can be done. This is the mean­ and the Germans, in ing of the common phrase "the fact, all progressive peoples of patrimony of our nation" and the world are invariably patrio­ of .the other common phrase tic, hard-working, efficient, "development and conservation proud of their nationality, hon­ of our natural resources." orable, and most of the time A good Filipino protects and prosperous, because from their preserves the natural resources tender years they are made to of his homeland against study, to know by heart, the thoughtless or wasteful utiliza­ history of their race, homeland, tion, against alienation or loss institutions, the lives and teach­ through pilferage, through un­ ings of their heroes, martyrs conscionable exploitation by and other great men, all the outsiders, or through criminal sum total of what is called a destruction as when a man de­ nation's culture; in short, they liberately or through careless­ are literally steeped in national ness destroys a forest by fire or pride from childhood. They are causes the poisoning of the wa- also trained very early how to

62 PANORAMA conserve their national wealth, every Filipino into a good "eco­ and how to preserve irreplace­ nomic man". Economics would able riches for future genera­ not become a problem if every tions. human being produced by him­ For instance, pollution of a self all that he and his family river or brook is a criminal of­ needed for a comfortable life, fense in many states of the and did not have to work for Union, reckless and unseason­ anybody else in order to make able killing of game is prohi­ a living. Modern society does bited in England, and in Japan not permit that kind of a life, one cannot cut down a tree in and so we have many difficult a public forest without planting economic problems. a new tree to replace it. In When I say, therefore, that a England, I have been told, even Filipino must be instructed and the spoliation of fine natural trained to be a good "economic scenery is prohibited. man", I merely mean that he This cherishing of one's na­ must be prepared to earn a de­ tural wealth and wise and care­ cent livelihood under conditions ful ub'tilization of natural re­ which abound in numerous eco­ sources is taught to the young nomic problems but that as he in all progressive countries. It works for a living he also con­ is time we also inculcate gen­ tributes to the solution of those uine national pride and faith­ problems. For instance, many ful cherishing of our natural of our small farmers, even when wealt hinto our young. they own the land they till, are Needless to say, the curricu­ not good producers, and cannot lum of the "University of the make a decent livelihood, be­ Masses" that I have in mind cause they are untaught in good will contain suitable material farming science and technolo­ and effective methods for incul­ gy. And one of our serious eco­ cating genuine love of country nomic problems is low produc­ and pride of nation and loving tion per unit of investment in care for our natural resources man-hours of labor, in land cul­ into all the pupils so they may tivated, in money spent for be expected to grow up to be seeds, fertilizers and other re­ good Filipinos. quirements of production. After we have succeeded in In other words, most of our providing a curriculum and workers on the land not only teaching method that can insure fail to derive comfortable live­ the instruction and training of lihood out of their labors, they our young into good, patriotic also do not contribute to the so­ Filipinos, the next task we have lution of one of our serious eco­ to undertake is the making of nomic problems--under-produc-

FEBRUARY 1956 63 tion and inefficient production. They are not good "economic men." How, then, may we in­ struct and train good "economic men"? In the matter of small­ scele farming, we may emulate the Japanese who, on less than two acres of land, can produce three to four times what a Fi­ lipino can get from the same piece of land. mic men," emulate what are called the Folk High Schools of HE JAPANESE do it by us­ Denmark. In that country, 7 ing all the scientific every section or area, or what know-how that they can corresponds to our barrio, has acquire or that their govern­ an organized economic life, ment can put at their disposal, based on the cooperative prin­ by intense cultivation and lov­ ciple. ing care of the crop, by cease­ Each such section or area less experimentation on how h2s one or more Folk High best to coax the soil to give the Schools. The curriculum in maximum yield. Incidentally, each school is based on the also a Japanese farmer always needs and problems and natu­ cooperates with a neighbor far­ ral resources of the locality. mer, the community as a whole Tne pupils are first of all made in turn cooperates with every literate-that is, they are farmer, and the governrnent, m taught reading, writing and its own turn, cooperates with arithmetic; then they are made all groups engaged in all sorts into good Danes, through in­ of economic enterprise. tensive teaching of Danish his­ In short, from the mdividual tory, literature, and the achievet UJ..1 to the whole nation, and ments of the Danish people from the national government since ancient times. down to the humblest individ­ They are thus sure of grow­ ual, there is coordination, dis­ ing up into proud and patriot cipline, organization and pur­ Danes who also cherish the pose, all aimed at making eve­ beauties and natural resources ry Japanese a good "economic of their homeland which, by the man." way, compared to those that In the matter of crafts and we have in the Philippines, are industrial production, we may, rather very meager. in instructing and training our Then they are trained and young to become good "econo- taught to become good "econo-

64 PANORAMA mic men." They are appren­ subject always to necessary ticed in the cooperative or co­ modifications, the system of operatives of the locality; some­ education that they have evol­ time;:; a Folk High School itself ved and which has produced has a cooperative. If it is a good Japanese and Danish citi­ dairy-products locality, the local zens who are also good Japan­ cooperatives produce dairy pro­ ese and Danish "economic ducts; if it is a fishing locality, men." the loc;:il cooperatives are either those of fishermen, or of those UR THIRD TASK in the who preserve fish. The student 0 "University of the Mas­ continues his work in his ses" is the making of school, such as studying phy­ each Filipino youth into a good sical and natural sciences, so­ "universal man." Here the mat­ cial sciences, philosophy, litera­ ter is relatively simple. All we ture, etc., but he is also part­ need to do is select from our time worker in a cooperative. existing curricula and methods \Vhen he finishes his school­ in our different schools, colleges ing, he becomes merely a full­ and universities, public and pri­ time worker in the cooperative vate, those materials and tech­ where he has already been ap­ niques that are helpful in giv­ prenticed while a student. No­ ing even a humble citizen a body leaves school to face un­ good understanding of proper employment or frustration. If relationship with other peoples, the student, after finishing in a an awareness of the universal Folk High School, wants to con­ values of what is called civili­ tinue to college, both his aca­ zation, and some abiding ap­ demic training and his coope­ preciation of art and science, ratives experience have ade­ philosophy, religion and world quately prepared him for col­ literature. lege work, and for earning his For the fact of the matter is, expenses, even partly, if he has if I may say so in all frankness, spare time for work. Under our present educational system such a system of education is topsy-turvy in the sense that which is married to economic all along we have been trying needs of the people, mass un­ to make of the Filipino a good employment is seldom, if ever, "universal man" but we have a problem. neglected to make him first a The Japanese and the Danes good Fliipino and a good "eco­ are instructed and trained from nomic man." early youth to become good We should now reverse the "economic men"; it is, I believe, process so that we can make quite feasible for us to adopt, some progress, so that we may

FEBRUARY 1956 65 solve our numerous social and good Filipino, every Filipino a economic problems, and so we good "economic man" and then may stop being a confused and every Filipino also a good "uni­ an aimless nation. Let us, versal man". This is the sum through the "University of the total of education and practical Masses" make every Filipino a life.

* * *

Sorry--Right Number I This story was told by a visiting American scientist, a cer­ tain Dr. Bartlett, to a Filipino diplomat. It appears that the savant attended a scientific convention in a large city which he was visiting for the first time. Missing accommodation in the official hotel for delegates, he scouted around and finally registered in a hotel downtown. Having washed and dressed for the evening, he stepped out for a movie. The convention was scheduled to start in the mor­ ning. Suddenly, coming out of the movie, a devastating truth downed upon him: he had forgotten his hotel address! Worse still, he could not remember even the name of the hotel. After a half hour of fruitless wandering-hoping vaguely that he might hit on the place-he entered a drugstore. Then he be­ gan thumbing through the huge telephone directory and system­ atically calling up all _the listed hotels, from A toZ. "Is Dr. Bartlett registered here?" he would ask. The familiar answer came back: "Sorry, sir, there is no guest here by that name." He must have made more than two dozen calls when he hit upon the right hotel. "Yes, sir, Dr. Bartlett is registered here. But he isn't in right now." "Well, I am Dr. Bartlett,'' he explained. Then adding an embarrassed "thank you," he hung up. But still he didn't know the street and number. So he stepp­ ed out of the telephone booth, directory in han!l, and asked the young lady behind the counter.. "Can you tell me where this hotel is?" he asked, pointing at the name in the name in the directory. "Yes," the young lady replied. "Upstairs."

*

66 PANORAMA The fallacy of state patronage

How FREE rs tlie Wotl~ PRESS? •

NLY FOUR out of forty and government-induced mob 0 non-totalitarian govern­ attacks on newspaper plants are ments do not restrict not uncommon. In other count­ freedom of the press in one ries with a traditionally free way or the other. press, newspapermen have been , This fact was established by intimidated by administrative the International Press Insti­ measures directed against com­ tute's latest study. The tally munist subversion. doe::; not include countries In all countries covered in where press freedom is a lost the study, where there is a cause. Some of the countries constitution, it guarantees the included in the IPI study are freedom of the press or, in more traditionally democratic, others general terms, freedom of ex­ have just won their freedom, pression. The shortest state· others are on the verge of die-· ments, those which merely es­ tatorship. They all have oppo­ tablish the freedom of the press sition newspapers which may as a principle, are generally be subject to varying degrees considered the most satisfac­ of pressure from official quar­ tory. As soon as the States ters. start elaborating the conditions The IPI found that danger­ uEder which the freedom of the ous constitutional c 1 a u s e s , press is recognized, then the stringent penal code provisions principle itself is liable to be and restrictive special laws are watered down all being enforced against news­ In some Middle East, count­ papers the regime f r o w n s ries the constitution specifies against. In a few countries that the freedom of the press is that are democratic in name guaranteed "within the limits rather than in fact, journalists of the law." The implications are subject to arbitrary arrest, of such a formula when the

FEBRUARY 1956 67 law itself is restrictive of free­ separate legislation is called for dom, are obvious. It is for the owing to the special nature of law to obey the principle ins­ offenses committed by the cribed in the basic charter, and oress. Press laws do not neces­ not vice versa. ~arily entail restrictions on the The laws on security are freedom of the press, although particularly feared by the press. in fact they generally do. The Constitution or the Penal Economic and political pres­ Code generally contains mea­ sures are just as effective as sures designed to protect the pressures deriving from the security of the state and its ins­ law, often more effective, anrl titutions. It is a bad sign when much more insidious. Some­ a government thinks it neces­ times in fact they appear in le­ 'sary to promulgate a special gal guise and, when that hap­ law. pens, it is less the spirit of the As their aim is to reinforce law or regulation which is im­ ordinary legislation laws on se­ portant than the way it is ap­ curity or the defense of the re­ plied. gime are inevitably severe and In almost all countries the iead to a stringent control of State accords the press a spe­ the press. They often allow cial status. Australia and Pa­ the executive to act in an ar­ kistan are among the few bitrary way, because most of countries that do not regard these laws do not offer the same the press as serving the public guarantees of defense as ordi­ interest. In most other count­ nary laws. ries, the State grants the press ail sorts of facilities; reduction (? INCE THE war, several of or even exemption from ~ laws of this type have taxes, especially customs duties been added to the legal on the import of paper; trans­ arsenal of the democracies to port facilities, subsidies to the strengthen their defenses national news agencies, etc. against hostile or revolutionary The country which goes the forces. greatest length in granting this Press laws, as generally un­ kind of favor is Italy. Journa­ derstood, do not confine them­ lists enjoy considerable privi­ selves to the conditions of pub­ leges even in their private ca­ lication. Their main function pacity. is the regulation of press of­ Th:.s solicitude is generally fenses. This is the point where in inverse proportion to the fi­ the real controversy begins. nancial strength of a country's Some hold that common law press. Precisely because of its should suffice. Others hold that weakness, the press might feel

68 PANORAMA indebted or obliged to the gov­ government spends about one ernment. It knows that all million dollars in this way. Ha­ the2e privileges may at any vana newspapers receive botel­ time be withdrawn by the las ranging from $2,000 to State. In this way, the author­ $20,000, while individual re­ ities are in a position to exert porters get from $100 to $300 indirect pressure. It is the cre­ a month, their salary being dit of a large number of gov­ barely $100 a month. ernments that they make no Similar practices exist to a use of their opportunities for smaller or greater extent in blackmail of this sort. other countries, perhaps in most countries. And it must be re­ PART FROM the granting cognized that when public au­ a of subsidies and other thorities use this kind of pres­ financial facilities to sure to win newspapers to their newspapers by governments, cause it is not they who are ne­ newspapermen themselves may cessarily the villains. The pub­ be given bribes and other fa­ lisher or journalist who accepts vors. This practice is rife in bribery, who may even make Cuba, where the bride goes by the overtures, is even more to the name of botella and usually be despised. takes the form of direct pay­ In every country of the ments made to newspapermen world, the public authorities to keep them friendly to the canvass the press, or some pa­ government. In addition, they pers at least. This may take are often awarded fictitious the form from an informal ap­ functions and sinecures. proach to a newspaper editor The botellas received by by a minister on a man-to-man certain Havana editors are basis, to the sending of regular tantamount to a regular sub­ directives to editorial stafts, sidy. It is estimated that the who are expected to obey them

PUBLIC OPINION Nothing can be more i!llportant for the safeguarding of democratic freedoms, and the freedom of the press in particular, than a watchful public opinion. Silence or indif­ ference is the greatest danger. This has been seen in the Union of South Africa, where the ostracizing of the English· language press by government circles produced hardly any reaction from the general public.

FEBRUARY 1956 69 or sale. Between these two ex­ pressures have emerged in tremes there is room for a wide countries which are democratic range of intervention: sugges­ by tradition and which have a tions, recommendations, warn­ long history of freedom and of ings, instructions, refusals to parliamentary life. Such is the communicate. case in the Union of South Af­ Sometimes these directives r:ca and to a lesser degree eveni come ,from a special govern­ in Australia and France. These ment information office set up pressures are all the more dis­ for the purpose. Nothing makes astrous because of their insi­ the press more suspicious. The dious nature. They are often idea of a government informa­ the result of an atmosphere of tion office is too reminiscent of tension, the consequence of an the censorship and methods of unhealthy political climate press control which prevail in which affects a journalist main­ totalitarian states and which ly intellectually; his freedom of obtained during the war even expression may suffer just as in democratic countries. much as when the pressures New forms of government are of a more direct kind. * *

Science and Letters "To most scientists writing is a very painful ordeal. Agricultural research papers in particular show some of the best examples of how not to write. Because of stolid adherence to the working outline, the resulting product gives a stilted and rigidly stylized effect. Seldom does it catch a fleeting glimpse of the rare light of imagination and adept use of the difficult tool of prose. This limitation is further enhanced by our necessity to use a borrowed language. While technical terms are frequently necessary in a scientific trea­ tise, authors are inclined unnecessarily to encumber their pa­ pers with inelegant expressions that they mistake for technical language, or with intemperate use of scientific hocus-pocus which merely serves to perplex the reader . . . That there is no essential difference between scientific and literary writing is exemplified by Darwin in his Origin of Species. The rea­ son for the sudden popularity of this book has been that it can be read and understood by the average educated man.'' -Leopoldo Uichanco *

70 PANORAMA Some timely pointers

~Volio Isn't Licl~ed Yeti

I I

rt HE BELIEF that poliomye- In less-developed countries 1 litis (infantile paraly- where infection is widespread, sis) is a "rich man's di­ immunity is acquired by the £ease" and is limited to certain people at an early age and i;i:roups of people is erroneous. severe cases are rarely known. It occurs all over the world and The most fr{!quent victims of any human being is subject to the paralytic form of polio are infection caused by three residents of progressive areas known types of tiny polio vir­ where high standards of living uses, the Brunhilde, the Lan­ and hygiene are observed and sir:g, and the Leon. natural chances of developing The degree of poliomyelitis immunity early are practically infection varies from a slight nil. Similarly ,(:hildren who live form which shows very little 1in the country who are less or no outward symptom to a exposed to infection fall easier severe paralytic stage. Both victims to polio than city types develop polio antibodies youngsters who are conditioned in the blood which produce im­ by crowded living. ~:nunify against recurrence of the disease. A great majority (r HE BIG PROBLEM of doc- of the world's population con­ 1 tors was the search for tract the disease without ap­ a means of producing parent manifestations. The pa­ immunity in everybody at the ralytic forms is the exception earliest possible age. A recent rather than the rule, and it development toward this goal strikes principally those who is the Salk polio vaccine, which have not ;acquired sufficient is now being administered to immunity. American children. It is being

FEBRUARY 1956 71 made available to the free ga!lization publication gives the world by the United States and the following advice for polio­ promises a good solution to idected areas: thb problem. .l . Wash the hands frequent­ Pclio epidemics usually oc­ ly with soap and water. cur during the summer months 2. Prote:t food from flies in temperate regions, and and wash fruit and un­ throughout the year with hea­ cooked vegetables tho­ viest incidence during the rainy roughly. months in tropical countries. The first symptoms, which ap­ 3. Avoid association with pear 10 days after exposure, membErs of a family in are temperature, sore throat, which a polio case has nausea and vomiting, abdomi­ occurred recently. nal pains, constipation or diar­ 4 . Close all unchlorinated swimming pools. rhea, and ebnormal weakn~ss. In severe cases, these are fol­ 5. Exercise caution in treat­ lowed by a 3-to-6-day "pre­ ing cases of fever by con­ paralytic" phase characterized sulting a competent doc­ by flushed face with paleness tor. around the mouth, slight tem­ operations for the remov- perature, headaches, and leg 6. Where possible, avoid and back pains. The paralytic al cf tonsils and adenoids; phase sets in, generally, within and suspend vaccinations three days. or intramuscular inje:;­ A recent World Health Or- tions of irritant character.

* * * Unto Eternity A long-winded attorney was arguing a technical case before one of the judges of the court of first instance. He had rambled on in such a desultory way that it became very difficult to follow his line of thought, and the judge had just yawned very suggestively. With just a trace of sarcasm in his voice, the tiresome attorney ventured to observe: "I sincerely trust that I am not unduly trespassing on the time of this court." "My friend," returned his Honor, "there is a consid­ erable difference between trespassing on time and encroach­ ing upon eternity." *

72 PANORAMA Our nei~hbors

0 THE YOUNGSTERS wait­ school of 600 boys and girls. 7 ing at Rangoon airport, At the Daw Tha Htet School, the smiling, gentle lady five-year-olds to eighteen-year­ who stepped from the silver olds have classes and many ex­ plane was "teacher," home from tra activities-music, basket­ a trip to the faraway Philip­ ball, football, exercises, games, pines. dancing and exhibitions. To Burma, a land where wo­ But Daw Tha Htet's day ne­ men have . long led unfettered ver ends with the school's. She and useful lives, this was Daw is an area president of the Ma­ Tha Htet, an honored educator. ternal and Infant Welfare So­ Daw Tha Htet went to Ma­ ciety. This organization re­ nila as Burma's only delegate ceives Burmese government aid to the Pan-Pacific Conference and help from the United Na­ of Women. There, as always, tions International Children's she made many friends for her­ Emergency Fund (UNICEF) self and for Burma. to provide midwives, midwife­ When she flew back home, ry kits, health visitors and sew­ her plane was hours late, but ing machines to rural families. none of her waiting students Daw Tha Htet's area covers would leave without greeting some 10,000 people. her. "Teacher" is as beloved in her Kamayut school as she is AW THA HTET has a bu­ revered for her long career as D sy family life, too. She a Burmese educator. lives with her mother A graduate of Rangoon :Uni­ who is eighty-six. Some of her versity, Daw Tha Htet has her cousins and sisters-in-law teach seconoary teachers' certificate. at her school. Other relatives She has taught at the Myome live near by. Her father was National Girls' School in Ran­ an accountant for the Burma goon and was senior mistress Railways for thirty years and there for twelve years. When it was he who chose the name the war came, she taught a she has fulfilled-"Tha" mean­ small group in her own home, ing "better'' and "Htet" mean- the beginning of her present ing "sharp." ·

FEBRUARY 1956 73 ~°"" 1 '7'Weeet:t ~ IRON CURTAIN

Communism at close range

By PETE GROTHE Stanford University

MET the tragedy of I confess to more than a ca­ Communism a few hours sual nervousness as I crossed ago. I met it intimate- into the East Sector. It was no ly when I slipped into the Rus­ secret that the Communist po­ sia sector of Berlin to watch a lice and secret police would be mammoth d e mo n st r at i o n out in record force, with such staged by the local Communists valuable lives to be protected in honor of two very special as those of Kruschev and Bul­ guests-Moscow's Nikita Krus­ ganin. Nor was my nervous­ chev and Nikolai Bulganin. ness eased by my first exper­ My friends wrote me off as ience after walking past the unspeakably insane for going. Brandenburg Gate which di­ And their apprehensions were vides East and West. not without base. In the six A cloudburst cut loose and months I have lived in this di­ I ran for the nearest shelter, a vided city I have learned that small shack in a bombed-out the brash young Vopos (East lot. When I reached the shack, German "people's police") are I found nine armed Vopos in­ not averse to bothering us side. This not being the type "American warmongers." And of company I like to keep, yet, I could not conceive of the cloudburst or no cloudburst, I Kremlin's men being as close as started to look for another shel­ Marx-Engels Platz (East Ber­ ter. lin's answer to Moscow's Red But I didn't get very far. Square) ~nd my being any­ Two of the Vopos motioned me where else. to return to the shack. I wasn't

74 too worried because I didn't streets, readying their red flags, think they had recognized me their pictures of Kruschev and as an American. I was dressed Bulganin, and their placards. like a German. And I was I reached Marx-Engels Platz right; they just wanted to offer at 4 p.m. and planted myself me a shelter from the rain. about one-third of the Stanford Since it would have aroused football field away from the re­ suspicion for me to turn down viewing stand. By 5 p.m. more their hospitality, I entered the than 250,000 persons were in shack. the square, and at 5:05 p.m. There sat the green-uni­ Kruschev, Bulganin, several formed Vopos. They'd have other members of Russia's Ge­ had great sport indeed if they'd neva Conference team. and the learned I was an American. My top officials of the East Ger­ heart thumped in triple time as man government strode onto I hoped for two things: one, the platform. A roar, not com­ that the cloudburst would let mensurate with the huge crowd i.1.p quickly; and two, that no yet unmistakably enthusiastic, one would speak to me. I'm at greeted the beaming Commu­ the point where I speak pretty nist officials. good menu German, but two SQUINT-EYED, bulbous Krus­ words would give me away as chev, wearing a well-tailored non-Teutonic. suit, waved his hat to the Both my prayers were ans­ crowd. Bulganin, attired in a wered, and I whipped out with­ handsome powder blue suit and out so much as an aut wieder­ a clashing green hat, responded seben. to the applause with the car­ Unter den Linden, the street riage of a real showman. which before World War II My eyes were glued on these was second in Europe only to two men. Here, standing 30 ~he Champs-Elyses, has been yards away from me, were the ·completely Sovietized. Be­ two top leaders of the most tween the rubble and the ske­ bestial world movement that letal buildings are such edifices history knows of. Here were as the Russian embassy, Com­ the two men whose collective munist Youth headquarters, w h\i m (collective by all and a Communist culture mu­ means!) could precipitate an seum. On this day there was atomic war which staggers the .grimly festive air prevalent. imagination. Here were the O m n i p r e s e n t loudspeakers two men who directly guide blared Communist pep songs, the lives of 800 million per­ and mobs of shabbily dressed sons and who indirectly affect marchers formed along the side the destinies of the free world's

FEBRUARY' ~95fi 75 nearly 2 billion inhabitants. dreds left during the speeches. It hardly seemed so. Krus­ But there was one urgently tra­ chev looked like a good-natured gic note in what I saw. The second vice-commander of a teen-agers and younger child­ local American Legion post. ren were almost unanimously And Bulganin, with his silver enthusiastic. mane and goatee to match and I looked down at an ador- his lpana smile, looked like a 2 ble blonde girl next to me. She Man of Distinction ad. was perhaps 10, with pigtails, The speeches began, and I a plentifully freckled pug nose, listened-first to balding Otto and two huge dimples. She. Grotewohl, the harsh-voiced could have been straight out East German prime minister. Hansel und Gretel. But in her He talked of peace and free­ hand she clutched a red ham­ dom and democracy, and of mer-and-sickle flag. She wore friendship with the Soviet the coarse blue and white uni­ Union. Grotewohl finally fin­ form of the Young Pioneers, ished, and Kruschev, his naked the Red equivalent of our Cub pate oddly reflecting the setting Scouts and Brownies. Pinned sun, took his place. to her dress was a Communist Kruschev took twice as long medal. as Grotewohl-not because he Quietly, not really knowing spoke longer but because his why, I asked, "Do you like Bul­ dependence on an interpreter ganin?" She seemed startled took time. He talked of peace that anyone could even think and freedom and democracy, of such a question. and of friendship with the Ger­ "Yes." man People's Democratic Re­ "Why?" public. "I don't know. I just like BUT MORE than listening, I him." was watching. I was watching At this moment, I think, I the faces of the people around truly understood the tragedy of me. Why were they here? Be­ Communism for the first time. cause they were devoted Com­ It's strange how it takes proxi­ munists? Because they were mity to make a thing real. A curious? Because it was the suicide three houses down the thing to do? Or was it because block is much more vivid to us they didn't dare stay away? than 15,000 famine deaths in I'm sure the answer can be far-off India. So it was here found in all of these things. Per­ I had studied the Co;mmunist haps just one in five was fero­ movement at StanfoJ"d, and ab­ ciously enthusiastic. The others horred it intellectually. But I were lukewarm or passive; bun- never detested it with every ft-

76 PANORAMA ber of my body, as I did at this Bulganin (with special atten­ moment when I saw a little tion to a large group of Com­ blondie with pigtails enthusias­ munist Youth) and the crowd tically waving a hammer-and­ quickly dispersed. sickle flag. I remained and watched SHE COULD have been born faces as people left. The KVP in Paoli, Indiana, or Palo Alto, (East German Army) marched California. But she wasn't. She to waiting trucks in a strut al­ was born in East Berlin. And most identical with Hitler's because of this, the Communist goose step-and I recalled Youth (it's almost impossible ghosts of the past. Approxi­ for a youngster to keep out of mately 600 Germans emerged • had taken up a good part from a church where they had of her free time. It had al­ been sheltering against possible lowed her to participate in disorder. games and sport, and in some I stayed right there until way given her a vague feeling none remained except two old that Communism was responsi­ bums sniping cigarette butts off ble for these fine things. the square. And I tried to col­ She didn't have any reasons lect my jumbled impressions: for liking Bulganin, but she The world's foremost despot didn't need any. The enthu­ looking like a mild and minor siasm was there, and that was American Legion official. all the Communists wanted from a 10-year.old. The sweet­ East German soldiers goose­ sounding reasons would come stepping. later. And a blonde, pigtailed girl Kruschev finished his speech, waving a Communist flag. and a party functionary gave a A chilling wind rustled down ~efinitely anticlimatic talk. Unter den Linden and fanned .£hen a Communist hymn which out into Marx-Engels Platz. I no one could afford not to sing, pulled my collar over my neck, or pretend to sing. A final wav­ turned around, and headed ing of hands by Kruschev and slowly back to West Berlin. * * *

An optimist is a man who looks after your eyes, a pes­ simist looks after your feet.

*

FEBRUARY 1956 77 What to do in case of dogbites

HE DANGEROUS DISEASE known es rabies, or hydropho­ T bia, is en ailment common in many tropical coun­ tries. Essentially an animal disease, it is usually trans­ mitted to human beings through the bites of dogs, cats, horses, sheep, goats end rats. Dog bites account for about 90% of human cases. The disease is caused by a virus present in the saliva of infected animals which gets into the human blood stream in two ways: an animal bite lacerates the skin, the saliva wets the laceration and introduces the virus into the blood end tissues; or, an infected animal's mouth touches on open cut or wound on the skin of a person end wets it with its saliva. Dogs end other pets can be very easily immunized by injection with anti-rabies serum. That is the only safe way in which to be sure that the animal will not become infected. If you have been bitten by an animal, either rabid or not immunized, steps should be taken immediately to prevent development of the disease. If the bite is neglected long enough for positive symptoms, the disease, in most cases, causes death. Very few people have been known to recover from it in such cases. Here is what you should do: .Clean the bite thoroughly with soap end water end , make it bleed freely. If the wound is severe enough to require stitches, keep the edges open and apply either nitric acid, carbolic acid solution or tincture of iodine; then wash with 70% alcohol while waiting for surgical treatment. As soon as humanly possible after a person has been bitten by a rabid dog, or by one that is not known to be immune, the Pasteur series of anti-rabies injections should be started. The number of daily injections varies from 14 to 25, depending on the potency of the vaccine and th11 health of the patient. The administration of the anti-rabies injections is not entirely without danger and should be done only by doctors trained in its use. Allergic skin manifestations, paralysis or even death may follow if given indiscriminately.

78 PANORAM.. One mark of an educated man is the possession of a reasonable fund of general information. The highly specialized individual, often dubbed an "expert," frequently knows little or nothing outside his own line. Try yourself on the following questions. then turn to the next page for the correct answers.

1. You needn't be an animal lover to know that one of the following words does not properly belong to the list: A. feline; B. supine; C. bovine; D. canine. 2. It's Nature, not Man, that really gets the credit for the principle of the modern radar. One of these suggested it: A. the bee; B. the waterfall; C. the bat,· D. the whale. 3. Illegal execution, usually by hanging, is today known by the name of a Virginia captain who authored a law sanc­ tioning the practice. He was: A. Joseph Hansom; B. William Lynch; C. Ralph Noose; D. Henry Clay. 4. In the United States it's the Congressional Medal of Honor; in Great Brit;:i.in it is the:- A. Medal of Honor; B. Iron Cross; C. King George Cross,· D. Victoria Cross. 5. An English hang_man in the seventeenth century hoisted to their death some of the most notorious criminals of the time and gave name to a modern engineering device: A. derrick; B. crane; C. bulldozer; D. balance. 6. Revolt of the Masses, a controversial book by Teodoro Agoncillo, is a biography of: A. Andres Bonifacio; B. Jose Rizal; C. Apolinario Mabini,· D. Marcelo del Pilar. 7. Of course it isn't complimentary to be compared to a chameleon, because it implies you are: A. pint-sized; B. cow­ ardly; C. greedy; D. inconstant. 8. Did you know that our illiteracy rate in the Philippines has remained practically unchanged in the last fifty years? It is: A. 75%; B. 45%; C. 20%; D. 10%. 9. Jonah in the Bible is always associated with: A. a great famine; B. the crumbling of a high tower,· C. the jawbone of an ass; D. a whale. 10. One of these is liable to be proficient in the bagpipe: 4. a Scotchman; B. a Hindu; C. an Englishman; D. a Scan­ dinavian.

~UARY 1956 79 ARE YOU WORD WISE? ANSWERS TO PANORAMA QUIZ ANSWERS 1. B. supine 1. ( c) to corrupt 2. (c) to scatter 2. C. the bat 3. (b) a quarter inhabited by Jews 4. (c) to challenge as false 3. B. William Lynch ( 1741-1820) 5. (a) to accuse or charge 6. ( d) a rascal or dishonest person 4. D. Victoria Cross 7. (a) a symbol 5. A. derrick 8. (c) pertaining to the throat 9. (a) a trick or artifice 6. A. Andres Bonifacio 10. (d) cunning or treachery 11. ( c) deeply impressed or firmly 7. D. inconstant (the chameleon is fixed a lizard that can change 12. (b) to dignify or elevate 13. (c) a sneering faultfinder colors) 14. (d) disposed to please 15. {b) a sudden, heavy rainfall 8. B. 45% 16. (c) a division or disunion 9. D. a whale 17. (a) shining or bright 18. (d) to grind the teeth together. 10. A. a Scotchman especially in pai11 or auger 19. (a) pale bluish-purple 20. (c) inactive or sluggish

* * *

ATTENTION: HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

The PANORAMA will give a prize of PlO for the best and PS for the next best essay on any problem of national or international significance. The best essay will be published in this magazine. The essays, which should not be less than 300 words, should not exceed 500 words. Entries must be typewritten, double-spaced on 8 x 11 bond paper and must be accom­ panied by a statement from the principal that the contestant is enrolled in the school he is representing. The decision of the editors will be final.

80 PANO In the Beginning . ..

VALENTINE (a token of love sent on St. Valentine's Day) A Christian martyr clubbed to death and then beheaded on Feb. 14, 269 A.D., St. Valentine has long been associated with the mating of birds and the budding romance of early spring. Today the sending pf a love missive on Valentine's Day (Feb. 14) is common practice.

ROBOT (machine-made man) From the Slav word robotnik mean­ ing a workingman, comes this mo­ dern term. It was first used by the Czech dramatist Karel Capek in whose play, R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), mechanical men destroy their employers.

CASANOVA (an amorous ad- venturer and polished intriguer) Giacomo Casanova de Seingalt (1725-1798), an Italian adventurer and writer, was earlier expelled from a seminary for immoral conduct. He led a vicious and sensuous life, leav­ ing behind him memoirs of his loves.

FEBRUARY 1956 81 Philippine '.Panorama-X'\>

BACOLOD CITY: SUGAR BARONS' CAPITAL

T HAS OFTEN been said I that the story of Baco-­ lod is the story of sugar, or vice-versa; and that's quite true. Sixty per cent of the total Philippine sugar output comes from Negros Occidental. Sugar is the product that has built the region and the plush mansions and social levels of the proud capital. The story, however, is said to be coming to its crisis start­ ing this year when Philippine sugar will be subject to gradual tariffs until a time when the rates will be the samp as those charged other sugar-exporting r.ountries. But there is a doubt, even in the face of a fading su­ gar market, that Bacolod would eventually cease to be the pros­ perous city it has been. The N egros planters are resourceful people; they can always diver­ sify thei_r production and seek other markets. of the shopping center was to­ A good sign of the indestruc­ tally destroyed. Yet, in less than tibility of Bacolod was seen last five months the district was re­ year when eight whole blocks built, making for a more beau-

82 PANORAMA tiful Bacolod. The Montelibano today) of the settlement which shopping center, built after the came to be known as Bacolod. fire in another section of the Gobernadorcillo de los San­ r.ity, occupies 40 hectares of tos known for his religious in­ parks, recreation halls, movie clinations had a church built in houses and shops. Eight wide the locality even before it was lanes traverse it and the shop­ called Bacolod. The church was ping buildings have broad front­ erected on an elevation over­ ages of wide roofed sidewalks looking the nipa huts and dense between stores and streets giv­ cogon countryside all around it. ing the people a place to prom­ The first parish priest' of the enade while shopping at the settlement was Fray Julian Gon­ same time. zaga. Bacolod, as capital of Negros In 1787 Moro pirates invaded Occidental, became so in 1849 the Bacolod settlement. The by order of Governor-General Christian settlers resisted suc­ Claveria acting through Negros cessfully the pirates but many I s 1 a n d Governor Valdivieso of their houses were burned. Morquecho. In 1890 the Island They decided to rebuild the set­ of N egros was divided into two tlement but hardly had they provinces namely: N egros Occi­ begun when the Capitan-Muni­ dental with Bacolod as capital cipal thought of transfering the and Negros Oriental with Du­ site towards the coastal plains maguete as head town. where trade and commerce The City of Bacolod first could be carried out with set­ came into being as such orily tlements from other islands. on October 19, 1938 by virtue Thus Bacolod was transferred of Act No. 326 of the Common­ to the present site. The old site wealth of the Philippines. is referred to as "Da-an Banwa" or Old Town. T HE NAME Bacolod origin- The population of Bacolod ated from the vernacular rose from 54,000 in 1948 to "Bakolod" meaning stonehilly. 101,000 according to the latest The first community that was census. Social life in the city organized and settled early in revolves around an exclusive set 1770 was located on a stony­ whose members - when they hill 'Somewhere between what are not visiting their extensive are now known as District of landholdings - attend parbes. Granada and the Bacolod-Mur­ Historical spots in the city cia Milling Company site. One are the Vinther's monument, Bernardino de los Santos was which the city government er­ the first "gobernadorcillo" or ected in memory of Theodore "capitan municipal" (a mayor Vinther, one of the American

FEBRUARY 1956 83 soldiers who sacrificed his life Sugar centrals, with their tow­ at Bago Bridge during the Li­ ering stacks lording it over even beration Day to save the bridge rows of blossoming cane add an from destruction by the enemy. interesting note to the vista. The heroic act helped in speed­ Another point of interest is the ing up the occupation of the church of the Victorias Milling city by the American liberation Co., constructed along modern forces, and saved thousands of lines. This church has fascinat~ lives and millions worth of pro­ ing mural designs which are perties of the city residents, made of broken magnesia, coca­ This monument is located at the cola, and beer bottles. public plaza. The old city hall The most fitting name given and the Bacolod Cathedral are to Bacolod is "Sugar Barons also of historical significance. Capital"; and indeed it is. To a great extent, the barons main­ A drive to either the north tain the sugar economy of the or south of Bacolod unfolds to country; they are widely tra­ the transient rolling vistas of velled individuals and very in­ green-carpeted sugar plantations fluential not only in local poli­ that extend over every inch of tics but in the political activity ground of both sides of the road. of the country as well.

* * * lht f ilipino Uriting job

The Filipinos have their own traditions of poetry in their folklore, in their lan~ua&e, in their dialects. This must be recorded, that is the job of the Filipino writer, to do this. In doins that he sives a pattern of hope and aspiration for the nation, for the people, to advance not merely as a nation of people but as a member of a family of nations, of the human family.-William Faulkner

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84 PANORAMA ~Ult- ()'Z41H4, , , , , , , by Elmer

"Ben takes his hobby too seriously, don't you think?" Cupid's Varied Wardrobe

In any language, its love!

VERYBODY LOVES A WED­ her gentle care always. Later, E DING--in any language, they ate from the same plat:P costume, era or settin~. to symbolize "sharing every­ That is why the "All Nations thing through life." Women's Group" of Manila, An Indian couple, in tradi­ whose meetings always feature tional Bengal costumes, enacted interesting cultural programs three wedding rites observed, designed to promote better un­ with slight variations, in most derstanding of national tradi­ sections of their country. First, tions, staged a pageant of co­ the groom's arrival at thf'\ lorfr 1 bridal costumes, charm­ bride's home was heralded by ing oetrothal rites and symbo­ the blowing of a sacred conch lic wedding ceremonies. shell by a bridesmaid. The An Indonesian couple wore wedding ceremony started with Sumatran wedding finery and the bride and groom exchang­ portrayed a post-nuptial rite ing garlands under a veil. Ll'\­ practiced in many parts of the ter, they took seven steps country, the "Mengindjak Te­ around a sacred fire and ex_. lor." The groom crushed an changed wedding rings. egg with one foot and the bride The Chinese bride wore the knelt to wasn his foot to signi­ gorgeous red and gold brocades fy her readiness to give him of old China. Fetched from

86 PANORAMA her home in a sedan chair car­ wore a gown of pink checks ried by the groom's relatives, and a flower bonnet trailing she put on a veil to "protect pink flirtation ribbons. She her from evil on her wedding threw her bouquet to the guests journey." She was greeted by and whoever caught it was be­ small children throwing fertility lieved to be the next bride. The rice and firecrackers upon her groom carried the bride across arrival at the groom's home. the threshold of the new home There, she served tea and in a ritual of blessing and a sweetmeats to her "in-laws" promise to "cherish her for­ who, in turn, gave her indivi­ ever." dual wedding gifts. The Japanese group demons­ The Philippine tableau pre­ trated an elaborate ritual of ap­ sented a 19th-century bride in plying bridal make-up, arrang­ elaborately-embroidered "Ma­ ing an intricate coiffure, and ria Clara" gown and her groom adorning the ceremonial gown in a formal black suit. They with charms of matrimony: the enacted a "solicitude" ritual of red tassel of happiness, the sil­ feeding each other and throw­ ver chain of prosperity and the ing rice and confetti for good white veil to cover the "horns luck. They kissed the hands of evil greed, hatred', selfish­ of their elders for blessing and ness and envy believed to be served cane sugar wine to their innate in women.•· With her guests. mother and a marriage broker, the bride met the groom in a HE AMERICAN group por­ temple. After the ceremony, T trayed a 19th century days of feasting began includ­ wedding where the men ing the "San San Kugo" cere­ of the community got 'together mony in which the couple took and built a new home for the three sips of sake from a dou­ newlyweds. Neighbors blessed ble-spouted cup in a "fidel~ty" the new home with a wedding rite. · · ~ feast to which they brought the The Korean "Hoplae ~uul ." food and drinks. The bride a wine marriage ceremony, dif- fered slightly from the Jap­ quake and famine; the latter anese in that the couple took denoated her virginity, fertility, four sips, and the groom went humility and docility. A jew­ to the bride's home for the ce­ eled medalion worn on a neck­ remony. lace was a charm for "many 'l'he English bride and maid, sons" and protection from "mo"' accompamed by a page, wore ther-in-law" troubles. the rich-colored gowns, tall head-dresses and flowing veils YPSY-LIKE colors and of feudal times in England. G dances characterized the Then, custom demanded that a three-week we d di n g man prove his worth by "bra­ feast8 of old l!ungary. Thr very in combat, good family bride, wearing an exquisitely lineage, and chivalry to all wo­ embroidered and pleated dress men" before winning his lady. and an unusual jeweled head­ The group portrayed the 15th dress, performed the symbolic century tradition of adding to bridal dances like the "Kendo­ the wedding dress "something fa" showi!lg. her assuming he~ old, something new something kitchen duties; and the "Ke1- borrowed and something blue.'' chief' dance in which she don­ Years ago in Turkey, the ned the shawl of motherhood. bride and groom were married Albanian brides were chosen by proxy, represented by spon­ by young men at community sors at the ceremony. Wear­ dance marathons for their abi­ ing a deep-violet wedding robe lity to dance long and still be over diaphanous pantalets, a smiling at the end. Stamina red fez trailing the traditional was the top qualification of the veil, and fabulous jewels, the farm bride. Like brides of bride met her groom on the other lands, the Albanian bride seventh day of feasting, at a went through a dressing ritual. wedding breakfast attended She painted her nails and palmi­ only by the family. Dressing of the hand with henna and put for this meeting, the bride on face make-up for the first helped by her maid enacted the time. She wore a voluminous rites of putting on the four skirt made like pleated panta­ Rings of Fortune on the right loons, topped with a white hand, and of Matrimony on the blouse on which her whole left. The former were protec­ dowry of gold coins was hung.­ tion from fire, water, earth- Free World.

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88 PANORAMA ~*~~} ~\'{ ~~.· \~~\\•\~ "~'b...~ ;s:~ ~\i\, !;i&4~ 'trt~~w approved ::i'h\~'' ·~'-"' * by the Director of the Bureau of Public Schools for secondary school libraries as a student's and teacher's reference (March 5, 1955) * by the Director of Private Schools as a general reading material for secondary schools (March 21, 1955) * by Mister Reading Public PANORAMA .1({~~\;, Magazine of Good Reading

DON'T MISS A COPY - SUBSCRIBE NOW Education and Practical Life By Senator JOSE P. LAUREL •

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Bulwark of Vietnamese Art (See page 1