Download Download

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Download Download 81 Movement Technologies, Scale Structure and Metropolitan Life - an Empirical Research on the Effects of the Transportation System on the Metropolitan Process in Beijing Qiang Sheng and Linfei Han 1. Introduction: walls and pathways, ‘setting together, stimulates exchange and transgresses boundaries’ and ‘making connections’ as two boundaries. strategies to regulate movement We live in a world dominated by cities. Although Regardless of the fact that they seem to contra- not every corner has been urbanised, our way of dict each other as ‘wall’ verses ‘path’, practically life has been totally changed by this fast-extending these two approaches also work in alliance. For and infinitely connected urban field. Metropolitan, instance, in the Qin dynasty (209 B.C), emperor as the origin of this word indicates, means ‘mother Qin Shi Huang re-built the Great Wall by linking the city’ in Greek. It stands out from other cities for its separate old walls of different kingdoms into one size and strong economical and cultural influence continuous defensive system to cope with the threat on the region, nation or the whole world. Instead of from the north. But what is normally neglected is the emphasising how a certain city or agglomeration of fact that he also built the new so-called ‘Chi dao’ cities achieved this dominant position through poli- (literally ‘road for fast running horse’) system which tics, governance or economical development, this functioned as a national road network. Some of them paper will try to look at how a metropolis, Beijing in were even made as 700km straight lines to move this case, has come into being based on the devel- troops faster to the northern border. Considering the opment of modern transportation systems, which fact that the Great Wall itself was also used for trans- both support its functioning and give it a recognis- mitting signals of barbarian invasion rather than as a able form. passive defensive structure, we can clearly see how they together functioned as one system holding the ‘Cheng Shi’, the Chinese word for ‘city’, has two Qin Empire together as a perceivable and functional characters: ‘Cheng’ means ‘wall’ and ‘Shi’ means entity. Therefore, walls (together with gates) are as ‘market’.1 The first character emphasises the role of much movement-regulation technologies as today’s the wall as a technical object which gives the city trains, metros or highways. a distinctive ‘form’; the second character reveals the functional content of city as a place for meeting Based on a line of thinking about the importance of and trading. This paper starts with a comparison movement-regulation technologies for making cities between ‘setting boundaries’ and ‘making connec- perceivable and functional objects, this paper tries tions’ as two traditional approaches of regulating to deal with two interrelated questions regarding movement in and out of the city. The former, as an Beijing’s metropolitan form: Firstly, how have differ- exclusive technology of claiming territories, reflects ent transportation systems such as trains, buses, a spatial politics of segregation, while the latter, metros and highways influenced the formation of as an inclusive technology, brings different groups the metropolitan area in the last decades? Secondly, 05 Metropolitan Form, Autumn 2009, pp. 81-104 82 how have changing transportation systems affected 1960s, the American G. William Skinner4 analysed the emergence and morphology of central shopping the rural market system in late 19th-century China. and wholesale market places? His results, especially the division of China into eight ‘macro-regions’ based on economical rela- To address the first question, we will present the tionships, are considered path-making by many evolution or modernisation process of Beijing’s Chinese historians and urbanism researchers5. On movement technologies. By ‘movement technol- the issue of retail geography and shopping behav- ogy’ we mean all the technical systems affecting iour, Berry and Garrison’s research on Snohomish people’s movements rather than purely transporta- County6 provided empirical evidence for the exist- tion technologies such as trains, buses or metros. ence of hierarchies of central functions. Among This obviously includes the physical condition of the Chinese scholars, Gao, using the Central Place roads, such as width and paving, but it also includes model, analysed the morphology of Beijing’s shop- non-physical organisational techniques, like the ping centres from the Yuan dynasty to the 1980s. naming system that may reveal the scale hierarchies [see fig.1] His work has been widely quoted in the of streets. From this evolution process we can see Chinese academic world. how the old approach of using walls and gates to regulate the movement has been replaced by more In the latter part of this paper we will refer to some complex modern transportation systems, and how of his work in detail. For now we will briefly outline certain transportation systems have contributed to some problems in his analysis. Firstly, his model the development of the historical city into a modern didn’t fit very well with reality, especially in 1980s, metropolis. and he didn’t present the actual distribution of shops in the 1980s and Minguo periods (1911-1949), using For the second question, we will present the only the names of places as an indication. Secondly, morphology of metropolitan centralities in Beijing his research used cultural and social demographic based on the data of shopping areas and wholesale changes to explain why certain high level centres markets in 1924, 1987 and 2006. The data will be gave up their positions to others. This, strictly analysed by spatial models constructed on the basis speaking, is not a problem, since the morphology of of the scales of movement networks presented in the centralities is a complex phenomenon and should previous part. From this study we may find how the not be simplified to just their spatial aspects. But, it logic of ‘making connections’ can affect the emer- also reveals a limitation of the Central Place model, gence of centralities, in place of a bounding in by which is by its nature a static model presenting an walls and gates as in the past. Further, this analysis ‘equilibrium state’ of the system. It does not readily and model will be compared with the Central Place capture the dynamics of change. Last but not least, model used by Gao2 to analyse the morphologies of Gao’s way of using the Central Place model didn’t Beijing’s shopping centres. reflect the development of transportation tech- nologies, and the service range of central places 2. Theoretical background: from Central Place remained the same in all periods. as a hierarchical model to Central Flow as a network model In fact, Skinner had already emphasised the Central Place Theory was developed by the German importance of transportation systems. He argued geographer Walter Christaller3 based on his that the development of modern transportation tech- empirical research on the population, spacing and nologies could eventually eliminate regular markets hierarchy of settlements in south Germany. In the in villages, while intensifying the use of intermedi- 83 Fig. 1: Central Place model of Beijing’s shopping centre in Yuan, Ming, Qing, Minguo and People’s Republic of China (from left to right). Source: Gao, S., ‘On the Historical Changes of Markets and their Location in Beijing’, in ACTA Geo- graphic SINICA, 44 (1989). Fig. 2: Comparison between Central Place model (left: Subdivision codes: CC Central-Central, CO Central-East, CW Central-West, NC North-Central, NO North-East, NW North-West, SC South-Central, SO South-East, SW South-West) and Central Flow model in Europe (right: Inter-city links between nine European cities as practised by advanced pro- ducer services). Source: GaWC Research Bulletin, p. 261. Fig. 3: Different pavements of old Beijing region (Ming/Qing Dynasty) Source: http://www.obj.org.cn/Photo/class01/ Class7/1275.shtml (accessed 24 Feb 2009). 84 ate markets in larger towns or cities. Similarly, in ‘hierarchy’ and very difficult to use to capture the examining how metropolitanisation processes influ- complex external relationship of cities. As Taylor enced the hierarchy of central places in western points out, the Central Place model still maintains its Snohomish County, Berry had also emphasised the validity in certain situations: we can easily see that role played by freeway networks on increasing the the spatial logic of Central Place theory based on motility of customers.7 As a result, the new metropo- travel distance is relevant for consumer behaviour in lis could cause a shift of central functions between most contemporary shopping malls.8 But this simple centres in different positions in the hierarchy, as well internal relationship between centre and periphery, as a change in population-function relations in the city and hinterland, is part of a process he called region. Berry argued that numbers of central func- ‘town-ness’; he proposed ‘Central Flow theory’ as a tions were the proper indicator for ranking rather complementary theory to grasp the complex exter- than the populations of central places. nal relationships between cities, which he called ‘city-ness’. The Central Flow model focuses on the What is clear for now is that the development of space of ‘flow’ rather than ‘place’ itself. [fig.2] the transportation network is of great importance for the distribution of central places. This paper is Neal9 has also claimed that there is a historical not based therefore on Central Place Theory, the move from the logic of Central Place to Central well-defined hierarchical structure of which makes Flow. ‘The spatial hierarchy had a greater influence it difficult to capture the complex external relation- on cities’ economic structures at the beginning of ships of cities and regions to their hinterlands.
Recommended publications
  • Beijing Subway Map
    Beijing Subway Map Ming Tombs North Changping Line Changping Xishankou 十三陵景区 昌平西山口 Changping Beishaowa 昌平 北邵洼 Changping Dongguan 昌平东关 Nanshao南邵 Daoxianghulu Yongfeng Shahe University Park Line 5 稻香湖路 永丰 沙河高教园 Bei'anhe Tiantongyuan North Nanfaxin Shimen Shunyi Line 16 北安河 Tundian Shahe沙河 天通苑北 南法信 石门 顺义 Wenyanglu Yongfeng South Fengbo 温阳路 屯佃 俸伯 Line 15 永丰南 Gonghuacheng Line 8 巩华城 Houshayu后沙峪 Xibeiwang西北旺 Yuzhilu Pingxifu Tiantongyuan 育知路 平西府 天通苑 Zhuxinzhuang Hualikan花梨坎 马连洼 朱辛庄 Malianwa Huilongguan Dongdajie Tiantongyuan South Life Science Park 回龙观东大街 China International Exhibition Center Huilongguan 天通苑南 Nongda'nanlu农大南路 生命科学园 Longze Line 13 Line 14 国展 龙泽 回龙观 Lishuiqiao Sunhe Huoying霍营 立水桥 Shan’gezhuang Terminal 2 Terminal 3 Xi’erqi西二旗 善各庄 孙河 T2航站楼 T3航站楼 Anheqiao North Line 4 Yuxin育新 Lishuiqiao South 安河桥北 Qinghe 立水桥南 Maquanying Beigongmen Yuanmingyuan Park Beiyuan Xiyuan 清河 Xixiaokou西小口 Beiyuanlu North 马泉营 北宫门 西苑 圆明园 South Gate of 北苑 Laiguangying来广营 Zhiwuyuan Shangdi Yongtaizhuang永泰庄 Forest Park 北苑路北 Cuigezhuang 植物园 上地 Lincuiqiao林萃桥 森林公园南门 Datunlu East Xiangshan East Gate of Peking University Qinghuadongluxikou Wangjing West Donghuqu东湖渠 崔各庄 香山 北京大学东门 清华东路西口 Anlilu安立路 大屯路东 Chapeng 望京西 Wan’an 茶棚 Western Suburban Line 万安 Zhongguancun Wudaokou Liudaokou Beishatan Olympic Green Guanzhuang Wangjing Wangjing East 中关村 五道口 六道口 北沙滩 奥林匹克公园 关庄 望京 望京东 Yiheyuanximen Line 15 Huixinxijie Beikou Olympic Sports Center 惠新西街北口 Futong阜通 颐和园西门 Haidian Huangzhuang Zhichunlu 奥体中心 Huixinxijie Nankou Shaoyaoju 海淀黄庄 知春路 惠新西街南口 芍药居 Beitucheng Wangjing South望京南 北土城
    [Show full text]
  • Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing
    EG1402.fm Page 104 Thursday, June 21, 2007 12:59 PM Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan1 Abstract: The Hui people are a distinct ethnic group in China in terms of their diet and Islamic religion. In this paper, we examine the divergent residential and economic develop- ment of Niujie and Madian, two Hui enclaves in the city of Beijing. Our analysis is based on archival and historical materials, census data, and information collected from recent field work. We show that in addition to social perspectives, geographic factors—location relative to the northward urban expansion of Beijing, and the character of urban administrative geog- raphy in China—are important for understanding the evolution of ethnic enclaves. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O10, I31, J15. 3 figures, 2 tables, 60 refer- ences. INTRODUCTION esearch on ethnic enclaves has focused on their residential and economic functions and Ron the social explanations for their existence and persistence. Most studies do not address the role of geography or the evolution of ethnic enclaves, including their decline. In this paper, we examine Niujie and Madian, two Muslim Hui enclaves in Beijing, their his- tory, and recent divergent paths of development. While Niujie continues to thrive as a major residential area of the Hui people in Beijing and as a prominent supplier of Hui foods and services for the entire city, both the Islamic character and the proportion of Hui residents in Madian have declined. We argue that Madian’s location with respect to recent urban expan- sion in Beijing and the administrative geography of the area have contributed to the enclave’s decline.
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai, China Overview Introduction
    Shanghai, China Overview Introduction The name Shanghai still conjures images of romance, mystery and adventure, but for decades it was an austere backwater. After the success of Mao Zedong's communist revolution in 1949, the authorities clamped down hard on Shanghai, castigating China's second city for its prewar status as a playground of gangsters and colonial adventurers. And so it was. In its heyday, the 1920s and '30s, cosmopolitan Shanghai was a dynamic melting pot for people, ideas and money from all over the planet. Business boomed, fortunes were made, and everything seemed possible. It was a time of breakneck industrial progress, swaggering confidence and smoky jazz venues. Thanks to economic reforms implemented in the 1980s by Deng Xiaoping, Shanghai's commercial potential has reemerged and is flourishing again. Stand today on the historic Bund and look across the Huangpu River. The soaring 1,614-ft/492-m Shanghai World Financial Center tower looms over the ambitious skyline of the Pudong financial district. Alongside it are other key landmarks: the glittering, 88- story Jinmao Building; the rocket-shaped Oriental Pearl TV Tower; and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The 128-story Shanghai Tower is the tallest building in China (and, after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the second-tallest in the world). Glass-and-steel skyscrapers reach for the clouds, Mercedes sedans cruise the neon-lit streets, luxury- brand boutiques stock all the stylish trappings available in New York, and the restaurant, bar and clubbing scene pulsates with an energy all its own. Perhaps more than any other city in Asia, Shanghai has the confidence and sheer determination to forge a glittering future as one of the world's most important commercial centers.
    [Show full text]
  • Beijing Railway Station 北京站 / 13 Maojiangwan Hutong Dongcheng District Beijing 北京市东城区毛家湾胡同 13 号
    Beijing Railway Station 北京站 / 13 Maojiangwan Hutong Dongcheng District Beijing 北京市东城区毛家湾胡同 13 号 (86-010-51831812) Quick Guide General Information Board the Train / Leave the Station Transportation Station Details Station Map Useful Sentences General Information Beijing Railway Station (北京站) is located southeast of center of Beijing, inside the Second Ring. It used to be the largest railway station during the time of 1950s – 1980s. Subway Line 2 runs directly to the station and over 30 buses have stops here. Domestic trains and some international lines depart from this station, notably the lines linking Beijing to Moscow, Russia and Pyongyang, South Korea (DPRK). The station now operates normal trains and some high speed railways bounding south to Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Zhengzhou, Fuzhou and Changsha etc, bounding north to Harbin, Tianjin, Changchun, Dalian, Hohhot, Urumqi, Shijiazhuang, and Yinchuan etc. Beijing Railway Station is a vast station with nonstop crowds every day. Ground floor and second floor are open to passengers for ticketing, waiting, check-in and other services. If your train departs from this station, we suggest you be here at least 2 hours ahead of the departure time. Board the Train / Leave the Station Boarding progress at Beijing Railway Station: Station square Entrance and security check Ground floor Ticket Hall (售票大厅) Security check (also with tickets and travel documents) Enter waiting hall TOP Pick up tickets Buy tickets (with your travel documents) (with your travel documents and booking number) Find your own waiting room (some might be on the second floor) Wait for check-in Have tickets checked and take your luggage Walk through the passage and find your boarding platform Board the train and find your seat Leaving Beijing Railway Station: When you get off the train station, follow the crowds to the exit passage that links to the exit hall.
    [Show full text]
  • A Trip Purpose-Based Data-Driven Alighting Station Choice Model Using Transit Smart Card Data
    Hindawi Complexity Volume 2018, Article ID 3412070, 14 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3412070 Research Article A Trip Purpose-Based Data-Driven Alighting Station Choice Model Using Transit Smart Card Data Kai Lu ,1 Alireza Khani,2 and Baoming Han 1 1School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China 2Department of Civil, Environmental and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Kai Lu; [email protected] and Baoming Han; [email protected] Received 18 December 2017; Revised 2 June 2018; Accepted 15 July 2018; Published 28 August 2018 Academic Editor: Shuliang Wang Copyright © 2018 Kai Lu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Automatic fare collection (AFC) systems have been widely used all around the world which record rich data resources for researchers mining the passenger behavior and operation estimation. However, most transit systems are open systems for which only boarding information is recorded but the alighting information is missing. Because of the lack of trip information, validation of utility functions for passenger choices is difficult. To fill the research gaps, this study uses the AFC data from Beijing metro, which is a closed system and records both boarding information and alighting information. To estimate a more reasonable utility function for choice modeling, the study uses the trip chaining method to infer the actual destination of the trip. Based on the land use and passenger flow pattern, applying k-means clustering method, stations are classified into 7 categories.
    [Show full text]
  • Observed Decreases in On-Road CO2 Concentrations in Beijing During
    Observed decreases in on-road CO2 concentrations in Beijing during COVID-19 restrictions Di Liu1, Wanqi Sun2, Ning Zeng3,4, , Pengfei Han1*, Bo Yao2, *, Zhiqiang Liu1, Pucai Wang5, Ke Zheng1, Han Mei1, Qixiang Cai1 5 1Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences & Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China 3Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, USA 10 4Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, USA 5Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences * Correspondence to: Pengfei Han ([email protected]); Bo Yao ([email protected]) 15 Abstract: 带格式的: 字体: (默认) 宋体, (中文) 宋体, 小四 To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, restrictions such as “lockdowns”, were conducted globally, which led to a 带格式的: 正文, 段落间距段前: 0 磅, 段后: 0 磅 significant reduction in fossil fuel emissions, especially in urban regionsareas. However, CO2 concentrations in urban 20 regions areas are affected by many factors, such as weather, biological sinks and background CO2 fluctuations. Thus, it is 带格式的: 下标 difficult to directly observe the CO2 reductions in CO2 concentrations with from sparse ground observations. Here, we focus on urban ground transportation emissions, which were dramatically affected by the prohibitionsrestrictions, to determine the reduction signals. We conducted six
    [Show full text]
  • 14 Guangzhou R&F Properties Co., Ltd
    14 GUANGZHOU R&F PROPERTIES CO., LTD. Annual Report 2005 precise Market Positioning, satisfying customers’ needs GUANGZHOU R&F PROPERTIES CO., LTD. Annual Report 2005 15 R&F Property廣州 物業一覽 in China Heilongjiang Jilin Beijing Liaoning Xinjiang Neimenggu Hebai Tianjin Ningxia Shanxi Shandong Qinghai Gansu Xian Jiangsu Henan Shaanxi Tibet Anhui Hubei Sichuan Chongqing Zhejiang Shanghai Hunan Jiangxi Guizhou Fujian Guangzhou Yunnan Taiwan Guangxi Guangdong Hong Kong Macau Hainan No. of Project Land Bank Location under development Total GFA as at 14 March 2006 (sq. m.) (sq. m.) Guangzhou 11 1,143,000 4,128,000 Beijing 4 870,000 3,080,000 Tianjin 1 318,000 926,000 Xian 1 140,000 980,000 Chongqing 0 0 230,000 16 GUANGZHOU R&F PROPERTIES CO., LTD. Annual Report 2005 Business Review Overview of the PRC Property Market In 2005, China’s economy continued its rapid growth. The gross domestic product (“GDP”) in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”or “China”) reached RMB18,232.1 billion, which was a 9.9% surge over the previous year, while per capita disposable income of urban residents in cities and towns recorded a growth of 9.6%. The continuing growth in China’s economy and the rise in the disposable income of its citizens will inevitably lead to a higher demand for quality housing. During the year under review, the Chinese Govern- ment implemented a series of macro economic mea- sures to counter act the overheated property market. These macro economic measures have helped stabi- lized market conditions and in the long run are ex- pected to create a more balanced supply and demand situation and a healthier development of the prop- erty market.
    [Show full text]
  • China Provider List EN March 2015
    承保方 管理方 HOSPITAL NETWORK March 4th. 2015 "Direct billing" allows us to be in direct contact with your hospital or clinic so we can take care of eligible medical bills directly. To access to ‘Direct billing’ hospitals and clinics, simply show your Alltrust card to the admission staff prior to any treatment. The hospital/clinic will then contact us and we will pay them directly for the cost of eligible treatment. Please call our 24/7 helpline should you experience any difficulties. Hospital Name Hospital Address Telephone Website Owner-ship Beijing Arrail Dental Rm 101, No.16 Building, China Central Place, No.89 Jianguo Road, 86 10 8588 8550 http://www.arrail-dental.com Private Beijing Central-P Clinic Chaoyang District, Beijing, China 100025 Arrail Dental Rm 208, Tower A, CITIC Building, No.19 Jianguomenwai Avenue, Chaoyang 86 10 6500 6473 http://www.arrail-dental.com Private Beijing CITIC Clinic District, Beijing, China 100004 Arrail Dental Rm 308, Tower A, Raycom Info Tech Park, No.2 Science Institute South 86 10 8286 1956 http://www.arrail-dental.com Private Beijing Raycom Clinic Road, Haidian District, Beijing,China 100080 Arrail Dental 1/F, Somerset Fortune Garden, No.46 Liangmaqiao Road, Chaoyang District, 86 10 8440 1926 http://www.arrail-dental.com Private Beijing Somerset Clinic Beijing, China 100016 Arrail Dental Rm 201, the Exchange-Beijing, No.118 Yi Jianguo Road, Chaoyang District, 86 10 6567 5670 http://www.arrail-dental.com Private Beijing Exchange Clinic Beijing, China 100022 Arrail Dental Rm104,Building 31, Pinnacle Avenue,
    [Show full text]
  • The Systematic Evolution of Beijing: a Human Ecology Perspective
    Research Article Int J Environ Sci Nat Res Volume 23 Issue 4 - March 2020 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Lachang Lyu DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2020.23.556121 The Systematic Evolution of Beijing: A Human Ecology Perspective Lachang Lyu1* and Richard Greene2 1College of Resource, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, China 2College of Geospatial Information Science and Technology, Capital Normal University, China Submission: Published: rd *Corresponding February author: 17, 2020; March 04, 2020 Lachang Lyu, College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, No. 105 West 3 Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing, 10004, China Abstract Megacity sprawl is an international phenomenon and Chinese megacities have been especially exposed to rapid sprawl since reform and the opening-up policy in the year of 1978. As the political, cultural, and international communication center of China, Beijing has witnessed a morphological transition that demonstrates typical aspects of this megacity sprawl. Though the morphological changes have been investigated by a number of scholars, emerging changes and new high resolution multi temporal global urban land data allow for a more systematic investigation that results in an evolutionary model that uncovers the urban form dynamics of megacity sprawl. In this paper, we examine the Beijing morphological evolutionary process and the geographic direction of intra-urban sprawl with the use of a new global urban land database obvious periodic sequences ranging from compact to a more loosely-shaped form but also triangular in some cases and rectangular in other cases that utilized an extensive number of LANDSAT images for five-year periods from 1980-2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Geographic Distribution of Accommodation And
    International Journal of Geo-Information Article Identification and Geographic Distribution of Accommodation and Catering Centers Ze Han 1 and Wei Song 2,* 1 School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] 2 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-6488-9450; Fax: +86-10-6485-6533 Received: 2 August 2020; Accepted: 13 September 2020; Published: 14 September 2020 Abstract: As the most important manifestation of the activities of the life service industry, the reasonable layout of spatial agglomeration and dispersion of the accommodation and catering industry plays an important role in guiding the spatial structure of the urban industry and population. Applying the contour tree and location quotient index methods, based on points of interest (POI) data of the accommodation and catering industry in Beijing and on the identification of the spatial structure and cluster center of the accommodation and catering industry, we investigated the distribution and agglomeration characteristics of the urban accommodation and catering industry from the perspective of industrial spatial differentiation. The results show that: (1) the accommodation and catering industry in Beijing presents a polycentric agglomeration pattern in space, mainly distributed within a radius of 20 km from the city center and on a relatively large scale; areas beyond this distance contain isolated single cluster centers. (2) From the perspective of the industry, the cluster centers close to the core area of the city are characterized by the agglomeration of multiple advantageous industries, while those in the outer suburbs of the city are more prominent in a single industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorandum of Understanding Between
    Memorandum of Understanding between Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services of the United States of America and Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China Regarding Registration of U.S. Food Manufacturers Exporting to China PREAMBLE The Participants in this Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MOU), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) ofthe United States of America, and the Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People' s Republic of China (CNCA), hereinafter referred to as the "Participants," Recognizing that the Food Safety Law ofthe People's Republic of China and Decree 145 of the General Administration ofQuality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine ofthe People's Republic ofChina (AQSIQ) require overseas manufacturers ofcertain food products offered for entry into China to be under the effective control and supervision offoreign competent authorities; Recognizing that under Decree 145 overseas manufacturers of certain food products offered for entry into China are to be certified by the foreign competent authority exercising control and supervision over such manufacturers to be in compliance with the relevant laws and regulations of China, with respect to the food product categories identified in AQSIQ-related notices; Recognizing that FDA is charged with the enforcement ofthe Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) and, pursuant to the FD&C Act, is charged with protecting public health by ensuring that foods are safe, wholesome, sanitary, and properly labeled, Recognizing that U.S. based food manufacturers ofcertain food products offered for entry into China must be certified to be in compliance with the laws and regulations of China for food product categories identified in AQSIQ-related notices, and such certification is available only from third parties; and Recognizing that the differences between the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Briefing Sales and Investment February 2015
    Savills World Research Beijing Briefing Sales and investment February 2015 Image: EC Mall, ZGC area, Haidian district SUMMARY The en-bloc sales market remained active in terms of transaction volumes in the fourth quarter, with four deals concluded for a total consideration of RMB8.8 billion. Grade A office capital values with the conclusion of four deals for a sale in Beijing is expected to see the largely stabilised at an average of total consideration of RMB8.8 billion. market remain relatively calm in 2015. RMB64,300 per sq m by the end of As a result, a total of nine deals were 2014, up 4.5% year-on-year (YoY). closed in 2014, contributing a total consideration of RMB20.6 billion, the Grade A office gross reversionary second highest level since 2011. “Despite a slowdown in yields compressed by 0.36 of a percentage point (ppt) to 5.57% by the Steady demand from both the residential market, end of 2014. domestic and overseas investors for limited prime investment stock is 2014 year-on-year results The first-hand, strata-title office expected to support Grade A office market witnessed increased activity in capital values. As a result, Grade A reached a landmark high in transaction volumes in Q4/2014, with office gross yields are anticipated Beijing, with land transaction total consideration growing 78% YoY to continue the trend of moderately to RMB20 billion, nearly four times declining over the next year. consideration reaching a total of more than last quarter. Despite the active performance RMB191.1billion.” Joan Wang, Savills
    [Show full text]