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Travel Demand Management Options in Beijing May

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Travel Demand Management Options in Beijing May TravelTravel Demand Demand Management Management Options Options in in Beijing Beijing RapidRapid urbanization urbanization and and motorization motorization combined combined with with high high population population density density have have led led to to serious serious congestion congestion andand air air quality quality problems problems in inthe the People’s People’s Republic Republic of of China China capital capital of of Beijing. Beijing. While While Beijing Beijing accounts accounts for for less less thanthan 2% 2% of of the the population, population, more more than than 10% 10% of of the the country’s country’s vehicles vehicles ply ply the the city’s city’s roads. roads. This This study study is ispart part of of thethe Asian Asian Development Development Bank’s Bank’s initiative initiative to to support support greener greener and and more more sustainable sustainable transport transport systems systems that that are are convenientconvenient and and lessen lessen carbon carbon dioxide dioxide emissions. emissions. Read Read how how congestion congestion charging, charging, vehicle vehicle ownership ownership quotas, quotas, andand progressive progressive parking parking reforms reforms can can improve improve Beijing’s Beijing’s approach approach to to travel travel demand demand management. management. AboutAbout the the Asian Asian Development Development Bank Bank ADB’sADB’s vision vision is isan an Asia Asia and and Pacific Pacific region region free free of ofpoverty. poverty. Its Its missionmission is isto tohelp help its its developing developing membermember countriescountries reduce reduce poverty poverty and and improve improve the the quality quality of of life life of of their their people. people. Despite Despite the the region’s region’s many many successes, successes, it remainsit remains home home to to a largea large share share of of the the world’s world’s poor. poor. ADB ADB is iscommitted committed to to reducing reducing poverty poverty through through inclusive inclusive economiceconomic growth, growth, environmentally environmentally sustainable sustainable growth, growth, and and regional regional integration. integration. BasedBased in inManila, Manila, ADB ADB is isowned owned by by 67 67 members, members, including including 48 48 from from the the region. region. Its Its main main instruments instruments for for helpinghelping its its developing developing member member countries countries are are policy policy dialogue, dialogue, loans, loans, equity equity investments, investments, guarantees, guarantees, grants, grants, andand technical technical assistance. assistance. TRAVELTRAVEL DEMANDDEMAND MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT OPTIONSOPTIONS ININ BEIJINGBEIJING ASIANASIAN DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT BANK BANK 6 ADB6 ADB Avenue, Avenue, Mandaluyong Mandaluyong City City 15501550 Metro Metro Manila, Manila, Philippines Philippines ASIANASIAN DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT BANK BANK www.adb.orgwww.adb.org TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS IN BEIJING MAY ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution . IGO license (CC BY . IGO) © Asian Development Bank ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, Philippines Tel ; Fax www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in . ISBN -- - - (Print), -- - - (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. TCS DOI: http://dx.doi.org/. /TCS The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution . IGO license (CC BY . IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/./igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-useopenaccess This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Notes: In this publication, “¢” refers to US dollars. Exchange rate as of January : ¢. ¦ CNY.. ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda Printed on recycled paper Contents Tablesª Figuresª and Boxes iv Foreword vi Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations viii Executive Summary ix I Introduction « A¬ Background « B¬ Current Urban Transport Issues « C¬ Growing Congestion and Declining Accessibility ® D¬ Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ¯ E¬ Compatibility of Institutional Arrangements ° II Travel Demand Management Measures «± A¬ Types of Travel Demand Management «± B¬ Purposes of Travel Demand Management and Other Measures «² C¬ Classification of Measures Using the Avoid–Shift–Improve Framework «¯ D¬ Beijing’s Experience with Travel Demand Management «° E¬ Summary of Implementation E´ects ±« III Assessment of Travel Demand Management Scenarios for Beijing ±® A¬ Bus Rapid Transit Network Plan Scenario Analysis ±® B¬ Charging for Road Use ±° IV Future Policy Challenges and Improvement Directions for Travel Demand Management ®µ A¬ Challenges ®µ B¬ Directions for Improvement ²¶ References ²± iii Tablesª Figuresª and Boxes TABLES « Changes in Trip Distances in ¸¶¶²–¸¶«¶ and Trip Times by Modeª ¸¶«¶ ² ¸ Policyª Regulatoryª and Oversight Responsibilities «¶ ± Mapping of Main Transport Agency Functions in Beijing «¸ ® Travel Demand Management and Other Measures Classified by Main Purpose «¯ ² Classification of Travel Demand Management and Other Measures by Avoid–Shift–Improve Framework «¹ ¯ The ¸° Measures ¸« ¹ Current Parking Price Standard ¸± ° Average Speed of Road Network ¸¯ µ Average Speed of Roads at All Levels within the Fifth Ring Road (Including the Fifth Ring Road) ±¸ «¶ Model Test Result—Mode Share Changes within Sixth Ring Road ±¹ «« Model Test Result¼ Vehicle Kilometers and Bus Rapid Transit Passenger Kilometers in Morning Peak ±¹ «¸ Overview of First Set of Scenarios ®¶ «± Overview of Performance of Scenarios on Key Indicators ®¸ «® Changes in Congestion Index ®¸ «² Changes in Mode Shares (Trips) ®¸ «¯ Changes in Car Demand Levels for the Area Charging Scenario ®® «¹ Changes in Mode Shares for the Area Charging Scenario ®® «° Changes in Car Shares for Trips between Di´erent Areas ®® FIGURES « Motorization and Car Availabilityª ¸¶¶¶–¸¶«® ¸ ¸ Changes in Modal Sharesª ¸¶¶¶–¸¶«± ± ± Sources of Particulate Matter (¿¸¬² microns) in Beijingª ¸¶«¸–¸¶«± ¹ ® Air Pollution in Beijing ¹ ² Days with Air Quality No Lower than Grade II Standard ° ¯ An Example of Bus Lanes in Beijing «± ¹ Monthly Changes in TraÁc Performance Index on Working Daysª ¸¶¶¹–¸¶«± «° iv Tables, Figures, and Boxes v ° Changes in TraÁc Performance Index Based on Flexible Working Hours ¸¸ µ Current Parking Zones in Beijing ¸® «¶ E´ect of Parking Policy Change ¸® «« Geographic Extent of Private Vehicle Use Restrictions ¸² «¸ Annual Growth in Car Fleet ¸¹ «± Locations of Public Bicycle Sharing Docking Stations ¸¹ «® Conditions Before and After Opening the Bus Lanes ¸µ «² Peak Period Bus and Passenger Flows on Beijing–Tongzhou Expressway Before and After Bus Lanes ±¶ «¯ Comparison of Changes in the Number of Passengers Using Batong Metro Line during Morning Peak Hours Before and After Opening the Special Lanes ±¶ «¹ Proportion of Road Network Congestion During Morning and Evening Rush Hours ±¸ «° Recent Trends in Bus Speeds ±± «µ Scenario «¼ One New Bus Rapid Transit Corridor ±² ¸¶ Scenario «¼ «¸ New Bus Rapid Transit Corridors ±² ¸« TraÁc Volume Change with Scenario « ±¯ ¸¸ TraÁc Volume Change with Scenario ¸ ±¹ ¸± Beijing Ring Roads ±µ ¸® Changes in Flows Using Distance-Based Charging Scenario ®± ¸² Relative Changes in Network Speeds Using Distance-Based Charging Scenario ®± ¸¯ Changes in Flows Using Area Charging Scenario ®² ¸¹ Changes in Speeds Using Area Charging Scenario ®² ¸° Cordon Charging Central Business District Area ®¯ ¸µ Changes in Flows for Cordon Pricing in the Central Business District Area ®¹ BOXES « Relevant Policies «µ ¸ Surveys of Public Biking Systems ¸° Foreword eijingª the capital of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)ª is one of the most economically advanced Bcities in the PRCª with a population of ¸« million¬ Beijing symbolizes the country’s rapid economic growth and serves as a model of urban development¬ Its transport policy influences other large cities in the PRC¬ The magnitude of its transport-related problems—and the implications for other
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