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Travel Demand Management Options in Beijing May

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TravelTravel Demand Demand Management Management Options Options in in Beijing Beijing RapidRapid urbanization urbanization and and motorization motorization combined combined with with high high population population density density have have led led to to serious serious congestion congestion andand air air quality quality problems problems in inthe the People’s People’s Republic Republic of of China China capital capital of of Beijing. Beijing. While While Beijing Beijing accounts accounts for for less less thanthan 2% 2% of of the the population, population, more more than than 10% 10% of of the the country’s country’s vehicles vehicles ply ply the the city’s city’s roads. roads. This This study study is ispart part of of thethe Asian Asian Development Development Bank’s Bank’s initiative initiative to to support support greener greener and and more more sustainable sustainable transport transport systems systems that that are are convenientconvenient and and lessen lessen carbon carbon dioxide dioxide emissions. emissions. Read Read how how congestion congestion charging, charging, vehicle vehicle ownership ownership quotas, quotas, andand progressive progressive parking parking reforms reforms can can improve improve Beijing’s Beijing’s approach approach to to travel travel demand demand management. management. AboutAbout the the Asian Asian Development Development Bank Bank ADB’sADB’s vision vision is isan an Asia Asia and and Pacific Pacific region region free free of ofpoverty. poverty. Its Its missionmission is isto tohelp help its its developing developing membermember countriescountries reduce reduce poverty poverty and and improve improve the the quality quality of of life life of of their their people. people. Despite Despite the the region’s region’s many many successes, successes, it remainsit remains home home to to a largea large share share of of the the world’s world’s poor. poor. ADB ADB is iscommitted committed to to reducing reducing poverty poverty through through inclusive inclusive economiceconomic growth, growth, environmentally environmentally sustainable sustainable growth, growth, and and regional regional integration. integration. BasedBased in inManila, Manila, ADB ADB is isowned owned by by 67 67 members, members, including including 48 48 from from the the region. region. Its Its main main instruments instruments for for helpinghelping its its developing developing member member countries countries are are policy policy dialogue, dialogue, loans, loans, equity equity investments, investments, guarantees, guarantees, grants, grants, andand technical technical assistance. assistance. TRAVELTRAVEL DEMANDDEMAND MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT OPTIONSOPTIONS ININ BEIJINGBEIJING ASIANASIAN DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT BANK BANK 6 ADB6 ADB Avenue, Avenue, Mandaluyong Mandaluyong City City 15501550 Metro Metro Manila, Manila, Philippines Philippines ASIANASIAN DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT BANK BANK www.adb.orgwww.adb.org TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS IN BEIJING MAY ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution . IGO license (CC BY . IGO) © Asian Development Bank ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, Philippines Tel ; Fax www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in . ISBN -- - - (Print), -- - - (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. TCS DOI: http://dx.doi.org/. /TCS The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution . IGO license (CC BY . IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/./igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-useopenaccess This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Notes: In this publication, “¢” refers to US dollars. Exchange rate as of January : ¢. ¦ CNY.. ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda Printed on recycled paper Contents Tablesª Figuresª and Boxes iv Foreword vi Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations viii Executive Summary ix I Introduction « A¬ Background « B¬ Current Urban Transport Issues « C¬ Growing Congestion and Declining Accessibility ® D¬ Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ¯ E¬ Compatibility of Institutional Arrangements ° II Travel Demand Management Measures «± A¬ Types of Travel Demand Management «± B¬ Purposes of Travel Demand Management and Other Measures «² C¬ Classification of Measures Using the Avoid–Shift–Improve Framework «¯ D¬ Beijing’s Experience with Travel Demand Management «° E¬ Summary of Implementation E´ects ±« III Assessment of Travel Demand Management Scenarios for Beijing ±® A¬ Bus Rapid Transit Network Plan Scenario Analysis ±® B¬ Charging for Road Use ±° IV Future Policy Challenges and Improvement Directions for Travel Demand Management ®µ A¬ Challenges ®µ B¬ Directions for Improvement ²¶ References ²± iii Tablesª Figuresª and Boxes TABLES « Changes in Trip Distances in ¸¶¶²–¸¶«¶ and Trip Times by Modeª ¸¶«¶ ² ¸ Policyª Regulatoryª and Oversight Responsibilities «¶ ± Mapping of Main Transport Agency Functions in Beijing «¸ ® Travel Demand Management and Other Measures Classified by Main Purpose «¯ ² Classification of Travel Demand Management and Other Measures by Avoid–Shift–Improve Framework «¹ ¯ The ¸° Measures ¸« ¹ Current Parking Price Standard ¸± ° Average Speed of Road Network ¸¯ µ Average Speed of Roads at All Levels within the Fifth Ring Road (Including the Fifth Ring Road) ±¸ «¶ Model Test Result—Mode Share Changes within Sixth Ring Road ±¹ «« Model Test Result¼ Vehicle Kilometers and Bus Rapid Transit Passenger Kilometers in Morning Peak ±¹ «¸ Overview of First Set of Scenarios ®¶ «± Overview of Performance of Scenarios on Key Indicators ®¸ «® Changes in Congestion Index ®¸ «² Changes in Mode Shares (Trips) ®¸ «¯ Changes in Car Demand Levels for the Area Charging Scenario ®® «¹ Changes in Mode Shares for the Area Charging Scenario ®® «° Changes in Car Shares for Trips between Di´erent Areas ®® FIGURES « Motorization and Car Availabilityª ¸¶¶¶–¸¶«® ¸ ¸ Changes in Modal Sharesª ¸¶¶¶–¸¶«± ± ± Sources of Particulate Matter (¿¸¬² microns) in Beijingª ¸¶«¸–¸¶«± ¹ ® Air Pollution in Beijing ¹ ² Days with Air Quality No Lower than Grade II Standard ° ¯ An Example of Bus Lanes in Beijing «± ¹ Monthly Changes in TraÁc Performance Index on Working Daysª ¸¶¶¹–¸¶«± «° iv Tables, Figures, and Boxes v ° Changes in TraÁc Performance Index Based on Flexible Working Hours ¸¸ µ Current Parking Zones in Beijing ¸® «¶ E´ect of Parking Policy Change ¸® «« Geographic Extent of Private Vehicle Use Restrictions ¸² «¸ Annual Growth in Car Fleet ¸¹ «± Locations of Public Bicycle Sharing Docking Stations ¸¹ «® Conditions Before and After Opening the Bus Lanes ¸µ «² Peak Period Bus and Passenger Flows on Beijing–Tongzhou Expressway Before and After Bus Lanes ±¶ «¯ Comparison of Changes in the Number of Passengers Using Batong Metro Line during Morning Peak Hours Before and After Opening the Special Lanes ±¶ «¹ Proportion of Road Network Congestion During Morning and Evening Rush Hours ±¸ «° Recent Trends in Bus Speeds ±± «µ Scenario «¼ One New Bus Rapid Transit Corridor ±² ¸¶ Scenario «¼ «¸ New Bus Rapid Transit Corridors ±² ¸« TraÁc Volume Change with Scenario « ±¯ ¸¸ TraÁc Volume Change with Scenario ¸ ±¹ ¸± Beijing Ring Roads ±µ ¸® Changes in Flows Using Distance-Based Charging Scenario ®± ¸² Relative Changes in Network Speeds Using Distance-Based Charging Scenario ®± ¸¯ Changes in Flows Using Area Charging Scenario ®² ¸¹ Changes in Speeds Using Area Charging Scenario ®² ¸° Cordon Charging Central Business District Area ®¯ ¸µ Changes in Flows for Cordon Pricing in the Central Business District Area ®¹ BOXES « Relevant Policies «µ ¸ Surveys of Public Biking Systems ¸° Foreword eijingª the capital of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)ª is one of the most economically advanced Bcities in the PRCª with a population of ¸« million¬ Beijing symbolizes the country’s rapid economic growth and serves as a model of urban development¬ Its transport policy influences other large cities in the PRC¬ The magnitude of its transport-related problems—and the implications for other
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    BEIJING MUNICIPAL COmmISSION OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT BEIJING’S SUBURBS & SMALL TOWNS TO VISIT Getaway from China’s Capital —— 1 Discovering the Unique Charm and Vibes of Beijing’s Suburbs and Small Towns 1 Beijing’s Suburban Charm and Small-Town Vibes In the long-standing imperial Beijing, the red walls and yellow tiles exude the majestic imperial glamour, and the sedate country scene easily comes into your peripheral vision. A visit in Beijing guarantees you a walk of imperial solemnity in downtown Beijing, and a lot more country fun in the suburbs. You will see the many faces of the suburbs in the four seasons, walk through all the peaceful folk villages and exotic small towns, and make the most of your Beijing trips. This feature will highlight attractions of Beijing’s suburbs in the four seasons and open up year-round opportunities for visitors to soak up the best of the country life. A variety of small towns will also be featured, making for the best short trips to relax. 2 TRAVEL IN BEIJING’S SUBURBS AND SMALL TOWNS Highlights A Travel Guide to Beijing’s Suburbs Spring Explore the Nature | Feast on the Wild Summer Make a Splash | Go on Leisurely Outings Autumn Hike for Foliage | Foraging for Autumn Fruits Winter Ski down the Slopes | Bathe in Hot Springs 3 Best Small Towns to Visit “Chinese national” Small Towns 2 Gubei Water Town the Ultimate Retreat | Xiaotangshan the Hot Spring Resort “Western style” Small Towns 2 Spring Legend Town in Huairou | Huanghou Town Leisure Holiday Village Themed Small Towns 3 CTSHK RV Park of MYNS | Chateau Changyu AFIP Global Beijing | Qianjiadian Town in Yanqing Unique Cultural Villages 3 Cuandixia Village | Lingshui Village in Mentougou | Kangling Village For more information, please see the details below.
  • Observed Decreases in On-Road CO2 Concentrations in Beijing During

    Observed Decreases in On-Road CO2 Concentrations in Beijing During

    Observed decreases in on-road CO2 concentrations in Beijing during COVID-19 restrictions Di Liu1, Wanqi Sun2, Ning Zeng3,4, , Pengfei Han1*, Bo Yao2, *, Zhiqiang Liu1, Pucai Wang5, Ke Zheng1, Han Mei1, Qixiang Cai1 5 1Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences & Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China 3Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, USA 10 4Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, USA 5Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences * Correspondence to: Pengfei Han ([email protected]); Bo Yao ([email protected]) 15 Abstract: 带格式的: 字体: (默认) 宋体, (中文) 宋体, 小四 To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, restrictions such as “lockdowns”, were conducted globally, which led to a 带格式的: 正文, 段落间距段前: 0 磅, 段后: 0 磅 significant reduction in fossil fuel emissions, especially in urban regionsareas. However, CO2 concentrations in urban 20 regions areas are affected by many factors, such as weather, biological sinks and background CO2 fluctuations. Thus, it is 带格式的: 下标 difficult to directly observe the CO2 reductions in CO2 concentrations with from sparse ground observations. Here, we focus on urban ground transportation emissions, which were dramatically affected by the prohibitionsrestrictions, to determine the reduction signals. We conducted six
  • Underground Space As a Connector

    Underground Space As a Connector

    ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMME 2010-2011 DESIGN REPORT NEW MOBILITY HUB IN BEIJING UNDERGROUND SPACE AS A CONNECTOR SHEKWai Ling, Sophy May 2011 \ r 00 Thesis Statement 01 Background Study 02 Site Analysis 03 Underground Space 04 Design Strategy & Development i Thesis Statement The fast urbanization and urban sprawl in Beijing causes problematic conditions in many areas of city. The south-east area is a representative case for this development. To cope with the problem of increased traffic congestion and emission in Beijing, the government has planned to expand the subway system to cover most parts of the city and aiming at a 1km node-to-node walking distance within the 3rd ring road area by 2020, in order to encourage citizens to use public transport rather than automobiles and develop a more sustainable life- style. In addition to the subway system, the government has planned underground networks as an alternative way to ease ground traffic congestion and land use tensions in downtown areas. Along with the Beijing Government's emphasis on the subway system and underground space development, a new subway station will be built in Nanmofang in the east part of the capital bringing new opportunities to this area, south of the extending CBD. This thesis attempts to connect an increasingly fragmented urban fabric through the introduction of an underground space network. The underground space network provides a large flexibility to link different destinations directly by the all weather pedestrian connections and helps to reconnect Beijing's urban blocks divided by the large street grid for vehicular traffic.
  • 14 Guangzhou R&F Properties Co., Ltd

    14 Guangzhou R&F Properties Co., Ltd

    14 GUANGZHOU R&F PROPERTIES CO., LTD. Annual Report 2005 precise Market Positioning, satisfying customers’ needs GUANGZHOU R&F PROPERTIES CO., LTD. Annual Report 2005 15 R&F Property廣州 物業一覽 in China Heilongjiang Jilin Beijing Liaoning Xinjiang Neimenggu Hebai Tianjin Ningxia Shanxi Shandong Qinghai Gansu Xian Jiangsu Henan Shaanxi Tibet Anhui Hubei Sichuan Chongqing Zhejiang Shanghai Hunan Jiangxi Guizhou Fujian Guangzhou Yunnan Taiwan Guangxi Guangdong Hong Kong Macau Hainan No. of Project Land Bank Location under development Total GFA as at 14 March 2006 (sq. m.) (sq. m.) Guangzhou 11 1,143,000 4,128,000 Beijing 4 870,000 3,080,000 Tianjin 1 318,000 926,000 Xian 1 140,000 980,000 Chongqing 0 0 230,000 16 GUANGZHOU R&F PROPERTIES CO., LTD. Annual Report 2005 Business Review Overview of the PRC Property Market In 2005, China’s economy continued its rapid growth. The gross domestic product (“GDP”) in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”or “China”) reached RMB18,232.1 billion, which was a 9.9% surge over the previous year, while per capita disposable income of urban residents in cities and towns recorded a growth of 9.6%. The continuing growth in China’s economy and the rise in the disposable income of its citizens will inevitably lead to a higher demand for quality housing. During the year under review, the Chinese Govern- ment implemented a series of macro economic mea- sures to counter act the overheated property market. These macro economic measures have helped stabi- lized market conditions and in the long run are ex- pected to create a more balanced supply and demand situation and a healthier development of the prop- erty market.