INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

BA/BSc MODULE (15 credit): ARCL0029

EMERGENCE AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS

MODULE HANDBOOK 2019-2020

Upper Palaeolithic Cave Art from Peche Merle, France (Lewis-Williams 2002)

Co-ordinator: Dr. Andrew Garrard

E-mail: [email protected] Room 408. Telephone 020-7679-4764

Deadlines for coursework for this module are Monday 2 March and Monday 6 April

AIMS

The module will examine the evolution and spread of modern human hunter-gatherers from their first appearance in Africa until their successful colonization of Europe, Asia, Australasia and the Americas. It will examine the archaeological evidence for the emergence of cognitively modern humans, and the technological, economic and social adaptations which enabled the colonization of the late glacial and early post-glacial world. Case studies will be taken from each of the continents, but with a special emphasis on Europe and the Near East.

OBJECTIVES

On successful completion of the module, students will be well informed on: - the key research issues relating to the emergence, spread and adaptations of modern human hunter-gatherers - the methodological and theoretical approaches which have been taken to understand these issues - and on the archaeology of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene periods in selected study areas from Africa, Eurasia, Australasia and the Americas.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

The module is multi-disciplinary in coverage and will help student’s develop their skills in: - the critical evaluation of research from a range of academic fields - and in the presentation of complex ideas in essays and discussion.

TEACHING METHODS

This 15 credit module will be taught weekly though the spring term in 10 two hour sessions. Each session will comprise of a lecture followed by discussion. It is essential that students read the weekly recommended readings so they can follow the lectures and contribute to discussion.

PREREQUISITES

There are no formal prerequisites for this module.

WORKLOAD

There will 20 hours of lectures with discussion. Students are expected to undertake around 70 hours of reading for this module, and spend roughly 60 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a toal workload of some 150 hours.

METHODS OF ASSESSMENT

The module is assessed by means of a 1,425-1,575 word site summary and a 3,325-3,675 word essay. The site summary counts for 30% of the marks and the essay for 70%. Details of the assessments are given on pages 12-16 of this handout. The module co-ordinator will be willing to discuss an outline of the student’s approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.

LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES

In addition to the Institute of Archaeology’s library, students will also need to use UCL’s Science Library (particularly the Anthropology Section). Libraries outside of UCL which have relevant holdings include those at the University of London at Senate House and the British Library.

TEACHING SCHEDULE

Teaching sessions will be held on Fridays between 11-1 pm through the spring term in Room 209. It is hoped that students will attend all the sessions, but a minimum attendance of 70% is required, except in the case of illness or other adverse circumstances which are supported by medical certificates or other documentation as appropriate.

2 MODULE SYLLABUS

Essential Background

1. January 17: a) The nature of recent hunter-gatherer societies. b) Introduction to late Pleistocene and early Holocene environments.

2. January 24: a) The evolution and spread of modern humans. b) Technology through the Middle and Later Stone Age.

The emergence of Modern Humans

3. January 31: The emergence of modern humans in Africa.

4. February 07: Neanderthals and first modern humans in the Near East and Europe.

Hunter-gatherers of the Last Ice Age in Europe

5. February 14: Adaptations of hunter-gatherers to the last glaciation in Europe.

February 17-21: READING WEEK

6. February 28: Upper Palaeolithic art – its nature and interpretation.

Responses to climate change at the end of the Pleistocene

7. March 06: The emergence of sedentism in the Near East.

8. March 13: Adaptations to the post-glacial in North-West Europe.

Colonisation of Australasia and Americas

9. March 20: The Colonisation of Australasia.

10. March 27: The Colonisation of the Americas.

3 SEMINAR / LECTURE SUMMARIES

The following pages give details of the lectures for the module and identify highly recommended () and optional readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system individual readings can be found and whether they are available online. However, this should be checked against the UCL library computer system to see if the material is out on loan or whether there are copies available in other branches/sections of the library. The recommended readings are considered important for keeping up with the topics covered in the lectures, and it is expected that students will check these prior to the session under which they are listed.

Arch. = item in Archaeology library Anthrop., Geology etc are held in the Watson Science Library. Digitised Reading = Chapter available from Digital Reading List

() = highly recommended reading

PLEASE NOTE there is an online reading list for this module with links to some BUT NOT ALL of the journal articles and digitized readings. This will be found at: http://readinglists.ucl.ac.uk/lists/A98BB8B2-23C4-7876-96F2-A99A035D3E81.html

1a. THE NATURE OF RECENT HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES

This session will examine the range of adaptations found amongst recent hunter-gatherer societies, focusing on subsistence strategies, demographic structure and social organization. There will also be discussion of the care which needs to be taken in the application of ethnographic parallels to the archaeological record.

Ames K.M. (2003) The Northwest Coast. Evolutionary Anthropology 12: 19-33. (Online)  Binford L.R. (1982) In pursuit of the past. London, Thames & Hudson. (Arch: AH BIN; Issue Desk BIN 4) Binford L.R. (2001) Constructing frames of reference. Berkeley, University of California Press. (Arch: AH Qto BIN; Issue Desk BIN 9) Cummings V., Jordan P. & Zvelebil M. (eds.) (2014) The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers. Oxford University Press. (Online; Arch: BD 10 CUM)  Kelly R.L. (2013) The lifeways of hunter-gatherers: the foraging spectrum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Arch: BD10 KEL; book available online) Lee R.B. & Daly R. (eds.) (1999) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers. Cambridge University Press. (Arch: BD LEE)  Lee R.B. & DeVore I. (eds.) (1968) Man the hunter. Chicago, Aldine. (especially Lee, Woodburn, Suttles, Balikci). (Arch: HB LEE; Issue Desk LEE 4)  Marlowe F.W. (2005) Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 14: 54-67. (Online) Testart A. (1982) The significance of food storage amongst hunter-gatherers: residence patterns, population densities and social inequalities. Current Anthropology 23: 523-37. (Online) Wobst H.M. (1978) The archaeoethnology of hunter-gatherers or the tyranny of the ethnographic record in archaeology. American Antiquity 43: 303-9. (Online) Woodburn J. (1982) Egalitarian Societies. Man 17: 431-51. (Online)

1b. INTRODUCTION TO LATE PLEISTOCENE AND EARLY HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTS

An evaluation of the impact of global climate changes on regional environments and resources through the Upper Pleistocene and early Holocene. The review will discuss their likely effects on human communities and on the survival of archaeological sites.

Bell M. & Walker M.J.C. (2005) Late Quaternary Environmental Change. Physical and Human Perspectives. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, Pearson. (Arch: BB 6 BEL; Issue Desk BEL 2; Geog: E 20 BEL).

4  Lowe J.J. & Walker M.J.C. (2015) Reconstructing Quaternary Environments. 3rd ed. (chapter 7). London, Longmans. (Geology G90 LOW; also available online) Lowe J.J. (2008) Synchronisation of palaeoenvironmental events in the North Atlantic region during the Last Termination: a revised protocol recommended by the INTIMATE group. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 6-17. (Online) Petit J.R. et al. (1999) Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399: 429-436. (Online) Roberts N. (1998) The Holocene: an environmental history. 2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwells. (Arch: BA ROB)  van Andel T.H. & Tzedakis P.C. (1996) Palaeolithic landscapes of Europe and environs,150,000- 25,000 years ago: an overview. Quaternary Science Reviews 15: 481-500. (Online) Walker M. (2005) Quaternary Dating Methods. Chichester, Wiley. (Geology: G90 WAL)

2a. THE EVOLUTION AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS

An examination of the fossil and genetic evidence for the evolution of biologically modern humans in Africa and their spread across Eurasia and eventually to Australasia and the Americas. There will also be a discussion of the nature of the behavioural changes associated with modern humans and how they may be observed in the archaeological record.

EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUMANS Alves I. et al. (2012) Genomic data reveal a complex making of humans. PLOS Genetics 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002837. (Online) Green R.E. et al. (2010) A draft sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328: 710-722. (see also comment by Gibbons: Science 328: 680-684) (Online)  Humphrey L & Stringer C. (2018) Our Human Story. London, Natural History Museum. (Arch: on order for library) Klein R.G. (2009) The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 3rd edition. Chicago, University of Chicago Press (Chapters 7-8) (Arch: BB 1 KLE; Issue Desk KLE 4). Lewin R. & Foley R. (2004) Principles of human evolution. 2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell. (part 3) (Arch: BB 1 LEW, Issue Desk LEW; Anthrop: B 30 LEW) Reich D. et al. (2010) Genetic history of an archaic human group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468 (7327): 1053-60. (Online).  Reich D. (2018) Who we are and how we got here. Oxford, Oxford University Press (Chapters 1-3) (Arch: BB1 REI)  Stringer C. (2011) The origin of our species. London, Allen Lane (Arch: BB1 STR) Stringer C. (2012) What makes a modern human? Nature 483: 33-35.

NATURE OF “MODERNITY” AND THE HUMAN “BEHAVIOURAL REVOLUTION" Bar-Yosef O. (1998) On the nature of transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolutions. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8 (2): 141-63. (Online) d’Errico F. et al. (2003) The search for the origins of symbolism, music and language: a multidisciplinary endeavour. Journal World Prehistory 17: 1-70. (Online)  Henshilwood C.S. & Marean C.W. (2003) The origin of modern human behavior. Critique of the models and their test implications. Current Anthropology 44 (5): 627-651. (Online)  McBrearty S. & Brooks A (2000) The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. Journal Human Evolution 39: 453-563. (Online)  Mithen S. (1996) The Prehistory of the Mind. London, Thames & Hudson. (chapters 8-10). (Arch: BB 1 MIT; Issue Desk MIT 3) Powell A., Shennan S. & Thomas M.G. (2009) Late Pleistocene demography and the appearance of modern human behaviour. Science 324: 1298-1301. (Online)

2b. INTRODUCTION TO THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE LATER STONE AGE

An introduction to the development of technology through the Stone Age and particularly to the developments associated with modern human hunter-gatherers. This session will include a practical.

Andrefsky W. (1998) Lithics. Macroscopic approaches to analysis. Cambridge University Press. (Arch: KA AND; Issue Desk AND 2)

5  Inizan M-L., Roche H., Tixier J. (1992) Technology of knapped stone. Meudon, CREP. (Arch: KA INI; Issue Desk INI)  Shea J.J. (2013) Stone tools in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic of the Near East: a guide. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press. (Arch: DBA 100 SHE; Issue Desk SHE 4) Whittaker J.C. (1994) Flintknapping: Making and Understanding Stone Tools. Austin, Univ. of Texas (Arch: KA WHI; Issue Desk WHI 8).

3. THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN HUMANS IN AFRICA

Homo sapiens is thought to have evolved in Africa between 200-150 kyr. This session will examine the archaeological evidence from the Middle Stone Age of Africa for the emergence of modern forms of human behaviour. This will include evidence for symbolic expression in the use of pigments and body ornamentation, innovations in technology and subsistence strategies, and colonization of new habitats.

Barham L. & Mitchell P. (2008) The First Africans. Cambridge University Press. (Arch: DC 100 BAR; Issue Desk BAR 11) Brown K.S. et al. (2012) An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa. Nature 491: 590-593. (Online) Cain C.R. (2006) Implications of the marked artifacts of the Middle Stone Age of Africa. Current Anthropology 47: 675-681. (Online) Henshilwood C.S. et al. (2001) Blombos Cave, Southern Cape, South Africa: Preliminary report on the 1992-1999 excavations of the Middle Stone Age levels. Journal Archaeological Science 28: 421-448. (Online)  Henshilwood C.S. & Marean C.W. (2003) The origin of modern human behavior. Critique of the models and their test implications. Current Anthropology 44 (5): 627-651. (Online) Henshilwood C.S. et al. (2004) Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science 304: 404 (Online) Marean C. (2010) Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral Kingdom, shellfish and modern human origins. Journal of Human Evolution 59: 425-443. (Online)  Marean C. & Assefa Z. (1999) Zooarchaeological evidence for the faunal exploitation behaviour of neanderthals and early modern humans. Evolutionary Anthropology 8: 22-37. (Online)  McBrearty S. & Brooks A (2000) The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. Journal Human Evolution 39: 453-563. (Online) Texier P.J. (2010) A Howieson’s Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dating to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 107: 6180-85. (Online) Tyler Faith J. (2008) Eland, buffalo and wild pigs: were Middle Stone Age humans ineffective humans? Journal of Human Evolution 55: 24-36. (Online)  Watts K. (1999) The origin of symbolic culture. In R. Dunbar et al. (eds.) The evolution of culture. New Brunswick, Rutgers University: 113-146. (Digitised reading; Anthrop: D 6 DUN) Yellen J. et al. (1995) A Middle Stone Age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 268: 553-56. (Online)

4. NEANDERTHALS AND FIRST MODERN HUMANS IN THE NEAR EAST AND EUROPE

Early modern humans appear to have spread into the Near East by 100 kyr and into Europe by 40 kyr, and in both areas eventually replaced Neanderthal populations. There has been much interest in the behavioural distinctions between the two species and the nature of any possible interactions. This session will discuss the archaeological evidence from the regions.

NEAR EAST  Bar-Yosef O. (1998) On the nature of transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution. Cambridge Archaeology Journal 8 (2): 141-63. (Online) Bar-Yosef Mayer D.E. et al. (2009) Shells and ochre in the Middle Palaeolithic Qafzeh Cave, Israel: indications for modern behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 56: 307-14. (Online) Douka K. et al. (2013) Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and implications for the colonization of Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans. PloS One 8 (9) e72931 (Online) Hovers E. et al. (2003) An early case of color symbolism: ochre use by Modern Humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology 44: 491-522. (Online)

6  Hovers E. (2006) Neandertals and Modern Humans in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant: What kind of interaction? In N. J. Conard (ed.) When Neanderthals and modern humans met. Tübingen: Kerns. (Digitised reading; Arch: BB 1 CON; Issue Desk CON 12) Kuhn S.L. et al. (2001) Ornaments of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic: new insights from the Levant. Proceedings National Academy Sciences 98: 7641-46. (Online)  Pettitt P. (2011) Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial. Abingdon: Routledge. (Chapters 4-5) (Arch: BC 120 PET; Issue Desk PET 20) Shea J. (1998) Neanderthal and early modern human behavioural variability: a regional-scale approach to lithic evidence for hunting in the Levantine Mousterian. Current Anthropology 39, Supplement: S45-78. (Online)  Shea J. (2003) The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 17: 313-394. (Online) Vanhaeren M. et al. (2006) Middle Palaeolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312: 1785- 1788. (Online)

EUROPE Benazzi S. et al. (2011) Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour. Nature 479: 525-528. (Online) d'Errico F. et al. (1998) Neanderthal acculturation in Western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39 Supplement: S1-S44. (Online) Finlayson C. et al. (2012) Birds of a feather: Neanderthal exploitation of raptors and corvids. PloS One 7 (9): e45927 (Online) Higham T. et al. (2010) Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (47): 20234-39. (Online)  Higham T. et al. (2014) The timing and spatialtemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature 512: 306-9.  Joris O. & Street M. (2008) At the end of the 14C time scale – the Middle to Upper Paleolithic record of western Eurasia. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 782-802. (Online) Jaubert J. et al (2016) Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France. Nature 534: 111-114.  Mellars P. (2006) Archaeology and the dispersal of modern humans in Europe: deconstructing the “Aurignacian”. Evolutionary Anthropology 15: 167-182. (Online) Mellars P. (2006) A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia. Nature 439: 931-935. (Online) Pettitt P. (1999) Disappearing from the world: an archaeological perspective on neanderthal extinction. Oxford Journal Archaeology 18 (3): 217-40. (Online)  Zilhao J. (2006) Neandertals and Moderns mixed, and it matters. Evolutionary Anthropology 15: 183- 195. (Online) Zilhao J. (2010) Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 1023-1028 (Online)

5. ADAPTATIONS OF HUNTER-GATHERERS TO THE LAST GLACIATION IN EUROPE

This session will examine the adaptations of hunter-gatherers to the coldest stages of the last glacial period in Europe. It will examine subsistence and settlement strategies in two contrasting regions: in south western France with its seeming focus on reindeer hunting, and the Ukraine where the emphasis appears to have been on mammoth. There will also be an examination of mortuary traditions in various parts of Europe and their potential social implications.

Formicola V. (2007) From the Sunghir children to the Romito dwarf. Aspects of the Upper Paleolithic funerary landscape. Current Anthropology 48: 446-453. (Online) Gamble C. (1999) The Palaeolithic societies of Europe. Cambridge University Press. (chapters 6-7). (Arch: DA 120 GAM; Issue Desk GAM) Gamble C. et al. (2005) The archaeological and genetic foundations of the European population during the Late Glacial: implications for ‘agricultural thinking’. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15 (2): 193-223. (Online)  Giacobini G. (2008) Richness and diversity of burial rituals in the Upper Palaeolithic. Diogenes 214: 19-39. (Online)

7 Grayson D.K. & Delpech F. (2002) Specialised Early Upper Palaeolithic hunters in southwestern France? Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 1439-49. (Online) Hoffecker J.F. (2005) Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper Palaeolithic of northern Eurasia. Evolutionary Anthropology 14: 186-198. (Online).  Iakovleva L (2015) The architecture of mammoth bone circular dwellings of the Upper Palaeolithic settlements in central and eastern Europe and their socio-economic meanings. Quaternary International 359-360: 324-334. (Online). Klein R.G. (2009) The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 3rd edition. Chicago, University of Chicago Press (Chapters 7-8) (Arch: BB 1 KLE; Issue Desk KLE 4). Olsen S.L. (1989) Solutré: a theoretical approach to the reconstruction of Upper Palaeolithic hunting strategies. Journal Human Evolution 18: 295-327. (Online) Pettitt P. (2011) Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial. Abingdon: Routledge. (Chapters 6-7) (Arch: BC 120 PET; Issue Desk PET 20)  Pettitt P. (2014) The European Upper Palaeolithic. In V.Cummings, :P.Jordan & M.Zvelebil (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers. Oxford University Press: 279-309. (Online; Arch: BD 10 CUM) Pryor A.J.E. (2008) Following the fat: food and mobility in the European Upper Palaeolithic 45,000 to 18,000 BP. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 23.2: 161-179. (Arch: Periodicals) Soffer O. (1989) Storage, sedentism and the Eurasian Palaeolithic record. Antiquity 63 (241): 719-32. (Online) Soffer O. et al. (1997) Cultural stratigraphy at Mezhirich, an Upper Palaeolithic site in Ukraine with multiple occupation. Antiquity 71: 48-62. (Online) Stiner M. et al. (2000) The tortoise and the hare. Small game use, the Broad Spectrum Revolution and Paleolithic demography. Current Anthropology 41 (1): 39-73. (Online)

6. UPPER PALAEOLITHIC ART – ITS NATURE AND INTERPRETATION

This session will examine the prolific cave art and portable art found in various parts of Europe through the Upper Palaeolithic. This will include a detailed analysis of the imagery at two French cave sites: Chauvet (ca 32 kyr) and Lascaux (ca 17 kyr). There will also be a detailed discussion of the various interpretions of Upper Palaeolithic art, much of which is based on ethnographic analogy.

 Bahn P.G. & Vertut J. (1997) Journey through the Ice Age. London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson. (Arch: BC 300 BAH; Issue Desk BAH 2) Clottes J. (2003) Return to Chauvet Cave: Excavating the birthplace of art. London, Thames & Hudson. (Arch: DAC Qto CLO; Issue Desk CLO) Conkey M.W. (1997) Beyond Art. Pleistocene image and symbol. California Academy of Sciences. (chapters by Clottes, Lewis-Williams, Marshack) (Arch: BC 300 CON; Issue Desk CON 2; Anthrop: E 10 CON)  Cook J. (2013) Ice Age Art. The arrival of the modern mind. London: British Museum Press (Arch: BC300 COO; Issue Desk COO) D’Errico F. et al. (2003) The search for the origins of symbolism, music and language: a multidisciplinary endeavour. Journal World Prehistory 17: 1-70. (Online) Hoffmann D et al (2018) U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveal a Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art. Science 359: 912-15. (Online)  Lawson A.J. (2012) Painted Caves: Palaeolithic Rock Art in Western Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press. (Arch: DA 120 LAW)  Lewis-Williams J.D. (2002) The mind in the cave. London, Thames & Hudson. (Arch: BC 300 LEW; Issue Desk LEW 2) Lewis-Williams J.D. & Dowson T.A. (1988) The signs of all times: entoptic phenomena in Upper Palaeolithic Art. Current Anthropology 29: 201-233. (Online) Pettitt P. & Pike A. (2007) Dating European Palaeolithic Cave Art: Progress, Prospects, Problems. Journal Archaeological Method & Theory 14 (1): 27-47. (Online) Pike A. et al. (2012) U-Series dating of Paleolithic art in 11 caves in Spain. Science: 336: 1409-13. Quiles, A. et al. (2016) A high-precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Palaeolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche, France. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113: 4670-75. (Online) Ruspoli M. (1987) The cave of Lascaux: the final photographic record. London, Thames & Hudson. (Arch: DAC Qto RUS; Issue Desk RUS 4)

8  Soffer O., Adovasio J.M. & Hyland D.C. (2000) The “Venus” Figurines. Textiles, basketry, gender and status in the Upper Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology 41 (4): 511-537. (Online) White R. (1995) Ivory personal ornaments of Aurignacian age: technological, social and symbolic perspectives. In J. Hahn et al. (eds.) Le travail et l’usage de l’ivoire au Paléolithique Superieur. Rome, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato: 29-62. (Digitised reading; Arch: DA 120 HAH) White R. (2006) The women of Brassempouy: a century of research and interpretation. Journal Archaeological Method & Theory 13 (4): 251-304. (Online)

7. THE EMERGENCE OF SEDENTISM IN THE NEAR EAST

Coinciding with the dramatic changes in global climate at the end of the Pleistocene, there is evidence for increasing sedentarisation amongst hunter-gatherer groups in the Levant. This session will explore the archaeological evidence for semi-permanent residence in resource-rich areas, and the associated changes in food procurement strategies and in social and ideological practices.

 Bar-Yosef O. (1998) The Natufian Culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture. Evolutionary Anthropology 6 (5): 159-77. (Online) Bar-Yosef O. & Valla F. (eds.) (1991) The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Ann Arbor, International Monographs in Prehistory. (Chapters by Edwards, Moore, Tchernov, Belfer-Cohen) (Arch: DBA 100 BAR; Issue Desk BAR 12) Bar-Yosef O. & Valla F. (eds.) (2013) Natufian Foragers in the Levant. Ann Arbor, International Monographs in Prehistory. (Arch: DBA 100 BAR)  Boyd B. (2006) On sedentism in the Late Epipaleolithic (Natufian) Levant. World Archaeology 38: 164-178. (Online) Byrd B. F. (2005) Reassessing the emergence of village life in the Near East. Journal of Archaeological Research 13: 231-290. (Online)  Byrd B.F. and Monahan C.M. (1995) Death, mortuary ritual and Natufian social structure. Journal Anthropological Archaeology 14: 251-87. (Online) Edwards P.C. (1989) Problems of recognizing earliest sedentism: the Natufian example. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 2: 5-48 (Digitsed reading; Arch: Journal) Grosman L., Munro N. & Belfer-Cohen A. (2008) A 12,000-year-old Shaman burial from the southern Levant (Israel). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (46) 17665-9. (Online) Hardy-Smith T. & Edwards P.C. (2004) The garbage crisis in prehistory: artifact discard patterns at the Early Natufian site of Wadi Hammeh 27 and the origins of household refuge disposal strategies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23: 253-289. (Online) Hillman G. (1996) Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: possible preludes to cereal cultivation. In D.R. Harris (ed.) The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia. London, UCL Press: 159-203. (Arch: HA HAR; Issue Desk HAR 8) Maher, L.A. et al. (2012) Twenty thousand-year-old huts at a hunter-gatherer settlement in eastern Jordan. PLoS ONE 7 (2) e31447. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031447. (Online)  Maher L.A., Richter T. & Stock J.T. (2012) The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-term behavioural trends in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology 21: 69-81. (Online) Munro N.D. (2004) Zooarchaeological measures of hunting pressure and occupation intensity in the Natufian. Current Anthropology 45 Supplement: S5-S33. (Online) Nadel D. & Werker E. (1999) The oldest ever brush hut plant remains from Ohalo II, Jordan Valley, Israel (19,000 BP). Antiquity 73 (282): 755-64. (Online) Stutz A., Munro N. & Bar-Oz G. (2009) Increasing the resolution of the Broad Spectrum Revolution in the Southern Levantine Epipalaeolithic (19-12 ka). Journal of Human Evolution 56 (3): 294-306. (Online)

8. ADAPTATIONS TO THE POST-GLACIAL IN NORTH-WEST EUROPE

At the end of the Pleistocene and during the early Holocene, there were dramatic changes in the environments of north-west Europe. This session will discuss the recolonisation of this region and the adaptations of the Mesolithic communities – particularly in technology, subsistence, settlement and social practice. There will be a focus on the extremely well-preserved record from southern Scandinavia but with reference to Britain and Ireland.

9 Conneller C. et al. (2012) Substantial settlement in the European Early Mesolithic: new research at Star Carr. Antiquity 86: 1004-20. (Online) Gron O. (2003) Mesolithic dwelling places in south Scandinavia: their definition and social interpretation. Antiquity 77: 685-708. (Online)  Larsson L. (1990) The Mesolithic of Southern Scandinavia. Journal World Prehistory 4 (3): 257- 309. (Online) Larsson L. (1999) Settlement and palaeoecology in the Scandinavian Mesolithic. In J.Coles (ed.) World Prehistory. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 87-106. (Arch: BC 100 COL; Issue Desk COL 4) Mellars P. & Dark P. (eds.) (1998) Star Carr in context: new archaeological and palaeoecological investigations at the Early Mesolithic site of Star Carr, North Yorkshire. Cambridge: McDonald Institute. (Arch: DAA 410 Qto MEL; Issue Desk MEL 2)  Mithen S.J. (2001) The Mesolithic Age. In B.Cunliffe (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe. 2nd ed.. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 79-135. (Digitised reading: Arch: DA 100 CUN) Price T.D. (1985) Affluent foragers of Mesolithic Southern Scandinavia. In T.D.Price & J.A.Brown (eds.) Prehistoric hunter-gatherers. London, Academic Press. 341-363. (Digitised reading; Arch: Issue Desk PRI 4; Anthrop: C 6 PRI)  Price T.D. & Gebauer A.B. (1992) The final frontier: foragers to farmers in Southern Scandinavia. In A.B.Gebauer & T.D.Price (eds.) Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory. Madison, Prehistory Press: 111-126. (Arch: HA GEB) Rowley-Conwy P. (1999) Economic prehistory in Southern Scandinavia. In J.Coles (ed.) World Prehistory. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 125-60. (Digitised reading; Arch: BC 100 COL; Issue Desk COL 4)  Shennan S (2018) First Farmers of Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (Chapter 7). (Arch: DA 140 SHE) Young R. (ed.) (2000) Mesolithic lifeways. Current research from Britain and Ireland. Leicester, University of Leicester. (Arch: DAA 130 Qto YOU; Issue Desk YOU) Zvelebil M. (1998) Agricultural frontiers, Neolithic origins, and the transition to farming in the Baltic Basin. In M.Zvelebil et al. (eds.) Harvesting the Sea, Farming the Forest. Sheffield, Academic Press: 9-28. (Digitised reading; Arch: DAK 12 Qto ZVE; Issue Desk ZVE) Zvelebil M. (1998) What’s in a Name: the Mesolithic, Neolithic and social change at the Mesolithic- Neolithic transition. In M. Edmonds & C. Richards (eds) Understanding the Neolithic of North- West Europe. Glasgow, Cruithne Press: 1-36. (Digitised reading Arch: DA 140 EDM)

9. THE COLONISATION OF AUSTRALASIA

Archaeological evidence suggests that Modern Humans reached Australia by 50 kyr and had colonized most habitable areas of the continent by 25 kyr. This session will examine the nature of the colonization process and the possible impact that the populations had on the indigenous fauna and flora. It will also discuss the earlier colonization of what is now island south-east Asia and the enigma of the dwarf fossil hominins found on Flores.

Balme J. (2013) Of boats and string: the maritime colonization of Australia. Quaternary International 285: 68-75. (Online) Bowler J. et al. (2003) New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia. Nature 421: 837-840. (Online) Clarkson C. et al. (2017) Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago. Nature 547: 306-10. (Online) Cosgrove R. (1999) Forty-two degrees south: the archaeology of late Pleistocene Tasmania. Journal World Prehistory 13: 357-402. (Online)  Dennell R. & Petraglia, M. (2012) The dispersal of Homo sapiens across southern Asia: how early, how often, how complex? Quaternary Science Review 47: 15-22. (Online) Field J., Fullagar R. & Lord G. (2001) A large area archaeological excavation at Cuddie Springs. Antiquity 75: 696-702 (Online)  Field J. et al. (2013) Looking for the archaeological signature in Australian Megafaunal extinctions. Quaternary International 285: 76-88. (Online)  Habgood P.J. & Franklin N.F. (2008) The revolution that didn’t arrive: a review of Pleistocene Sahul. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 187-222. (Online)

10 Johnson C.N. (2002) Determinants of loss of mammal species during the late Quaternary ‘megafauna’ extinctions: life history and ecology, but not body size. Proceedings Royal Society London Series B 269: 2221-27 (Online)  Lorenzen E.D. et al. (2011) Species specific responses of late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans. Nature 479: 359-64. (Online) Lourandos H. (1997) Continent of hunter-gatherers. Cambridge University Press. (Arch: DDA LOU; Issue Desk LOU; Anthrop: SA 71 LOU) Malaspinas A-S et al (2016) A genomic history of aboriginal Australia. Nature 538: 207-214. (Online) O’Connor S. et al. (2011) Pelagic fishing at 42,000 years before the present and the maritime skills of Modern Humans. Science 334: 1117-1121. (Online) Roberts R.G. et al. (2001) New ages for the last Australian Megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago. Science 292: 1888-92. (Online) Sutikna, T. et al. (2016). Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia. Nature 532: 366-369. (Online) Summerhayes G.R. et al. (2010) Human adaptation and plant use in Highland New Guinea 49,000 to 44,000 years ago. Science 330: 78-81. (Online) Webb S. (2006) The first boat people. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (Arch: DDA WEB)

10. THE COLONISATION OF THE AMERICAS

North and South America were the last continents to be colonized by Modern Humans and there is still much controversy about the date and nature of this process as well as the origins of the populations. This session will examine the various lines of evidence, and as with Australasia will also discuss the factors which may have led to the extinction of many species of large mammal.

 Adovasio J.M. & Pedler D.R. (1997) Monte Verde and the antiquity of humankind in the Americas. Antiquity 71: 573-80. (Online) Dillehay T.D. (1999) The late Pleistocene cultures of South America. Evolutionary Anthropology 7: 206-16. (Online) Dillehay T.D. (2015) New archaeological evidence for an early human presence at Monte Verde, Chile. Plos One doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141923 (Online) Dixon E.J. (2013) Late Pleistocene colonization of North America from Northeast Asia: new insights from large-scale paleogeographic reconstructions. Quaternary International 285: 57-67. (Online) Fiedel S. (2000) The peopling of the New World: present evidence, new theories and future directions. Journal Archaeological Research 8: 39-103 (Online) Gill J.L. et al. (2009) Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America. Science 326: 1100-1103. (Online) Grayson D.K. & Meltzer D.J. (2003) A requiem for North American overkill. Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 585-593. (Online) Hall R., Roy D. & Boling D. (2004) Pleistocene migration routes into the Amercias: human biological adaptations and environmental constraints. Evolutionary Anthropology 13: 132-144. (Online)  Haynes G. (2013) Extinctions in North America’s late Glacial landscapes. Quaternary International 285: 89-98. (Online) Hoffecker J.F. & Elias S.A. (2003) Environment and Archaeology in Beringia. Evolutionary Anthropology 12: 34-49. (Online) Jenkins D.L. et al. (2012) Clovis age Western Stemmed Projectile Points and human coprolites at the Paisley Caves. Science 337: 223-228. (Online)  Lorenzen E.D. et al. (2011) Species specific responses of late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans. Nature 479: 359-64. (Online)  Meltzer, D.J. (2009) First peoples in the New World. Princeton University. (DEA MEL; also available (online)  Pitulko V. et al. (2012) The oldest art of the Eurasian Arctic: personal ornaments and symbolic objects from Yana, RHS, Arctic Siberia. Antiquity 86: 674-95. (Online) Raghavan, M. et al. (2015) Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and Recent population history of Native Americans. Science 349 (3884). doi: 10.1126/science.aab3884  Waguespack N.M. (2007) Why we’re still arguing about the Pleistocene occupation of the Americas. Evolutionary Anthropology 16 (2): 63-74. (Online) Waters (2011) Pre-Clovis Mastodon hunting 13,800 years ago at the Manis site, Washington. Science 334: 351-353. (Online)

11 ASSESSMENTS

The module will be assessed by a 1,425-1,575 word site summary (30% of marks) and a 3,325-3,675 word essay (70% of marks) (see pages 15-16). These can be prepared in either order and the deadlines will be as follows:

- Mon. 02 March: deadline for first piece of assessed work (either site summary or essay) - Mon. 06 April: deadline for second piece of assessed work (either site summary or essay)

WORD-LENGTH UCL has very strict regulations relating to word-length. For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by up to 10%, the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks. For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more, the mark will be reduced by ten percentage points. In both cases, the penalized mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a pass. The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, captions and contents of tables and figures, and appendices. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range.

CITING OF SOURCES Coursework should be expressed in a student’s own words giving the exact source of any ideas, information, diagrams etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between inverted commas (with the author, date and page number in brackets and the source in the bibliography). Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious offence which can carry very heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to read and abide by the requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. If you are unclear about the definition of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties involved, please check UCL regulations at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/guidelines/plagiarism

PRESENTATION Essays and other assessed work must be word-processed (unless otherwise specified) and should be printed on one or both sides of the paper, using 1.5-line spacing. Bibliographies may be in single line spacing. Adequate margins should be left for written comments by the examiner. Students are encouraged to use diagrams and/or tables where appropriate. These should be clearly referred to at the appropriate point in the text, and if derived from another source, this must be clearly acknowledged.

SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK - Essays must be submitted both as hard copy and electronically. - You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Institute of Archaeology Reception Desk. - All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked. - Instructions are given below 1. Ensure that your essay has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document, Please include the module code and your candidate number on every page as a header. 2. Go into the Moodle page for the module. 3. Click on the assignment (i.e. Essay). 4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay). Note that this changes each year. 5. Click “Upload”. 6. Click on “Submit” 7. You should receive a receipt – please save this. 8. If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers at [email protected], explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and assignment involved. One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from

12 uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the Module Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline

LATE SUBMISSION Late submission is penalized in accordance with UCL regulations, unless permission for late submission has been granted. The penalties are as follows: i) the marks for coursework received up to two working days after the published date and time will incur a 10 percentage point deduction in marks (but no lower than the pass mark); ii) the marks for coursework received more than two working days and up to five working days after the published date and time will receive no more than the pass mark (50%); iii) work submitted more than five working days after the published date and time, but before the second week of the third term will receive a mark of zero but will be considered complete.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS Please note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. You are reminded that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA website for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/

TIMESCALE FOR RETURN OF MARKED COURSEWORK TO STUDENTS You can expect to receive your marked work within four calendar weeks of the official submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation from the marker, you should notify the IoA’s Academic Administrator, Judy Medrington.

KEEPING COPIES AND RETURN OF COURSEWORK TO MODULE COORDINATOR Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic) of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should return it to the module coordinator within two weeks, so that it can be second-marked and is available to the Board of Examiners. You may like to keep a copy of the comments if you are likely to wish to refer to these later.

COMMUNICATION If any changes need to be made to the module arrangements, these will normally be communicated by email. It is therefore essential that you consult your UCL e-mail account regularly.

Please make sure you are signed up to access Moodle for this module. This is essential so you can access copies of the seminar presentations, obtain the detailed reading lists and for the submission of coursework. If you need any help with Moodle please contact Charlotte Frearson ([email protected]).

ATTENDANCE A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email. Departments are required to report each student’s attendance to UCL Registry at frequent intervals throughout each term. A 70% minimum attendance at all scheduled sessions is required (excluding absences due to illness or other adverse circumstances, provided that these are supported by medical certificates or other documentation, as appropriate).

DYSLEXIA AND OTHER DISABILITIES If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this. Please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.

FEEDBACK In trying to make this module as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students during the module of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the module in an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the module. These questionnaires

13 are taken seriously and help the Module Coordinator to develop the module. The summarised responses are considered by the Institute's Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee.

If students are concerned about any aspect of this module we hope they will feel able to talk to the Module Coordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should the Academic Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the Chair of Teaching Committee (Dr. Bill Sillar).

14 SITE SUMMARY

N.B. Make sure to avoid overlap with site summaries written for Archaeology of Human Evolution module taught by Tomos Proffitt.

Students should prepare a 1,425-1,575 word summary of an archaeological site which has played a key role in our understanding of one of the time periods or subject areas covered in this module. Please select one of the sites listed below, which are arranged by time period and by the lecture in which they will be mentioned. The summaries should be very clear and concise (use subheadings), and the text should be supplemented with appropriate illustrations. The summary should include details of: (1) the location and ecological context (past and present), (2) the stratigraphy and dating, (3) the history of investigation, and (4) and details of why the site is of particular significance for the period or region in question. You will be able to find appropriate references by (a) checking the reading list for the appropriate lecture, (b) the library catalogue (go to the explore page, enter site name, and check all resources), and (c) check the site name in google scholar on the web. Be sure to cite all the sources you use, as you would in an essay.

Emergence of Modern Humans – Africa (Lecture 3) Klasies River Mouth (South Africa) Blombos (South Africa) Pinnacle Point (South Africa) Neanderthals & First Modern Humans – Near East (Lecture 3/4) Kebara (Israel) Hayonim Cave (Israel) Ksar Akil (Lebanon) Tabun Cave (Israel) Neanderthals & First Modern Humans – Europe (Lecture 4) La Ferrassie (France) Grotte du Renne = Arcy sur Cure (France) Kents Cavern (UK) Upper Palaeolithic (last glacial) – Europe (Lecture 5) Solutre (France) Mezhirich (Ukraine) Dolni Vestonice (Czech Republic) Paviland (UK) Upper Palaeolithic Art – Europe (Lecture 6) Chauvet Cave (France) Lascaux Cave (France) Coa Valley (Portugal) Creswell Crags (UK) Epipalaeolithic – Near East (Lecture 7) Ohalo II (Israel) Mallaha = Eynan (Israel) El Wad (Israel) Wadi Hammeh (Jordan) Mesolithic – NW Europe (Lecture 8) Star Carr (UK) Tybrind Vig (Denmark) Skateholm (Sweden) S.E.Asia – Australasia (Lecture 9) Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) Cuddie Springs (Australia) Lake Mungo (Australia) Americas (Lecture 10) Monte Verde (Chile) Meadowcroft (USA) Paisley Caves (USA)

15 ESSAY TITLES

N.B. Make sure to avoid overlap with essays written for Archaeology of Human Evolution module taught by Tomos Proffitt.

1. Define what is meant by “behavioural modernity” in the archaeological record? Evaluate the evidence for its development in the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa. To what extent was it a rapid (revolutionary) or gradual process of change?

2. Evaluate the evidence for deliberate human burial in the Middle Palaeolithic of Western Asia and whether it is possible to demonstrate grave goods in association with some of the remains. Are there differences between the mortuary practice associated with Neanderthals and early Modern humans?

3. Contrast the behavioural records of late Neanderthals and early modern humans in France and Spain between the late Mousterian and Aurignacian. Evaluate Mellars’ theory that Neanderthals became partially “acculturated” to modern humans after they arrived in western Europe.

4. The Upper Palaeolithic of the Dnepr – Desna river valleys of eastern Europe is renowned for its mammoth bone dwellings. Describe the nature of settlement patterns in these valleys and what can be determined of subsistence patterns and the social structure of the population during the period following the last glacial maximum (from 20 kyr).

5. “Venus figurines” have been found in the archaeological record of the Gravettian period from western France to eastern Siberia. Contrast the style of these across this wide region and what it may tell one about regional interactions. Discuss and evaluate the various interpretations for their production.

6. Outline the development of mortuary practice through the Natufian period. What can be learnt of Natufian social structure and possibly ideology from the disposal of the dead?

7. Outline the nature of late Mesolithic (Ertebolle) settlement and subsistence systems in Southern Scandinavia. What factors may ultimately have encouraged the spread of farming into this area?

8. Outline the evidence for the colonisation of the Australasian continent and the likely ancestry and routeways of populations into the continent. A wide range of animal species became extinct in the late Pleistocene. What factors may have lain behind these extinctions?

9. For a long period the Clovis peoples of North America were thought to be the earliest colonisers of the continent. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence for pre-Clovis occupation. Evaluate the evidence for this and the likely origins of the immigrant population and their routeways into North America.

16