Mosaic Evolution in Hominin Phylogeny: Meanings, Implications, and Explanations
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The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans 1. Modern
THE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS • Modern Humans • The Advent of Behavioral Modernity • Advances in Technology • Glacial Retreat • Cave Art • The Settling of Australia • Settling the Americas • The Peopling of the Pacific 1. MODERN HUMANS Anatomically modern humans (AMHs) evolved from an archaic Homo sapiens African ancestor • Eventually AMHs spread to other areas, including western Europe, where they replaced, or Interbred with, Neandertals Out of Africa II • Accumulating to support African origin for AMHs • White and Asfaw: finds near village of Herto are generally anatomically modern • Leakey: Omo Kibish remains from 195,000 B.P. appear to be earliest AMH fossils yet found • Sites in South Africa of early African AMHs 1 • Anatomically modern specimens, including skull found at Skhūl, date to 100,000 B.P. • Early AMHs in Western Europe often referred to as Cro Magnons, after earliest fossil find of an anatomically modern human in France • AMHs may have inhabited Middle East before the Neandertals GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR OUT OF AFRICA II • Researchers from Berkeley generated a computerized model of Homo evolution • Based upon the average rate of mutation in known samples of mtDNA • Only the mother contributes mtDNA • Everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed Eve) who lived in sub-Saharan Africa around 200,000 years ago GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR OUT OF AFRICA II • In 1997, mtDNA extracted showed that the Neandertals differed significantly from modern humans • 27 differences between modern humans and Neandertal • -
Hands-On Human Evolution: a Laboratory Based Approach
Hands-on Human Evolution: A Laboratory Based Approach Developed by Margarita Hernandez Center for Precollegiate Education and Training Author: Margarita Hernandez Curriculum Team: Julie Bokor, Sven Engling A huge thank you to….. Contents: 4. Author’s note 5. Introduction 6. Tips about the curriculum 8. Lesson Summaries 9. Lesson Sequencing Guide 10. Vocabulary 11. Next Generation Sunshine State Standards- Science 12. Background information 13. Lessons 122. Resources 123. Content Assessment 129. Content Area Expert Evaluation 131. Teacher Feedback Form 134. Student Feedback Form Lesson 1: Hominid Evolution Lab 19. Lesson 1 . Student Lab Pages . Student Lab Key . Human Evolution Phylogeny . Lab Station Numbers . Skeletal Pictures Lesson 2: Chromosomal Comparison Lab 48. Lesson 2 . Student Activity Pages . Student Lab Key Lesson 3: Naledi Jigsaw 77. Lesson 3 Author’s note Introduction Page The validity and importance of the theory of biological evolution runs strong throughout the topic of biology. Evolution serves as a foundation to many biological concepts by tying together the different tenants of biology, like ecology, anatomy, genetics, zoology, and taxonomy. It is for this reason that evolution plays a prominent role in the state and national standards and deserves thorough coverage in a classroom. A prime example of evolution can be seen in our own ancestral history, and this unit provides students with an excellent opportunity to consider the multiple lines of evidence that support hominid evolution. By allowing students the chance to uncover the supporting evidence for evolution themselves, they discover the ways the theory of evolution is supported by multiple sources. It is our hope that the opportunity to handle our ancestors’ bone casts and examine real molecular data, in an inquiry based environment, will pique the interest of students, ultimately leading them to conclude that the evidence they have gathered thoroughly supports the theory of evolution. -
Computation (Abacus) Aspects of the Sahasralingam
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 143 – No.13, June 2016 Computation (Abacus) Aspects of the Sahasralingam Jayabrata Mukherjee Deepak Bhattacharya, PhD Murugeshpallya, C/o Sri Radha Krishna, Bangalore-17, Karnataka, India Kedar Gouri Road, Bhubaneswar-751002, India. ABSTRACT used to conduct such & related studies. Herein, the India claims deep heritage in ancient sciences and specially Sahasralingam has been imagined as an abacus; numbers from in Mathematics & Astronomy – which means computation. 1-to-1020 have imputed and the results are presented as Evidence based works not noted (archaeology platform). tentative findings. The deductions posit as having unique and Sahasralingam (million indicator) is a artifact of indo novel applications in computation with versatility. Such type archaeology. One devise from Bhubaneswar is studied from of study and report has not been done pre to this computation aspects. Has 1020 indentures which transpires as communication. magic number. Sets of various types; Fibonacci; Pi; Permits The historical cum cultural identity of the candidate continuous computations viz., calculus, algebra, discreet math archaeology‘s locale is Kalinga (cleaver & intelligent) [3], in imperative and declarative languages; offers semantics; Utkala (excellent) and Kosala (capable), which have an embedment; steganography & VLSI type; lattices of various enviable heritage in high rise construction (intact array); orders; types & axis; symmetry with versatility and an architecture[4, 5]; compass & maritime engineering [6-7]; extraordinary level of mathematical maturity is reported from inspirational designs [8]; positional astronomy [9,10] and the first time. 1020 posits also as unique & novel testing archaeoastronomy [11,12] continuously from c.6th A.D [13], platform number. -
Human Origins in South Africa
Human Origins in South Africa September 8-22, 2018 (15 days) with paleoanthropologist Ian Tattersall © Thomas T. oin Dr. Ian Tattersall, curator emeritus at the Makapansgat American Museum of Natural History and renowned SOUTH AFRICA Valley & Jpaleoanthropologist and author, on this diverse South African # = Hotel nights 2 Polokwane Mapungubwe adventure featuring fascinating paleontological localities; evocative Sterkfontein Caves 1 Pretoria historical sites and modern cities; sublime mountain, veld, and coastal scenery; wildlife viewing and photography opportunities; delicious cuisine; and 4- and 5-star accommodations. Travel from 2 Magaliesberg the lovely Magaliesberg Mountains to early human sites in the Johannesburg “Cradle of Humankind,” such as Sterkfontein Caves, and as far Hoedspruit afield as the Makapansgat Valley, plus archaeological sites in the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape and the West Coast Fossil Park. Visit Blombos Museum of Archaeology and Pinnacle Point Caves, West Coast Fossil Park 4 Cape Town 2 Kapama Game with private tours of both by a guest archaeologist. Spend two Reserve nights at a luxurious camp to explore the Kapama Game Reserve, Cape Winelands enjoying morning and afternoon game drives. Take guided tours Darling 2 George of Pretoria and Cape Town, and tour the Cape Winelands, where you will sample some of South Africa’s most renowned wines. Indian Ocean Cango Dr. Tattersall and local guides will accompany you throughout, Pinnacle Point Caves Atlantic Ocean Caves weaving together the threads of past and present that make up the rich tapestry of human evolution. Cover, Cape Town. Below, Mapungubwe Hill, Mapungubwe National Park. Bottom, the entrance to the Sterkfontein Caves. Itinerary (B)= Breakfast, (L)= Lunch, (D)= Dinner Saturday, September 8, 2018: Depart Home Depart home on independent flights to Johannesburg, South Africa. -
The Denisova Hominin Need Not Be an out of Africa Story
Journal of Human Evolution 60 (2011) 251e255 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol News and Views The Denisova hominin need not be an out of Africa story María Martinón-Torres a,*, Robin Dennell b, José María Bermúdez de Castro a a National Research Centre on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca s/n, 09002 Burgos, Spain b Department of Archaeology, Northgate House, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK article info Giraffa camelopardis at Latamne, Syria, from the late Early Pleisto- cene (Guérin et al., 1993) (depending on whether or not the gravels Article history: underlying the Acheulean horizon at this site are regarded as late Received 7 May 2010 Early Pleistocene in age); and the African suid Kalpochoerus at Accepted 5 October 2010 Evron, Israel, ca. 1.0 Ma (Tchernov et al., 1994). Theropithecus, Keywords: Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Panthera leo, and Panthera pardus were Evolutionary scenario other mammals that left Africa in the Early Pleistocene (Martínez- Atapuerca Navarro and Rabinovich, in press). There is also archaeological Eurasia evidence of at least two hominin dispersals before 0.7 Ma. The first Hominin dispersals is marked by the appearance of an early Acheulean bifacial tech- Homo heidelbergensis nology at ‘Ubeidiya, Israel, ca. 1.4e1.5 Ma (Bar-Yosef and Goren- Inbar, 1993), and the second is marked by the appearance of African types of cleavers at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov (GBY), Israel, ca. 780 ka (Saragusti and Goren-Inbar, 2001). Both of these dispersals The recent retrieval of a complete mitochondrial (mt) DNA appear to have been very localised within Asia, as there is no sequence from a 48e30 ka human bone from Denisova (Siberia) unequivocal evidence of Acheulean assemblages outside the Levant (Krause et al., 2010) is a remarkable achievement fully deserving until ca. -
The Aurignacian Viewed from Africa
Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University THE AURIGNACIAN VIEWED FROM AFRICA Christian A. TRYON Introduction 20 The African archeological record of 43-28 ka as a comparison 21 A - The Aurignacian has no direct equivalent in Africa 21 B - Archaic hominins persist in Africa through much of the Late Pleistocene 24 C - High modification symbolic artifacts in Africa and Eurasia 24 Conclusions 26 Acknowledgements 26 References cited 27 To cite this article Tryon C. A. , 2015 - The Aurignacian Viewed from Africa, in White R., Bourrillon R. (eds.) with the collaboration of Bon F., Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe, Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University, P@lethnology, 7, 19-33. http://www.palethnologie.org 19 P@lethnology | 2015 | 19-33 Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University THE AURIGNACIAN VIEWED FROM AFRICA Christian A. TRYON Abstract The Aurignacian technocomplex in Eurasia, dated to ~43-28 ka, has no direct archeological taxonomic equivalent in Africa during the same time interval, which may reflect differences in inter-group communication or differences in archeological definitions currently in use. Extinct hominin taxa are present in both Eurasia and Africa during this interval, but the African archeological record has played little role in discussions of the demographic expansion of Homo sapiens, unlike the Aurignacian. Sites in Eurasia and Africa by 42 ka show the earliest examples of personal ornaments that result from extensive modification of raw materials, a greater investment of time that may reflect increased their use in increasingly diverse and complex social networks. -
September 2017 N°17
ISSN 2499-1341 EXPRESSION quarterly e-journal of atelier in cooperation with uispp-cisenp. international scientific commission on the intellectual and spiritual expressions of non-literate peoples N°17 September 2017 CULT SITES AND ART Anthropomorphic face on the entrance slab of a circular ceremonial structure from Har Karkom, Negev desert, Israel (Pre-pottery Neolithic site BK 608). EDITORIAL NOTES accompany them. What echoes accompanied CULT SITES the paintings in the prehistoric caves? What performances, if any, were taking place in front AND ART of the decorated rock surfaces? The visual art stresses myths, mythical beings Walking along a narrow trail, on the edge of and/or historical facts, which are related to the a steep valley in the middle of a deep forest, cult and to the sanctity of the site. It is the visual we suddenly heard noises of human presen- memory that justifes the function of the site. ce, voices that were neither speeches nor son- Was it the same in prehistoric times? In front of gs, something in between. We reached a cave where a number of people were assembled in rock art sites, in the Camonica Valley, Italy, or a corner and an old bearded man was standing in Kakadu in Arnhem Land, Australia, or in the on an upper step of the rock talking ... perhaps Drakensberg caves, South Africa, or in the Al- talking, perhaps declaiming, perhaps singing, tamira cave, Spain, the presence of prehistoric but not to the people below. He was talking or art awakens a sense of sacredness, we feel that performing or praying in front of a white rock these were and are special places but .. -
SCIRES-IT, 9(2), Paper3 Valzano, Negro & Lucarella Otranto
SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologie dell'Informazione Vol 9, Issue 2 (2019), 17-28 e-ISSN 2239-4303, DOI 10.2423/i22394303v9n2p17 Open access article licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND CASPUR-CIBER Publishing, http://www.sciresit.it OTRANTO TREASURES IN 3D Virginia Valzano*, Fabio Negro**, Domenico Lucarella*** **University of Salento – CEIT, Italy **Leaf Software s.n.c. - Maglie (LE), Italy ***University of Salento, Italy Abstract Otranto is an Italian city located on the Adriatic coast of the Salento peninsula, on the easternmost stretch of Italy. Always considered one of the pearls of the Mediterranean, Otranto exudes a timeless charm, with its countless historical, artistic and naturalistic beauties. "Otranto Treasures in 3D" is a video-documentary that tells the millennial charm of Otranto’s, landscape, culture and nature through video footage and 3D reconstructions. The video allows a guided virtual tour of the wonders of Otranto, to discover this ancient town, to know and admire its churches and its splendid monuments and some ancient settlements and archaeological sites of remarkable relevance, such as the Grotta dei Cervi in Porto Badisco, and to dive into a crystal blue sea, a realm of enchanting habitats rich in biodiversity and spectacular backdrops. Keywords Otranto, Porto Badisco, 3D movie, CoCoNet, Mediterranean in 3D, Underwater 3D filming, Grotta dei Cervi, Deer Cave, Aragonese Castle, Castel's Chapel, Donna Teresa de Azevedo, Three-dimensional reconstruction, Virtual representation, 3D models, 3D imaging, 3D animation, Texture mapping, Cultural Heritage 1. Introduction Albania, and the Terra d'Otranto, an ancient district of the Kingdom of Naples. -
A B S T Ra C T S O F T H E O Ra L and Poster Presentations
Abstracts of the oral and poster presentations (in alphabetic order) see Addenda, p. 271 11th ICAZ International Conference. Paris, 23-28 August 2010 81 82 11th ICAZ International Conference. Paris, 23-28 August 2010 ABRAMS Grégory1, BONJEAN ABUHELALEH Bellal1, AL NAHAR Maysoon2, Dominique1, Di Modica Kévin1 & PATOU- BERRUTI Gabriele Luigi Francesco, MATHIS Marylène2 CANCELLIERI Emanuele1 & THUN 1, Centre de recherches de la grotte Scladina, 339D Rue Fond des Vaux, 5300 Andenne, HOHENSTEIN Ursula1 Belgique, [email protected]; [email protected] ; [email protected] 2, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Département Préhistoire du Muséum National d’Histoire 1, Department of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, Ferrara Naturelle, 1 Rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France, [email protected] (FE: 44100), Italy, [email protected] 2, Department of Archaeology, University of Jordan. Amman 11942 Jordan, maysnahar@gmail. com Les os brûlés de l’ensemble sédimentaire 1A de Scladina (Andenne, Belgique) : apports naturels ou restes de foyer Study of Bone artefacts and use techniques from the Neo- néandertalien ? lithic Jordanian site; Tell Abu Suwwan (PPNB-PN) L’ensemble sédimentaire 1A de la grotte Scladina, daté par 14C entre In this paper we would like to present the experimental study car- 40 et 37.000 B.P., recèle les traces d’une occupation par les Néan- ried out in order to reproduce the bone artifacts coming from the dertaliens qui contient environ 3.500 artefacts lithiques ainsi que Neolithic site Tell Abu Suwwan-Jordan. This experimental project plusieurs milliers de restes fauniques, attribués majoritairement au aims to complete the archaeozoological analysis of the bone arti- Cheval pour les herbivores. -
Homo Aestheticus’
Conceptual Paper Glob J Arch & Anthropol Volume 11 Issue 3 - June 2020 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Shuchi Srivastava DOI: 10.19080/GJAA.2020.11.555815 Man and Artistic Expression: Emergence of ‘Homo Aestheticus’ Shuchi Srivastava* Department of Anthropology, National Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, India Submission: May 30, 2020; Published: June 16, 2020 *Corresponding author: Shuchi Srivastava, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, National Post Graduate College, An Autonomous College of University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India Abstract Man is a member of animal kingdom like all other animals but his unique feature is culture. Cultural activities involve art and artistic expressions which are the earliest methods of emotional manifestation through sign. The present paper deals with the origin of the artistic expression of the man, i.e. the emergence of ‘Homo aestheticus’ and discussed various related aspects. It is basically a conceptual paper; history of art begins with humanity. In his artistic instincts and attainments, man expressed his vigour, his ability to establish a gainful and optimistictherefore, mainlyrelationship the secondary with his environmentsources of data to humanizehave been nature. used for Their the behaviorsstudy. Overall as artists findings was reveal one of that the man selection is artistic characteristics by nature suitableand the for the progress of the human species. Evidence from extensive analysis of cave art and home art suggests that humans have also been ‘Homo aestheticus’ since their origins. Keywords: Man; Art; Artistic expression; Homo aestheticus; Prehistoric art; Palaeolithic art; Cave art; Home art Introduction ‘Sahityasangeetkalavihinah, Sakshatpashuh Maybe it was the time when some African apelike creatures to 7 million years ago, the first human ancestors were appeared. -
Behavioural Complexity and Modern Traits in the Philippine Upper Palaeolithic
Behavioural Complexity and Modern Traits in the Philippine Upper Palaeolithic AlFred F. PAwlIk introduction The discussion of cultural, cognitive, and behavioral modernity has a long tradition in europe’s prehistoric archaeology ( Dibble 1989; Hahn 1986; Jelinek 1982; klein 1995, 1999; Mellars 1989a, 1989b). The appearance of specialized blade indus- tries, bone and antler tools, and especially figurative art, musical instruments, and personal ornaments are seen as significant indicators of the highly developed cultural and cognitive abilities of their makers (Clottes 2001; Conard 2003; Conard et al. 2004). The seemingly sudden appearance of expressive art and symbolism together with complex tool technologies in europe at around 40,000 years ago has been attributed to explosive cultural and cognitive advancement with the arrival of ana- tomically modern Homo sapiens ( Klein and Blake 2002; Mellars 1991; Mithen 1996). Whether this Upper Palaeolithic revolution in europe was due to social factors or genetic mutation, was related to changes in the ecosystem, or has a cultural expla- nation (such as competition with another human species, the Neanderthals) is still under debate ( Bar-Yossef 2002; Conard et al. 2004; d’errico 2003; Haidle 2006; McBrearty and Brooks 2000; Mellars 2005; Zilhão 2001). Yet, the “human revolu- tion” model is used to explain the success of the Homo sapiens immigrants over the Neanderthals ( Bräuer and Smith 1992; Conard 2006, 2008; Mellars 2005). On the other hand, potential indicators of an earlier and gradually developing cul- tural and cognitive modernity have been seen in African assemblages. The appearance of some modern cognitive traits (e.g., production of projectile points, shell-fishing, personal ornaments, notational or incised pieces, and pigment processing) in Africa has been dated back to the Middle Pleistocene, earlier than the first evidence of ana- tomically modern hominids 200,000 years ago (Henshilwood et al. -
Denisovans, Neanderthals Or Sapiens?
Could There Have Been Human Families... 8(2)/2020 ISSN 2300-7648 (print) / ISSN 2353-5636 (online) Received: March 31, 2020. Accepted: September 2, 2020 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2020.019 Could There Have Been Human Families Where Parents Came from Different Populations: Denisovans, Neanderthals or Sapiens? MARCIN EDWARD UHLIK Independent Scholar e-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-8518-0255 Abstract. No later than ~500kya the population of Homo sapiens split into three lin- eages of independently evolving human populations: Sapiens, Neanderthals and Den- isovans. After several hundred thousands years, they met several times and interbred with low frequency. Evidence of coupling between them is found in fossil records of Neanderthal – Sapiens offspring (Oase 1) and Neanderthal – Denisovans (Denisova 11) offspring. Moreover, the analysis of ancient and present-day population DNA shows that there were several significant gene flows between populations. Many introgressed sequences from Denisovans and Neanderthals were identified in genomes of currently living populations. All these data, according to biological species definition, may in- dicate that populations of H. sapiens sapiens and two extinct populations H. sapiens neanderthalensis and H. sapiens denisovensis are one species. Ontological transitions from pre-human beings to humans might have happened before the initial splitting of the Homo sapiens population or after the splitting during evolution of H. sapiens sapiens lineage in Africa. If the ensoulment of the first homo occurred in the evolving populations of H. sapiens sapiens, then occasionally mixed couples (Neanderthals – Sa- piens or Denisovans – Sapiens) created relations that functioned as a family, in which children could have matured.