DOCSLIB.ORG

Emancipation of Muslim Female Migrants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emancipation of Muslim Female Migrants Emancipation of Muslim female Migrants An analysis of the personal emancipation views of Arabic speaking, young Muslim female migrants and the consistency with the Dutch emancipation policies Master Thesis Public Administration Manal Chakor s0164364 Graduation Committe: Ms. Prof. Dr. S. Saharso Mr. Dr. M.R.R. Ossewaarde 0 ‘If you educate a women, you educate a family’ Foreword Yes, if you educate a women, you educate a family. And if you educate a family, you change the future. This was a quote from queen Rania from Jordan. And yes, she is true. Women have not only suffered oppression, deprivation and persecution throughout history, women are also the ones from whom society is born. Literally. Great leaders had greater women standing behind them, supporting them in their ambitions for greater things. That’s a woman’s strength I think. She can inspire for greatness, but she herself can also be great. For you lies my research that I have carried out in order to graduate for my Master study Public Administration. The subject is one that is close to my heart. As a female, as a Muslim, as a migrant child and even as a young feminist I first found inspiration in my mother, a strong women who brought up five children towards success while she herself never had the chance to pursue her dreams. I cannot but dedicate this graduation to her. Before you continue reading, I have to thank some of the persons who played a great part in this research. First my supervisor, prof. Sawitri Saharso, who was a never ending source of inspiration for me and guided me with so much patience and involvement. I am proud to have had the honour to be one of her students. I also want to thank my second supervisor, dr. Ringo Ossewaarde a one of a kind teacher who leaves his imprints on his student because of his dedication, his positivity and his ability to get the best out of his students. I am truly blessed with such a graduation committee. This research could have never be what it is if 16 women haven’t let me into their homes and shared their inspiring and often sad stories with me. Thank you so much, I wish you all the best. There are two other persons that deserve a place here. First my mother, for her love and support, her prayers and her never getting off my back about my thesis. She made me who I am today. And of course my most beloved husband. He makes my world complete. The only thing that remains now is to urge you and read this most interesting research. Manal Chakor Universiteit Twente, 2013 1 Samenvatting Dit onderzoek heeft geprobeerd een antwoord te geven op de vraag hoe het Nederlandse emancipatiebeleid het probleem rondom de emancipatie van Islamitische migrantenvrouwen framed en of dit uitgangspunt overeenkomt met de ideeën, opvattingen en eigen capaciteiten van deze vrouwen. Voor het onderzoek zijn 16 vrouwen geïnterviewd waarbij zij gevraagd zijn hun eigen visie op emancipatie te schetsen. De emancipatie en integratie van Islamitische migrantenvrouwen, en dan voornamelijk van huwelijksmigranten is het afgelopen jaar sterk bekritiseerd en is uitgegroeid tot een groot maatschappelijk probleem. De bestaande maatschappelijk en politieke discours benadrukt hierbij nog eens het negatieve beeld dat bestaat over deze vrouwen, die als slachtoffer, ongeschoold en onderdrukt worden beschouwd. Het emancipatiebeleid gaat uit van dit negatieve beeld en stelt de emancipatie van deze vrouwen (en mannen) als oplossing van het probleem. Hierbij dienen migrantenvrouwen de al geëmancipeerde Nederlandse vrouw als voorbeeld te nemen. Aangezien de vrouwen vanuit het beleid weinig ruimte krijgen om hun visie op het probleem te geven wil ik dit in mijn afstudeeronderzoek wel doen. Hierbij is de volgende hoofdvraag geformuleerd: Welke opvatting over de emancipatie van migrantenvrouwen heerst er in het Nederlandse emancipatiebeleid en in hoeverre komt deze overeen met de behoeften, capaciteiten en ideeën van deze vrouwen zelf? De theorie die gebruikt is in dit onderzoek is ontleend aan de twee grote emancipatiegolven van Nederland. Hieruit zijn vier concepten geformuleerd die te herleiden zijn naar de belangrijkste karakteristieken van de emancipatiegolven. Deze concepten zijn: Gezin & Huwelijk, Onderwijs, Sociale Participatie en Politieke Participatie. Deze vier concepten zijn tevens als thema’s gebruikt tijdens de interviews. De resultaten van de interviews hebben aangetoond dat er grote verschillen zijn tussen de hoogopgeleide en de laagopgeleide respondenten. Hierdoor is gekozen om in de analyse deze twee groepen apart te behandelen. Het meest opvallende is dat alle respondenten zich bewust waren van de negatieve opvattingen die bestaan over hun positie binnen de Nederlandse samenleving. Dit was op te merken aan hun, wat leek, defensieve reactie op de vraag wat emancipatie voor hun betekent. De respondenten beweerden dat de Islamitische religie gelijkheid promoot en dat de rechten van de vrouw gewaarborgd zijn binnen de Islamitische geschriften. Daarnaast kwam ook naar 2 voren dat hun emancipatie onlosmakelijk verbonden is met hun geloofsovertuiging. Zowel de rechten, maar ook de plichten van de vrouw zijn zeer duidelijk opgesteld binnen de Islam en dit is dan ook een duidelijke afbakening van wat zij onder emancipatie verstaan. Zoals ik al zei is het onderscheid tussen hoogopgeleide en laagopgeleide vrouwen gemaakt. De laagopgeleide respondenten zijn op jongen leeftijd naar Nederland geëmigreerd, meestal nog voor hun twintigste. Zij hadden niet of nauwelijks hun middelbare school afgemaakt. Eenmaal in Nederland raakten de meeste respondenten al gauw zwanger, waardoor zij bijna alleen verantwoordelijk werden voor het huishouden en de kinderen. Naarmate de kinderen wat ouder worden proberen deze respondenten parttime te werken om wat bij te verdienen, meestal binnen de schoonmaak. Daarnaast volgen zij taal- of integratielessen en behalen hun rijbewijs. De kinderen blijven hun prioriteit, maar het leven schijnt beter te zijn in Nederland dan als ze in land van herkomst waren gebleven. De hoogopgeleide vrouwen daarentegen zijn door hun emigratie naar Nederland in een soort negatieve spiraal terecht gekomen. Deze respondenten hebben in land van herkomst een Bachelor of Master studie afgerond. Van Nederland hadden ze de hoop verder te kunnen met hun academische achtergrond, maar dit bleek een illusie. De diploma’s werden niet erkend en deze vrouwen moesten helemaal opnieuw beginnen. Daarnaast raakten ook zij al gauw zwanger en kwamen hierdoor in een grotere isolatie terecht. Zonder steun van de (schoon)familie en de overheid hebben deze vrouwen alle hoop opgegeven om ooit nog hun dromen te kunnen verwezenlijken. Zij beschouwen hun emigratie naar Nederland dan ook als de grootste fout in hun leven. Naar aanleiding van de bevindingen waarvan sommigen al kort hierboven zijn genoemd zijn een aantal aanbevelingen geformuleerd: - De doelgroep betrekken in het beleidsproces en hierbij hun religieuze achtergrond betrekken. - De zorgrol van de vrouwen accepteren als onderdeel van hun emancipatie. - Ontwikkelen van integratie- en emancipatiebeleid die rekening houdt met de verschillende achtergronden van de migranten en inspeelt op hun behoeften. - Tegengaan van de armoedeval om de sociale situatie van vrouwen te verbeteren door hen te stimuleren betaald werk te doen. 3 Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Samenvatting ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 12 1. Emancipation ..................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Definition ..................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Emancipation processes .............................................................................................................. 13 1.2.1 Emancipation and Feminism ................................................................................................ 15 1.3 The first feminist wave ................................................................................................................ 16 1.3.1 Fighting for change: a bourgeois struggle ............................................................................ 18 1.3.2 Equality feminism ................................................................................................................. 19 1.4 The Second Emancipation Wave ................................................................................................. 21 1.4.1 Problem of identity ............................................................................................................... 21 1.4.2 The right for self-determination .......................................................................................... 22 1.5 Emancipation of migrant women. Third emancipation wave? ................................................... 24 1.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Third Wave Feminism's Unhappy Marriage of Poststructuralism and Intersectionality Theory
    Journal of Feminist Scholarship Volume 4 Issue 4 Spring 2013 Article 5 Spring 2013 Third Wave Feminism's Unhappy Marriage of Poststructuralism and Intersectionality Theory Susan Archer Mann University of New Orleans Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/jfs Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Law and Gender Commons, and the Women's History Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Mann, Susan A.. 2018. "Third Wave Feminism's Unhappy Marriage of Poststructuralism and Intersectionality Theory." Journal of Feminist Scholarship 4 (Spring): 54-73. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/jfs/vol4/iss4/5 This Viewpoint is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Feminist Scholarship by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Third Wave Feminism's Unhappy Marriage of Poststructuralism and Intersectionality Theory Cover Page Footnote The author wishes to thank Oxford University Press for giving her permission to draw from Chapters 1, 5, 6, 7, and the Conclusion of Doing Feminist Theory: From Modernity to Postmodernity (2012). This viewpoint is available in Journal of Feminist Scholarship: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/jfs/vol4/iss4/5 Mann: Third Wave Feminism's Unhappy Marriage VIEWPOINT Third Wave Feminism’s Unhappy Marriage of Poststructuralism and Intersectionality Theory Susan Archer Mann, University of New Orleans Abstract: This article first traces the history of unhappy marriages of disparate theoretical perspectives in US feminism. In recent decades, US third-wave authors have arranged their own unhappy marriage in that their major publications reflect an attempt to wed poststructuralism with intersectionality theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Feminist Perspectives on Curating
    Feminist perspectives on curating Book or Report Section Published Version Richter, D. (2016) Feminist perspectives on curating. In: Richter, D., Krasny, E. and Perry, L. (eds.) Curating in Feminist Thought. On-Curating, Zurich, pp. 64-76. ISBN 9781532873386 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/74722/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Published version at: http://www.on-curating.org/issue-29.html#.Wm8P9a5l-Uk Publisher: On-Curating All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online ONN CURATING.org Issue 29 / May 2016 Notes on Curating, freely distributed, non-commercial Curating in Feminist Thought WWithith CContributionsontributions bbyy NNanneanne BBuurmanuurman LLauraaura CastagniniCastagnini SSusanneusanne ClausenClausen LLinaina DzuverovicDzuverovic VVictoriaictoria HorneHorne AAmeliamelia JJonesones EElkelke KKrasnyrasny KKirstenirsten LLloydloyd MMichaelaichaela MMeliánelián GGabrielleabrielle MMoseroser HHeikeeike MMunderunder LLaraara PPerryerry HHelenaelena RReckitteckitt MMauraaura RReillyeilly IIrenerene RevellRevell JJennyenny RichardsRichards DDorotheeorothee RichterRichter HHilaryilary RRobinsonobinson SStellatella RRolligollig JJulianeuliane SaupeSaupe SSigridigrid SSchadechade CCatherineatherine SSpencerpencer Szuper Gallery, I will survive, film still, single-channel video, 7:55 min. Contents 02 82 Editorial It’s Time for Action! Elke Krasny, Lara Perry, Dorothee Richter Heike Munder 05 91 Feminist Subjects versus Feminist Effects: Public Service Announcement: The Curating of Feminist Art On the Viewer’s Rolein Curatorial Production (or is it the Feminist Curating of Art?) Lara Perry Amelia Jones 96 22 Curatorial Materialism.
    [Show full text]
  • Mainstream Feminism
    Feminist movements and ideologies This collection of feminist buttons from a women's museum shows some messages from feminist movements. A variety of movements of feminist ideology have developed over the years. They vary in goals, strategies, and affiliations. They often overlap, and some feminists identify themselves with several branches of feminist thought. Groupings Judith Lorber distinguishes between three broad kinds of feminist discourses: gender reform feminisms, gender resistant feminisms, and gender revolution feminisms. In her typology, gender reform feminisms are rooted in the political philosophy of liberalism with its emphasis on individual rights. Gender resistant feminisms focus on specific behaviors and group dynamics through which women are kept in a subordinate position, even in subcultures which claim to support gender equality. Gender revolution feminisms seek to disrupt the social order through deconstructing its concepts and categories and analyzing the cultural reproduction of inequalities.[1] Movements and ideologies Mainstream feminism … "Mainstream feminism" as a general term identifies feminist ideologies and movements which do not fall into either the socialist or radical feminist camps. The mainstream feminist movement traditionally focused on political and legal reform, and has its roots in first- wave feminism and in the historical liberal feminism of the 19th and early- 20th centuries. In 2017, Angela Davis referred to mainstream feminism as "bourgeois feminism".[2] The term is today often used by essayists[3] and cultural analysts[4] in reference to a movement made palatable to a general audience by celebrity supporters like Taylor Swift.[5] Mainstream feminism is often derisively referred to as "white feminism,"[6] a term implying that mainstream feminists don't fight for intersectionality with race, class, and sexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Waves of Feminism
    01-Krolokke-4666.qxd 6/10/2005 2:21 PM Page 1 1 Three Waves of Feminism From Suffragettes to Grrls e now ask our readers to join us in an exploration of the history of W feminism or, rather, feminisms: How have they evolved in time and space? How have they framed feminist communication scholarship in terms of what we see as a significant interplay between theory and politics? And how have they raised questions of gender, power, and communication? We shall focus our journey on the modern feminist waves from the 19th to the 21st century and underscore continuities as well as disruptions. Our starting point is what most feminist scholars consider the “first wave.” First-wave feminism arose in the context of industrial society and liberal politics but is connected to both the liberal women’s rights movement and early socialist feminism in the late 19th and early 20th century in the United States and Europe. Concerned with access and equal opportunities for women, the first wave continued to influence feminism in both Western and Eastern societies throughout the 20th century. We then move on to the sec- ond wave of feminism, which emerged in the 1960s to 1970s in postwar Western welfare societies, when other “oppressed” groups such as Blacks and homosexuals were being defined and the New Left was on the rise. Second-wave feminism is closely linked to the radical voices of women’s empowerment and differential rights and, during the 1980s to 1990s, also to a crucial differentiation of second-wave feminism itself, initiated by women of color and third-world women.
    [Show full text]
  • Derridean Deconstruction and Feminism
    DERRIDEAN DECONSTRUCTION AND FEMINISM: Exploring Aporias in Feminist Theory and Practice Pam Papadelos Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Discipline of Gender, Work and Social Inquiry Adelaide University December 2006 Contents ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................III DECLARATION .....................................................................................................IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................V INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 THESIS STRUCTURE AND OVERVIEW......................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1: LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS – FEMINISM AND DECONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 8 FEMINIST CRITIQUES OF PHILOSOPHY..................................................................... 10 Is Philosophy Inherently Masculine? ................................................................ 11 The Discipline of Philosophy Does Not Acknowledge Feminist Theories......... 13 The Concept of a Feminist Philosopher is Contradictory Given the Basic Premises of Philosophy.....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tucker, Ericka. “Feminist Political Theory,” in Michael Gibbons (Ed.) the Encyclopedia of Political Thought
    Tucker, Ericka. “Feminist Political Theory,” in Michael Gibbons (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Political Thought. New York: Wiley Blackwell, 2011: 1033- 1036 Feminist Political Theory Ericka Tucker Cal Poly Pomona University [email protected] 7269 Feminist Political Theory Born out of the struggles of the feminist movements of the 20th century, feminist political theory is characterized by its commitment to expanding the boundaries of the political. Feminism, as a political movement, works to fight inequality and the social, cultural, economic, and political subordination of women. The goal of feminist politics is to end the domination of women through critiquing and transforming institutions and theories that support women’s subordination. Feminist political theory is a field within both feminist theory and within political theory that takes a feminist approach to traditional questions within political philosophy, contemporary and historical. In this entry, I will explore the nature of feminist political theory by asking two questions: what is feminist about feminist political theory, and what is specifically political about feminist political theory. What is ‘feminist’ about feminist political theory? What surprises many who are unfamiliar with feminist political theory is that it’s not just about women or gender. There are no strict necessary and sufficient conditions for being ‘feminist’, due both to the nature of categories and to the myriad developments, orientations and approaches within feminism. Certainly, understanding and analyzing the political effects of gendered contexts is an important field of feminist political theory; however, feminist theory, and hence feminist political theory, is about more than gender. Feminist political theorists are found throughout the academy Tucker, Ericka.
    [Show full text]
  • Transgender Legal Advocacy: What Do Feminist Legal Theories Have to Offer?
    Transgender Legal Advocacy: What Do Feminist Legal Theories Have to Offer? Demoya R. Gordont INTRODUCTION Transgender persons face severe prejudice and discrimination in a wide variety of areas-from areas of public concern like employment, credit, public accommodations, and law enforcement, to more private areas such as marriage, parenting, healthcare, and inheritance.' The main question this Comment seeks to answer is: given everything that feminist legal theory has done to help make the legal system more amenable to the needs and rights of women, 2 what does feminism have to offer sex- and gender-nonconforming persons seeking redress Copyright © 2009 California Law Review, Inc. California Law Review, Inc. (CLR) is a California nonprofit corporation. CLR and the authors are solely responsible for the content of their publications. 1 J.D., University of California, Berkeley, School of Law, 2009. I would like to thank Professor Kathryn Abrams for her invaluable guidance and advice throughout the development of this comment. I would also like to thank Professor Angela Harris, Professor Anne Tamar-Mattis, and Jacob Richards, and the students of the Social Justice Writing Seminar for their helpful comments. I am especially indebted to Kerry Kumabe, Sarah Rich, Blaire Russell, Ben Sitter, and all the other hardworking editors of the CaliforniaLaw Review who worked on this piece. 1. PAISLEY CURRAH & SHANNON MINTER, POLICY INST. OF THE NAT'L GAY AND LESBIAN TASK FORCE & NAT'L CTR. FOR LESBIAN RIGHTS, TRANSGENDER EQUALITY: A HANDBOOK FOR ACTIVISTS AND POLICYMAKERS 9-12 (2000), availableat http://thetaskforce.org/downloads/ reports/reports/TransgenderEquality.pdf (describing discrimination against transgender persons in a range of areas including education, housing, employment, healthcare, public accommodations, marriage, and immigration).
    [Show full text]
  • Political Ideologies an Introduction Sixth Edition SIXTH EDITION POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES an Introduction ANDREW HEYWOOD
    Political Ideologies An Introduction sixth edition SIXTH EDITION POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES An Introduction ANDREW HEYWOOD © Andrew Heywood 1992, 1998, 2003, 2007, 2012, 2017 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First edition 1992 Second edition 1998 Third edition 2003 Fourth edition 2007 Fifth edition 2012 Sixth edition 2017 Published by PALGRAVE Palgrave in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–1–137–60602–0 hardback ISBN 978–1–137–60601–3 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Radical Feminism Today Denise Thompson.Pdf
    Radical Feminism Today Denise Thompson eBook covers_pj orange.indd 59 20/2/08 6:28:13 pm Radical Feminism Today Radical Feminism Today Denise Thompson SAGE Publications London • Thousand Oaks • New Delhi © Denise Thompson 2001 First published 2001 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd 32, M-Block Market Greater Kailash - I New Delhi 110 048 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7619 6340 5 ISBN 0 7619 6341 3 (pbk) Library of Congress Control Number available Typeset by SIVA Math Setters, Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wiltshire Contents Introduction 1 Part One Understanding Feminism 5 1 Defining Feminism 5 On definition 5 Defining feminism 6 A feminist standpoint 17 2 Ideology Justifying Domination 22 Truth and domination 29 Meaning and understanding 31 3 Ideology
    [Show full text]
  • Of Katie and Amy and Babe Feminism Linda J
    Cornell Law Review Volume 80 Article 4 Issue 3 March 1995 We Have Nothing to Fear But Gender Stereotypes: Of Katie and Amy and Babe Feminism Linda J. Lacey Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Linda J. Lacey, We Have Nothing to Fear But Gender Stereotypes: Of Katie and Amy and Babe Feminism , 80 Cornell L. Rev. 612 (1995) Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol80/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOOK REVIEW WE HAVE NOTHING TO FEAR BUT GENDER STEREOTYPES: OF KATIE AND AMY AND "BABE FEMINISM" THE MORNING AFTER: SEX, FEAR, AND FEMINISM ON CAMPUS. By Katie Roiphe. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1993. 180 pp. $19.95. LindaJ Laceyt INTRODUGCION (Girls' Chorus) Tell me more, tell me more. Was it love at first sight? (Boys' Chorus) Tell me more, tell me more. Did she put up a fight? (Girls' Chorus) He got friendly, holding my hand. (Boys' Chorus) She got friendly, down in the sand.1 In The Morning After: Sex, Fear, and Feminism on Campus,2 Katie Roiphe claims that feminists have gone too far in their "fascination" with date rape, sexual harassment, and other forms of sexual oppres- sion.3 She argues that feminists are chasing the same stereotypes their mothers "fought so hard to get away from"4 by portraying women as delicate victims and men as sexual predators.
    [Show full text]
  • Feminism - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Feminism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running! Feminism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Statue of Emmeline Pankhurst, a famous suffragette, in Victoria Tower Gardens next to the Houses of Parliament, Westminster. Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women. Most feminists are especially concerned with social, political, and economic inequality between men and women; some have argued that gendered and sexed identities, such as "man" and "woman," are socially constructed. Feminists differ over the sources of inequality, how to attain equality, and the extent to which gender and sexual identities should be questioned and critiqued. Feminist political activists commonly campaign on issues such as reproductive rights (including the right to safe, legal abortion, access to contraception, and the availability of quality prenatal care), violence within a domestic partnership, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, street harassment, discrimination, and rape. Many feminists today argue that feminism is a grass-roots movement that seeks to cross boundaries based on social class, race, culture, and religion; is culturally specific and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism (1 of 19)7/22/2006 8:11:02 AM Feminism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia addresses issues relevant to the women of that society (for example female genital cutting in Africa or the glass ceiling in developed economies); and debate the extent to which certain issues, such as rape, incest, and mothering, are universal. Themes explored in feminism include patriarchy, stereotyping, objectification, sexual objectification, and oppression.
    [Show full text]
  • Jeanette Winterson's Enchanted Science Estor, Annemarie
    Jeanette Winterson's Enchanted Science Estor, Annemarie Citation Estor, A. (2004, April 28). Jeanette Winterson's Enchanted Science. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/9924 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral License: thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/9924 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Jeanette Winterson’s Enchanted Science Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. D.D. Breimer, hoogleraar in de faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 28 april 2004 klokke 16.15 uur door Annemarie Estor geboren te Gouda in 1973 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. Dr. Th. L. D’haen Referent: Prof. Dr. J.H.W. Kusters (Universiteit Maastricht) Overige leden: Prof. Dr. J. Neubauer (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Dr. V.M. Tinkler-Villani Prof. Dr. B. Westerweel © 2004 by Annemarie Estor ISBN 90 803219 4 X Published by Talkingtree, The Hague Prepress by .DOC, The Hague Printed by Universal Press, Veenendaal Limited edition of 150 copies The cover photo shows Stefania Bonfadelli in La Traviata - Theo Tekstra, 1999 I For the lady of the sloppy flans and the man who risked what he valued H Abbreviations used OAF Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit BFB Boating for Beginners TP The Passion STC Sexing the Cherry WOB Written on the Body GMA Great Moments in Aviation AL Art & Lies AO Art Objects GS Gut Symmetries TWOP The World and Other Places TPB The.PowerBook CONTENTS Introduction .
    [Show full text]