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Headmost Accent Wins Headmost Accent Wins Headmost Accent Wins Headmost Accent Wins Head Dominance and Ideal Prosodic Form in Lexical Accent Systems Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. W. A. Wagenaar, hoogleraar in de faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 13 januari 1999 te klokke 16.15 uur door ANTHOULA REVITHIADOU geboren te Katerini (Griekenland) in 1971 Promotiecommissie promotor: Prof. dr. J. G. Kooij co-promotor: Dr. H. G. van der Hulst referent: Prof. dr. J. ItA, University of California, Santa Cruz overige leden: Prof. dr. G. E. Booij, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Prof. G. Drachman, Universit#t Salzburg Prof. dr. M. van Oostendorp, Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. R. W. J. Kager, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht ISBN 90-5569-059-7 © 1999 by Anthi Revithiadou. All rights reserved. Printed in The Netherlands *- ## ;J9 #/ )-# Martin Acknowledgments I am afraid that it is impossible to include in a few lines the names of all of those who have contributed in some way or other to the production of this thesis. Ironically, the rules concerning the public defense at Leiden University prevent me from mentioning the names of those who helped me most. Therefore I want to thank collectively all members at HIL for creating a friendly and stimulating environment. I would like, however, to mention a few who contributed to my development as a linguist and as a person during the last four years. I consider myself extremely fortunate for being surrounded by a great group of people in Leiden. I would like to thank Ruben van de Vijver for our wonderful discussions on both phonological and psychological stress. Aran Elordieta is not only a dear friend who shares with me the passion for the Mediterranean but also a dear colleague who helped me with the syntactic issues of this thesis. I am also grateful to Ana Arregui, Marika Butskhrikidze, João Costa, Rob Goedemans, Martin Honcoop, Michael Redford, GraÕyna Rowicka, Jeroen van de Weijer and the HIL secretary, José Birker for helping me in various ways. Marina Nespor and Norval Smith not only contributed to my development as a phonologist but also sponsored me in various applications for grants. I want to thank them both for investing their energy in me. My visit to Stanford and Santa Cruz played a decisive role in my thinking and orientation. I wish to thank those who made my stay there such a linguistically stimulating experience. I owe special thanks to Paul Kiparsky for his kindness and generosity. My trips abroad would not have been possible without the financial aid of NWO (Dutch Organization for Scientific Research), LOT (Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics) and HIL, whose contributions are gratefully acknowledged. My stay in Holland was made possible with a fellowship provided by the Faculteit der Letteren of Leiden University. I hope they are convinced that the money was not wasted. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the person that twice supported my grant proposals at Leiden University and made me a research assistant when my contract expired. Unfortunately, I am not allowed to mention his name. Σε ευχαριστI για τη Qιλ?α και την εµπιστοσEνη που µου ;δειξε+ ειδικ9 στι+ πιο δEσκολε+ περιCδου+. Greece has a very special place in my heart and so do its people. I wish to thank my teachers at Aristotle University, especially A. Charalabopulos, T. Christidis, K. Katsanis, M. Setatos, M. Stavrou, C. Tsitsilis, S. Tsohatzidis and J. Veloudis, for implanting the virus of linguistics in me. Marianna Margariti− Roga, Anna Anastasiadi−Simeonidi and Aggeliki Ralli showed in many ways their interest in my work and their confidence in me. Their support is something that I will never forget -+ ε/3')-I %C - 9 -+ ' 9+ #/. Aggeliki Malikouti−Drachman showed me the way to Leiden and I will always be grateful for that. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my fellow colleague Ioanna Kappa for being so attentive. Leaving Greece in 1994 also meant leaving behind my friends. I never got over their absence. I want to thank them for staying close in spite of the distance, and giving me all these wonderful memories which kept Greece alive in my heart. Thanks to Dina, Efkleia, Margarita, Sofia and, the best friend of all times, Dimitris. My family has been an inexhaustible source of courage for me. I want to thank my sisters Evaggelia and Sofia for being there when I needed them most and showing to me that life is not always work and linguistics. Thanks to the children, Ino and Dimitris, for reminding me that life can be beautiful and simple. Thanks to my brother-in-law, Ilias, for developing into one of my biggest supporters. My lovely parents, Artemis and Miltiadis, have shown to me unconditional love. They taught me not to be afraid of life and always pursue my dreams. I want to thank them for accepting my decision to go abroad and offering me help for the first months. I know that at times my absence caused them pain and I am sorry for all the celebrations I missed during the last few years. I hope we can spend more time together in the future. When I came to Leiden I never thought that I would find the Prince of my Dreams. ,? E-ε'# %#'#E) -=)7 %C /-= - 7=S Thank you Martin for drinking capuccino with me, for loving me the way you do, for sharing your life with me. Contents Introduction ................................................................................................1 0.1. The proposal ..........................................................................................1 0.1.1. Lexical accents and prosodic form ...................................................2 0.1.2. Lexical accents and the prosody-morphology interface: ‘Head(most) accent wins’......................................................................................4 0.2. Organization of the thesis ......................................................................8 1 A Typology of Stress Systems .........................................................11 1.1. Introduction .........................................................................................11 1.1.1. Fixed-stress systems.......................................................................12 1.1.2. Free-stress systems or rather, interface systems..............................14 1.2. Optimality Theory and Stress Typology...............................................25 1.2.1. Optimality Theory..........................................................................25 1.2.2. Constraints and stress typology ......................................................26 1.3. Conclusions .........................................................................................31 Appendix: Factorial Typology of Stress Systems ........................................32 2 The Theory of Lexical Accents ........................................................41 2.1. Introduction .........................................................................................41 2.2. The Theory of Lexical Accents ............................................................43 2.2.1. What is a lexical accent?................................................................43 2.2.2. Correspondence Theory and prosodic faithfulness .........................51 2.2.3. Lexical specification and the lexicon..............................................56 2.2.4. Lexical accent: an autosegment or a prosodic role? .......................56 2.3. Lexical Constituency............................................................................58 2.3.1. Lexical marking as pre-assigned feet..............................................58 2.3.2. Lexical marking as inherent prominence .......................................59 2.4. Lexical Representation.........................................................................60 2.4.1. Lexical marking as prespecified heads............................................60 2.4.2. Lexical marking as prespecified brackets........................................62 2.4.3. Edge, parenthesis and head parameters...........................................64 2.4.3.1. The theory................................................................................64 2.4.3.2. Lexical marking in Russian ......................................................66 2.5. Parameters and Constraints .................................................................70 2.5.1. Lexical marking as variable parameters settings .............................70 2.5.2. Lexical marking as ‘parochial’ constraints and constraint- reranking.................................................................................................71 Appendix: Evidence for Unaccentability from Tone Languages ..................75 3 Lexical Accents and Prosodic Form ...................................................81 3.1. Introduction .........................................................................................81 3.1.1. Theoretical explorations in chapter 3..............................................81 Greek..........................................................................................................84 3.2. Background Information on Greek .......................................................85 3.3. Previous Analyses of Greek Stress .......................................................88 3.3.1. Philippaki–Warburton (1976) ........................................................88 3.3.2. Ralli (1988), Ralli and Touradzidis (1992).....................................89
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