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Universals : Studies in Indian Logic and Linguistics / J
UNIVERSALS Frits Staal UNIVERSALS Studies in Indian Logic and Linguistics The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London FRITS STAAL is professor of philosophy and South Asian languages at the University of California, Berkeley. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO 60637 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, LTD., LONDON © 1988 by Frits Staal All rights reserved. Published 1988 Printed in the United States of America 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Staal, Frits. Universals : studies in Indian logic and linguistics / J. Frits Staal. p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Hindu logic. 2. Language and logic. 3. Universals (Philosophy) I. Title. BC25.S76 1988 87-23187 160'.954—dcl9 CIP ISBN 0-226-76999-2 (cloth); 0-226-77000-1 (paper) Contents Preface vii Introduction 1 1. Universals, Shadowy and Substantial 1 2. The Evidence from Indian Logic 12 3. The Evidence from Indian Linguistics 29 4. Seven Reviews 35 5. Conclusions 36 Bibliography 51 PART i INDIAN LOGIC 1. Correlations between Language and Logic in Indian Thought. 59 Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 23 (1960): 109-22 2. Formal Structures in Indian Logic. 73 Synthese: An International Quarterly for the Logical arid Psychological Study of the Foundations of Science 12 (1960): 279-86 3. Means of Formalization in Indian and Western Logic. 81 Proceedings of the XHth International Congress of Philosophy, Florence 10 (1960): 221-27 4. The Theory of Definition in Indian Logic. 88 Journal of the American Oriental Society 81 (1961): 122-26 5. -
The Ante-Brahmanical Religion of the Hindus
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland http://journals.cambridge.org/JRA Additional services for Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Art. XVII.—The Ante-Brahmanical Religion of the Hindus Stevenson Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland / Volume 8 / Issue 15 / January 1846, pp 330 - 339 DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00142893, Published online: 14 March 2011 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/ abstract_S0035869X00142893 How to cite this article: Stevenson (1846). Art. XVII.—The Ante-Brahmanical Religion of the Hindus. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 8, pp 330-339 doi:10.1017/S0035869X00142893 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/JRA, IP address: 138.251.14.35 on 03 May 2015 330 ART. XVII.—The Ante-Brdhmanical Religion of the Hindus. By the REV. DE. STEVENSON. [Bead March 15, 1845.] IT is a matter of no small difficulty to give a general view of the Reli- gion of India, and so to arrange the different Deities composing the Hindu Pantheon, as to place before the student of Hindu Mythology a connected and harmonious system of the religious belief of the natives of Hindustan. Brahma for example is styled the Creator of the Universe, and yet almost totally disregarded, not even a single temple being erected to his honour, although creation is one of the chief grounds of religious worship. Vishnu in the system stands forth as the Preserver, but in the eye of his votaries consisting of myriads in every part of the country, the world owes its origin, as well as its preservation to him; and Siva, though systematic writers tell us he is to be regarded as the author of Destruction, and the third God of the Hindu Triad, is worshipped by millions as the Supreme God, the Pre- server as well as the Destroyer, the Imparter equally with the Taker away of life. -
Headmost Accent Wins Headmost Accent Wins
Headmost Accent Wins Headmost Accent Wins Head Dominance and Ideal Prosodic Form in Lexical Accent Systems Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. W. A. Wagenaar, hoogleraar in de faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 13 januari 1999 te klokke 16.15 uur door ANTHOULA REVITHIADOU geboren te Katerini (Griekenland) in 1971 Promotiecommissie promotor: Prof. dr. J. G. Kooij co-promotor: Dr. H. G. van der Hulst referent: Prof. dr. J. ItA, University of California, Santa Cruz overige leden: Prof. dr. G. E. Booij, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Prof. G. Drachman, Universit#t Salzburg Prof. dr. M. van Oostendorp, Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. R. W. J. Kager, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht ISBN 90-5569-059-7 © 1999 by Anthi Revithiadou. All rights reserved. Printed in The Netherlands *- ## ;J9 #/ )-# Martin Acknowledgments I am afraid that it is impossible to include in a few lines the names of all of those who have contributed in some way or other to the production of this thesis. Ironically, the rules concerning the public defense at Leiden University prevent me from mentioning the names of those who helped me most. Therefore I want to thank collectively all members at HIL for creating a friendly and stimulating environment. I would like, however, to mention a few who contributed to my development as a linguist and as a person during the last four years. I consider myself extremely fortunate for being surrounded by a great group of people in Leiden. -
Aryabha~A and Axial Rotation of Earth 2
GENERAL I ARTICLE Aryabha~a and Axial Rotation of Earth 2. Naksatra Dina (The Sidereal Day) Amartya Kumar Dutta In the first part of this series, we discussed the celestial sphere and .Aryabhata's principle of ax ial rotation; in this part we shall discuss in de tail the concept of sidereal day and then men tion .Aryabhata's computations on the duration of sidereal day. Amartya Kumar Dutta is in the Stat-Math Unit of It. is unfortunate that science students in India, by and Indian Statisticallnstiutte, large, do not have technical awareness regarding the re Kolkata. His research searches of ancient Indian scientists. Thus, although interest is in commutative there are plenty of articles on Aryabhata, their contents algebra. have remained confined to research journals and schol arly texts without percolating into the general cultural Part 1. Aryabhata and Axial Ro consciousness. tation of Earth - Khagola (The Celestial Spherel. Resonance, The original statements of Aryabhata on axial rot.at.ion Vol.ll, No.3, pp.51-68, 2006. and sidereal day are spread over 4 verses out of his 85 verses on astronomy. It. will not be possible to make a se rious analysis of the entire range of Aryabhat.a's work in a few pages. We hope that the preliminary exposure will encourage youngsters to acquire some general know ledge of astronomy and make a deeper study of A.ryabhata's work using existing literatures and their own indepen dent judgements. Rising and Setting of Stars Recall that, due to rotation of the Earth, the so-called fixed stars appear to execute a daily revolut.ion around t.he Earth. -
Essays and Addresses on the Śākta Tantra-Śāstra
ŚAKTI AND ŚĀKTA ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES ON THE ŚĀKTA TANTRAŚĀSTRA BY SIR JOHN WOODROFFE THIRD EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED Celephaïs Press Ulthar - Sarkomand - Inquanok – Leeds 2009 First published London: Luzac & co., 1918. Second edition, revised and englarged, London: Luzac and Madras: Ganesh & co., 1919. Third edition, further revised and enlarged, Ganesh / Luzac, 1929; many reprints. This electronic edition issued by Celephaïs Press, somewhere beyond the Tanarian Hills, and mani(n)fested in the waking world in Leeds, England in the year 2009 of the common error. This work is in the public domain. Release 0.95—06.02.2009 May need furthur proof reading. Please report errors to [email protected] citing release number or revision date. PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. HIS edition has been revised and corrected throughout, T and additions have been made to some of the original Chapters. Appendix I of the last edition has been made a new Chapter (VII) in the book, and the former Appendix II has now been attached to Chapter IV. The book has moreover been very considerably enlarged by the addition of eleven new Chapters. New also are the Appendices. The first contains two lectures given by me in French, in 1917, before the Societé Artistique et Literaire Francaise de Calcutta, of which Society Lady Woodroffe was one of the Founders and President. The second represents the sub- stance (published in the French Journal “Le Lotus bleu”) of two lectures I gave in Paris, in the year 1921, before the French Theosophical Society (October 5) and at the Musée Guimet (October 6) at the instance of L’Association Fran- caise des amis de L’Orient. -
Temple Prototype
The Axis and the Perimeter of the Temple Subhash Kak Canonical texts describing the plan of the Hindu temple allude to its astronomical basis, and in this Indian sacred geometry is not different in conception from the sacred geometry of other ancient cultures,1 although it has its own unique features. If astronomical alignments characterize ancient temples of megalithic Europe, Egyptians, Maya, Aztecs, and Javanese, they also characterize Indian temples. In some temples, the garbhagÅha (innermost chamber) is illuminated by the setting sun only on a specific day of the year, or the temple may deviate from the canonical east-west axis and be aligned with a nak¬atra (constellation) that has astrological significance for the patron or for the chosen deity of the temple. A part of the astronomical knowledge coded in the temple lay-out and form is canonical or traditional, while the rest may relate to the times when the temple was erected. The astronomy of the temple provides clues relevant not only to the architecture but also the time when it was built. In this article, we consider the broadest design related to the sacred space associated with the Hindu temple. There is continuity in Indian architecture that goes back to the Harappan period of the 3rd millennium B.C.E., as described in Michel Danino’s important work on the plan for the Harappan city of Dholavira.2 For this reason, we devote our attention to the earliest description of the temple in Indian literature, which goes back to the Vedic period. For a background to the earliest Indian art and architecture the reader might refer to an earlier paper by the author.3 Specifically, we look at the astronomical significance of the lengths of the axis and the perimeter. -
Temple Prototype
The Axis and the Perimeter of the Hindu Temple Subhash Kak Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge E-mail: [email protected] Śāstric texts describing the plan of the Hindu temple allude to its astronomical basis, and in this Indian sacred geometry is not different from the sacred geometry of other ancient cultures.1 If astronomical alignments characterize ancient temples of megalithic Europe, Egyptians, Maya, Aztecs, Javanese and Cambodians, they also characterize Indian temples. For example, the garbhagÅha of certain temples is illuminated by the setting sun only on a specific day of the year, or the temple may deviate from the canonical east-west axis and be aligned with a nak¬atra that has astrological significance for the patron or for the chosen deity of the temple. A part of the astronomical knowledge coded in the temple lay-out and form is canonical or traditional, while the rest relates to the times when the temple was erected. The astronomy of the temple provides clues relevant not only to the architecture but also the time when it was built. The Agnicayana altar, the centre of the great ritual of the Vedic times that forms a major portion of the narrative of the Yajurveda, is generally seen as the prototype of the Hindu temple and of Vāstu. The altar is first built of 1,000 bricks in five layers (that symbolically represent the five divisions of the year, the five physical elements, as well as five senses) to specific designs. The Agnicayana ritual is based upon the Vedic division of the universe into three parts, earth, atmosphere, and sky (Figure 1), that are assigned numbers 21, 78, and 261, respectively; these numbers add up to 360, which is symbolic representation of the year. -
2 the Theory of Lexical Accents
2 The Theory of Lexical Accents 2.1. Introduction This chapter develops a theory for the lexical specification of morphemes. Underlying metrical information is given the name ‘lexical accent’ or just ‘mark’.1 In this thesis I argue that a lexical accent is an autosegmental feature that does not provide any clues about its phonetic manifestation. A lexical accent is liable to the demands of the phonological constraints of the grammar and, if qualified, it will be phonetically assigned duration, pitch and intensity. This chapter starts with an outline of the theory of marking. Based on empirical evidence, I establish that it is better to view lexical accents as autosegmental features and not as prosodic roles (McCarthy and Prince 1995, McCarthy 1995, 1997). I further propose that the mapping between lexical accents and the vocalic peaks that sponsor them is established in terms of universal constraints and, more specifically, in terms of faithfulness constraints. The chapter continues with a brief review of other approaches on marking. There is little consensus in the literature on the nature of lexical stress. Three mainstream theories of lexical specification are examined. First, there are theories that argue that the mark is a prosodic constituent that is assigned to a morpheme in the lexicon. Two approaches are examined, Inkelas’s (1994) theory of exceptional stress in Turkish and Alderete’s (1997) theory of lexical 1 The terms ‘mark’, ‘marking’ and ‘markedness’ in this thesis refer to the lexical accent and the property of some morphemes to have accents in their lexical representation. This use of the terminology should not be confused with the role that markedness theory plays in OT. -
A Dictionary of the Vedic Rituals
A DICTIONARY OF THE VEDIC RITUALS BASED ON THE SRAUTA AND GRHYA SUTRAS CHITRABHANU SEN nn CONCEPT PUBLISHING COMPANY UJlS DELHI Reprint 1982, 2001 First edition 1978 © Chitrabhanu Sen 1976 Chitrabhanu Sen ( b. 1927) Published and Printed by Ashok Kumar Mittal Concept Publishing Company A/15-16, Commercial Block, Mohan Garden New Delhi- 11 0059 (India) Phones: 5648039, 5649024 Fax: 091-(ll)-5648053 E-mail: [email protected] W TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER ARUN SEN, B.A. (CANTAB), BARRIS TER-A T-LA ACADEMICIAN AND LINGUIST WHO TAUGHT ME TO UNDERSTAND INDIA AND HER PEOPLE THROUGH THE CLASSICS CONTENTS Introduction 9 Acknowledgements 17 Abbreviations 18 List of Works and Authors 2! Transliteration and Order of the NagarrLette Arrangement of the Entries 27 Measurements 28 The Dictionary: Srauta Section 29 The Dictionary: Grhya Section 127 APPENDICES 16 9 Description of Plates Plates I - m Plans 1-9 INTRODUCTION Our knowledge of the vedic ritual is derived with a varying degree of accuracy from three sources: the Sarhhitas, the Brahmanas, the Srauta and Grhyasutras. But noncTf these books can be taken as the starting point of the vedic ritual. The earliest form of the vedic ritual remains unrecorded. BUt tl CarHcSt refcrencc t0 the vcdic "^1 ^ found in the Rgvedasamhita. r « , ?. The names of sacnficia. objects are mentioned : yupa, idhma, samidh, juhu, gravanah, drone, etc Ihe three savanas of the Soma „ sacrifice have been mentioned. The Rgveda also knew the existence of at least seven priests : Hotr , Potr, Nesfr, Agnidh, Prasastr, Adhvaryu and Brahman i A stage was reached when the hymns, as a poet claims, could only be understood by mcaTof ajaenfice » It « certain therefore that in the Rgvedic period the ritual was fairly extenswe {h °thCr hand 8 largC number ' of hvmns in the R • gveda which «„, « , ™' °J? l have no ?gVtt,a8aifahUa Was not a book of ^ ritual. -
Outer and Inner Indo-Aryan, and Northern India As an Ancient Linguistic Area
Acta Orientalia 2016: 77, 71–132. Copyright © 2016 Printed in India – all rights reserved ACTA ORIENTALIA ISSN 0001-6483 Outer and Inner Indo-Aryan, and northern India as an ancient linguistic area Claus Peter Zoller University of Oslo Abstract The article presents a new approach to the old controversy concerning the veracity of a distinction between Outer and Inner Languages in Indo-Aryan. A number of arguments and data are presented which substantiate the reality of this distinction. This new approach combines this issue with a new interpretation of the history of Indo- Iranian and with the linguistic prehistory of northern India. Data are presented to show that prehistorical northern India was dominated by Munda/Austro-Asiatic languages. Keywords: Indo-Aryan, Indo-Iranian, Nuristani, Munda/Austro- Asiatic history and prehistory. Introduction This article gives a summary of the most important arguments contained in my forthcoming book on Outer and Inner languages before and after the arrival of Indo-Aryan in South Asia. The 72 Claus Peter Zoller traditional version of the hypothesis of Outer and Inner Indo-Aryan purports the idea that the Indo-Aryan Language immigration1 was not a singular event. Yet, even though it is known that the actual historical movements and processes in connection with this immigration were remarkably complex, the concerns of the hypothesis are not to reconstruct the details of these events but merely to show that the original non-singular immigrations have left revealing linguistic traces in the modern Indo-Aryan languages. Actually, this task is challenging enough, as the long-lasting controversy shows.2 Previous and present proponents of the hypothesis have tried to fix the difference between Outer and Inner Languages in terms of language geography (one graphical attempt as an example is shown below p. -
About Yajna, Yaga & Homa
Mahabharata Series About Yajna, Yaga & Homa Compiled by: G H Visweswara PREFACE I have extracted these contents from my other comprehensive & unique work on Mahabharata called Mahabharata-Spectroscope. (See http://www.ghvisweswara.com/mahabharata-2/mahabharata-spectroscope-a-unique- resource/). Whereas the material in that was included in the order in which it appears in the original epic, in this compilation I have grouped them by meaningful Topics & Sub- topics thus making it much more useful to the student/scholar of this subject. This is a brief compilation of the contents appearing in the great epic Mahabharata on the topics of Yajna, Yaga & Homa. The compilation is not exhaustive in the sense that every para appearing in the great epic is not included here for the sake of limiting the size of this document. Some of the topics like japa-yajna have already been compiled in another document called Japa-Dhayana-Pranayama. But still most of the key or representative passages have been compiled here. The contents are from Mahabharata excluding Bhagavad Gita. I hope the readers will find the document of some use in their study on these topics. Please see http://www.ghvisweswara.com/mahabharata-2 for my other topic based compilations based on Mahabharata. G H Visweswara [email protected] www.ghvisweswara.com March 2017 About Yajna, Yaga & Homa in Mahabharata: G H Visweswara Page 1 Table of Contents About Yajna, Yaga & Homa in Mahabharata .......................................................................................... 4 Eligibility, -
Vedic Accent and Lexicography
Vedic Accent and Lexicography Felix Rau University of Cologne – Lazarus Project Vedic Accent and Lexicography Lazarus Project: Cologne Sanskrit Lexicon, Project Documentation 2 Felix Rau orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-0601 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 In- ternational License. cite as: Rau, Felix 2017. Vedic Accent and Lexicography. Lazarus Project: Cologne Sanskrit Lexicon, Project Documentation 2. Cologne: Lazarus Project. doi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.837826 Lazarus Project (Cologne Sanskrit Lexicon) University of Cologne http://www.cceh.uni-koeln.de/lazarus http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/ 1 Introduction This paper is a preliminary investigation into the problems the representation of the ac- cents of Vedic Sanskrit poses to Sanskrit lexicography. The purpose is to assess the prin- ciples applied in various lexicographic works in the representation of Vedic accents and its relation to the underlying linguistic category as well as traditions of accent marking in different texts. Since the focus is on Sanskrit lexicography, we ignore the complexity of accent marking in manuscripts and the diversity of accent marking across different Indic scripts that were used to write Sanskrit over the ages. We will restrict ourselves to accent marking in Devanagari and Latin script in print, as these two are the relevant systems for virtually all of modern philological Sanskrit lexicography. The complex nature of accent marking in Vedic Sanskrit derives from several facts. Besides the intricacies of the linguistic phenomenon itself (see Kiparsky, 1973, among others), the complexity arises from the fact that different textual or editorial traditions employ structurally different systems for marking Vedic accent.