Women of Trachis [PDF]

SOPHOCLES TRACHINIAE [Women of Trachis] Translated by Ian Johnston Vancouver Island University Nanaimo, British Columbia Canada 2018 TRANSLATOR’S NOTE The following translation may be downloaded and distributed in print or electronic form (in whole or in part) without permission and without charge by students, teachers, artists, and members of the general public. Those who wish to edit or adapt the translation for their own purposes may do so. However, no commercial publication of this text is allowed without the permission of the translator, Ian Johnston ([email protected]). In the following text, the line number without brackets refer to the English translation; those in square brackets refer to the Greek text. In the English text, short indented lines have been included with short lines above them in computing the appropriate line number. The stage directions and footnotes have been provided by the translator. In this translation, possessives of words ending in -s are usually indicated in the common way (that is, by adding -’s (e.g. Zeus and Zeus’s). This convention adds a syllable to the spoken word (the sound -iz). Sometimes, for metrical reasons, this English text indicates such possession in an alternate manner, with a simple apostrophe. This form of the possessive does not add an extra syllable to the spoken name (e.g., Hercules and Hercules’ are both three-syllable words; whereas, Hercules’s has four syllables). The translator would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance of Richard Jebb’s commentary and translation (available online at Perseus). A NOTE ON THE MYTHOLOGICAL BACKGROUND Like almost all Greek legends, the Herakles (Hercules) story has many versions (especially since Herakles was a very popular figure in Greek drama and poetry). The following brief account summarizes some details of the traditional story (for a full discussion of the various traditional stories about Herakles, consult Jebb’s excellent discussion in his commentary). Herakles was a son of Zeus, born to a mortal mother, Alcmene. His mortal father was WOMEN OF TRACHIS Amphitryon. Both parents were from Argos, but they had to leave Argos before the birth, and thus Herakles was born in Thebes. Goddess Hera, a constant enemy of Herakles, tried to kill him in his crib by sending two snakes, but baby Herakles strangled them both. Later, when Herakles was a young man, Hera drove him mad, and he killed his own children (from his wife Megara; in some accounts he killed Megara, as well). As a result of this crime, Herakles had to work for his cousin Eurystheus, king of Mycenae, and perform the famous twelve labours of Herakles (killing the Nemean lion, killing the Lernaean Hydra, capturing the Ceryneian hind, capturing the Erymanthian boar, cleaning the Augean stables, killing the Stymphalian birds, capturing the Cretan bull, stealing the mares of Diomedes, obtaining the belt of Hippolyta, seizing the cattle of Geryon, stealing the golden apples of the Hesperides, and capturing Cerberus, the three-headed hound guarding the gates of Hades). When Herakles had completed these tasks, Hera again struck him with a fit of madness, and he killed Iphitos, a prince of Oechalia. To atone for this murder, Herakles had to sell himself into bondage to Omphale, a queen of Lydia (in Asia Minor). Sophocles ignores the story of Herakles’s wife Megara and the slaughtered children, in order to have Deianeira and Herakles marry well before the twelve labours for Eurystheus. During these labours, Deianeira and their children live in Tiryns. Some time after he completes those labours, Herakles visits king Eurytus in Oechalia and asks him if he can have Iole, the king’s daughter, as his concubine. The king refuses and mocks Herakles. Later in Tiryns, Herakles kills Iphitos, Eurytus’s son (Sophocles makes no mention of a fit of madness sent by Hera), and as a result Herakles and Deianeira have to leave Tiryns and move to Trachis. Herakles also has to atone for the murder of Iphitos by serving Omphale. He spends a year working for the Lydian queen, and then sets off to conquer Eurytus by attacking the city of Oechalia. Once he has killed Eurytus and sacked the city, he begins his return journey to Trachis, sending captive Iole on ahead of him. At this point the action of the play begins. Other necessary details will be provided in the footnotes. 2 WOMEN OF TRACHIS TRACHINIAE DRAMATIS PERSONAE DEIANEIRA, wife of Herakles NURSE HYLLUS, son of Herakles and Deianeira MESSENGER LICHAS, a herald, one of Herakles’s servants HERAKLES OLD MAN CHORUS: A group of Trachinian women.1 [The play takes place in Trachis in front of the home of Herakles. Deianeira enters from the house accompanied by the Nurse.]2 DEIANEIRA Men have a saying established long ago: no one can judge the life of any mortal as good or bad until that man is dead. But in my case, though I have not yet reached the land of Hades, I know all too well how miserable and difficult life is. When I was with Oeneus, my father, and still lived at home with him in Pleuron, I had the most painful fear of marriage, more than any young girl in Aetolia. 10 For I had a suitor, Achelöus, the river god, who in three different shapes [10] kept on asking for me from my father.3 Once he arrived in the body of a bull, then as a serpent with glittering coils, then as a man with an ox’s forehead and streams of fountain water pouring down his bearded face. Yes, that was my suitor. When I expected him, I always prayed, in my unhappiness, that I would die 20 before I’d ever come into his bed. But then, later on, to my great delight, 1Note that the speeches assigned to the Chorus include those spoken by the Chorus Leader, by part of the Chorus, by a single member of the Chorus, and by all of the Chorus, as a director of a production will determine. 2Trachis is a town just north of Delphi, near Thermopylae. It was renamed Heraklea Trachinia in 426 BC. 3Achelöus is pronounced as four syllables: Ach-el-o-us, hence the dieresis over the o. 3 WOMEN OF TRACHIS the celebrated son of Zeus arrived, Alcmene’s child. He fought Achelöus [20] and set me free. I cannot clearly say what happened in that struggle. I don’t know. No one does. Someone who was not afraid to watch them could perhaps describe it.4 I just sat there, overwhelmed with terror, afraid my beauty would, before the end, 30 bring me grief. But finally warrior Zeus made sure it ended well, if it is true that the result was good. For even though I am the chosen wife of Herakles, I still nourish fear after fear for him, and each night brings me new anxiety, which the next night’s worries drive away. [30] We have children, but he only sees them from time to time, like a tenant farmer who only visits his distant grain fields 40 when he sows the crop and at the harvest. He’d come home and then leave us once again— that’s what life was like while he was slaving for that man who kept sending him away.5 Now he has completed all those labours, but at this point I am even more afraid. For since he killed the mighty Iphitos, we have been driven into exile here, in Trachis, living in a stranger’s home, [40] and no one knows where Herakles has gone.6 50 With him not here, the only thing I know is bitter pain. It’s clear he must have had a nasty accident, for since he left many months have passed—fifteen already— and still no word. Something bad has happened. The written tablets he left here with me warned me of it. How often I have prayed to the gods they would not bring me sorrow! 4The Chorus offers some details of the fight between Achelöus and Herakles below at 622 ff. The Roman poet Ovid provides a long account of the struggle (as described by Achelöus) in Metamorphoses (Book 9, lines 1 ff.). 5The phrase “that man” is a reference to Eurystheus, for whom Herakles had to perform the twelve labours. 6The stranger who has provided a home for Herakles and his family is, according to the traditional stories, Ceÿx, the king of Trachis (Jebb). 4 WOMEN OF TRACHIS NURSE Mistress Deianeira—I have seen you shedding tears so often, in your sadness, 60 [50] as you grieve the absence of great Herakles. But this time, if it is appropriate for a slave’s opinions to provide advice to those who are born free, then my duty is to state what you should do. You have sons— many of them—and yet you do not send any of them off to find your husband. Hyllus would be especially suitable, if he cares about his father and believes we all should know that he is doing well. 70 Here he comes now, hurrying to the house— he’s in a rush. So if what I advise seems reasonable, then the time is right to act on what I urge—use Hyllus now. [60] [Enter Hyllus, moving quickly towards the palace.] DEIANEIRA Ah my son, my child, judicious words may fall from humble servants—like this woman here. She is a slave, but what she says is true. HYLLUS What does she say, mother? If it’s something you can speak to me about, then tell me.

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