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Race, Riots, and Public Space in Harlem, 1900-1935
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works School of Arts & Sciences Theses Hunter College Spring 5-9-2017 The Breath Seekers: Race, Riots, and Public Space in Harlem, 1900-1935 Allyson Compton CUNY Hunter College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/hc_sas_etds/166 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] The Breath Seekers: Race, Riots, and Public Space in Harlem, 1900-1935 by Allyson Compton Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, Hunter College The City University of New York 2017 Thesis Sponsor: April 10, 2017 Kellie Carter Jackson Date Signature April 10, 2017 Jonathan Rosenberg Date Signature of Second Reader Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Public Space and the Genesis of Black Harlem ................................................. 7 Defining Public Space ................................................................................................... 7 Defining Race Riot ....................................................................................................... 9 Why Harlem? ............................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2: Setting -
The Sloat Family
THE SLOAT FAMILY We are indebted to Mr. John Drake Sloat of St. Louis, Missouri, for the Sloat family data. We spent many years searching original unpublished church and court records. Mr. Sloat assembled this material on several large charts, beautifully executed and copies are on file at the New York Public Library. It was from copies of Mr. Sloat's charts that this book of Sloat Mss was assembled. from Charts made by John Drake Sloat [#500 below] Assembled by May Hart Smith {1941}[no date on LA Mss – must be earlier] Ontario, California. [begin transcriber notes: I have used two different copies of the original Mss. to compile this version. The first is a xerographic copy of the book in the Los Angeles Public Library (R929.2 S6338). The second, which is basically the same in the genealogy portion, but having slightly different introductory pages, is a print from the microfilm copy of the book in the Library of Congress. The main text is from the LA Library copy, with differences in the microfilm copy noted in {braces}. Notes in [brackets] are my notes. Note that the comparison is not guaranteed to be complete. As noted on the appropriate page, I have also converted the Roman numerals used for 'unconnected SLOATs' in the original Mss., replacing them with sequential numbers starting with 800 – to follow the format of Mrs. Smith in the rest of her Mss. I have also expanded where the original listed two, or sometimes even three, generations under one entry, instead using the consistent format of one family group per listing. -
Tulip Time, U
TULIP TIME, U. S. A.: STAGING MEMORY, IDENTITY AND ETHNICITY IN DUTCH-AMERICAN COMMUNITY FESTIVALS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Terence Guy Schoone-Jongen, M. A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Thomas Postlewait, Advisor Professor Dorothy Noyes Professor Alan Woods Adviser Theatre Graduate Program ABSTRACT Throughout the United States, thousands of festivals, like St. Patrick’s Day in New York City or the Greek Festival and Oktoberfest in Columbus, annually celebrate the ethnic heritages, values, and identities of the communities that stage them. Combining elements of ethnic pride, nostalgia, sentimentality, cultural memory, religous values, political positions, economic motive, and the spirit of celebration, these festivals are well-organized performances that promote a community’s special identity and heritage. At the same time, these festivals usually reach out to the larger community in an attempt to place the ethnic community within the American fabric. These festivals have a complex history tied to the “melting pot” history of America. Since the twentieth century many communities and ethnic groups have struggled to hold onto or reclaim a past that gradually slips away. Ethnic heritage festivals are one prevalent way to maintain this receding past. And yet such ii festivals can serve radically different aims, socially and politically. In this dissertation I will investigate how these festivals are presented and why they are significant for both participants and spectators. I wish to determine what such festivals do and mean. I will examine five Dutch American festivals, three of which are among the oldest ethnic heritage festivals in the United States. -
Formative Years, Youth Memories, and the Life Course of Older Dutch-Americans: the Role of Ethnicity and Religion
Double Dutch? Formative Years, Youth Memories, and the Life Course of Older Dutch-Americans: The Role of Ethnicity and Religion Peter Ester In their classic study on ethnic Americans, Dinnerstein and Reimers show that the massive flow of immigrants from western and northern Europe in the 19th century has largely been absorbed into mainstream American culture.1 Assimilation is the rule, rather than the exception. The longer immigrant groups have lived in the United States, the more they have given up their original culture and the more they have assimilated. The loss of what Dinnerstein and Reimers call “Old World culture” is above all observed in the abandoning of native immigrant languages in everyday life, in the church, in schools, in ethnic media, and in increasing intermarriage (“the ultimate form of assimilation”). These trends can be observed among protestant Dutch-American immigrants as well but at a much slower pace. Most immigrant groups have been assimilated in three generations. Dutch protestant immigrants “resisted (structural) assimilation until the fourth and even fifth generation thanks to their church-related institutions and still cling to their (symbolic) ethno-religious identity.”2 Dutch protestant immigrants in the mid-nineteenth century crossed the Atlantic as a group and settled as a group in their Michigan and Iowa enclaves.3 They settled as Dutch secessionist Calvinists, bringing their own peculiar history, culture, religion, and identity. Part of their Calvinist way of life was to keep the sinful world at a distance and to carefully regulate cultural borders between themselves and the world. This unique combination of collective emigration and settling, ethnicity, and religion was a major barrier to rapid assimilation and Americanization. -
The Harlem Renaissance: a Handbook
.1,::! THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE: A HANDBOOK A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF ARTS IN HUMANITIES BY ELLA 0. WILLIAMS DEPARTMENT OF AFRO-AMERICAN STUDIES ATLANTA, GEORGIA JULY 1987 3 ABSTRACT HUMANITIES WILLIAMS, ELLA 0. M.A. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, 1957 THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE: A HANDBOOK Advisor: Professor Richard A. Long Dissertation dated July, 1987 The object of this study is to help instructors articulate and communicate the value of the arts created during the Harlem Renaissance. It focuses on earlier events such as W. E. B. Du Bois’ editorship of The Crisis and some follow-up of major discussions beyond the period. The handbook also investigates and compiles a large segment of scholarship devoted to the historical and cultural activities of the Harlem Renaissance (1910—1940). The study discusses the “New Negro” and the use of the term. The men who lived and wrote during the era identified themselves as intellectuals and called the rapid growth of literary talent the “Harlem Renaissance.” Alain Locke’s The New Negro (1925) and James Weldon Johnson’s Black Manhattan (1930) documented the activities of the intellectuals as they lived through the era and as they themselves were developing the history of Afro-American culture. Theatre, music and drama flourished, but in the fields of prose and poetry names such as Jean Toomer, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen and Zora Neale Hurston typify the Harlem Renaissance movement. (C) 1987 Ella 0. Williams All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special recognition must be given to several individuals whose assistance was invaluable to the presentation of this study. -
Four Hundred Years of American Life and Culture: a List of Titles at the Library of Congress
Four Hundred Years of American Life and Culture: A List of Titles at the Library of Congress Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................2 Colonial America ....................................................................3 Farm and Frontier ...................................................................14 Cowboys and Ranchers ..............................................................25 Gold Rush ........................................................................33 Washington, D.C. ...................................................................38 Drink ............................................................................52 Medicine .........................................................................58 Currency ..........................................................................66 Language .........................................................................71 Women ...........................................................................80 African Americans ..................................................................83 Asian Immigrants ...................................................................90 Hispanic Immigrants ................................................................94 Jewish Immigrants .................................................................102 German Immigrants ................................................................106 Scandinavian Immigrants ............................................................109 -
Bloomingdale: Colonial Times and After the Revolutionary War by Pam Tice, Member of the Bloomingdale Neighborhood History Group Planning Committee
===================================================================== RNA House History Club May 2021 ===================================================================== [The following post is the first of three documenting life in the Bloomingdale neighborhood in the colonial and revolutionary times. It can be seen on the Bloomingdale Neighborhood History Group blog site at: https://www.upperwestsidehistory.org/blog/march-30th-2021] Part 1: Bloomingdale: Colonial Times and after the Revolutionary War by Pam Tice, Member of the Bloomingdale Neighborhood History Group planning committee Introduction A few months ago, a new website developed by John Jay College caught my attention. Like many institutions of higher education, the College was exploring the link between slavery and the famous man whose name adorns it. One of the resources used was the 1790 federal Census. I looked up Charles Ward Apthorp, whom I had written about previously, one of the colonial property owners in our Bloomingdale neighborhood. He owned eight slaves. That got me thinking: who were the other people in this census? How was the Bloomingdale neighborhood settled in the era before the Revolution? What was Bloomingdale like after the Revolution and in the early 1800s? I started to dig a bit deeper into the Bloomingdale history, beyond the work of numerous local historians who write about a particular property owner and the history of a mansion house, as I myself had done in writing about Apthorp’s mansion that became Elm Park. The Bloomingdale Road, authorized in 1703, and laid out in 1707, was key to the area’s development; Bloomingdale became more like a suburb of the city than what we call a neighborhood today. -
A Dutch Confederate
bmgn - Low Countries Historical Review | Volume 132-2 (2017) | pp. 27-50 A Dutch Confederate Charles Liernur Defends Slavery in America michael j. douma 27 In the 1850s and 1860s, Dutch immigrants in America struggled to square their racial views with the politics of slavery in their new country. The historiography of the Dutch world would benefit from incorporating this story, because it is often in moments of conflict when the most explicit expressions of ideology present themselves. The letters of Charles Liernur, a Dutch-born Confederate, provide a unique insight into the mind of an explicit supporter of slavery in an American context. How and why a Dutchman could defend slavery is the primary question this article addresses. Building on Liernur’s story, this article also challenges the standard view that Dutch Americans were natural opponents of slavery. Instead, they held diverse and ambiguous views, shaped in part by the circumstances of their settlement. Een Nederlandse 'Confederate': Charles Liernur verdedigt slavernij in Amerika In de jaren vijftig en zestig van de negentiende eeuw hadden Nederlandse immigranten in Amerika grote moeite een standpunt in te nemen met betrekking tot de slavernij. Een analyse daarvan lijkt van belang voor de Nederlandse geschiedschrijving, omdat ideologische overtuigingen vaak tijdens conflicten op scherpe wijze uitgedragen worden. De brieven van Charles Liernur, een Nederlandse ‘Confederate’, bieden een unieke blik op de denkwereld van een uitgesproken voorstander van de slavernij. Hoe en waarom kon een Nederlander zo fel de slavernij verdedigen? Dat is de centrale vraag waarop dit artikel een antwoord probeert te geven. Het verhaal van Liernur laat zien dat de gangbare visie, dat Nederlandse Amerikanen van nature tegenstanders van de slavernij waren, niet klopt. -
Constructing Dutch America in the Twentieth Century
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-2012 Faithful Remembering: Constructing Dutch America in the Twentieth Century David E. Zwart Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Anthropology Commons, Religion Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Zwart, David E., "Faithful Remembering: Constructing Dutch America in the Twentieth Century" (2012). Dissertations. 23. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/23 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FAITHFUL REMEMBERING: CONSTRUCTING DUTCH AMERICA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY by David E. Zwart A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History Advisor: Edwin Martini, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 2012 THE GKADUATE COLLEGE WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN March 12, 2012 Date WE HEREBY APPROVETHE DISSERTATIONSUBMITTED BY David E. Zwart ENTITLED Faithful Remembering: Constructing Dutch America intheTwentieth Century AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOFTHE REQUIREMENTS FORTHE DECREE OF Doctor ofPhilosophy History (Department) History (Program) Mitch Kachun, PMX Dissertation ReviewCommittee Member Robert Ulfri, Pt»,D. DissertationReviewCommittee Member APPROVED i Date .A^QTtl rUXl' DeanorTheGraduate College FAITHFUL REMEMBERING: CONSTRUCTING DUTCH AMERICA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY David E. Zwart, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2012 The people of the Dutch-American community constructed and maintained a strong ethnoreligion identity in the twentieth despite pressures to join the mainstream of the United States. -
A Transnational Colonial Migration: Puerto Rico’S Farm Labor Program
New West Indian Guide Vol. 84, no. 3-4 (2010), pp. 225-251 URL: http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/nwig/index URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-100889 Copyright: content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License ISSN: 1382-2373 JORGE DUANY A TRANSNATIONAL COLONIAL MIGRATION: PUERTO RICO’S FARM LABOR PROGRAM On July 25, 1898, U.S. troops invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish- Cuban-American War and have retained a strong presence there ever since.1 In 1901, the U.S. Supreme Court paradoxically defined the Island as “foreign to the United States in a domestic sense,” neither a state of the American union nor an independent country (Burnett & Marshall 2001). The Court later ruled that Puerto Rico was an “unincorporated territory” “belonging to but not a part of” the United States, meaning that the U.S. Congress would determine which parts of the U.S. Constitution applied to the Island. In 1904, the Court declared that Puerto Ricans were not “aliens” for immigration pur- poses and could not be denied entry into the U.S. mainland (Erman 2008). In 1917, Congress granted U.S. citizenship to all persons born on the Island, but did not extend them all constitutional rights and obligations, such as having Congressional representation or paying federal income taxes. In 1952, Puerto Rico became a U.S. Commonwealth (or Estado Libre Asociado, in Spanish) with limited autonomy over local matters, such as taxa- tion, education, health, housing, culture, and language. Still, the federal gov- ernment retained jurisdiction in most state affairs, including citizenship, immi- gration, customs, defense, currency, transportation, communications, foreign trade, and diplomacy. -
Mannahatta: an Ecological First Look at the Manhattan Landscape Prior to Henry Hudson
2007 NORTHEASTERNNATURALIST 14(4):545-570 Mannahatta: An Ecological First Look at the Manhattan Landscape Prior to Henry Hudson Eric W. Sanderson1* and Marianne Brown2 - Abstract The British Headquarters Map, circa 1782, provides a remarkable win dow onto the natural topography, hydrology, and land cover of Manhattan Island, a NY, before extensive urbanization. Manhattan formerly hosted rugged topogra phy watered by over 108 km of streams and at least 21 ponds, flowing in and out of wetlands that covered nearly 10% of the island in the late 18th century. These features are largely representative of the landscape prior to European settlement. We used ecological features interpreted from the British Headquarters Map, and ad ditional historical, ecological, and archeological information, to hypothesize about the ecosystem composition of the pre-European island. We suggest that 54 different ecological communities may have once been found on the island or in nearby waters, including chestnut-tulip tree forests, Hempstead Plains grasslands, freshwater and tidal marshes, hardwood swamps, peatlands, rocky headwater streams, coastal-plain ponds, eelgrass meadows, and culturally derived ecosystems, such as Native Ameri can village sites and fields. This former ecosystem mosaic, consisting of over 99% natural areas, stands in sharp contrast to the 21st-century state of the island in which only 3% of its area is dedicated to ecological management. Introduction To students of the natural history of New York City, an interest in the past ecology of the local region is almost inevitable because the modern cityscape is so markedly different from the historical landscape (Hornaday 1909, Kieran 1959, Shorto, 2004). -
Black Urban Modernity of the Harlem Renaissance: a Dialectical Negotiation Between Urban Individuality and Community in Toni Morrison’S Jazz Han Chen-Wei
Wenshan Review of Literature and Culture．Vol 7.1．December 2013．119-148. Black Urban Modernity of the Harlem Renaissance: A Dialectical Negotiation between Urban Individuality and Community in Toni Morrison’s Jazz Han Chen-wei ABSTRACT Inspired by a photograph taken by James Van Der Zee in 1926 of a dead black girl lying in a decorated coffin, Morrison sets out to write a revisionist history of the Harlem Renaissance, or the Jazz Age, in the 1920s in her sixth novel and the second of her love trilogy, Jazz (1992). And, without mentioning, let alone celebrating, the cultural, artistic, social, and even political events and accomplishments of the Harlem Renaissance, Morrison offers her own revisionist history of Harlem by depicting the experiences and traumas of migrant blacks from the South. But what is so unique about Morrison’s literary historiography of the life of Harlem in Jazz? What are the unspoken aspects of the urban experiences of African Americans in Harlem? What are the similarities and differences between the social life of the blacks of the rural South and that of migrant blacks from the South in the urban North? How do the urban experiences of the migrant blacks contest and destabilize the popular formulations of urban experiences observed and developed by certain white, male theorists? In other words, how does Morrison represent and conceptualize a distinctive form of urban modernity in the region of Harlem of New York in the context of the Northern Migration and Harlem Renaissance? In light of Jennifer Robinson’s “ordinary-city”