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Home , Ajit Singh of Marwar, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Farrukhsiyar, Mughal emperors

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Later Emperors (1707-1857 A.D.)

 The was vast and extensive in the beginning of the eighteenth century.  But by the close of the century it had shrunk to a few kilometres around .  After the death of in 1707, a war of succession began amongst his three surviving sons, Muazzam – the governor of , Azam-the governor of , and Kam Baksh-the governor of Deccan.  Azam turned to Ahmednagar and proclaimed himself emperor.  Kam Baksh too declared himself the sovereign ruler and conquered important places as Gulbarga and .  Muazzam defeated both Azam at Jajau in 1707 and Kam Baksh near Hyderabad in 1708.  Muazzam emerged victorious and ascended the Mughal with the title of Bahadur I. He was also known as Shah Alam I.

Muazzam 'Bahadur Shah I' (1707-1712 A.D.) Jahandar Shah (1712 – 1713 A.D.)

 Bahadur Shah I was the third son of Aurangzeb  He was ascended himself on the throne after with Muslim wife, Bai. killing his three brothers with the help of Zulfikar  Bahadur Shah's full name was 'Abul-nasr who was the leader of Irani Party in Qutb-ud-din Alam Bahadur Shah Court. Badshah'  He was puppet of Zulfikar Khan who acts as the  He was popularly known as Shah Alam I and defacto ruler which led the foundation of the called Shahi-i- Bekhabar by due to his concept of king makers. He was also under the appeasement parties by grants of title and influence of his mistress Lal Kunwar which rewards. reminded the style of .  He was the only Mughal Emperor who used the  He gave the title of ‘ Raja’ to Jai Singh of title of Sayyid. The title was primarily used by the and ‘’ to Ajit Singh of . descendants of Prophet Mohammad.  His step of giving grants of and Sardesh  In 1663, at the age of 20, Bahadur Shah was made Mukhi to Marathas led the foundation of the governor of Deccan province. weakening Mughal domination.  Bahadur Shah was imprisoned for eight years after  He encouraged Ijara System (the revenue farming/ he was defeated in Pune by . contract farming and abolished Jazia).  In 1695, Aurangzeb sent Bahadur Shah to  He was the first Mughal ruler who killed by Sayyid to fight the army of . Bahadur brothers- Abdulllah Khan and Hussain Ali (were the Shah refused to start a war out of genuine respect Hindustani Party leaders) in captivity. for the religion.  The inglorious reign of Jahandar Shah soon came  In 1696, Shah was appointed as the governor of to an end in 1713 when he was defeated by his Akbarabad, now known as . nephew Farrukh Siyar at Agra.  He was ascended himself on the throne in 1707  Zulfikar Khan was soon executed by the orders of after killing his two brothers, and defeating Kam the new emperor. Baksh in the Battle of Jajau. Farrukh Siyar (1713 – 1719 A.D.)  He was the first and the last of the later Mughal rulers to exercise real authority.  He was known as ‘Sahid-i-Mazlum’ and the second  A person of mild temper, learned and dignified, son of Azim-al-Shah. was too old.  He ascended himself on the throne with help of  He could not prevent the decline of the empire, Sayyid brothers- Abdulllah Khan and Hussain Ali due to his sudden death in 1712. Khan Barha (were the Hindustani Party leaders).  Shah's body was buried in in  They were given the office of the Wazir and , Delhi. Mirbakshi respectively.  He followed a conciliatory policy towards the  They came to be known as "king-makers" due to Rajput’s and Marathas but a strict policy towards their dubious king making role during the period of the . the later Mughals.  A fresh war of succession had started after the  He assigned the duty of Deccan’s governor to Chin death of Muazzam between his sons- Jahander Quilch Khan who was better known ‘Nizam-ul- Shah, Azim-us Shah, Rafi-us Shah and Jahan Shah. Mulk’, later who laid the foundation of independent state of Hyderabad. © 2019 Pratiyogita Abhiyan | All Rights Reserved | pratiyogitaabhiyan.in Page 2 of 6

 It was during the reign (1715 AD) of Farrukh that  The two armies met at Karnal in 1739 and the Banda Bahadur the Sikh chief was captured and Mughals suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of killed. Nadir Shah.  visited in his court to  Emperor Muhammad Shah was taken prisoner and take grant for collecting Chauth and Sardesh Nadir Shah marched on to Delhi. Mukhi on land.  Nadir Shah plundered the royal treasury at his,  The struggle for power between the emperor and own pleasure and carried back the immense the Sayyid brothers increased and the efforts of wealth from . the emperor to overthrow the brothers failed  He carried away with him the famous Koh-I-Noor repeatedly. diamond and the jewel studded of  He was finally deposed and murdered in April 1719 Shahjahan. by Saiyid Brothers who were assisted by Ajit Singh  Ahmad Shah Abdali, the successor of Nadir Shah of Marwar in this act. invaded the kingdom for the first time during Muhammad Shah’s reign in 1748. What is Farman?  Ahmad Shah Abdali was defeated at Manpur by  In 1714, an Englishman John Surman was sent Ahmad Shah. to Delhi Court for securing trading facilities for the company. Note:  He succeeded in obtaining from Emperor In 1720, the rebellious nobles killed Hussain Ali and Farukhsiyar a farman in 1717. Abdullah Khan died in 1722 after he was defeated at Agra.  The secured valuable This ended the rule of the Sayyid brothers in the Mughal privileges in 1717 under the royal farman. Empire.  The Company was permitted to carry on trade in , Bombay and Madras free of customs Ahmad Shah (1748 – 1754 A.D.) duty.  Granted the Company the freedom to export  The next emperor, Ahmad Shah, son and import their goods in Bengal without paying of Muhammad Shah, was unable to hold the forces taxes. that had grown so alarming.  The Company was also permitted to mint its  The empire abruptly reduced to a small district own . round Delhi and the Emperor was deposed and  The of Bengal, however, showed scant regard for the imperial farman. This is one of blinded in 1754 by the wazir -ud-din Imad-ul- the reason why Siraj-Ud-Daula attacked Fort Mulk, a grandson of the deceased Nizam-ul- Williams, the British Company. mulk of the Deccan, who now played a role of the Kingmaker.

Alamgir II (1754 – 1759 A.D.) Muhammed Shah (1719 – 1748)  ‘Aziz-ud-din’, the son of Jahandar Shah, was placed  As successors Sayyid the brothers quickly raised on the throne by the new king maker. two young princes, Rafi-ud-Darajat and Rafi-ud-  He adopted the same title as the great Aurangzeb, Daula ( II) who died within months. and called himself ‘Alamgir-II’.  Roshan Akhtar ascended the throne  The new ruler was a kind of ‘prisoner on the as Muhammad Shah in 1719. throne’ in the hand of king maker.  The new emperor did not prove to be a docile  The military and financial position of the empire agent of the Sayyid brothers, who were soon killed during this period became worst to the extent that by him. the emperor’s household troops carried off the  Young and handsome Muhammad Shah, with all articles from the houses of the wazirs and nobles the pleasures, was addicted to an inactive life. and sold them into the market.  Though destiny granted him a long reign, he let  Abdali invaded Delhi in 1757 and the imperial city affairs drift in their own way, and soon province was plundered. after province slipped out of imperial control.  The relations between Alamgir II and Wazir Imad-  The Marathas established their power again, the ul-Mulk were not satisfactory and the latter got Jats became independent near Agra, him murdered in 1759. the Ruhelas founded Ruhelkand, and the Sikhs became active in Panjab.  The invasion of Nadir Shah of Persia hit the empire with the greatest blow. © 2019 Pratiyogita Abhiyan | All Rights Reserved | pratiyogitaabhiyan.in Page 3 of 6

Shah Jahan III (1759-60 A.D.)  The presentation of Nazrs (gifts involving sovereign status) was ended by Lord Hastings in  Muhi-ul-Milat, the grandson of KamBaksh was 1813. placed on the throne as Shah Jahan III by Imad-ul-  Shah II appointed the Bengali reformer Ram Mulk. Mohan Roy, to appeal against his treatment by the  He was deposed by the Marathas who captured East India Company. Delhi in 1760.  then visited England, as the Mughal envoy to the Court of St. James Shah Alam II (1759 – 1806 A.D.)  Ram Mohan Roy submitted a well-argued  Ali Gauhar, the son of Alamgir II became the memorial on behalf of the Mughal ruler, but to no Mughal emperor in 1759 and took up the title of avail. Shah Alam II.  The Mughal Emperor Akbar II conferred Ram  Having been blinded by the Afghan chief Gulam Mohan Roy with the title “Raja” in 1831. Qadir, he was saved by the Maratha Sindhia. Bahadur Shah II (1837-57 A.D.):  In 1803, Delhi was captured by the English after Lord Lake defeated the Marathas and Shah Alam  After the death of Akbar II, Bahadur Shah II became the British pensioner. became the Emperor.  David Ochterlony became the first resident.  He was allowed to retain the imperial title.  He was fond of poetry and had the title of “Zafar.” Akbar Shah II (1806 – 1837 A.D.)  He took part in the Revolt of 1857.  After the death of Shah Alam II, his son succeeded  He was captured and tried by the British. as Akbar Shah II.  Bahadur Shah II was deported to Rangoon where  Akbar sent Raja Ram Mohan Roy to England to he died in 1862. seek a raise in pension.  Thus ended the .

Causes for the Downfall of the Mughals

 The Mughal Empire declined rapidly after the death of Aurangazeb.  The Mughal court became the scene of factions among the nobles.  The weakness of the empire was exposed when Nadir Shah imprisoned the Mughal Emperor and looted Delhi in 1739.  The causes for the downfall of the Mughal Empire were varied.  To some extent, the religious and Deccan policies of Aurangazeb contributed to its decline.  The weak successors and demoralization of the Mughal army also paved the way for it.  The vastness of the empire became unwieldy.  The financial difficulties due to continuous wars led to the decline.  The neglect of the sea power by the Mughals was felt when the Europeans began to settle in India.  Further, the invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali weakened the Mughal state.  Thus the decline and downfall of the Mughal Empire was due to the combination of political, social and economic factors. Objective Questions

1. Who called Muazzam as Shahi-i- Bekhabar? (D) Farukhsiyar (A) Kafi Khan Correct Answer: (B) Muazzam (B) Zulfikar khan 3. Which Mughal Ruler’s gave permission for collecting (C) Kam Baksh Chauth and Sardesh Mukhi on Maratha land to Peshwa (D) Nur Jahan Balaji Vishwanath? Correct Answer: (A) Kafi Khan (A) Farrukhsiyar 2. Which of the following Mughal ruler who tried to (B) Rafi-ud-Darajat create affinity between Sikh and Maratha by granted (C) Rafi-ud-Daula the right to collect Sardesh Mukhi of Deccan but not (D) Muhammed Shah Chauth to the Marathas? Correct Answer: (A) Farrukhsiyar (A) Jahander Shah 4. Who among the following Mughal Emperor became the (B) Muazzam first pensioner of the East India Company? (C) Akbar (A) Ahmed Shah (B) Akbar II © 2019 Pratiyogita Abhiyan | All Rights Reserved | pratiyogitaabhiyan.in Page 4 of 6

(C) Bahadur Shah (B) Sir Jadunath Sarkar (D) Muhammed Shah (C) Bhim Sen Correct Answer: (B) Akbar II (D) Khafi Khan 5. Consider the following statement(s) related to Correct Answer: (D) Khafi Khan Mughal’s decline. 12. Which later Mughal ruler abolished the infamous tax I. Mughal’s noble were well known for their loyalty but called Jaziya? war of successor degenerated the nobility led to the (A) Shah Alam I decline of Mughal. (B) Jahandar Shah II. Mughal Empire declined due to over decentralization (C) Farrukhsiyar of administration. (D) Muhammad Shah Which statement (s) is/are correct? Correct Answer: (B) Jahandar Shah (A) Only I 13. Which later Mughal ruler granted many trade (B) Only II privileges to the East India Company in the royal (C) Both I and II of 1717? (D) Neither I and II (A) Jahandar Shah Correct Answer: (A) Only I (B) Farrukhsiyar 6. Who was Nur Jahan's son-in-law? (C) Muhammad Shah (A) Khurram (D) Rafi-ud-Daula (B) Nazim Correct Answer: (B) Farrukhsiyar (C) Abdul 14. Which of the following statements is correct? (D) Shahryar (A) Shahu was released and given the authority to Correct Answer: (D) Shahryar collect Sardeshmukhi from the Deccan but not the 7. The Mughal leader originally invaded northern Chauth by Bahadur Shah I. India (B) Shahu was recognized as the Maratha sovereign by (A) To creates a Shiite Muslim state. Bahadur Shah I. (B) Because he was unable to achieve his ambitious (C) Shahu received a warm welcome from Tarabai when goals in he returned after being released from mughal captivity. (C) To control the trade routes into Southeast Asia (D) None of the above (D) To defeat his longstanding enemy, the sultan of Correct Answer: (D) None of the above Delhi. 15. Shah Alam II was blinded mercilessly by the Correct Answer: (B) Because he was unable to achieve Chief named : his ambitious goals in central Asia (A) Najib-ud-Daula 8. Which of the following statement is not related to the (B) Ghulam Qadir Akbar's reign? (C) Hafiz Rehmat Khan (A) Religious toleration for Hindus and Sikhs. (D) Ghaziuddin Imad-ul-Mulk (B) A syncretic religion, called "divine faith," which Correct Answer: (B) Ghulam Qadir stressed loyalty to the emperor. 16. Which Mughal emperor signed the treaty of (C) A centralized administrative structure with ministers with the East India Company? appointed to regional provinces. (A) Alamgir II (D) Education and basic rights for Indian women. (B) Ali Gauhar Correct Answer: (D) Education and basic rights for (C) Indian women (D) Shah Alam I 9. Which of the following statement is related to Correct Answer: (B) Ali Gauhar the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb? 17. The Autonomous State of Hyderabad was founded in (A) Replaced many Hindu temples with mosques. ______A.D. by ______. (B) Promoted religious toleration. (A) 1722, Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-mulk (C) Converted to . (B) 1724, Chin Quilich Khan (D) Presided over an era of religious harmony. (C) 1725, Mohammad Amin Khan Correct Answer: (A) Replaced many Hindu temples with (D) 1726 , Murshid Kuli Khan mosques Correct Answer: (B) 1724, Chin Quilich Khan 10. The Battle of Jajau took place between 18. Which later Mughal emperor was the contemporary of (A) Muazzam and Kam Baksh the Bengal Nawab Siraj-ud-daula? (B) Muazzam and Azam (A) Bahadur Shah II (C) Azam and Farrukhsiyar (B) Akbar II (D) Azam and Kam Baksh (C) Alamgir II Correct Answer: (B) Muazzam and Azam (D) Shah Alam II 11. Which Mughal historian gave the chronogram of 'Shah- Correct Answer: (C) Alamgir II i-Bekhabar' to Bahadur Shah I (Shah Alam I) because of 19. Which Mughal emperor granted the title of 'Raja' to his negligent and complacent attitude towards the famous social and cultural reformer Ram Mohan administration? Roy and sent him to England to plead for a hike in the (A) Inayat Khan pension of the Mughal Emperor?

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(A) Akbar II started the hierarchial tradition of the Nawab-Wazirs? (B) Shah Alam II (A) Shuja-ud-daula (C) Bahadur Shah II (B) Asaf-ud-Daula (D) Alamgir II (C) Safdar Jung Correct Answer: (A) Akbar II (D) Wajid Ali Shah 20. The British captured Delhi in 1803 A.D. during the reign Correct Answer: (C) Safdar Jung of which Mughal Emperor? 28. The Mughal emperor who hatched a conspiracy against (A) Akbar II the Sayyid Brothers with the help of the Turani and (B) Bahadur Shah Zafar Irani factions of nobles at the Mughal court and (C) Shah Alam II successfully implemented the plot to finally overthrow (D) Shah Jahan III them after a long drawn tussle of power, causing the Correct Answer: (C) Shah Alam II downfall and death of the Sayyid Brothers was : 21. Muhammad Khan (the Bangash Nawab) (A) Farrukhsiyar exercised his control over the territory of and around : (B) Muhammad Shah (A) Rohillkhand (C) Ahmad Shah (B) Bundelkhand (D) Jahandar Shah (C) Farukkhabad Correct Answer: (B) Muhammad Shah (D) Baghelkhand 29. Who was the Mughal emperor at the time of the Third Correct Answer: (C) Farukkhabad Battle of Panipat? 22. Which later Mughal ruler ascended the throne as a (A) Shah Jahan III puppet in the hands of the Sayyid Brothers after (B) Shah Alam II assuming the of Shah Jahan II? (C) Alamgir II (A) Rafi-ud-Shan (D) Ahmad Shah (B) Rafi-ud-Daula Correct Answer: (A) Shah Jahan III (C) Rafi-ud-Darajat 30. Which later Mughal emperor loved dancing and was an (D) Raushan Akhtar expert Kathak dancer? Correct Answer: (B) Rafi-ud-Daula (A) Roshan Akhtar 23. The Sayyid Brothers were settled in the upper Ganga- (B) Aziz-ud-din Jamuna Doab at a place called : (C) Ali Gauhar (A) Saharanpur (D) Muhi-ul-Millat (B) Badayun Correct Answer: (A) Roshan Akhtar (C) Farukkhabad 31. Nizam-ul-Mulk Chin Quilich Khan expired in which (D) Barha year? Correct Answer: (D) Barha (A) 1739 A.D. 24. Who encouraged the malpractice of Revenue-Farming (B) 1748 A.D. (Ijara) which led to the exploitation of the peasants (C) 1755 A.D. and indirectly contributed to the decline of the mughal (D) 1761 A.D. empire? Correct Answer: (B) 1748 A.D. (A) The Sayyid Brothers 32. The Delhi witnessed the reign of how many (B) Zulfiqar Khan during the period 1707 A.D. to 1759 (C) Javid Khan A.D.? (D) Qamaruddin (A) 5 Correct Answer: (B) Zulfiqar Khan (B) 6 25. Who among the following was killed in action during (C) 7 the Battle of Karnal in 1739 A.D.? (D) 8 (A) Khan-i-Dauran Correct Answer: (D) 8 (B) Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk 33. Nizam-ul-Mulk (Chin Quilich Khan) was conferred the (C) Nizam-ul-Mulk title of Asaf Jah by: (D) Nadir Shah (A) The Sayyid Brothers Correct Answer: (A) Khan-i-Dauran (B) Farrukhsiyar 26. Banda Bahadur, the militant Sikh leader after Guru (C) Muhammad Shah Gobind Singh was defeated, captured and executed by (D) Zulfiqar Khan the Mughals in: Correct Answer: (C) Muhammad Shah (A) 1707 A.D. 34. Who granted the Maratha ruler Shahu the right to (B) 1712 A.D. collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from the 6 provinces (C) 1714 A.D. of the Deccan and the Swarajya (territories of Shivaji)? (D) 1716 A.D. (A) Farrukhsiyar Correct Answer: (D) 1716 A.D. (B) Sayyid Brothers 27. Who succeded Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk as the (C) Chin Qilich Khan independent ruler (Nawab) of and was also (D) Muhammad Shah appointed the wazir of the Mughal Empire, hence Correct Answer: (B) Sayyid Brothers

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35. received the Kohinoor diamond from: (B) Shahjahan (A) The ruler of (C) Aurangzeb (B) Shershah Suri (D) Bhahadur Shah Zafar (C) The ruler of Bikaner Correct Answer: (C) Aurangzeb (D) The ruler of 42. Which one of the following indicates the correct Correct Answer: (A) The ruler of Gwalior chronological order of the Later Mughal Emperors? 36. The most famous court-poet (in Hindi literature) of (A) Bahadur Shah-I, FarrukhSiyar, Jahandar Shah, Akbar was: Muhammad Shah (A) Raskhan (B) FarrukhSiyar, Bahadur Shah-I, Jahandar Shah, (B) Surdas Muhammad Shah (C) (C) Bahadur Shah-l, Jahandar Shah, FarrukhSiyar, (D) Abdur Rahim-Khan-i-Khanan Muhammad Shah Correct Answer: (D) Abdur Rahim-Khan-i-Khanan (D) Jahandar Shah, Bahadur Shah-l, Muhammad Shah, 37. During the reign of Emperor Akbar, famous men FarrukhSiyar Haribans, Mukund and Daswant were Correct Answer: (C) Bahadur Shah-l, Jahandar Shah, (A) Architects FarrukhSiyar, Muhammad Shah (B) Painters 43. Who among the following Mughal Emperor became the (C) Warriors first pensioner of the East India Company? (D) Writers (A) Ahmed Shah Correct Answer: (B) Painters (B) Akbar II 38. Who was Emperor? (C) Bahadur Shah (A) Alamgir II (D) Muhammed Shah (B) Shah Alam II Correct Answer: (B) Akbar II (C) Bahadur Shah II 44. Which one of the following Mughal Emperors gave an (D) Akbar II important Firman to the English of facilitating their Correct Answer: (C) Bahadur Shah II trade in India? 39. Who was the last Mughal emperor to sit on the (A) Bahadur Shah II peacock throne? (B) Bahadur Shah I (A) Jahandar Shah (C) Shah Alam II (B) Muhammad Shah (D) Farrukhsiyar (C) Shah Alam-I Correct Answer: (D) Farrukhsiyar (D) Bahadur Shah Zafar 45. Which among the following Mughal Emperors granted Correct Answer: (B) Muhammad Shah permission to trade free of tax in the territories of 40. Abdul Hamid Lahori is the author of Bengal, Hyderabad and Gujarat to the British? (A) Muntakhab-ul-Tawarikh (A) Muhammad Shah (B) Padshah Nama (B) Aurangzeb (C) Alamgir Nama (C) Bahadur Shah (D) Muntakhab-ul-Lubab (D) Farrukhsiyar Correct Answer: (B) Padshah Nama Correct Answer: (D) Farrukhsiyar 41. Moti Masjid in the , Delhi was constructed by (A) Sher Shah

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