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© in This Web Service Cambridge University Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-66099-1 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume III: The Twentieth Century Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny Index More information Index Abalkin, Leonid 334 agit-trains 586 Abkhazia 512, 515, 702 agitation, Bolshevik 585–6 abortion see also propaganda illegal 481, 485 Agrarian Party of Russia 366, 372, 438 legalised 473, 476 agriculture re-criminalised 209, 481 backwardness of 177, 308, 420 re-legalised (1955) 486, 490 corn (maize) 278 Abramov, Fedor 613 importance of private plots 424–5, 429, 436, Abuladze, Tengiz 623 478 Academic Union (1905) 550 inflated statistics on 683 Academy of Art 581 innovation in communes 414, 421 Academy of Sciences 550, 572 livestock 423, 477 1936 conference 558 loss of cultivated land (civil war) 167 Commission for the Study of Natural and Lysenkoism 558–9, 569 Productive Resources (1915) 551 and market privatisations 434 political control over 556–7 and markets 389 reforms 567 migration from 88, 303, 399, 402, 431 research post-Soviet 407, 437 applied 556 and privatisation of collectives 435, 436–7 post-Soviet 576 productivity and research institutes (ISKAN) 687, criticism of central planning (1990s) 433 696 effect of collectivisation 196–7, 422, 424 reserved seats in Congress (1989) 327 failure of policies (1962–3) 288 status under Bolshevik government 554 post-war 429, 432 in Union republics 572 under War Communism 419 Acmeists 588 prospects for 438–9 Adamov, Arkadii, novelist 627 reforms Adenauer, Konrad, West German chancellor Gorbachev’s 433–4 286 Khrushchev’s 278–9, 428 aestheticism 79 tsarist experiments 388–90 Afanas’ev, Iurii 328 relaxation of controls 205 Afghanistan subsidies 300, 302 decision-making on 684, 691–4 Virgin Lands campaign (Khrushchev) 275, Khrushchev’s visit 285, 681 279, 296, 402, 429 national liberation movement (1920) 638 see also collective farms; collectivisation; Soviet invasion of (1979) 54, 311–12, 319 grain withdrawal of troops (1989) 339–40, 698 Aitmatov, Chingiz 322 Africa 690 Executioner’s Block 633 Aganbegyan, Abel, economist 404 Akademgorodok, science city 566 793 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-66099-1 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume III: The Twentieth Century Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny Index More information Index Akhmadulina, Bella 615 American Committee for the Defense of Akhmatova, Anna 588, 589, 606, 663, Leon Trotsky 17 725 American Relief Association (ARA) 11, 172, 391 Requiem (poem) 324, 589 Amin, Hafizullah, Afghan Khalq faction 311, Akhromeev, Sergei 693 692, 693 Aksel’rod, Pavel 711 Amori, Count (Ippolit Rapgof) 583 Aksenov, Vasilii 289, 615, 628 Andreev, Andrei, and membership of alcohol, state monopoly and ‘moonshine’ 303, Politburo 249 332 Andreeva, Nina, letter in Sovetskaia Rossiia 326 alcoholism 83, 85, 310, 404 Andropov, Iurii 314, 685 and anti-alcohol policy (1985) 332, and Afghanistan 692, 693–4 462 as ambassador to Hungary 678 Aleksandr Nevsky (film) 208 and KGB 299, 307, 684 Aleksandrinsky Theatre 590 promotion of Gorbachev 317, 688 Aleksandrov, A.V.,composer 597 and researchers 688 Aleksandrov, General Aleksandr, ‘Holy War’ as successor to Brezhnev 314, 316–17 anthem 602 Angola 308, 698 Aleksandrov, Grigorii Annales school, Paris 37 Happy-Go-Lucky Fellows (film) 597 Anpilov, Viktor, Working Russia party 368 Meeting on the Elbe 608 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) 307 Radiant Path 599 Anti-Fascist Committee Affair (1952) 668, Volga-Volga (film) 599 671 Alekseev, General Mikhail, Chief of Staff anti-Semitism 92, 101 (1915) 97 and 1952–3 Doctors’ Plot 264, 507–8 and democratisation of army command in films 608 120 and ‘pogroms’ 90 Alekseeva, Ludmilla 291 under Brezhnev 310 Alexandra, Empress 100 and Western view of Bolshevism 9 Aliev, Heidar, president of Azerbaijan 305 see also Jews All-Russian Conference of Working Women Arctic expedition (1938) 724 (1918) 474 Arendt, Hannah (1906–75) 23 All-Russian Congress of Students (May 1917) Argumenty i Fakty, reformist periodical 695 131 Aristov, Boris, ambassador to Poland 686 All-Russian Muslim Congress 151, 496 armaments see defence industry; nuclear All-Russian Peasant Union 87 weapons All-Russian Soviet of Peasant Deputies 416 Armand, Inessa, Zhenotdel director 474 and Central Committee of the Soviets Armenia 95, 102 (VTsIK) 137 ambiguous (democratic) regime 354 All-Russian Theatrical Society 629 and Commonwealth of Independent States All-Russian Union for the Relief of Sick and 516 Wounded Soldiers 105 Dashnak regime 150, 497 All-Soviet (All-Russian) Institute for Public dispute with Azerbaijan 345, 515 Opinion (VTsIOM) 328 independence 349, 355 All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers (1934) and Nagorno-Karabakh 515 594 nationalism in 91, 102, 513 All-Union Congress of Soviets (1924) 176 relationship to RSFSR 174 Alma Ata (Almaty), Kazakhstan, riots (1986) and Transcaucasian Republic (1922) 175 345, 513 Armenians, refugees from Turkish massacres Almond, Gabriel 29 (1915) 103 The Civic Culture (with Verba) 29 Armstrong, John 31 Alov, Aleksandr and Naumov, Vladimir, Pavel army, imperial Korchagin 614 and abdication of Nicholas II 115 Amanullah, King of Afghanistan 638 desertions 97, 125 794 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-66099-1 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume III: The Twentieth Century Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny Index More information Index execution of officers by Provisional dispute with Armenia 345, 515 Government 109 hegemonic electoral authoritarian regime and February uprising 114, 120 354 and formation of volunteer army 143 Hummet party 497 and imposition of martial law 97–100 Musavat regime 150 Jewish conscripts 101 and Nagorno-Karabakh 515 and Kerensky’s offensive (1917) 125 relationship to RSFSR 174 loss of influence (1917) 109–10 and Transcaucasian Republic (1922) 175 national units (First World War) 102, 109 Azeri Turks 103 officers recruited into Red Army 144 at outbreak of First World War 95, 96 Babaevskii, Semen, Cavalier of the Golden Star role of parastatals in military supply 610 administration 106 Babel’, Isaak 598 shortage of rifles 96 Red Cavalry 587 Volynskii regiment 114 Bahuseviˇ c,ˇ Francisak,ˇ Belorussian poet 528 women’s ‘death battalions’ (1917) 122 Baikal–Amur Railway (BAM) project 305 see also Red Army Bailes, Kendall E. 53 art Bakhtin, Mikhail 57 avant-garde exhibition (1962) 289, 682 Baklanov, Georgii 622 modern 79, 586–7 Baklanov, Oleg 348 socialist realism in 207 Bakst, Leon, artist 616 art schools 581 Baku, Azerbaijan, Armenian refugees in 103 artisan culture, revival of 206 Balabanov, Aleksei, Brother 632 artists 581, 582 Balanchine, George 615 and Bolshevik policies 584 Balkan Wars (1912–13) 70 defections 620 Balkar people and purges 598–9, 600 allowed to return 282 and socialist realism 595 deportation of 502, 503 trade unions for 594, 596, 600 Balter, Boris 614 Asanova, Dinara 625 Baltic States 130, 342, 532, 545 Asia, financial crisis (1998) 373 and anniversary of Molotov–Ribbentrop Askoldov, Aleksandr, The Commissar 630 Pact 541, 543, 545 Astaf’ev, Viktor, Sad Detective 633 authoritarian regimes 532–3 Astrakhan, Dmitrii, Everything will be OK economies 408, 540, 545 632 and European Union 518, 547 Austria 285, 676 German nobility 524, 526, 532 Nazi control over (1938) 724 German occupation 538 Austria-Hungary and Hungarian uprising 679 capitulation and fall of monarchy (1918) 111, inter-war independence 515, 516, 638 495 neutrality 533 First World War 95, 97 Popular Fronts 514–15 Western Ukraine and 529, 530 post-Soviet independence 349, 355 Austrian State Treaty (1955) 285 Russian minorities in 506, 547 autocracy Soviet annexation and occupation 222, 537, legacy of 153 658 political ideology of 70–2 Stalin’s ambitions for 655, 656 and political liberties 711 see also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Western view of 8 Balts, nationalism among 91 autonomous regions 343, 498 bandits, in rural areas 205 see also republics banks Azerbaijan 95, 103, 305, 510 and August 1998 crisis 372, 374 and Commonwealth of Independent States scandal 374 516 baptism 477 795 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-66099-1 - The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume III: The Twentieth Century Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny Index More information Index Baptist churches 81 Belyi, Andrei 82 Baranskaia, Natalia, ‘A Week Like Any Other’ Petersburg (novel) 580 (story) 457 Benua (Benois), Aleksandr 581 Barber, Benjamin R. 26 World of Art movement 81 Barghoorn, Frederick 42 Berezovsky, Boris 371 Barnaul, Siberia Berggolts, Ol’ga 610 lack of facilities 204 Beria, Lavrentii 242, 261, 263 population growth 201 and deportations 503 barter fall and execution (1953) 274–5, 276, 509, in post-Soviet economy 372, 407–8, 435 725–7 to compensate for shortages 198, 390 and foreign policy 283 see also blat and formation of GKO 255, 257 Basaev, Shamil, Chechen commander, head of NKVD 215, 240, 252 invasion of Dagestan 376, 520 membership of Politburo 252 Bashkiria 393 and Molotov 259 Basmachestvo movement 497 and scientists 564 Bauer, Evgenii 55, 583 and succession to Stalin 508 Bauman, Karl 558 Berklavs,¯ Eduards, Latvia 540, 541 Bauman, K.Ia. 420 Berlin, Red Army entry into (1945) 504 Bauman, Zygmunt 59 Berlin, Isaiah (1909–97) 36 Beatty, Bessie, San Francisco Bulletin 8 Berlin Ultimatum, by Khrushchev (1958) Bednyi, Demian, libretto to Ancient Heroes 598 286–7, 296 Belaev, Vasilii, Mannerheim Line 601 Berlin wall Belarus (from 1991) 528–9
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