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Dissertation Corina Mavrodin

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Dissertation Corina Mavrodin The London School of Economics and Political Science A Maverick in the Making: Romania’s de-Satellization Process and the Global Cold War (1953-1963) Corina Mavrodin A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, February 2017 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 96,500 words. 2 Abstract This research project explores Romania’s process of detachment from Moscow from 1953 to 1963 within the context of the global Cold War. Through a multi-archival investigation, the dissertation investigates the first full process of peaceful de-satellization within the Eastern bloc by considering the broader framework of the bipolar international climate. In so doing, it provides both a bottom-up, as well as a top-down analysis. This project focuses, in particular, on the tenure of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1947-65), Romania’s first Communist leader, as it was under his leadership that the country shifted from complete subservience to the Soviet Union to political and economic autonomy. In 1958, Romania negotiated a full troop withdrawal, remaining the only Warsaw Pact country without Soviet military presence until the fall of the Berlin Wall. And by 1963, it also dared to challenge Moscow’s plans for economic specialization within COMECON, thereby asserting its sovereign right to pursue national interest over the greater socialist good, and thus stymying the Kremlin’s initiative for an integrated bloc economy. This project provides an in-depth investigation into the reasons why Romania was able to boldly confront the Soviet Union without fear of retribution, by tracing the process through which Dej gradually removed Romania’s political straightjacket, and exploring those elements within the international climate which allowed him to negotiate Romania’s detachment. 3 To Andrei Postelnicu, my eternal and most loyal ally 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 ABBREVIATIONS 9 INTRODUCTION 10 ROMANIA’S TROUBLED NEW COURSE (1953-1955) 30 INTRODUCTION 30 FROM ODD KID ON THE BLOC TO POSTER CHILD 31 VICTIM OF CIRCUMSTANCE 42 SHOCK THERAPY ON DE-STALINIZATION 47 THE KREMLIN’S UNFAVORABLE DIAGNOSTICS 53 ECONOMIC FAILURE AS OPPORTUNITY FOR INDEPENDENCE 60 SHOCK THERAPY ON DE-STALINIZATION 47 CONCLUSION 67 1956: CHALLENGES AND OPPPORTUNITIES 70 INTRODUCTION 70 FAILURES AND LESSONS LEARNED 71 THE EARTHQUAKE 80 THE YUGOSLAV CONNECTION 88 THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIAN POLICY 91 DOMESTIC AFFAIRS: FROM HIGH EMERGENCY TO DAMAGE CONTROL AND BEYOND 93 MILITARY INTERVENTION: MOSCOW’S MOST FAITHFUL ALLY 102 CONCLUSION 108 WALKING THE TIGHTROPE (1957-1958) 111 INTRODUCTION 111 THE ANATOMY OF SOCIAL DISCONTENT 112 THE TIGHT EMBRACE OF THE SOVIET BEAR 116 STRADDLING THE FENCE 125 THE WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS AND ADVISERS 148 THE TIGHT EMBRACE OF THE SOVIET BEAR 116 STRADDLING THE FENCE 125 CONCLUSION 157 FROM SURVIVAL TO SELF-ASSERTION (1959-1961) 159 INTRODUCTION 159 IN SEARCH OF A MODEL 162 NEW ECONOMIC PLAN: NEW CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 168 NEUTRAL AS THE NEW BLACK 175 MOSCOW, ABOVE ALL 180 5 ROMANIA AND THE THIRD WORLD 189 INDIA: A CASE STUDY 198 CONCLUSION 216 BREAKING RANKS (1962-1963) 218 INTRODUCTION 218 “THE DARING RUMANIAN GYPSY” DEFIES MOSCOW 219 THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS AND ITS WARSAW PACT IMPLICATIONS 239 “THE FLIRTATION WITH CHINA” 248 WESTERN PROMISES 253 CONCLUSION 263 CONCLUSIONS 266 BIBLIOGRAPHY 276 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first and foremost like to thank my supervisors, Piers Ludlow and Arne Westad, for their invaluable guidance. To Piers I owe my deepest gratitude for the always prompt and incredibly detailed comments, edits and suggestions, even in the 11th hour, when his own plate was more than full. His constant support and enthusiastic belief in my work have been an indefatigable source of encouragement, particularly in the last stages of completion. I could not have hoped for better guidance to usher me through the final phase of this dissertation. I am especially grateful to Arne for so many reasons. He not only believed in this project enough to take me under his supervision even when I was unsure of it, myself; but he stepped in to offer unwavering support in those critical moments that could have easily jeopardized my ability to complete it. I am also immensely thankful to him for allowing me the opportunity, together with Mick Cox in the International Relations Department, to teach their course on Power Shifts at the summer school in Beijing – an experience that has left an indelible mark on my academic development. I am very thankful to the LSE Student Support Fund, the Ion Ratiu Foundation and the Foundation for Women Graduates, without whose generous support in a particularly difficult context this project would not have been completed. My gratitude also goes to my colleagues at LSE IDEAS – Cherry, Indira, John, Liza, Luc, Luca, Marie Julie, Paola, Tiha and Zoi - who have been such an important part of this journey. I would particularly like to thank Emilia Knight for her very warm support and useful advice when they were most acutely needed. I would also like to thank the LSE International History Department for providing the opportunity to teach Arne’s course on the International History of the Cold War, thus enriching my professional development. I am also thankful for the Department’s graduate seminars, particularly HY510, for providing a rich and stimulating intellectual environment; as well as for all the immensely appreciated support throughout the course of this project. I would like to express my gratitude to two people, in particular. First, I am extremely indebted to Eirini Karamouzi, who has not only read almost every page of this thesis, but has also provided a constant and generous amount of intellectual support for its development. I would like to thank her for offering me the personal asylum that I sorely needed at certain points, as well as the encouragement and support without which I would not have been able to complete this project. A very special thanks goes to Natalia Telepneva, who has provided help, advice and support from this project’s very beginnings, alongside much- needed laughs and distractions. I am thankful to my non-genetic family – Katy Baker, Maite Barrera-Villarias, Camille John and Daniya Tamendarova – for their love, support and friendship throughout this process; and to Richard Stanley, for his encouragement, help and advice. A debt of gratitude goes to my brother, Alex, and to my parents, Mariana and Nic for teaching me the values of hard work and perseverance; for showing me what courage looks like; and for playing such an important role in shaping the person I am today. 7 My deepest and most sincere gratitude goes to Andrei Postelnicu, to whom this thesis owes its inspiration, and to whom it is dedicated. 8 ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Arhivele Ministerului Afacerilor Externe ANIC Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale ale Romaniei CC Central Committee CIA Central Intelligence Agency COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COMINFORM Communist Information Bureau CPC Communist Party of China CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CREST CIA Records Search Tool CWIHP Cold War International History Project FO Foreign Office FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States GDR German Democratic Republic (East Germany) MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania) NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization PRC People’s Republic of China PRR People’s Republic of Romania RWP Romanian Workers’ Party (before 1965) SUTA Soviet Union Telegraphic Agency UK United Kingdom UKNA United Kingdom National Archives UN United Nations USA United States of America WP Warsaw Pact 9 INTRODUCTION On the morning of 8 August, 1963, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej – Romania’s iron-fisted Communist ruler for the over a decade and a half – must have surely woken up with the same heady mix of excitement and anxiety a child might experience on Christmas morning. That day he was due to greet Orville Freeman, the US Secretary for Agriculture, at the Otopeni Airport in Bucharest. Accompanied by his wife, an assorted group of experts and a few journalists, the American official descended upon Romania that day to the pomp and circumstance usually reserved for heads of state. Indeed, Freeman’s visit was no ordinary affair. The American politician was the highest-ranking Washington official to visit Romania since the end of World War II. And, as a member of John F. Kennedy’s increasingly open and conciliatory administration towards the Eastern European satellites, he was received as nothing less than the American president’s personal envoy. Dej was therefore extremely keen to make the right impression – not only because a rapprochement with the United States was generally desirable; but also because the future of Romania’s foreign policy depended to a large extent on the American willingness to offer political and economic support precisely at that point. A few months prior, Romania had openly defied the Soviet Union by blocking Moscow’s efforts to integrate and specialize the Bloc economies within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON).
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