Regional Prairie Native Seed Project – Progress Report for CNLM Budget G1055

Regional Prairie Native Seed Project

Progress Report for CNLM Budget G1055 Reporting Period: 7/01/2013 to 08/31/2014

Sarah Hamman1 Jonathan D. Bakker2 and Sierra Smith1

Prepared for The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

US Fish and Wildlife Service USFWS Agreement # 13410-9-J007

1The Center for Natural Lands Management, Olympia, WA 98501; Sarah Hamman - email: [email protected]; phone: 360-790-4180; Sierra Smith - email: [email protected]; phone: 360-480-6105

2School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle, WA 98195-4115; email: [email protected]; phone: 206-221-3864

Page 1 of 17 Regional Prairie Native Seed Project – Progress Report for CNLM Budget G1055

Table of Contents

SUMMARY' 3!

BACKGROUND' 3!

PROJECT'OBJECTIVES' 4!

PROJECT'DETAILS' 4! SEEDING TECHNIQUE AND RATE ASSESSMENT' 4! SEED PRODUCTION, COORDINATION AND DEVELOPMENT' 6! COMPANION PLANTING OF GOLDEN PAINTBRUSH' 7!

2012=2013'ACCOMPLISHMENTS' 8! SEED PRODUCTION, COORDINATION AND DEVELOPMENT' 8! COMPANION PLANTING OF GOLDEN PAINTBRUSH' 12!

UPCOMING'ACTIVITIES' 13!

LITERATURE'CITED' 14!

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Summary

Today, native prairies of western Washington are one of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States. Native prairie habitats have been nearly extirpated from the region and are the most endangered ecosystem in the state (WDNR 1994). A number of rare and endangered species are associated with this habitat, including golden paintbrush (Threatened), Taylor’s checkerspot (Endangered), Mardon skipper (Species of Concern), and valley silverspot (Species of Concern). The restoration work conducted through this project occurs across a large portion of these species’ ranges. This project contributes to the recovery of golden paintbrush and these rare butterfly species. A unique aspect of this project is that it provides crucial restoration information to land managers while also restoring expanses of critical habitat for rare species on protected prairie sites. It builds directly upon years of restoration and research, as demonstrated by the strong support for this project by partners. This project has three components: 1) Seeding technique and rate assessment, 2) Seed production, coordination and development, and 3) Companion planting of golden paintbrush. The first component of the project expanded this year to test seeding rates and methods for 27 native species at multiple sites. The second component involved increasing capacity for seed production, the development and documentation of seed handling and production techniques, and increased regional coordination and networking. The third component involved an examination of companion planting techniques to improve survival and performance of outplanted golden paintbrush. Golden paintbrush was experimentally planted with 11 different host plants in Fall 2012. Second-year survival and performance of these plants was monitored in Spring 2013. We have a high certainty that the benefits of this project have been realized, and that they will have long-term consequences for prairie habitat restoration because they contribute to the information base necessary to properly manage these species.

Background

The prairie ecosystems of Puget Sound contain a disproportionate number of federal and state listed species, including the following species addressed by this project: • Taylor’s checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori) - Federally Endangered and Washington State Endangered butterfly species. Recovery guided by the 2009 USFWS Candidate Assessment and Listing Priority Assignment form. • Mardon skipper (Polites mardon) - Federal Species of Concern and Washington State Endangered butterfly species. Recovery guided by the 2009 USFWS Candidate Assessment and Listing Priority Assignment form. • Valley silverspot (Speyeria zerene bremnerii) – Federal Species of Concern and Washington State Candidate butterfly species. • Island marble (Euchloe ausonides insulanus) – Federal Species of Concern and Washington State Candidate butterfly species. • Golden paintbrush (Castilleja levisecta) – Federally Threatened and Washington State Endangered plant species. Recovery guided by the 2010 Recovery Plan for the Prairie Species of Western Oregon and Southwestern Washington, 2010 Spotlight Species Action Plan, 2009 Evaluation of Prairies for Reintroduction in North and South Puget Sound, 2004 Reintroduction Plan, and 2000 Final Federal Recovery Plan.

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This multi-year project builds on more than a decade of habitat restoration in native prairies and specifically supports and improves the burgeoning native seed development efforts to restore habitat for these rare plant and butterfly species in the prairies of western Washington. It has three components: 1) Seeding technique and rate assessment, 2) Seed production, coordination and development, and 3) Companion planting of golden paintbrush.

Project Objectives

The objectives of the project are to: 1. Adaptively improve current methods and develop new native seeding and planting techniques for restoring prairie habitat for rare and endangered butterfly species in Puget Sound. 2. Increase the total production of native prairie seed in the South and North Sound. 3. Support the coordination of regional seed production efforts and the development of a best management practices (BMPs) handbook and database. 4. Enhance knowledge of BMPs for golden paintbrush recovery and conduct experimental plantings of golden paintbrush in order to establish a viable population in at least one new site.

The benefits of this project include: 1. Restoration of 25 acres of habitat for Taylor’s Checkerspot and other rare butterflies in South Puget Sound; 2. Development of BMPs for seed collection, storage, and quality control. 3. Large-scale seed production of over 100 native species for restoration. 4. Testing and development of seeding and planting techniques at large scales. 5. Experimental plantings of golden paintbrush to establish one new population with 1000 flowering individuals per population in the South Sound and to augment an existing population in the North Sound.

Project Details

This report summarizes the work that has been completed during the fifth year of this multi-year project for each of the three focus areas: (1) Seeding technique and rate assessment, (2) Seed production, coordination and development, and (3) Companion planting of golden paintbrush. Results from prior years were reported in Hamman et al. (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013). Seeding Technique and Rate Assessment The Seeding Technique and Rate Assessment study was replicated at four sites in the South Sound during Phase I (2009-2010): Glacial Heritage, Tenalquot, Scatter Creek, and JBLM. In Phase II (2010-2011), we replicated the entire project at all but one (JBLM) of the original sites. In Phases III and IV we utilized some of the lessons learned in Phases I and II and installed research plots that tested fewer metrics on more species. At each site (2012: Glacial & Tenalquot; 2013: Glacial & South Weir) research plots were located in areas that had been prepared for larger scale seeding through restoration and enhancement efforts, thus building on a foundation of successful restoration work. In Phases III and IV we tested effects of two seeding

Page 4 of 17 Regional Prairie Native Seed Project – Progress Report for CNLM Budget G1055 techniques (seed drill, broadcast seeder), and two seeding rates on establishment of 27 species (Table 1). Because seed weights differ among species, we sowed on the basis of seed density rather than combined weight. We altered seeding rates for several species in 2013 based on PLS estimates found by J. Bakker’s lab (see ‘Seed germination and viability testing’ below) and initial germination rates measured in the 2012 seeded plots. We also added several annual species in 2013, as sufficient seed was available and managers requested information on seeding rates for these important butterfly resource species. Table 1. Species and rates used in 2012 and 2013 research plots. Seeding rates are presented as number of seeds per square meter.

2012' 2013' Annual'/' Species' Codon' Perennial' LOW' HIGH' LOW' HIGH'

Achillea(millefolium( ACMI' P' 6' 21' 5' 18' Armeria(maritima( ARMA' P' 4' 14' 7' 25' Balsamorhiza(deltoidea( BADE' P' 0' 0' 5' 18' Carex(inops( CAIN' P' 12' 42' 0' 0' Cerastium(arvense( CEAR' P' 12' 42' 9' 32' Clarkia(amoena( CLAM' A' 12' 42' 24' 84' Collinsia(grandiflora( COGR' A' 0' 0' 12' 42' Collinsia(parviflora( COPA' A' 0' 0' 16' 56' Danthonia(californica( DACA' P' 15' 53' 10' 35' Eriophyllum(lanatum( ERLA' P' 3' 11' 3' 11' Erigeron(speciosus( ERSP' P' 4' 14' 5' 18' Festuca(roemeri( FERO' P' 28' 98' 78' 273' Koeleria(macrantha( KOMA' P' 8' 28' 7' 25' Lomatium(triternatum( LOTR' P' 10' 35' 20' 70' Lomatium(utriculatum( LOUT' P' 12' 42' 24' 84' Lupinus(albicaulis( LUAL' P' 2' 7' 4' 14' Lupinus(bicolor( LUBI' P' 6' 21' 12' 42' Lupinus(lepidus( LULE' P' 6' 21' 0' 0' Microseris(laciniata( MILA' P' 9' 32' 18' 63' Plectritis(congesta( PLCO' A' 0' 0' 16' 56' Potentilla(gracilis( POGR' P' 6' 21' 21' 74' Ranunculus(occidentalis( RAOC' P' 12' 42' 8' 28' Sericocarpus(rigidus( SERI' P' 70' 245' 156' 546' Sisyrinchium(idahoense( SIID' P' 8' 28' 16' 56' Solidago(missouriensis( SOMI' P' 12' 42' 24' 84' Solidago(simplex( SOSI' P' 12' 42' 24' 84' Viola(adunca( VIAD' P' 18' 63' 36' 126'

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As before, the experiment had a randomized block design with three replicate blocks per site- year and no replication within blocks. The experimental units were strips, sized such that operationally realistic equipment could be used (approximately 36m2). The strips were seeded using either a Kasco no-till seed drill or a Truax broadcast seeder in late October or early November of each year.

Three 1m x 1m quadrats were established evenly along a central transect within each strip for vegetation monitoring. First and second year monitoring was conducted in the middle of the flowering season (late May/early June) and included the following variables: • Number of germinants (abundance) of each seeded species • Percent cover of bare ground in each quadrat • Percent cover of moss and lichen

Seed Production, Coordination and Development

Seed Production The South Sound Conservation Nursery program utilizes multiple seed farms in Thurston and Pierce counties to produce large lots of core restoration species (Figure 1). Rare and specialty restoration species are produced in raised seeds beds at Shotwell’s Landing Nursery in Rochester, WA. The program also contracts with large growers Figure 1. Oregon sunshine at Violet Prairie Seed Figure 1. 2014 bloom at Webster’s Nursery for Roemer’s fescue production. Farm

The nursery program maintains a central seed processing and storage facility to increase efficiency and tracking for all partner agencies (Figure 2).

Seed germination and viability testing Seed germination and viability testing occurred in the Terrestrial Restoration Ecology lab at the University of Washington.

During this period, testing was conducted by Delaney Brummet, Loretta Fisher, and Natalie Footen. Testing occurred for 65 Figure 2 Seed cleaning center accessions from 57 prairie species (See Appendix 1).

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Our general testing procedure is as follows: We separate each accession into pure seed and debris (chaff, seed of other species, etc.), and weigh each component. We also count the seeds and calculate the bulk density (seeds per gram of material, including debris). We calculate purity as seed mass divided by total mass of sample. We then review the literature and determine the most appropriate of three germination regimes (spring/fall, summer, winter) for each species. Environmental conditions in each regime are as follows: • Spring/Fall: 15°C and light for 12 hours; 8°C and dark for 12 hours • Summer: 24°C and light for 14 hours; 14°C and dark for 10 hours • Winter: 5°C and light for 10 hours; 2°C and dark for 14 hours

We count out 400 seeds per accession and divide them into 4-8 lots. Each lot of seed is placed on filter paper in a petri dish in the growth chamber. The filter paper is kept moistened during testing. Each lot is checked periodically, and germinants are counted and removed.

At the end of the germination period, non-germinating seeds are subject to tetrazolium testing to identify those seeds that remained viable (e.g., are dormant). We calculate the percentage of seeds that germinated and the percentage of seeds that were viable; these two percentages sum to the percentage live seed. We calculate the percent dormant seed as the number of dormant seeds divided by the total number of live seeds. The percent pure live seed (PLS) is calculated as the product of purity and live seed.

Companion Planting of Golden Paintbrush This component is being conducted at Glacial Heritage Preserve in South Sound. The purpose of this component of the project is to help determine whether growing golden paintbrush (CALE) with companion plants for it to parasitize provides significant benefits in the establishment and maintenance of recovery populations of golden paintbrush in the region. Two primary experiments are being conducted. Experiment One: Two factors were tested in a factorial design: pot size (4” pot or 1” tube) and host plant identity (none, Eriophyllum lanatum, and Festuca roemeri). The CALE were grown without host plants in the nursery. Host plants were grown in 1” tubes in the nursery, and outplanted immediately adjacent to the CALE to maximize the potential for CALE to establish haustorial connections with them afterwards. Outplantings occurred in a field at Glacial Heritage. Site preparation in planted areas consisted of spraying glyphosate and tilling. To assess the generality of the results, the experiment was repeated in two years, 2010 and 2011. 576 CALE plants were installed in November 2010 (80-100 per treatment), and 594 CALE plants were installed in November 2011 (97-100 per treatment). Each plant was individually labeled so that its performance could be tracked. Plants were weeded periodically to maintain differences in host identity. During this reporting period, we continued to maintain these experimental areas. In Fall 2013, we monitored the number of Figure 3. CALE plants grown with F. roemeri (above) and Page 7 of 17 E. lanatum (below). Regional Prairie Native Seed Project – Progress Report for CNLM Budget G1055 fruiting stems and number of capsules of each surviving CALE plant in both arrays. In Spring 2014, we monitored survival and vigor of each surviving plant in both arrays, and the number of flowering stems and maximum stem length of each surviving CALE plant in the 2011 array. In Fall 2014, we monitored the number of fruiting stems and number of capsules of each surviving CALE plant in the 2011 array. Experiment Two: In Fall 2012, Natalie Footen (graduate student) initiated a new experiment to test the performance of CALE when grown with a wider array of host plants. Plants were grown in 4” pots in the greenhouse and outplanted into a field that had received several years of periodic glyphosate applications to control invasive weeds. Twenty CALE plants were planted with each of 11 host plant species: Achillea millefolium, Danthonia californica, Deschampsia caespitosa, Eriophyllum lanatum, Erigeron speciosus, Festuca roemeri, Lupinus lepidus, Lupinus littoralis, Rosa nutkana, Solidago canadensis, and Symphoricarpos albus. A no-host treatment was also included, but rather than planting a single CALE with no competition, two CALE plants were planted together so that competition was still occurring. We monitored survival, vigor, number of flowering stems, and maximum stem length in Spring 2014, and the number of fruiting stems and number of capsules of each surviving CALE plant in Fall 2014.

2013-2014 Accomplishments

Seeding Technique and Rate Assessment • Year 1 and 2 establishment data from the 2012 seeded plots are presented. The 2013 plots were monitored in Spring 2014 and those data are currently being analyzed. • Overall findings from Year 1 and 2 establishment in the 2012 plots show: o Establishment rates ranged from 0% to 33% across species and sites (Figures 4a and b). Only ten of the 24 species sown in 2012 had densities above the unseeded control plots, therefore results for these ten species are presented. o Seeding method was not significant for most species, however site was significant for nearly all species. o Seeding rate was significant for only seven species across the two sites (Figures 5a and b). The ‘high’ seeding rate was effective at establishing more than one plant per square meter for all species, while the ‘low’ seeding rate only achieved this target for three species (C. amoena, M. laciniata, S. rigidus). S. rigidus establishment was extremely high in year one, despite estimates of extremely low PLS for this species (Appendix 2). o Germination was positively correlated with bare ground and percent establishment for four species (C. amoena, L. bicolor, D. californica, M. laciniata). • These results suggest that seeding methods may not alter establishment and optimal seeding rates vary by species and site. Additionally, sufficient bare ground must exist at restoration sites prior to seeding to ensure successful native establishment of all seeded species.

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a 35! Glacial'Heritage' Year!2! 30! Year!1! 25!

20!

15!

10!

5!

%!estab.!(seedlings/#!seeds!sown)! 0! CEAR!CLAM! ERSP! LOTR! LUAL! LUBI! POGR! SERI! SIID! SOSI! b 30! Tenalquot' 25!

20!

15!

10!

5!

%!estab.!(seedlings/#!seeds!sown)! 0!

CEAR!CLAM! ERSP! LOTR! LOUT! LUAL! POGR! SIID! SOMI! VIAD!

Figure 4. Range (low to high) of percent establishment for 10 seeded species, both one and two years post-seeding at a) Glacial Heritage and b) Tenalquot.

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a

b

Figure'5.'

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Seed Production, Coordination and Development • The conservation nursery program, managed by the Center for Natural Lands Management (CNLM), continues to grow in response to the increasing demand for native prairie seed. This year saw the expansion of nursery staff, seed farm sites and agricultural production equipment: o We have doubled our permanent staff and increased our seasonal crew three-fold. o We have greatly expanded our seed production capacity by shifting our emphasis to our most fertile site, breaking ground on a new 5 acre farm and seeking additional farm land opportunities o Planting and harvesting efficiencies have been greatly improved with the addition of two tractors and a number of implements including a transplanter, seeder and cultivator. • The nursery program strives to foster prairie restoration by making available large quantities of appropriate native seed. 2013 was the first year that seed production exceeded the immediate needs of restoration partners and seed was stockpiled for future use. The addition of new partners has necessitated the continuing expansion of the seed production program o Total available seed in 2013 was 835 pounds, an increase of 27% over 2012. o In house seed production doubled to over 400 pounds in 2013. o The 2014 seed harvest is still being cleaned but likely will amount to 1700 pounds, of which 600 pounds was produced on CNLM farms from a diversity of forbs and grasses. • Seed germination and viability testing occurred for 65 accessions (Appendix 2). Valuable products from this testing include: o Continued refinement of germination and viability testing procedures. During early testing, data about seed density and purity were not consistently collected. We now have a much more streamlined procedure that minimizes the chance of failing to collect these data. o Evaluation of multiple germination regimes for some species to determine the most effective way to stimulate germination. For example, we found that germination of Delphinium nuttallii was higher if the seed was under winter temperatures but in the dark than if it was exposed to light. o Identification of accessions with particularly low PLS values due to poor seed purity and/or low percentages of live seed. These accessions would have to be seeded at much higher rates than other species to compensate for the low PLS values. Notably, Dodecatheon hendersonii, Koeleria macrantha, Ligusticum apiifolium, Lithophragma parviflorum, Zigadenus venosus and Viola adunca had < 20% PLS and Navarretia intertexta, Sericocarpus rigidus and Solidago missouriensis had < 10% PLS (Appendix 2), meaning that land managers seeding them at regular rates would only be putting out one fifth to one tenth the amount of seed needed to achieve target densities. o Experimental refinements of how to improve germination. For example, germination of Navarretia intertexta and of Lupinus spp. was low until we began to prick each seed to enhance water movement through the seedcoat. o Identification of species that require additional study. For example, our testing regime did not break dormancy for any Ligusticum apiifolium seeds and for only 1% of the live Viola praemorsa seeds. Testing with longer stratification times and/or other regimes is clearly necessary for these species. o Testing of additional accessions (spatially and/or temporally distinct collections) will be important to understand how much variation to expect among accessions.

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Companion Planting of Golden Paintbrush • Completed actions associated with this project in 2013-2014 include: o Continued maintenance of outplanting experiments. o Completed Fall 2013, Spring 2014, and Fall 2014 monitoring of outplanting experiments. The plants in Experiment One continued to experience herbivory, presumably by deer. o In Fall 2013, Natalie Footen established a new outplanting experiment to test additional potential host species. However, severe frost during the winter apparently killed the vast majority of these plants so no monitoring was conducted in this area. • There have been several significant results from this project that are influencing management and production strategies for Castilleja levisecta: o Results from Experiment One indicate that the presence of a host plant continues to improve survival, and that host identity matters: performance of golden paintbrush is enhanced more by Eriophyllum lanatum than by Festuca roemeri (Delvin 2013). Data from 2014 have not yet been entered, but our observations are that this effect is persisting beyond 2013 (Figure 5). o Preliminary results from Experiment Two indicated 55% survival of Castilleja levisecta over the first winter. Surviving plants were much smaller than those in Experiment One, perhaps due to nursery cultural practices (e.g., container type, lack of fertilization). Survival ranged from a low of 15% when planted with Lupinus lepidus to a high of 85% when planted with Deschampsia caespitosa. • Results have been presented at two events: o Invited lecture at the University of Maryland, College Park (February 2014) o Presentation at the University of Washington Undergraduate Research Symposium (May 2014)

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2010$Array 2011$Array

Figure'1.'Figure'6.'Survival$of$Castilleja levisecta planted$alone$(No$host),$with$Eriophyllum lanatum,$or$with$ Festuca roemeri in$Fall$2010$and$Fall$2011.$$Line$color$and$symbol$shape$distinguish$host$identity$ treatments;$line$type$(solid$or$dashed)$and$symbol$shading$(filled$or$hollow)$indicate$pot$size$treatments.

Upcoming Activities

Several activities are planned for the next year:

Seeding Technique and Rate Assessment: • Multi-species seeding trials will be monitored across all sites to evaluate long-term (2-3 years) establishment rates of all species. • Sarah Hamman, Jon Bakker and Peter Dunwiddie will prepare results from the experiment for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. • Results will be presented at the Society for Ecosystem Restoration Northwest in October 2014 • A site visit and consultation with South Sound prairie conservation partners will be held in Spring 2015 to discuss results and provide seeding guidance for various species/sites.

Seed Production, Coordination and Development: • South Sound seed production will continue, with expanded production levels for priority species, and expanding species diversity as directed by partner needs. • Additional guidance and training will be provided to regional partners on Whidbey and San Juan islands to help develop their small-scale seed production program for North Sound species. • Experimental germination testing will be conducted by students in Jon Bakker’s lab which should increase production efficiencies and allow large scale production of challenging but critical restoration species.

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Companion Planting of Golden Paintbrush: • Continue maintaining and monitoring the newer outplantings, and consider how to incorporate the older outplantings into surrounding restored areas. • Jon Bakker will oversee dissertation research on aspects of this component of the project by Natalie Footen, and publication of results.

Literature Cited

Delvin, E.G. 2013. Restoring abandoned agricultural lands in Puget lowland prairies: a new approach. Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Hamman, S., E. Delvin, and J.D. Bakker. 2010. Regional prairie native seed project: first annual report. Prepared for US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, WA. 22 p. Hamman, S., E. Delvin, and J.D. Bakker. 2011. Regional prairie native seed project: second annual report. Prepared for US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, WA. 15 p. Hamman, S., E. Delvin, and J.D. Bakker. 2012. Regional prairie native seed project: third annual report. Prepared for US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, WA. 16 p. Hamman, S., J.D. Bakker and S. Smith. 2013. Regional prairie native seed project: Final Report for The Nature Conservancy. Prepared for The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA and US. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, WA. 15p.

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Appendix 1. Species being tested, and germination regimes being used.

Species Abbrev. Regime Achillea millefolium ACMI Summer Allium amplectens ALAM Winter Aquilegia formosa AQFO 6 months Winter Armeria maritima ARMA Spring/Fall Balsamorhiza deltoidea BADE 6 weeks Winter, then Summer Castilleja hispida CAHI 8 weeks Winter then Summer Carex inops CAIN Summer Camassia leichlinii CALEI 12 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Camassia quamash CAQU 12 week Winter, then Spring/Fall Campanula rotundifolia CARO 4 weeks Winter, then Summer Cerastium arvense CEAR Summer Cirsium brevistylum CIBR Spring/Fall Clarkia amoena CLAM Spring/Fall Collinsia grandiflora COGR Spring/Fall Collomia grandiflora COGRX Spring/Fall Collinsia parviflora COPA Spring/Fall Danthonia californica DACA Summer Danthonia spicata DASP 4 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Delphinium nuttallii DENU Winter; with or without light Dodecatheon hendersonii DOHE 12 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Elymus glaucus ELGL Summer Eriophyllum lanatum ERLA 3 weeks Winter then Spring/Fall Erigeron speciosus ERSP 5 weeks Winter then Summer Festuca roemeri FERO Spring/Fall Gaillardia aristata GAAR Spring/Fall Heuchera chlorantha HECH 10 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Hieracium cynoglossoides HICY Winter then Spring, or Spring/Fall Koeleria macrantha KOMA Summer Ligusticum apiifolium LIAP 4 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall or Summer Lithophragma parviflorum LIPA Spring/Fall Lomatium nudicaule LONU 8 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Lomatium triternatum LOTR 12 weeks Winter, then Summer Lomatium utriculatum LOUT 4 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Lupinus albicaulis LUAL Prick seed coat; Summer Lupinus bicolor LUBI Scarified (hot water, razor); Summer Lupinus lepidus LULE Hot water scarification; Prick seed coat; Summer Microsteris gracilis MIGR 2 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Micranthes integrifolia MIIN 2 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Microseris laciniata MILA Summer Navarretia intertexta NAIN Prick seed coat; Winter, then Spring/Fall Navarretia squarrosa NASQ Spring/Fall Nuttallanthus canadensis NUCA Winter, then Summer Plectritis congesta PLCO Winter Plantago lanceolata PLLA Summer Potentilla glandulosa POGL 9 weeks Winter, then Summer Potentilla gracilis POGR 5 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Ranunculus occidentalis RAOC 5 weeks Winter, then Summer Sericocarpus rigidus SERI 6 weeks Winter, then Summer Silene douglasii SIDO 8 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Sisyrinchium idahoense SIID 9 weeks Winter, then Summer Sidalcea nelsoniana SINE Scarification, then Spring/Fall Silene scouleri SISC 8 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Solidago missourienses SOMI Summer

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Species Abbrev. Regime Solidago simplex SOSI Summer Toxicoscordion venenosum TOVE 6 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Trifolium willdenovii TRWI Scarified (hot water, razor); 5 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Viola adunca VIAD 12 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall Viola praemorsa VIPR 13 weeks Winter, then Spring/Fall

16 Regional Prairie Native Seed Project – Progress Report for CNLM Budget G1055

Appendix 2. Germination and viability data for species and accessions tested at the University of Washington during the reporting period. Species abbreviations are defined in Table 1.

Abbrev. UW # CNLM # N Testing Regime Bulk Purity Live Seed Dormant PLS Density Seed (seeds/g) (%) (%) (%) (%) ACMI% 222% 2246% 400% Summer% 3922% 41.2% 87.5% 2.0% 36.1% ALAM% 223% 2128% 200% Winter,%Spring,%Winter% 357% 98.2% 66.0% 50.8% 64.8% ALAM% 285% 2128% 183% Winter,%Spring,%Winter,%Spring,%Winter% 357% 98.2% 88.5% 4.9% 86.9% AQFO% 224% 2145% 400% 165%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 509% 99.4% 79.3% 89.9% 78.8% ARMA% 225% 2207% 400% Spring% 352% 86.7% 79.8% 3.4% 69.1% BADE% 226% 2203% 400% 42%d%Winter,%then%Summer% 106% 92.0% 38.8% 63.9% 35.7% CAHI% 227% 2196% 400% 52%d%Winter,%then%Summer% 6012% 78.1% 59.5% 18.5% 46.5% CAIN% 228% 2136% %% Summer% 327% 99.9% 66.3% 67.2% 66.2% CALEI% 229% 2121% 400% 84%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 114% 99.0% 53.8% 48.8% 53.2% CAQU% 230% 2092% 400% 80%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 227% 99.5% 81.8% 9.5% 81.3% CARO% 231% 2263% 400% 31%d%Winter,%then%Summer% 11478% 97.6% 67.5% 4.8% 65.9% CEAR% 232% 2103% 400% Summer% 6452% 100.0% 92.8% 2.7% 92.8% CIBR% 233% 2125% 400% Spring% 692% 90.8% 33.0% 32.6% 30.0% CLAM% 234% 2123% 400% Spring% 2657% 80.4% 85.5% 1.5% 68.7% COGR% 235% 2108% 400% Spring% 1466% 96.4% 81.8% 0.9% 78.8% COGRX% 236% 2216% 400% Spring;%poked% 280% 99.2% 80.0% 20.9% 79.4% COPA% 237% 2104% 400% Spring% 741% 95.3% 86.3% 25.8% 82.2% DACA% 238% 2220% 387% Summer% 231% 89.3% 82.7% 15.6% 73.8% DASP% 239% 2202% 400% 30%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 643% 97.4% 90.8% 1.7% 88.4% DENU% 240% 2159% 200% Winter%+%bagged%(dark)% 1065% 93.7% 76.5% 8.5% 71.7% DENU% 286% 2159% 200% Winter;%light% 1065% 93.7% 77.0% 24.7% 72.1% DOHE% 241% 2097% 400% 84%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 967% 98.9% 10.8% 20.9% 10.6% ELGL% 242% 2221% 199% 15%d%Winter,%then%Summer% 247% 87.5% 85.9% 1.2% 75.2% ELGL% 283% 2221% 192% Summer% 247% 87.5% 88.5% 0.0% 77.4% ERLA% 243% 2211% 400% 20%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 2120% 92.8% 78.3% 7.0% 72.6% ERSP% 244% 2214% 400% 34%d%Winter,%then%Summer% 3497% 94.4% 81.3% 0.6% 76.7% FERO% 245% 2127% 272% Spring% 178% 56.3% 61.4% 3.0% 34.6% GAAR% 246% 2247% 400% Spring% 232% 64.2% 51.5% 68.0% 33.1%

17 Regional Prairie Native Seed Project – Progress Report for CNLM Budget G1055

Abbrev. UW # CNLM # N Testing Regime Bulk Purity Live Seed Dormant PLS Density Seed (seeds/g) (%) (%) (%) (%) HECH% 247% 2199% 399% 68%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 16059% 96.4% 52.9% 2.6% 51.0% HICY% 248% 2153% 200% Winter,%then%Spring% 2004% 96.2% 68.5% 27.0% 65.9% HICY% 289% 2153% 200% Spring% 2004% 96.2% 78.5% 5.1% 75.5% KOMA% 249% 2210% 400% Summer% 4908% 83.4% 14.8% 0.0% 12.3% LIAP% 250% 2149% 435% 30%d%Winter,%then%Spring%or%Summer% 316% 98.4% 16.6% 100.0% 16.3% LIPA% 251% 2115% 409% Spring% 181818% 90.9% 93.9% 0.5% 85.3% LONU% 252% 2152% 400% 56%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 122% 93.2% 20.8% 50.6% 19.3% LOTR% 253% 2206% 400% 82%d%Winter,%then%Summer% 122% 94.6% 83.5% 4.8% 79.0% LOUT% 254% 2205% 400% 26%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 443% 91.5% 90.8% 5.2% 83.0% LUAL% 255% 2212% 396% Poked;%Summer% 29% 100.0% 27.5% 9.2% 27.5% LUAL% 256% 2212% 400% Poked;%Summer% 32% 99.8% 35.3% 0.0% 35.2% LUBI% 257% 2110% 387% Scarified%(hot%water,%razor);%Summer% 156% 73.6% 84.2% 0.0% 62.0% LULE% 258% 2242% 400% Hot%water,%nicked;%Summer% 219% 97.0% 66.3% 29.1% 64.3% MIGR% 259% 2111% 400% 14%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 738% 92.6% 69.5% 1.8% 64.4% MIIN% 260% 2096% 400% 15%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 12300% 95.3% 92.8% 1.9% 88.4% MILA% 261% 1838% 400% Summer% 654% 96.0% 72.0% 12.8% 69.1% 53%d%Spring,%36%d%Winter,%11%d%Spring,% 35%d%Winter,%Spring;%poked%near%end%of% NAIN% 262% 2243% 109% test% 2772% 97.0% 27.5% 20.0% 26.7% NAIN% 287% 2243% 318% Various% 2772% 97.0% 6.9% 86.4% 6.7% NASQ% 263% 2219% 378% Spring% 15738% 94.4% 75.7% 1.0% 71.4% NUCA% 264% 2116% 400% Winter%then%Summer% 44444% 100.0% 49.8% 3.5% 49.8% PLCO% 265% 2105% 400% Winter% 822% 66.1% 43.8% 8.6% 28.9% PLLA% 266% 2241% 400% Summer% 442% 74.5% 76.5% 40.2% 57.0% POGL% 267% 2201% 400% 63%d%Winter,%then%Summer% 2881% 98.7% 74.8% 8.7% 73.8% POGR% 268% 2197% 400% 34%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 2633% 87.5% 58.0% 5.6% 50.8% RAOC% 269% 2100% 400% 38%d%Winter,%then%Summer% 436% 99.3% 48.3% 18.1% 48.0% SERI% 270% 2244% 397% 43%d%Winter,%then%Summer% 551% 15.6% 22.9% 11.0% 3.6% SIDO% 271% 2217% 400% 56%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 1259% 99.8% 28.5% 9.6% 28.4% SIID% 272% 2198% 400% 63%d%Winter,%then%Summer% 581% 100.0% 28.3% 29.2% 28.3% SINE% 273% 2200% 400% Scarified%(jar%w/%rocks);%Spring% 293% 96.2% 68.3% 24.2% 65.7%

18 Regional Prairie Native Seed Project – Progress Report for CNLM Budget G1055

Abbrev. UW # CNLM # N Testing Regime Bulk Purity Live Seed Dormant PLS Density Seed (seeds/g) (%) (%) (%) (%) SISC% 274% 2264% 400% 56%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 1349% 77.9% 57.5% 0.9% 44.8% SOMI% 275% 2253% 400% Summer% 8937% 49.9% 8.3% 30.3% 4.1% SOSI% 276% 2222% 400% Summer% 1958% 71.0% 79.3% 1.3% 56.3% SOSI% 277% 2252% 400% Summer% 2565% 78.9% 83.3% 1.2% 65.7% TOVE% 278% 2180% 406% 42%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 561% 99.8% 12.3% 16.0% 12.3% Scarified%(hot%water,%razor);%33%d% TRWI% 279% 2117% 399% Winter,%then%Spring% 755% 90.8% 76.4% 0.0% 69.4% VIAD% 280% 2224% 395% 87%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 1859% 99.5% 9.4% 43.2% 9.3% VIPR% 281% 2189% 400% 93%d%Winter,%then%Spring% 240% 99.8% 25.8% 99.0% 25.7%

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